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33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


l/j 


(S 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions 


Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


1980 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
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D 
D 
D 
D 

n 

D 
D 
D 
D 

n 


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Couverture  endommagde 

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28X 


32X 


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empreinte. 

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symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


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required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  I'angle  supirieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m6thode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

THE    WORKS 


(IF 


HUBERT  HOWE  BAiVCKOFT. 


wmmm 


THE    WORKS 


OF 


HUBERT  HOWE  BAXCROFT. 


VOLUME  XX. 


HISTORY  OF  CALIFORXIA. 


Vol..   III.     I,s-r>-l840. 


SAN  FRAXCISCO  : 

A.  L  I'.AXCROFT  &  C().M/-AXY,  I'UllLI.sHKRs. 

1885. 


I-Mliliil   ;i(C(]r(lilii;  t 


o  Act  iif  Ciiiit'l-fBH  irj  Ihr    Vi 

miJKHT  I[.  lUXCItOFT, 


ill     l,»h'i,    1,1 


111   the  (illj.v  mCIIi,.   r.. 


il.l- 


tliiiii  (if  Ci.ii.'r 


■iw,  ill     «  il»lli 


.W    llnjIilH    /.V.S,  ,.,-(</. 


CO^S-iT^xVTS  OF  THIS  YOLl'ME 


CHAPTER  I. 

A  TKRUITOUY   l.l'   Till:   .MEXIc'.W   RDITBirfJ. 

].S2,-,. 
KatLGcation  of  the  Fclrral  Constitution -.T.u.ta  .lo  Califomias  in  Mexico 
-t.o.np,.an^  As.atieo-Mexicana-S....sion.s  of  tla-  Diputacion--  K.h,.. 
an,l,a  Appointed  Governor-Transfer  of  the  Olliee  at  San  ])ie«o- 
h.ography  of  Don  Lni.  Argtielh.-Kchean.lias Companion.-l'adM.eo 
/aniorano,  an.l  lianurez-llerrera  as  (Jan>i.sario  do  ]laei..n,la- The 
Missions-Thc  Pa.lreu  Kefuse  AHe.^'ianee  to  the  Itepuhiie-Th..  J  >i|ui. 
tae.on  on  Seenla.i/ation-l'a.lre  JJiuan  as  Presicleut-.Mi.sion  Sm,- 
pl.es  an,l  Finance- Vessels  on  the  Coast-Surrender  of  the  J.ia  Jul 
ConMmte-},Um-cn',  Visit  and  J'.ook-Comn.eree -Foreign  liesi- 
dents  —A  llainy  Season 


r\'iE 


CHAPTER  II. 

F.CIIEANDr.V",S   ]aLi;-l'OLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 

18:20-1830. 

National  Meas-arcs,  lS2G-.Junta  de  Fon.ento-Eeheandfaat  Snn  Tie-o- 
C.uerra  for  Con-ress,  IS'JT-S -Colonization  Regulations  of  1  V'S-Tu- 
ntonal  Diputaeion,  18-J7- Proposed  Change  of  Nan.e-Eeheandfa  in 
the  Aorth-Uiputaeion,  182S-;;0--Flection-.Maitorena  Sent  to  Con- 
grcss.  182(»-;J0-Aets  of  the  Supreme  C.vernn.ent-Pa.hvs  as  Ayu- 
dante  Inspeetor-Gomez  as  Ascsor-Califoruia  as  a  Penal  Colony- 
Arrival  of  i;iOConvicts-Carrillo  Elected  to  Congress  for  IS.^1-"- 
Expulsion  of  Spaniards,  KS-7-;]0-I,ist  of  Spanish  Residents- Eche- 
audia's  Appeals  for  Aid-IIis  Resignation-Appointment  of  Antonio 
Garcia -The  Californias  S.parated- Manuel  Victoria  Ai.nointed 
Governor 


:5I 


CHAPTET?   III. 

ECnKAXDfA  AND    lIEUUEUA-FINANCE-TnK   SOLIS   I'.KVOLT. 

isi:g-I8;j(). 

nard-times  Items -Ai,l  from  Mexieo-^The  Revenues-Con.isario  an.I 
liabditados- Secret  Investigation -Suspension  and  Resignation- 
Estrada,  VuUejo,  and  Jinieuo  Casarin  as  Administrators-Revolt  of 

i  vii  i 


cut 


rOXTENTS. 


IS'JS— Revolt  of  1S20 — Causes  —  Moiitoroy  Taken — .Tnaquin  Solis 

—  Plan  of  Novemlu'i-  I'ltli — Argiiello  iU'clincs  tho  Coininantl — Solis 
Marches  South — Kelieaudia's  Preparations — Itevoltat  Santa  Hiirliara 

—  P.looille.~s  P.attle:*  of  |)<jh  PneMos  ami  Cienegiiita — Itetreatof  Solia 

—  Uotaiiiii;,'  of  the  (Capital — Avila  Capturea  Sili.s — Trial — Tin;  Span- 
isii  I'iiig — ]»auisliiiuiit  of  llerrerauml  Twenty  Conspirators — Fiiiuu- 
cial  Allaire  in  ISJ'J-oO ■ 


PAIil 


na 


CHAPTER  IV. 

ECIIKANDf.V   AN'K  TIIK    I'ADKES— MISSION   AND   INDIAN    AFFAIItS. 

lS'Jfi-l,S:{0. 

Mission  Prefect  and  Presitlcnts — The  Question  of  Supplies — Tho  Oath  of 
Allepianco — Sarria's  Arrest — Friars  Still  Musters  of  the  Situation — 
Council  at  San  Diego— Southern  I'ailres  \Viiliiig — Xorthern  I'uih'cs 
liefuse — Flight  of  KipoU  and  Alliniira — The  Friars  as  Spaniards— 
Echuandia's  Conciliatory  Policy — Petitions  of  the  People — Kxile  of 
Martinez— Progress  towards  Seculari/ation — Mexican  Policy— l)illi- 
cidtics — Junta  of  April  IS-Jti — I)ecree  of  July — Kxperiinental  Free- 
dom— ^liasion  Schools  and  Lands — Plan  of  1S29-30 — Approval  of  the 
l)iputaciou — Action  in  Mexico — Indian  Ad'airs  -Sancliez's  Expedi- 
tion— ValleJDS  Campaign  against  Estanislao — Northern  l-'ort — Sea- 
sons      87 


I 


CHAPTER  V. 

KCHEANUiA's   Kri.K  — MAUITIMK   AND  COMMEBCUL  AKKAIllS. 

18JG-1830. 
Vessels  of  1S2G— Revenue  Rules — Ilartnell's  Rusincss — Hawaiian  Flag — 
Cooper  an<l  tho  Hoirr — La\v-<uit  witli  Argiicllo — Hceohey's  Visit  iu 
tlio  /lioyyoni — ISooksltesuUing— Trading  Fleet  of  IS'JT — lleglauientos 
on  Li([Uora  and  Live-stock — Emharrassuieut  of  McCuIloch,  Hartncll, 
&  Co.  — Cuiniiugiiain  at  Santa  t'ataliua — Visit  of  Duliaut-Cilly  and 
Botta — Maritime  Ail'airs  of  1SJ8— liestrictions — Snniggling— AHair 
of  the  Fnml.ilii — Cannou-balls — AtTair  of  the  Karimoko — Vessels  of 
18'J9— Custom-house — Arrival  of  the  Brookiiue — (Jale's  Correspond- 
ence— Raising  the  Stars  and  Stripes — Lang  at  San  Diego — The 
Santa  Jiurlnira  Pmilt  in  California — Siiipa  and  Tradeof  IS.'M) — List  of 
Vessels  J  iMlo-oO 1 1  J 


CHAPTER  VI. 

OVEIIL.VND— SMITH   AND   I'ATriE — FOREIGNERS. 

1S120-1S:!0. 

The  Eastern  Frontier — The  Trappers — First  Visitors  by  the  Overland 
Poutc — leikdiah  Sniitl\,  IS'JtJ-S — I^rrors  Corrected— Original  I'mu- 
nicuts— Tlie  Sierra  Xcvada  Cri'sscd  and  Rc-crossc<.l — Fir.jt  Entry  uf 


CONTIi:\TS.  U 

PAOB 

tho  ITtulson'H  llay  Company— MoLcod  and  Ogdon — I'attio's  Visitnnd 
Iniprisonnitnt,  Ih'JS-.'M)— I'lint'B  Nnrrutivc— Truth  nnd  Fiction— A 
Tour  of  Viicciniition — '  I'cg-lfg'  Sniitli— Trappinj^  Liooiisu  of  Kxtur 
and  Wilson — Vaca  from  New  Mexico —Kwing  Young  and  iiis  Jluiit- 
ers  from  New  Mexico — Foreign  KeHidenta — Annual  Lists  of  New- 
comers — Regulations  on  I'asKports  and  Xatnralization I  "lO 


CIIArTER  VII. 

RULE   AND   OVKISTIinoW   OF   VICTOUIA. 

is:ti. 

Appointment  of  Victoria — Arrival — Iv'licandfa's  T)elay — Command  Sur- 
reniltred — lieginning  of  a  (^u^irrcl  — tlolpe  do  Ivstudo— Sciicmi'S  of 
I'adrijs  and  I'arty — Victoria's  Address  to  the  People — Charges  against 
tho  (lovcriior — liefnsal  to  Con\oko  tlio  r)iputacion — Memorials  ancl 
Threats-  Victoria's  Manitieato — llcjilks  of  I'andini  and  i'ico— Ad- 
ministration of  Justice — The  Death  L'enalty— L'aseof  Atanasio — Tho 
Ilobhers  Agiular  and  Siigarra— l''xecution  of  Ruhio — Kxilc  of  Abel 
Stearns — Victoria  and  Alcalde  Oiiiirto  of  San  Jose — Trouhle  at  Loa 
Angeles— Exilo  of  .fosi^  A.  Carrillo — .los6M.  Padn's  Rnni'-hi'd — Plots 
of  Carrillo,  Rmdini,  and  Pico  —  Pronunci'\micnto  of  San  Diego — 
Eclieaiidia  in  Connnand — Angeles  Pcvolts — I'iglit  nearCal  uenga — 
I^ath  of  Pacheeo  and  Avila — Victoria  Sent  to  San  I'>las — Modrigo 
del  I'lieijo — Action  in  the  North— Carrillo's  Etforta  in  Congrcbs. . . . 


ISl 


CHAPTER  Till. 

AN    INTERnEONCM — ECHKANlJlA   AND   ZAMOHANO. 

Tho  Diputacion  at  Los  xVngcles — Action  against  Victoria — Attempts  to 
Make  Pico  Governor — Echeandia's  Opposition — A  Forei^'ii  Company 
at  Monterey — Zaniorano's  Revolt— A  Junta  at  tin;  Capital  —  'i'ho 
News  at  San  Diego  —  Sessions  of  the  Diputacion  —  Los  Angeh'S 
Deserts  Echeandia — Warlike  Preparations — Ibarra  at  Angeles — IJar- 
roso  at  Paso  do  Rartolo — Indians  Ai'mcd— Compact  between  l']che- 
audia  and  Zamorano — Tho  Territory  Divided — Final  Sessions  of  the 
Diputacion —Tho  Arila  Sedition — Who  is  Governor?  —  Affairs  in 
^Mexico — Carrillo's  l^fforts  and  Letters — Choice  of  a  (iovernor — Jos6 
Figuoroa  Appointed — Instructions — Mishai)3  of  a  Journey — Mutiny 
at  Cape  San  Liicos — Waiting  for  a  Ruler 'JHJ 


CHAPTER  IX. 

FIOUEKOA's   hulk — HIJAR   AND   I'ADRjiS  COLONY. 

Is;i.")-1S3L 
AiTival  of  Figuoroa — Primitive  Printing — Imaginary  DifhcnUirs — Am- 
nesty to  Rebels— Echoaudia  and  Zamorano — liiograpiiy  of  Echeandia 


I 


CONTICNT.S. 

I>AUE 

— Tinncliiii  I'.lrotcil  to  (,'(iii..'rfs.s  -  Xo  Sos^iions  of  tlui  Piiiiitticion  in 
iS.'tU  -'I'lit.'  Nortlieni  I''r(iiilii'r  —  l'i;,'uei'<ni  I!(.!ni;;ns-  A  Winning  — 
Mutiny  at  Sun  Krancisco-  'I'hu  1)i|)iUiu^i(>ii  in  IN.'d — AtldrcsH  liy  tlio 
fiovcrnor  -Loqisiativc  Afl'Mirs  -'I'lus  I'irst  Hook  i'liiiti'il  in  Califinnia 
- -Itc^^liiiiicnto  Pctaliinia  ami  Santa  liosa-  Santa  Anna  y  TailaH  - 
("iin.spirai'y  of  (tiierra  anil  l)iiran — New  Kli;ctioh  — Kvents  in  Alfxico 
l'a(lii''i  and  jiis  Scin'nics  — Coloiiizalion — Ilijar  as  (Icfu  I'olitiuo — 
Colon}'  ( *ri,'aiii/.eil  —  Cumpauia  Cosnioiiolitana  —  I'olitical  StliiMni's — 
The  Marcli  to  Topic  —  Voyaj,'u  of  the  y^dtuliu  and  Mnn/iit — Ue- 
CL'])tion  of  tiio  Colony  at  San  Dii'go  unil  .Monterey — Wreck  of  the 
A«^a/('-i— AutL(nitiua 210 


CIIAl'TEK   X. 

nOUEUOA,    CASTKO,  AND   (It   IIKItUE/.— TIIK   fOLOXY. 

lS3t-KS35. 

• 

Suuta  Anna  Orders  Vi!;mcroa  not  to  (live  up  the  Conimnnd  to  ITijnr — 
Quirk  Time  from  Mexico — Ilijar  Oeniands  the  Mission  Property — 
His  Instrnotiona — Action  of  the  Diputacion— Lost  Prestit,'eof  I'adri'S 
— Bando  — Controversj- — lU'il)i'ry— Sulmii.ssinn  of  tiie  Direetors  -Aid 
to  the  Colonists — At  Solano — \e\v  t^luarrel— Ituniored  I'lots — lU.volt 
of  Apaliitcgui  and  Torres — I'ronuneianiiento  of  the  Sonorans — Sur- 
render— hegal  Pnx'eedings  — Figueroa'a  OnUirs — Seizure  of  Anns  at 
Sonoma  — Anest  of  Vi'rduzeo  ai'ul  Lara— Exile  of  Jlijarand  I'adrej — 
Figiuioa'.H  Maniliesto — Sessions  of  the  Diputaeion— Carrillo  in  Con- 
gress—Lo^f  Angeles  Made  Capital— I'oundation  of  Sonoma  — Ikutli  of 
I'igueroa — Life  and  Ciiaracti'r — C;  *ro  (!efo  IViliiicu — Cutierrez 
Couiaudiiutc  Gcueral — Estudillo'a  L.aims "JTO 


CHAPTER   XL 

MISSIONS  AND   SIXICLAUIZATIO.V, 

18:51-1833. 

Eelicandia's  Plan  of  1S30 — "Dceree  of  ISIil — The  Coinisioii.idos — ViowS 
of  the  Padres— Carrillo'a  Ellbrts  in  Mexico — The  Pious  Fund- 
Events  of  1832 — Diputaeion  and  Friars — Eelicandia's  Ueglainonto — 
Notes  of  Padre  Sanchez — llaelielot  and  Short — Exiles  from  the 
ilawaiian  Islands— New  Missionaries  in  1S,'!;> — Tiie  Zacatecanos — 
Division  of  the  Missions — Troubles  in  the  North — Flogging  Xco- 
phytes— Supplies  for  San  Francisco — Miscf)ndu('t  of  Padre  Mercado 
at  San  Kafael— Massacre  of  (icntiles — Figueroa'a  Instructions  on 
Secularizati(m  —  Eclieandia's  Itegulations— F'igucroaa  Policy— Ex- 
periments ill  the  South-  Provisional  Pules-  F^nancipation  in  I'rac- 
tice— Projects  of  President  I)uran— Figueroa"s  Pcport  against  Secu- 
larizatiou — Mexican  Decrees  of  1833 — President  and  Prefect 301 


PVJK 


COXTMXTS. 
CIIAI'TEK   Xir. 

MISSION    AM,    IMJIA.V   AriAIIlS. 

is;u-isr). 

i:..mnr!p«tion-Tn.lian    Pu.Llo.s-Tho    nii,„tacion-Fig„orou'H   P.,licy- 
AF..x.,.an  L,iw  of  Ai„il  J,s:U  -Provisional  .'ttv-ulations  of  An-vist  !Hl. 

--  lUar  H  Instructio„3_TlK.ir  ^I.^ani..,._Tho  J^..Ia,„..nto  in  Practico 
-Loral  ]...sults-lt.n  Mission.  ,S,...Ianml-Vic«H  of  tliu  P.ulres- 
S..pi>lc.n..,.nta.y  lir-nlationn  of  Xov.  Jtl.-Do.stn.ction  of  Mission 
Iroperty  l,y  the  rriars-SIau.^l.U.r   of   Cattl.-Stipen.l.s  in   1S:;.V- 

Mission  Sni,pIi..s-MiHHion  lUnuhoH-ihircL,  hw^io'n  .Su- M  ,ns_ 

Local  Itcn.s  of  l,s;!.-,-,Six  Mi.ssion.s  Sccularizea -Tl>o  £vm  ,  „os 
Contcut-Muxican  Decree  of  Xov.  9tl.-Mis.sion  Stati-.tics,  1«;;|.5- 
hcaaons— Pcstikiice— Iiuliau  A(Iair3,  IHlll-o. .  ^-q 


xl 


CILVrTER   XIIT. 

MAUITIME,    CO.UMi;U.IAr„    AN-D    nXANTrAL  AFFAIUH. 

is;!i-is;j.-). 

Anmml  Lists  of  Vcs.s.la  on  the  Coast-R.n-rnnc  Statistios-Smn-Iin^ 

Items-Sei^jnro of  tl.c/.onW-Conuncrcial  J:o;,'nlution.s-\-i,..to,h  anil 

Lan.hn.-(.'ont.aI,an,l-Port.s-]!an.!ini  an,l  Angd  Ilamirrz-A  Dis- 

appointf.!  L.spcctor  of  CustonKs-Fur  'I'ra.lo-Salt-AI-.l  St.-irns' 

Operations  at  Sau  Pcdro-T.casnry  Ollkials-Co.nisarios-lian'.lini 

Gomez   Gonzalo/,  Ivstra.la,  an,l  Horrera-.Minor  lievcnuo  Odicors- 

Local    lton,,s  -  Financial    Correspondence  _  Statistics-  Mnnicipal 

J  nnds-laxatiou-Tithes-Plan  of  Ways  and  Mcan.-Alphal.ail.al 
Lut  of  V  essels 


CHAl'Ti:U  XIY. 

noxi-EUs  AND  j'oi:r:i(;N-  ]:i:LATinN3. 
is.'il  18r,.'). 
Overland  Immi-ration-Xew  ^h.xican  Koute-Wolfsldll's  Party-Yonni 
and  Burton-Jackson's  Conipany-AVamer- Jiving  Youn'>s  S^.cond 
\isit-Car.son.  Williams,  Sparks,  and  Dye-Ornlum.  and  Lcese- 
Across  the  Sierra -Captain  Joe  Walker-Xidcvor-llonneville's 
JSarrative-IIudson's  ]}ay  Cinpany  Trappcrs-Otter-hnntin.'  in  Cal- 
ifonna-Xew  Mexican  norsc-thicvcs-Chino  Pan.lo-Forei.m  IMicv 
-Fears-(Mrerof  Purchase  hy  U.  S.-Spani«  ls-Pion..er  Xan.cs -- 
Uiose  \\  ho  Came  l.efore  iNIJO-Xew-comers  of  Kach  Y.-r- Alpha- 
het.cal  Lists-Douglas  the  liotanist-Thomas  Coulter's  V^.-MoH. 
ueau's  Memoir-Visit  of  J lall  J.  Kellcy-John  Coulter's  Lies-Duua'a 

J  ICO  1  earn  Brjorc  (hv.  Mant 

oo.* 


xu 


CONTENTS. 


ciiapteh  XV. 

RfLE  OF  (inTir.!ii;i;z  and  cnico. 
Ksr.G. 

J' A  a'! 

Castro  Tiaiisfcra  the  Cefatura  to  (inticrrez — A  Quiet  Iliile — Centralist 
I'rocantioiis — The  Capital — Vigilance  Coniinittcc  at  Los  Angck's — 
Shooting  of  a  .Man  and  Woman — Ijandini'.s  Plan  at  San  Oicgo — Ap- 
pointment ami  Arrival  of  Covernor  Chico — Inaugural  A(hlross — 
Swearing  of  tlio  IJases — Chico's  Orders — Address — Sessions  of  tho 
Junta  I)epartamcntal — Agent  for  Mexioo — Cliieo  in  the  South — Do- 
ginning  of  Trouliles — Californian  Views  of  Cliico's  Character — Dona 
Cruz,  tho  Clovernor's  Mistress — Feeling  of  Foreigners — Chieo  and 
Stearns — lievohition  Tlanned — Kesultsof  the  Vigilantes — Chico  and 
l)uian — Amours  of  Ca.stafiare.s  and  Dona  Ildefonsa— (.hieo  and  Ks- 
tradii — Exeitenient  at  the  Capital— Chico  Leaves  tho  Countiy ■Ill 

CHAPTER   XYI. 

GUTirur.EZ,  c.v.vriic),  and  AIA'AKADO— ketdlution. 

]s:](). 

iSoPond  Tinlc  of  Onticrrcz — His  Policy  and  Cliarnctor— Vnguo  Charges — 
Quarrel  with  tho  Diputacion — Popular  I'eeling — Causes  of  llevolt — 
Juan  ]j.  Alvarado — Revenue  Quarrel — Another  Version — Prepara- 
tions at  San  Juan  — Califonnans  in  Arms — (Iraham's  Iiillenien — Sicgo 
of  Monterey— Documentary  llecord  —  Surrender  —  The  Mexicans 
Exiled — Biography — Gutierrez — Castillo  Negrete — Ilerrera — IMunoz 
Xavarretc — Tho  I'Jstradas — Pule  of  .losiS  Castro — Plan  of  (,'onditinnal 
Independence — Lone-star  Flag — Tho  Diputacion  as  a  C(jnstituent 
Congress — Vallcjo  as  Comandantc  General — Revenue — Civic  ^lilitia. 
— Alvarado  as  Governoi'-  Division  of  tho  State — Commerce — 'J'ho 
New  Rc'ginie — All'aira  in  the  Nijrtli 4 i.) 


CIIAPTEU  XYII. 

ALVAHADO'S  lirLi; — Tlloriil.r.S   IN   THE  sorTiT. 

isou- lb."]:. 

Causes  of  Sonthcrn  Opposition — Sectional,  Local,  and  Personal  Prejudico 
• — The  News  at  Angeles— San  Diego  Aroused — Plan  of  NovemlxT — 
Counter-plan  of  Santa  ISarhara — New  Ayuntamientos  and  New  Plan 
— Lettei's  of  Prominent  Men — Castillo  Negrete — O.^io — Randini  — Pio 
Pico — Carlos  Carrillo — Alvarado  in  the  South — Tholiarbarefios  Sub- 
mit— Angelinos  Obstinate— Dieguinos  Patriotic  but  not  AVarlike — 
Defensivo  Measures — Campaign  and  Treaty  of  San  Fernando — Alva- 
rado at  Los  Angeles — Castro's  Arrival— Another  Plan — Speeches — 
I'ears  of  Attack  from  Sonora — Castro  at  San  Diego — Diputacinu  Sus- 
tains Alvarado — Plan  de  Gobierno — Inti'igues  of  Oslo  and  Pico — Los 
Angeles  Submits — Governoi's  Maniiiesto  of  May— Return  to  Monte- 
rey— Events  in  the  North,  January  to  May 473 


r(:)?N-Ti"XT^. 


xm 


I'AUB 


CIIAPTLIi  XMII 

PAX    DIK(;()   I'LAN— ,\LV.M!,\1JU   AM)   CVniULLO. 

is;}7. 

Daudini's  M.,von,cnts-riot.s  on  (lie  Frontier-Zamorano,  Tortilla  and 
L.tra,la-I'Ian  of  iLiy-S..i/.uie  of  J.oa  Angdos-Don  Juan  at  San 
Difgo-'Jlie  Army  at  Angelea  and  San  I'crnan.lo-Ca.stillero's  C.ni- 
ii.isMon-Oath  of  Centralism  in  tl,c  Sonth-Alvara.lo  at  Monterey 
an.l  .Santa  Clara-Rumors  from  Mcxieo-Ramire/  Revolt--  .Mont.rey 
iaken  an.l  Retaken- Ah arado  llutunm  to  the  South— Treaty  witii 
Castillero-Alvarado  Swears  to  the  Constitutional  I.aws-llis  Mo- 
tu-cs-Diputaeion  at  SanUi  lUrbara-Castillero  Sent  to  .Mexico- 
Thc  Ca///u;-»/rt-Vallcjo  Refuses  to  Accept  Centralism-CYirlos  Car- 
nllo's  Appointment-Alvarado's  ]V,sition-Carrillo  Assnm.s  Olllec 
at  Angeles-Sun  Diego  Obcdient-Xot  so  Sta  Rarl.ara-Letters  of 

Vallejo  aud  Alvarado ^ ,  _ 

51 J 

CHAPTER  XIX. 

DON  JUAN   BAT7TISTA  AND   DON    CAIILOS. 
1S38. 

I>oi.  Cr.rlos  Closes  Xorthern  I'orts-S.^ids  for  ISrcxican  Troops-Castro's 
Plan-/,  Spurious  Appointment— Carrillo's  Letters— Military  I'repa- 
rauous-Castarie.la  at  San  Ruenaveutura-Sauta  Barbara  Threatened 
-News  from  Me.xico-Rattlo  of  San  Ruenaventura-Los  Angclea 
luken-Aharado  at  San  Fernando-Don  Ciirlos  at  San  Diego- A 
New  I'lan-'Jobar  in  Command-Campaigu  of  Las  Flores— Treaty- 
Negotiations  at  Sau  Fernando-Kseapc  of  the  l'rctender-^•allejo 
I-avors  Don  Carlos-News  by  the  Crt/«/;«a~Arrival  of  CastiUero— 
Reeognitiou  of  Alvarado  and  Vallejo- An  Island  for  Carrillo-Aba- 
jenos  Despoudent-Arribeuos  Triumphant-Re-arrcst  of  CarriUos  and 

i^icos 

545 

CHAPTER   XX 

ALVARADO'S  RULE— POLITICAL  EVENTS, 

1S3'J-1S40, 
Governor  and  C.cncral  at  Sai.ta  Bdrbara-Carlist  Prisoners-Don  Ciirlos 
^  .el.ls-l.:nd  of  the  Conflict-Military  Diseiplinc-Presidial  Com- 
pauies-Diputacion  a^  a  Junta  at  Monterey-Division  of  California 
into  Districts  and  Partidos-Prefects-Plots  of  Ramir.v.  an.l  Padro 
Meroado— Life  of  Angel  JJamirez-Sedition  at  lirancifortc— Flag  Tu- 
inultat  LosAngeles-CastiUero  Electe.l  to  Congress- Voeales  Fleeted 
~\\iiv  with  Franco- J inieno  Acting  Coveruor-Alvarado  Married 
by  Proxy-Arrival  of  tlie  Ca/i/bri^ia-Alvarado  Appointed  (iovernor 
-Cosmo  Pena— Castaneda  Sent  to  Mexico- Annuls  of  lS40-Ses8ion8 
of  the  jMiita  Departatnental-T,ibunal  <lo  Justicia-Monterey  tho 
Capual— C  i:?piracy  of  Carrillo  a;ul  Gonzalez 579 


XIV 


CONTEXTS. 


CIIAPT]:!!  XXI. 

LOCAL  ANNALS   OF   SAN    UUCiid    WSTKIi  T. 
1S31-1S10. 


PAllE 


Military  Cninniamlants — Decrease  aiul  Disappeariinco  of  tlic  Prcsidial 
Orgar.i/ation — Fort  aii<l  Other  linildiiig.s — I'djmlation— I'rivate  l!an- 
clios — Suiiitnary  of  l-'veuta — I'olitica  ami  Indian  Depredations — 
Treasure  on  tlio  Ccjjoiado  —  Civil  fiovernnient — Ayuntainiento — 
Criminal  lleeonl — San  Diego  Mission — I'adre  Martin — ^Statisties — 
iSecnlarizatioii — Ortega  as  Adnnni.strator — San  Luis  IJey — Padro 
I'f^yri— A  Prosijcroiis  Mission  —  Slaughter  of  Cattle — Chronologic 
lla[)penings— I'io  Pieo  in  Cliarge- -Hartnell's  Investigation — Mission 
Itanehos — San  Juau  Ca[)istrano — Statistical  \'ie\v — Annals  of  Enjan- 
cipatiiin — Administration  of  the  Argiiellos — Tiie  llx-neophytc  Pue- 
blus  of  Sau  Juan,  Sun  Dieguitu,  Las  I'lores,  and  San  Pascual COS 


CIIArXEU  XXII. 

LOCAL  AXNALS   UF   LOS  ANOI.LKS   DISTRICT. 

1S31-1S40. 
A  Centre  of  Political  Agitation — Chronologic  Summary  and  Index — Local 
Occurrences— Indian  Hostilities — Day  and  Stearns — ^'igilanco  Coni- 
mittce--Sectional  Warfare— (.'arrillo's  Capital — Tumult  of  the  Fla,:^ 
— Arrest  of  Foreigners — Increase  of  I'opulatiou — Private  Ilaneiios — 
Ayuutaniiento  and  Municipal  All'airs — Criminal  IJecord — A  llai-e — 
'The  Pii'fecture — Pena,  Tapia,  and  Argiiello— ^Portof  San  Pedro — Sau 
Galiricl — Padres  Buscana  and  Sanchez — Statistics — Secularization — 
Invents — Piandini's  Refornis — Sau  Fernando  lley— Father  Cahot — A 
Pi'os[)erous  r^Iission — Autunio  ilil  \'allo  as  ComisionaiKj — Clironolo- 
gio  Record (i'29 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 

LOC.VL   ANNALS   OF  SANTA    liAUBAUA  DISTRICT. 

I8;51~1S40. 
Gain  in  Population — Prosidial  Organisation — Military  Items— Summary 
of  Events— Santa  Biiibara  in  tiio  I'olitical  Controversies — Cliico  and 
Duran — ^lunicipal  AH'airs— Oliicial  List — .Sub-prefecture — Grants  of 
Private  Eanchos — Santa  ljari)ara  ^lission — Statistical  View — Annals 
of  Secularization — San  Ijuenavcntura — Fathers  Sufier,  L^ria,  and  For- 
tuui  —  Population,  Agriculture,  and  Livo-stock  —  Majordomos  and 
Administrators — Santa  Ines —  Father  Arroyo  de  la  Cucsta — Statistics 
of  Decadence — A  Gain  in  Cattle — Moderate  Prosperity — Local  Ilap- 
jjcuiiigs — La  Purisinui  Con^cpcion — Secularization — Inventories....  C49 


CONTENTS. 


Prcsiilial 
!ito  lliin- 
atioiis — 
iiieiito — 
tistic's — 
— I'a.lro 

-^lissiun 
f  J'liJiaii- 
■ti!  I'f.e- 
1.  .. 


PAUK 


CIIAPTEll   XXR^ 

LOCAL  ANNALS  or   .MoNTLKKV   DLSTKICT, 

1.S31-1S40. 


PACE 


COS 


ropnlition— Visits  ami  Pcsoiiptioiis-Suinmary  aii<I  Iiitlex  of  Events— 
.Military  ileconl—Miinicii.al  AfTairs  and  A<lmini.strati(m  of  .Justico 
— rrcfcoture— Ciiiiiinal  Itoconl-l'iivatc  Kaiiclios— .Mission  San  Car- 
los—San  Luis  Ol.ispo-I'adrc  Cil  y  TaLoada— Statistics  of  Decline— 
San  JMiyiicl  — i'adre  Juan  Caliot  —  Population  aii<l  Property— San 
Antonio— Secularization— MorcadosCoiii]ilaints-irartiieirs  Inspec- 
tion—La Soledad -- Padre  Sarha —Inventories  of  Live-stock  and 
Crops— San  Juan  IJautista  or  San  Juan  de  Castro- -J'adrcs  and  Xeo- 
phytes— .Mission  Estate— Emancipation  of  the  Indians-Piul.h.  and 
Capital  .,f  tlio  District -Santa  Cruz,  or  Puehlo  de  Eigneroa—Villa 
do  Ijraucifortc ,^,i~ 

Oll^ 


— Local 
ce  Coni- 
he  Flag 
nclios— 
Ilai'e — ■ 
ro — San 
:ation— 
diot— A 
ironolo- 


<;29 


CHAPTER    XXV. 

LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SAX    IKANCIiSCO   DISTRICT. 
lS;il-l,S4(). 

(hiln  in  Population— Number  of  Inhaliitants  in  California,  Nortli  and 
South— Summary  of  8an  Francisco  i;ven(s  --.Mditary  Allairs-Coin- 
pany  Transferred  to  Sonoma- Puehlo  and  A\  untamimto— Granting 
of  Lots— Later  Litigation —  Growth  (,f  Verba  Uuena— liichardson, 
Lecso,  and  Spear-- JVivate  Pamhos  of  the  District-San  Francisco 
iMission-San  Pafacl— Padre  Amor,. s'  .Map  of  .Mission  Lands -San 
Francisco  Solano-Pueblo  of  Sonoma —  General  Vallejo-.s  .Vchieve- 
nients  in  the  Frontcra  del  Norte— San  Jos^.  .Mission-A  Pn>si)erou9 
Establishment— Santa  Clara— Padres  Via.ler  and  Moreno  —  Pueblo 
de  San  JosiT^  do  Guadalni)'-  '''-'  Alvara.lo -.  Population  —  .Municipal 
All'airs  and  List  of  Otlicials— Summary  of  Events G!)S 


PioNLi:;;  RtcnsTEK  AND  l\i)i:.\.     Tabbor  to  'Hyde' 7;;;] 


lumary 
CO  and 
ants  of 
.\nnaI3 
id  I^or- 
03  and 
iitistics 
1  Hap- 
ies....   049 


HISTORY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


CHAPTEK  I. 

A  TERRITORY  OF  THE  MEXICAN  REPUBLIC. 
1825. 

R.mFICAT10y   of    the   FeDEKAL    CoNSTrTaTIOX-JryXA  DE   CVMFOP.VIAS   l.V 

MKXico-CoMPASiA    A.siAtico-Mexicana-,Se.ssioxs    of    the   DlPrTA- 

CION-EcHEANDiA    APPOINTEI,    GoVERNOIl-TUANSFER    OF    THE     OPFirF 

AT  San  Die«o-Bu.guap,iv  of  Don  Lui.s  AKoiELLo-EcrEANDiA's 
Companionh-Paciikco,  Zamorano,  and  Ramihez-Herreha  as  Com- 
isAK.,.  I.E  Hac.enda-T.ie  M.ssroNs-TiiE  Padues  Ref.se  Al..eg.ance 

TO  T.£E  Rep,;BLIO-The  DlPCTAflON  O.V  SECaLAIUZATIO.V- Pai.re  l)v. 
KAN  A.S  PkESIDENT-M.SSION  SlpPLIES  AND  FixaNCE-Vf.sSELS  ON  TIIF 
CoASr-SruUENOEH  OF  THE  'AsiA  '  AND  '  CoNSTANTE  '-MoURELL's  VlSlT 
AND   BOOK-COMMERCE-FOREION   ReSIDENTS-A  RaINV   SeASON. 

}^  t.^'^Pr?^^^^"^2:  volume  I  have  completed  the  an- 
naJs  ot  Calitorma  as  a  province  of  Spain  and  of  the 
.Mexican  empire  to  the  year  1824.     In  the  present 
volume  1  continue  its  history  as  a  territory  and  depart- 
ment of  the  :Me.\iean   republic  to  1840.     But  while 
182r    <0  are  the  chronojocrical  limits  assigned,  it  has 
been  iound  inconvenient,  as  already  explained,  to  make 
the  subdivisions  of  time   and    topics  agree  exactly 
l^ocal  annals  have  been  continued  in  an  earlier  voluine 
to  1  830 ;  herein  they  are  completed  for  another  decade 
and  the  regular  thread  of  political  history  is  followed 
to  1840;  but  the  institutional  history  for   1 83G-40 
including  some  important  phases  of  foreign  relations  is 
necessarily  left  for  the  first  six  chapters  of  volume  i  v. 
llie  leading  features  here  presented  are  the  develoi>- 

Vol.  III.    1  i 


2  A  TKIIRITORY  OF  TIIK  MEXICAN  REPUBLIC. 

ment  (jf  republicauisin,  the  downfall  of  tlio  missions, 
revolutionary  movements,  the  first  overland  ex])l()- 
rations,  growth  of  foi'eign  influence,  the  up-huildinjj;' 
of  commercial  industry,  and  the  complicated  series 
of  political  and  sectional  controversies.  At  the  end  of 
the  volume  I  continue  al[)habctically  the  biographical 
register  of  pioneers  begun  in  volume  ii. 

Earlv  in  1825  Governor  Argliello  received  the 
federal  constitution  of  the  ^texican  republic  adopted 
bv  couixress  October  4,  1824,  and  addressed  to  the 
.states  and  territories  on  the  Gth.  It  is  not  necessary 
to  analyze  this  document  here.  By  it  Alta  California 
became  a  territory,  lacking  the  po[)ulation  for  a  state; 
entitled  to  a  di})uta(lo  in  congress,  but  without  the 
forty  thousand  inhabitants  re(piisite  to  give  him  ii 
vote;  yet  capable  of  being  erected  into  a  state  by  acl: 
of  congress.  This  organic  law  made  no  provision  for 
the  government  of  tlie  territories;  and  I  know  not  ex- 
actly what  authority  the  |)resident  had  for  appointing 
a  governor  and  allowing  the  diputacion  to  subsist;  or 
what  authoritv  congress  had  to  make  laws  on  the  sub- 
ject;  or  further,  on  what  authority  the  two  Califor- 
nias  were  inunediately  united  in  one  territory,  or  at 
least  put  under  one  governor.  The  constitution  was 
similar  to  that  of  the  United  States  of  America.^ 

Before  noting  the  reception  of  the  constitution  in 
the  north,  it  is  well  to  glance  at  subsequent  acts  of  the 
national  <;overnnient  in  behalf  of  California  down  to 
the  end  of  1825 — and  briefly,  for  in  Mexico  but  slight 


'  ^fexko,  Comdtiicion  Fvdcnil  de  lo^  EKtadon  Unidoa  Jfrrirano.i,  .innrionmla 
por  el  Conijreso  (leniral  Cuiistituyentc  d  4  da  Octuhre  da  IS' .'.'/.  Mexico,  IS'Jl, 
Kiino,  H\.  xviii.  G2  p.  21.  3p. ;  with  at  the  eiul  the  following:  Mexico,  A'fa 
Coii'<liliitivii  do  la  Ffdaracion.  Mexiniua.  ul  de  Eiiero,  IS..'.}-  Mexico,  l'6'2l. 
lOnio,  I'Jp.  There  arc  ether  editions  of  both  douunients.  In  the  Artu  tlie 
division  into  states  and  territories  had  been  different,  the  two  Californias  being 
one  territory.  There  is  no  evidence  that  the  Acta  reached  California  befoie 
the  constitution.  Among  the  signers  of  the  constitution  there  appears  no 
diputado  for  Alta  California,  though  Baja  Californiawas  represented  by  ^lan- 
uel  Ortiz  de  la  Torre.  Gov.  Argi'ello  understood  Cal.  as  a  territory  to  bo 
attached  to  the  state  of  Mexico.  JJept  Rec,  MS.,  i.  120;  Deyt  St.  Pap.  Anfj., 
MS.,  i.  82-4. 


JUXTA  DE  roMKXTO. 


IIISSIOIIS, 
I     CXplo- 

biiildiiig 
(I  series 
icciul  of 
rapliical 


vcd    the 

adopted 

I  to  the 

eeessaiy 

[ililoi'iiia 

•  a  state ; 

tout  the 

J  him  i\ 

c  bv  ael: 

ision  for 

I  not  ex- 

lointing 

)sist;  or 

'  e  sul)- 

Califor- 

,  or  at 

ion  was 
1 

ition  in 
of  the 

own  to 
slight 


nncionaila 
ico,  LS-24, 

ivo,  A'ta 
ICO,   lS-2t. 

Acta  t!ie 
nias  bt'iiig 
lia  before 

)r)eni's  no 
I  hy  Man- 
ory  to  bo 
ap.  Aii'j., 


attention  was  paid  to  tliis  distant  frontiiT,  I'ither  in 
this  or  any  other  yeai'.  The  lirst  president  (hd  well 
enongh,  however,  at  tlie  heginning,  for  he  not  oidy 
;ip]tointed  a  ruler,  with  a  sn[>eriiitendent  of  territorial 
linance..,  but  he  sent  trooi)s,  arms,  sup})lies,  ami  even 
a  little  money.  I  have  notieed  the  laek  of  any  eo:i- 
stitutional  pi'ovision  Ibi  teri'itorial  govermnent ;  but  lo 
aid  tlie  president  in  this  respect  a  sj)eeial  board,  (  r 
eouneil,  the  'junta  de  foniento  de  Caliiornias,'  was  or- 
ganized." 

In  a  note  I  have  given  the  titles  of  this  junta's  i-e- 
])orts.  l:]x-governor  Sola  was  a  member,  though  not 
a  very  prominent  one.  None  of  the  plans  ever  at- 
tained to  the  din'nitv  of  law,  but  caeh  had  an  inlluenee 

'This  junta  was  dissolved  at  the  end  of  IS'JT.  It  liiul  ten  nieinl)oiH,  in 
wlionitiiere  were  t'rei[uent  changes,  the  following;  list  ineluilin','  all  that  serveil 
in  the  order  of  their  appinutnient:  Mariano  Jionilla,  I'alilo  \'.  ."-ola,  .lose  Ij;ii. 
(-)nnaeehea,  Mariiino  J)oniinij;uez,  T(jni:is  Sal;,'ad(),  Franeiseo  do  1'.  'I'aiiiariz, 
Mannel  Ibarra,  Francisco  Cortii.a,  Jgiiaeio  C'libas,  ,luan  .1.  Kspinosii  de  lo3 
.^bJnteros,  .b)si5  Mariano  Alnianza,  Francisco  Fai^'oai.'a,  Alejo  (iarcia  (.'ond?, 
C.irlosM.  IJustaniante,  Servando  Miei',  Isidro  Laza.  lUeuo  (iiircfa  Conde,  1',;- 
dro  L'iirdenas,  Juau  Francisco  Azcarate,  Tonias  Suria,  sec'y,  Creeenio  Suarez, 
Bec'y. 

The  various  reports  of  this  Ijody  were  printed  in  Mexico,  18'J7,  under  Hie 


followiii!'  title:  Junta  th'  Fonuii/o  i/i'  ( 'ii/i/hniinK — Coir 


lie  lu 


.1  jirinfiji'i.'i  i 


( nihil ju.-i  I'll  (jnr  se  lia  oriqiiulo  If  Jiiiild  iio/nliriiiln  jKira  iiinHlnr  if  i>rojioi:i r  -d 
Sii/iriiiiD  (•ohiiriio  I'hi  mcit'iu-'*  iiKtu  iirifsnriofi  ji  irn  proDinn  r  <  I  prni/riso  ile  In 
mil  urn  ij  ciiu'r.w'ioii  ilc  lot  ti  rriiorhiml '  I'tAltn  i/  ili'  lu  Jliijd  ('(tHjoniia.  Ai'.o 
ill'  IS.'/'.  This  coUection  includes  tlie  following  doennients:  J)irldii)i)l  (jm  i/.'ij 
In.  Junta,  ill'.,  siihrr  Ins  i.istrncrioiii'.-<  ijHi' /inra  rl  dri'i'  snpi'rior  I'olitiro.  Dati'd 
Jan.  .S,  l.Si!."i.  Ki  pages,  Svo;  J'Ina  jtani  il  Arri'jlo  ilc.  Ihm  Mi^ioni'S  di'  lot  A  ;■/(- 
Ini-'io.-i  ill'  In  Alia  1/  Ji'  hi  lUija  ( 'n'n'nrn'Ki.  April  (i,  18"2.'),  11  p. ;  I'Innilr  ( 'ulnu- 
i'.arioti  JJ.it rniiijira  (subtitle — Jiiijluiniiilo  I'l  quo.  ilihi'  niijrtnr.-n'  Id  cnlonizni'lrii, 
tir.),  dated  Ajjril  '2-1,  1825,  8  p.,  with  a  diiiyrr.in;  Plan  de  i'nlinii-.ai-iun  lU 
^iir'wvuk's  para  los  lirrilorioti  ctr.  (subtitle — I'l'ilanirnto  para  la  coloi.r.a- 
fioii,  por  /itinilia.i  ile  lo-i  E.ilmlo.i  Fnlirnilo-i  ile  Mi\iiro,  rn,  lot  lirritorioi  ile 
<'nn/(irnia.'<),  dated  May  30,  1S2.'),  IS  p..  ;i  sluets,  with  a  diau'rani;  /'Inn  /'.I'it- 
i'oMcrcantiljiarail  ina.i  pronto  Fomi'nfo  de  /r/x  ('idi/iirn'rn,  inehidi.iu'  It, 
Correspondence  Feb. -July  IS'J.");  'J<1,  I'rui/i  ■to  parn  <  I  Exiidilieiinii  nto  di'  run 
ronipniUnile  conureio  di  recto  con  1 1  A.vct  //  mar  I'arijiro,  ent/o  pnn'n  ei-ntr'n-o  d.  he 
»('•  Montrnif,  capital  de  la  AltaCnli/ornin,  In  rnal.ii'rdennividn  hajn  1 1  iiii,,i:r' 
(/'  <  'nnipniiia  Asidtieo-  Me.iieann ,  Pri.li<toradil  I'n/nento  de  la.  /'i.nin-'iila  de  I  'al- 
ij'ornin.'*.  Presented  to  the  presiilent  by  its  author,  Francisco  do  Faula  'J'ani:ii'iz, 
I'cc.  l-l,  182">,  1-1  p.;  iv\,  J'roiiC'fo  de  Hiijlnniinto  end'ranile  pnra  el  JC-ilati'f'- 
'inientodelaComjmiiiaAiidtieo-Mi'xieai.a.  l.tce.  11,  IS'J."),  ISp.  (numbered  •_' t  >; 
Ini  iativa  de  Ley  que  propone  la  Junta  para  il  niejorarri'/lo  dil  i/ohii  r,,odr'  I  ,< 
lerritorio,^  de  California^.  Dated  IMay  12,  1827;  includin;.!  a  (S'»/j'//(v'>,'o;;  (,'.• 
/(W  ti  rritorio.-!  de  la  Alta  y  de  la  liaja  California  en  enatro  r//>7r(Vo>-,  of  June  CO, 
182(i;  and  the  liual  brief  report  of  the  junta  announcing  the  close  of  its  labors 
en  Aug.  .'il,  1827.  44  p. 
And  fiuully — Lista  de  los  amnios  compremUdoa  en  este  libra.     1  leaf. 


4  A  TERRITORY  OF  THE  MEXICAN  REPUBLIC. 

on  legislation  in  behalf  of  California.  Several  of  the 
reports,  or  parts  of  the  same,  relating  to  special  topics 
of  government,  colonization,  and  mission  policy,  will 
require  notice  elsewhere,  and  may  therefore  be  briefly 
disposed  of  here. 

Unfortunately  the  instructions  to  Governor  Eche- 
andia,  on  which  the  junta  reported  January  3,  1825, 
arc  not  extant.  In  the  suggestions  made,  especial  im- 
portance is  attached  to  the  obtaining  of  accurate  in- 
formation about  the  country,  its  people,  and  its  pro- 
ductions; and  it  is  evident  from  the  allusions  to  Viz- 
caino, Venegas,  the  Sut'd  y  Mexicana,  Humboldt's 
works,  etc.,  that  the  members  had  no  idea  of  the  fresh 
and  complete  sources  of  information  accessible  in  the 
form  of  missionary  and  other  official  reports.  There 
is  also  a  noticeable  confusion  between  the  two  Califor- 
nias.  Great  circumspection  and  careful  instructions 
were  recommended  on  the  mission  problem  and  Indian 
policy,  subjects  which  must  be  treated  with  much  deli- 
cacy to  avoid  trouble  until  a  radical  reform  could  be 
efl^ected  by  means  of  definite  laws.  The  junta  ex- 
pressed some  very  wise  views,  and  showed  a  clear 
appreciation  of  the  difficulties  to  be  overcome,  leaving, 
however,  the  ways  and  means  of  overcoming  them 
mostly  to  a  subsequent  report  of  April  Gth,  which 
will  be  noticed  in  another  chapter.  In  the  matter  of 
distributing  lands,  it  was  thought  that  the  governor 
should  confine  his  immediate  attention  to  investigation 
and  reports  on  the  actual  condition  of  the  territories. 
The  subject  of  foreign  relations  was  believed  to  require 
serious  consideration,  with  particular  reference  to  pos- 
sible encroachments  of  Russians  and  Americans  on  the 
north.  There  was  yet  some  doubt  whether  the  boun- 
dary of  the  forty-second  parallel  had  been  recognized  by 
Mexico,  but  it  was  necessary  at  all  hazards  to  prevent 
any  passing  of  that  line;  and  in  this  connection  a  naval 
force  for  the  upper  coast  was  reconunended  as  of  ur- 
gent necessit}'.  Particularly  was  the  attention  of  the 
government  called  to  the  prospective  importance  of 


Tfovernor 


PLANS  FOR  CALIFORXIAS.  6 

the  northern  province,  both  by  reason  of  its  varied 
products  and  of  its  frontier  position.' 

The  phm  of  April  2 1st  for  foreign  colonization  may 
be  disposed  of,  since  I  have  no  space  to  give  the  doc- 
ument in  full,  with  the  remark  that  it  was  utilized  by 
the  government  in  preparing  the  regulations  of  1828, 
in  which  many  of  its  twenty-eight  articles  were  more 
or  less  fully  embodied.*  To  a  great  extent  the  same 
reihark  may  be  applied  to  the  plan  of  May  30th  for 
national  colonization  or  settlement  by  Mexicans.  But 
this  plan  contained  certain  elements  intended  for  the 
special  beneiit  of  the  Californias,  and  therefore  not  in- 
cluded in  the  general  regulations  which  applied  to  all 
Mexican  territory.  It  was  proposed  not  oidy  to  grant 
lands  to  Mexican  colonists,  but  to  pay  the  expenses  of 
their  journey,  a  daily  ration  and  monthly  sunj  of  three 
or  four  dollars  to  each  family  for  threes  years,  besid(.a 
furnishing  live-stock  and  tools;  or  in  case  the  settler 
were  not  a  farmer,  he  was  to  receive  expenses  of  the 
journey,  necessary  tools,  a  house  lot,  and  rations  for  one 
year.  This  aid  it  was  thought  might  be  furnished 
without  burden  to  the  treasury,  by  utilizing  the  ac- 
cumulations of  mission  capital.  It  was  deemed  desir- 
able to  favor  settlements  on  the  coast  islands;  and  to 
set  apart  one  of  them  as  a  penal  colony,  not  for  Mexico, 
but  for  California.^ 

Another  scheme  of  the  junta,  though  pertaining  to 
commerce,  may  as  well  be  mentioned  here,  since  it 
never  went  into  practical  effect.  It  was  a  politico- 
mercantile  plan  for  the  organization  of  a  Compahia 

'Jan.  6,  1825,  Jos(5  Argiiello  wrote  to  Captain  Gnerra  from  Guadalajara 
tliat  a  board  had  been  established  in  Mexico  to  make  regulations  for  Cal. 
Oiierrii,  Doc,  MS.,  vi.  07.  The  dktdmen,  so  far  as  it  relates  to  Indian  policy, 
is  incidentally  quoted  by  Manuel  Castanares  in  an  address  of  March  .30,  1844, 
to  Congress.  Castanares,  Col.  Doc.  12,  14,  50.  Both  Alvarado,  IfiM.  Vnl., 
MS.,  i.  122-3,233-0,  and  Vallejo,//M<.  Cal.,  MS.,i.  290-300,  speak  of  Sola  as 
the  leading  spirit  of  the  junta,  which  devised  many  liberal  and  enthusiastic 
measures  without  the  slightest  idea  as  to  where  the  money  was  to  conic  from. 
'  Fifty  years  later,'  says  Alvarado,  'in  the  hands  of  energetic  men  backed  by 
coin,  some  of  theso  plans  might  have  proved  successful.' 

*  See  chap.  ii.  this  vol.  for  reglamento  of  1828. 

*  There  are  several  other  items,  but  as  the  recommendations  were  never 
adopted,  it  seems  unnecessary  to  notice  them, 


A  TKltRlTORY  OF  THE  MEXICAN  REPUBLIC. 


As!;itic()-}.r(.«xiea!in,  protoctivo  of'Calintrnian  industrial 
(lew'lupnicnt.  j\I<)iiter('y  was  to  \ni  a  grand  eonuner- 
cial  ceiitrt';  and  not  only  was  Califi)rnia  to  bo  saved 
IVoin  all  jKtssihility  of  foreign  agijjrossion,  but  tho  whole 
trade  of  the  Paciiie  was  to  be  wrested  from  American 
and  English  hands.  The  author  of  the  project,  Ta- 
mariz,  aimed  at  a  revival  of  the  old  Philij)pine  trade, 
Vtith  vastly  augmented  facilities  and  profits;  and  ho 
])ietured  Calilbrnia  in  glowing  colors  as  a  veritable 
])aradise  abounding  in  all  good  things,  and  better 
fitted  than  any  other  spot  on  earth  for  its  grand  des- 
tiny. "  Fortunate  the  Californians  in  the  midst  of  the 
)romised  land;  hapi)y  the  provinces  that  adjoin  that 
and;  lucky  even  the  hemisphere  that  contains  it," 
writes  the  enthusiastic  Mexican  in  substance  page 
after  page.  The  scheme  was  a  grand  one  on  paper — 
too  grand  to  go  any  further;  for  though  approved  by 
the  fanu)us  junta,  and  iavored  apparently  by  president, 
cabinet,  and  congress,  it  was  never  heard  of  so  far  as  I 
know  after  1827." 

In  addition  to  the  acts  of  the  president  and  junta 
de  foniento,  there  is  nothing  to  be  noted  bearing  on 
my  present  topic,  beyond  a  few  minor  routine  commu- 
nications of  the  ministers  in  the  different  departments, 
in  one  of  which  the  Californians  were  showered  v»ith 
flattery,  even  if  they  got  no  more  substantial  tokens 
of  attention.^ 


'The  regliimento  is  copied  in  full  by  Vnllojo  in  his  Tlisf.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  .300- 
10,  from  j>n  oiiginiil  formerly  in  the  possession  of  David  Spence.  Tlic  com- 
pany is  also  mentioned  in  ( 'n.^turinrin.  ('of.  l)oc.,  50.  It  seems  useless  to  give 
tlic  details  of  such  a  plan ;  some  of  the  leading  points  arc  as  follows:  Capital, 
$4,000,000  in  "J, 000  shares,  .50  of  which  were  to  l)o  taken  by  the  Mexican  gov- 
ernment, and  oO  reserved  for  Cal.  until  she  was  able  to  pay  for  tlieni.  I'erm 
of  existence,  10  years.  Tlie  pi'csident  of  Mexico  to  preside  at  meetings.  The 
company  to  have  privileges  in  the  matter  of  paying  duties ;  to  be  preferred  aa 
sellers  and  buyers ;  to  have  a  monopoly  of  iishericj  and  pearl-diving  against 
foreigners;  but  had  to  bring  settlers  free  to  Cal.,  aid  in  the  suppresaiou of 
smuggling,  etc. 

'  Californians  are  lovers  of  order  and  justice,  'compensating  with  these  vir- 
tues for  the  influence  whicli  in  other  connnunities  would  be  the  effect  of  law 
and  authority. '  '  Tliey  have  iilways  shown  a  strong  att<tchment  to  tlio  supreme 
jiowers,  and  given  constant  evidence  witli  ardent  fidelity  that  they  ure,  and 
glory  in  being,  oxocllent^Iexicans;  and  their  l.cnimi'rilo  f/rfe  poli'ico  Ar'^UMo 
answers  in  his  la.'jt  c.;iniiiunications  fv^u' j:ood  order  and  strict  suiniiniwtratioa 


CONSTITUTION  RATIFIED. 


':'i 


■« 

i.  300- 

1 

c  com- 
to  give 
'aiiital, 

ill  I.'OV- 

'i'erm 
.     The 

rred  as 
i;,'ainst 
isiou  of 

Oil  receipt  of  tlie  constitution,  Argiiello  at  once  suni- 
nioiied  the  dipiitados  to  assenible.  The  rivers  were  so 
swollen  hy  the  rains  that  the  southern  members  could 
not  come;  but  on  the  2(>th  of  March  the  four  C^istros, 
with  the  ])resident  and  secretary,  met  to  ratify  the 
new  orj^anic  law  of  the  nation.  The  do(.'ument  was 
read  by  Secretary  Torre,  and  the  oath  was  taken  by 
governor  and  dii»utados.  Then  the  constitution  was 
read  ntjfain  in  the  [)laza,  and  Argiiello  administered 
the  oatli  to  the  jj^arrison  drawn  up  under  arms,  and  to 
the  assend)led  citizens  of  all  classes.  A  salute  of  ar- 
tillery, and  the  usual  shouts  of  acclamation,  with  rini^- 
inj,^  of  bells,  repeated  for  three  days,  marked  the  act; 
but  for  the  first  time  on  such  an  occasion  there  was  no 
mass,  or  sermon,  or  other  reli<(ious  ceremony,  for  Pre- 
fect Sarria  declined  to  sanction  republicanism.  On 
the  28th  of  ^ranh  Argiiello  forwarded  cojties  of  the 
constitution  to  the  different  presidios  and  pueblos,  at 
each  of  which  it  v  is  ratified  with  appro|)riate  cer- 
emonies before  the  end  of  May.  At  San  Francisco 
Padre  Estenega  conducted  the  customary  religious 
services,  though  it  is  not  certain  that  he  took  the 
oath.  At  San  Diego,  as  at  Monterey,  the  jiadrcs  re- 
fused to  take  any  part  in  the  ratification.  At  other 
])laces  there  is  no  record  respecting  the  friars'  action. 
Thus  California  become  formally  a  territory  of  the 
Mexican  republic.^ 

of  justice,  even  in  their  actual  condition.'  Mexico,  Mem.  JuHtk'ta,  1820,  p.  6. 
Gcuoral  information  on  finances  of  California,  and  relief  sent  from  Mexico  in 
IS'24-"),  \\\  Mexico,  Mem.  Jlucicmla,  18'2G,  p.  '11.  Aug.  0th,  Minister  Alaman 
(jrdera  gefc  politico  to  report  on  the  suspenfiion  of  the  assembly, and  to  propose 
an  administrative  system.  .S'«p.  Govt  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  9. 

"  I  shall  have  more  to  say  on  the  action  of  the  friars.  Action  of  the  dip- 
utacion  March  2Gth,  inLeij.  /.Vc.,M.S.,  i.41-.'}.  ^Iarch28th,  ArgiicUo  sends  out 
the  now  constitution  to  be  ratified,  and  orders  all  copies  of  the  old  Spanisli  con- 
stitution to  bo  collected.  Dept  liec,  M.S.,  i.  110;  St.  I'nj>.,  Sac,  MS.,  xiv.  :i7. 
Apr.  22d,  constitution  received  at  S.  Francisco,  and  will  )je  publislied  on  Sun- 
day. .SV.  P(ip.,  Sac,  MS.,  xix.  30.  May  1st,  comandante  describes  the  cjre- 
I'.iony,  which  took  place  Apr.  24th.  The  troops  after  three  days  were  permitted 
to  anmse  themselves,  32  being  given  to  each  ^irivate  and  .$3  to  each  corporal. 
/'/.,  xiv.  41-2.  April  .30th,  swearing  of  allegiance  nt  Los  Angeles,  where,  on 
petition  of  tlic  citizens,  the  ayuntamiento,  witli  the  approval  of  tlie  diputadoa, 
I'aloinares  and  Carri  In,  !;et  at  liljcrty  a  prisoner,  .Juan  .Jose  Higuera.  Orig- 
i;ial  record  in  JJoc.  Hit.  C'al.,  MS.,  iv.  739,  74.^.     May  1st,  Comandante  Uuiz 


8  A  TERRITOllV  OF  THE  MEXICAN  REPUBLIC. 

A  filial  incLting  of  tlie  tlii)utac'i()n  wa.s  held  April 
7tli,  whun  the  majority  were  in  favor  of  |»uni.sliiiij^ 
rt'calcitrant  fria,rH  by  taking  from  them  the  mana^^a- 
mcnt  of  the  unsHion  temporalities,"  and  then  on  May 
2d  the  sessions  were  suspended  by  the  governor,  until 
new  instructions  could  be  obtained  from  national  au- 
tliorities.  His  reason  for  this  action  was  that  the  term 
lor  which  the  body  had  been  organized  according  to 
the  Spanish  constitution  had  now  expired,  and  the 
new  constitution  made  no  provision  I'or  a  territorial 
diputacion.^ 


10 


General  Minon,  appointed  the  year  before  to  bo 
ruler  of  California,  did  not  accept  the  position,  so 
that  in  January  1825  a  new  appointment  had  to  be 
made.'' 

The  choice  fell  upon  Lieutenant-colonel  Josd  Maria 
Echeandia,  an  officer  said  to  have  been  director  oi 
a  college  of  engineers  in  Mexico.  His  appointment 
as  gefe  politico  superior  and  comandante  general  mili- 
tar  of  both  Californias  was  perhaps  dated  the  31st  of 
January."     In  June  he  sailed  from  San  Bias  to  Lo- 

dcscribes  the  ratification  at  S.  Diego,  where  not  only  the  Franciscans  but  ap- 
parently the  Dominican  padre  Menendez,  who  chanced  to  be  present,  refused 
to  assist.  EMiidillo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  209.  May  10th,  certificate  of  ayuntamicnto 
to  the  taking  of  the  oath  at  San  Jos^,  ami  to  the  three  days  of  bull-lighting 
and  other  diversions  that  followed.  S.  Jond,  Arch.,  MS.,  vii.  2'2;  DeptSt.  Pap. 
MS.,  i.  llG-17.  I  find  no  record  of  thi!  event  at  Sta  Bdrbara.  Dec.  4,  1820, 
the  governor  sends  copies  of  the  constitution  and  acta  constitutiva  to  be  cir- 
culated among  the  escoltas  and  padres.  Dept  St.  F  '.p.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ivii.  2.*?. 
"^  Leij.  Ihc,  MS.,  i.  41-G.  More  of  this  topic  when  I  come  to  speak  of  the 
'»<.  C«/. ,  MS.,  iv.  725,  it  would  appear  that  at  a  session 
'le  office  of  comisionado  for  the  pueblos  was  restored. 
0  comandantes  and  prefect.  Dept  liec,  MS.,  i.  119. 
untamicnto  of  Los  Angeles  on  same  subject.  Dept 
82.  June  ."d,  comandante  of  S.  Francisco  has  pub- 
,  Sac,  MS.,  xiv.  36. 

3  known  in  Cal.  that  Mifion  would  not  come.  With 
lat  time  expected  CO  artillerymen.  Apr.  11th,  Ar- 
Sta  D.,  MS.,  xii.  321-2. 

.» to  have  been  issued  on  that  date,  St.  Pap.,  Miss. 
and  Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  42,  and  it  was  on  Feb.  Ist  that  his  appointment  was  an- 
nounced by  Minister  Pedraza  in  a  letter  to  Arguello.  Sup.  Govt  St.  Pap.,  MS., 
iii.  3.  Feb.  28tli,  Echeandia  to  Herrera,  announcing  his  appointment  with  a 
salary  of  $3,000.  Dept  St.  Pap. ,  MS. ,  ii.  1 .  The  fact  that  he  was  director  of  the 
college  of  military  engineers  in  Mexico  rests  on  the  statements  of  Valle,  Lo 
Pamdo,  MS.,  1,  and  Ord,  Ocurre7icias,  MS.,  42-3,  but  is  probably  accurate. 


missions.  From  Doc.  J 
held  early  in  this  year 

'"May  2d,  Arg'ael! 
May  22d,  Arguello  to 
St.  Pap.,  Anrjeles,  MS., 
lished  the  order.  St.  Pa 

"As  early  as  April  it 
his  successor  ArgUello  at 
giicUo  to  P.  Duran.  Arc, 

•'■'  His  instructions  set 


AUIilVAL  OF  ECHEAXDfA.  f 

roto  on  tlic  Ht'liooiiiT  Xici'rs,  P()ssil)ly  ho  luul  ccnno 
up  from  At-apulco  on  tluj  ^f(>)^rlt^s,  wliich  was  at  Sua 
lilas  at  tlio  tiiiu'  on  route  for  Monteroy;  l>ut  I  think 
not,  tliouufh  sonju  of  hi.s  oftioers  came  on  tliat  ves.scl 
and  joini.'d  liim  tliere.*'^  lie  remained  at  Loret(>  from 
.lune  'Jiid  until  Oetober,  reor«ifanizin«,'  peninsular  af- 
fairs, issuing;  a  rej^lamento,  and  appointinj^  a  suh  i^^ile 
pohtieo."  He  finally  set  out  for  Monterey  Ity  land 
on  C)(!t(^ber  4th,  but,  worn  out  by  the  hardshi})s  of  the 
route,  soon  des[)atc'hed  t«»  iVrj^iiello  an  order  to  meet 
him  at  San  Diej^o,  where  he  arrived  late  in  October.'' 
Meanwhile  Arj^uello  first  hoard  of  Echeandi'a's 
ap[»ointment  on  July  4th  by  a  letter  from  the  latter 
dated  June  25th,  and  announcing  his  arrival  at 
L(»reto  en  route  for  the  capital.  Later  in  the  month, 
probably  by  the  Morelos,  came  the  official  notice 
from  ]Mexico."  The  order  to  meet  his  successor  at 
San  Diogo  came  about  the  2Gth,  on  which  date 
Argiiello  replied  that  the  state  of  his  health  would 
not  i)ermit  him  to  make  the  journey  so  rapidly  as  wan 
ordered,  but  he  would  come  slowly."  Two  days  later  he 
sailed  on  a  schooner  for  San  Dieiro,'**  where  he  turned 
over  his  office  in  November.  Though  Argiiello  was 
doubtless  displeased  at  this  innovation  on    his  own 

"In  April-May  ho  was  at  Topic,  and  had  some  trouble  about  collecting 
pay  iuid  supplies  for  his  troops.  St.  Pay. ,  Sac. ,  MS. ,  x.  27 -t>.  lie  also  asked  to 
l)c  relieved  of  the  military  command.  Sup.  Gort  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  4.  June  7th 
he  was  at  Topic,  expecting  to  sail  on  the  Morelos,  a  new  name  for  the  old  Sail 
VdrloH.  Guerra,  Doc,  MS.,  vi.  139.  For  trip  on  the  yieve.^,  sec  Pacliuuo's 
testimony  in  Herrera,  Cama,  MS.,  p.  G7-8;  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  x.  .SI.  Eche- 
nndia'a  statement  in  1827  was  that  he  sailed  from  8.  Bias  Jur.e  12tli,  and  rciiclied 
Loreto  in  10  days.  J)ept  Jiec,  MH.,  \.  10.3.  June  25th  he  MTOte  to  Argfllleo 
fromLoreto.  Dept  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  120-1. 

**Sce  Hist.  North  Mexican  States,  ii.,  this  series. 

'•*  In  July  he  sent  up  to  S.  Diego  for  mules.  A  rch.  A  rzob. ,  MS. ,  i v.  pt  i  i.  1 .50. 
Oct.  4th,  started.  Dept  St.  Pap.,  lieu.  Mil,  MS.,  Ivii.  3.  Oct.  18tli,  sent 
order  to  Arguello  to  como  south.  Guerra,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  lCl-2.  Oct.  31st, 
writes  from  S.  Diego.  Dept  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  74;  Dept  R(C.,  MS.,  ii.  (>. 

'"July  4th,  Argiiello  to  comandantea  with  purport  of  Echeandia's  letter. 
Dept  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  120-1.  July  22d-3d-8th,  Arguello  had  received  ollicial 
intelligence.  Id.,  Den.  Mil,  MS.,  liv.  9;  Dept.  Pec,  MS.,  i.  2.30;  ii.  37.  Oct. 
1st,  Argiiello  expected  his  successor  soon,  and  had  made  preparations  for  his 
reception,  being  uncertain  whether  he  would  come  by  sea  or  land.  Gueria, 
I>or.,  MS.,  iv.  159. 

>'Oct.  2Cth,  Argfiello  to  Guerra.  Guen-a,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  lCl-2. 

^'DeptSt.  Pap.,  },lS.,i.  80. 


'■'m 


10 


A  Ti:mtITORY  OF  THE  MEXICAN  REPUBLIC. 


personal  comfort  and  on  the  old  customs,  and  though 
the  |>e()])le  of  Monterey  liked  not  the  new  governor's 
disposition  to  fix  his  residence  in  the  south,  yet  I  find 
no  contemporary  evidence  of  controversy  or  of  con- 
templated resistance.  Tlic  records,  however,  are  far 
from  complete,  and  botli  Alvarado  and  Vallejo  credit 
ArgUello  with  a  patriotic  refusal  to  listen  to  the  coun- 
sels of  Montereyans  and  the  troops  who  urged  him  to 
take  advantage  of  Echeandia's  arbitrary  order  and 
proclaim  revolt, ^^  It  is  not  unlikely  that  there  was 
some  clashing  of  opinion  Avlien  the  two  officers  mot; 
but  there  is  no  record  on  the  subj(;ct.  Echeandia  had 
remained  at  San  Diego  at  fhst  because  exhausted  by 
his  jo-ixMicy;  and  he  continued  to  reside  there  chiefly 
because  he  deemed  the  climate  favorable  to  his  health, 
but  also  that  as  ruler  of  both  Californias  he  mio'ht  be 
nearer  Loreto,  and  because  he  found  nothing  in  his 
instructions  which  absolutely  recpiired  him  to  live  at 
I\[onterey.'^'     No  transfer  of  the  capital  was   made; 

'»  Vallejo,  Jlkt.  Cal,  MS.,  ii.  48-51;  Alvarado,  IIU.  C'al.,  MS.,  ii.  lOo-O. 
Valk'ji)  states  that  tlic  padres  took  lul vantage  of  the  excitement  in  tlio  north 
to  create  a  prejudice  against  l']clieandi'a.  Both  imply  that  there  was  a  sharp 
correspondence  liefore  Argiiello  went  south,  which  is  impossible;  and  that  one  , 
cause  of  tin;  excitement  was  the  transfer  of  tiie  custom-Iioiiso  to  S.  Diego, 
when  HO  such  change  w  as  made.  I  suppo;5C  that  both  writcr.s  greatly  exag- 
gerate the  popuhir  i'eeling,  looking  at  it  thi'Oi;gh  the  colored  glasses  of  mem- 
o.'v,  respecting  later  dissensions  between  the  north  and  soutli. 

'''' Doubtless  the  persuasion.'!  of  thesontlierners  had  also  an  influence;  and 
J.  J.  Vallejo,  J'ciniiilif.,  MS.,  ST-'J,  implies  th;it  a  certain  lady  of  S.  Diego  had 
more  inlluencc  than  all  the  rest,  (general  mention  of  Eclieandia's  arrival 
without  additional  details,  or  blunders  worthy  of  notice,  in  Marhado,  Tkm- 
J  o.< /'«■^r(t?o.s•,  MS., 'Jl,  'JS;  Ainadny,  Mcno.ian,  MS.,  8.');  Ord,  Ociirroiriaf, 
]\j'S.,  i;)-'JO;  Liino,  r/(/«,  M.S.,  ]2-]2;  ArUa,  Cosas  de  Cal.,  MH.,  25;  Petit- 
Thouar.i,  Voji.,  ii.  90;  Mo/ras,  Kr>  lor.,  i.  12!)3. 

Tlij  version  of  one  author,  who  lias  made  claims  to  lie  an  accnrato  histo- 
rian, is  worth  a  record  licre.  I  allude  to  that  given  in  WUL-toiri)  Jfe.iiro  ami 
it  I  Hiliijaiii,  14S-.">;).  '  The  new  rcpulilic  was  at  peace,  and  the  surplus  soldiery 
had  to  lie  got  rid  of.  It  was  not  lafe  t.i  disba!;;!  (.iiem  at  honn',  where  they 
might  take  to  the  I'oad.s  and  become  suceessfnl  robl)ers;  liut  l,.")Ol)  of  the  worst 
V.  ere  selected  for  a  <listant  expedition,  the  cnrpiest  of  the  far-oil'  territory  of 
C'.'.lifornia.  And  then  a  general  was  found  who  was  in  all  respects  worthy  of 
lii.i  soldiery.  He  was  pre-eminently  the  gri'atest  coward  in  the  Mexican 
i.'.'niy— so  great  a  ^  Mwanl  that  lie  subseijuently,  without  striking  a  blow,  sur- 
rendered a  fort,  V ith  a  garrison  of  oOO  men,  unconditionally,  to  a  paity  of  ."0 
lo.'cigiiers.  Such  was  the  great  (Jeneral  Euhandrca,  the  Mexican  couquenir 
of  California  ;  nnil  such  was  the  army  that  he  led  to  the  eon(iuest  of  unarnuil 
pni'sts  and  an  unarmed  province.'  'Hadtiiere  been  ."iO  resolute  per.sons  to 
<>ppose  theiii,  thio  valiant  army  v.ould  have  absconded,  and  California  v.oi'.ld 
luive  remained  an  appanage  of  the  crown  of  Spain,'  etc.     'When  the  prerect 


LUIS  ANTONIO  ARGCELLO. 


11 


hut  very  soon  the  people  of  the  south  chose  to  take 
that  view  of  the  governor's  residence  among  them,  and 
Nvere  not  a  httle  elated  at  the  honor.'-' 

Althoujxh  Ex-o-overnor  Argiiello  remained  in  Cali- 
fornia,  resuming  his  former  position  as  comandantc  of 
San  Francisco;  yet  as  he  was  never  again  prominent 
in  public  affairs,  and  as  he  died  within  the  limits  of 
this  decade,  on  March  27,  1830,  it  seems  best  to  ap- 
pend here  his  biograph}'."     ]3on  Luis  was  the  first 

of  the  missions  was  sliippeil  off  to  Manilla  the  M'ar  was  at  an  end.'     Com- 

>  nients  on  this  rubbish  are  unneces.suiy- 

i  -'  Aa  early  as  Nov.  !)th,  Sepiilveila  from  Los  Angeles  eonj^ratiilatea  Eclie- 

lUKiia  on  his  arrival,  and  is  glad  that  ho  will  make  San  Diego  his  eapital. 
'  V( 111  may  count  on  this  disuienihered  ayuntamicnto  and  on  all  uinljr  my 
eoni'.nand.'  Loi  Aiiijclcs.  Arch.,  ^IS.,  i.  '1,  'A. 

-^I^uis  Antonio  Arguello,  son  of  1).  Josi5  Diario  ArgiioUo,  then  alfercz  of 
t!ic  .Sta  Liiirbara  company,  and  Dofi.a  Ignacia  ^loraga,  was  born  at  Saa  Fran- 
cisco presidio  .June  21,  17S4,  and  was  chri.stened  the  next  tlay,  his  godparents 
i>eing  Lieut.  Moraga  and  wii'e.  »S'.  Fraiirinco,  Lib.  Mis.,  MS.,  -Jl).     J'"  entered 

.1  the  military  service  as  cadet  of  the  S.  Francisco  company  on  Sept.  (I,  17!)0,  and 

v,as  promoted  to  Ijcalferezof  thei.aniecoiiipany  oiiDec.  'I'l,  ISW).  .SV.  l'fii>.Sit<\, 
MS.,  xi.  o;  Vallojo,  Doc,  .MS.,  xv.  04;  (laiefdnde M(X.,  x.  '240.  Tliissamc  year 
he  petitioned  for  liceu.sc  to  marry  Dofia  Itafaela  Sal;  but  as  the  petition  had 
to  go  to  tlic  viceroy  and  king,  it  was  not  until  1807  that  tlic  permission  was 
received,  and  even  then  burdened  with  the  condition  that  the  wife  should 
have  no  claim  on  the  montej)io  fund  at  iier  husband's  death,  unless  he  were 
killed  on  the  field  of  battle.  Tlic  wife  died  at  S.  Francisco,  Feb.  (i,  KS14. 
I'roi:  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  40,  100-7;  Woe.  7.Ve.,  MS.,  i.\-.  101.  She  is  said 
to  have  been  remarkable  fur  tiic  kindness  of  her  disposition  and  for  her  in- 
lliience  over  her  soinewliat  erratic  Iiusband.  Amador,  Mem.,  MS.,  1-1; 
Lor:  HZinui,  Mem.  ile  la  Beufi,  !MS.,  3. 

On  March  10,  1800,  Don  Luis  was  promoted  to  the  lieutenancy,  and  in  .\u' 
gust  his  father  turned  over  tohiin  th(;  command  of  the  company.  I'rov.Sf.  I'ap., 
Ill II.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxxvii.  .1,  1,1.  Accoidiiig  to  his /ioyV(  dc  scrrlrlon  nt  the  end 
(if  ISIO,  ijcyide  the  n  tine  of  gai'rison  duty,  ho  had  been  engaged  in  two  ex- 
peditions, one  in  pursuit  of  fugitive  neojiliytes,  and  the  otlier  to  explore  new 
legions  among  the  /entiles.  VaUfjo,  Doc.,  ]\IS. ,  xv.  1)4.  lie  was  rccoininended 
for  promotion  by  Gov.  Sola,  July  S,  1817;  was  eomniissioneil  Oct.  .'iOtli,  and 
was  rceogni:!cd  as  captain  of  tlie  ecjuipauy  i'rom  April  1,  1818.  Pror.  Sf,.  Pa/t., 
MS.,  XX.  104;  Pror.  lire.,  .MS.,  ix.  10(1;  Yal/ijo,  Doc,  MS.,  xvi.  48;  S.  Fran- 
risen,  i'lKiilax,  ^IS.,  i.-vi. 

About  1818  dipt.  Argiiello  made  a  boat  voyage  up  the  Sacramento  River; 
in  IS'Jl  he  made  an  expedition  to  the  far  n(jith,  up  t!ic  Sacramento  ^'alley, 
beyond  what  is  now  lied  Jj'uH',  and  back  over  the  coast  mountains,  to  S. 
Rafael;  and  in  18J2  he  aeci'mpanied  Gammigc)  Fernaiide/  and  Prefect  I'ayeias 
oil  a  trip  to  I'xxlega  and  Koss.  Meanuliile  lie  had  married,  in  IS!0,  Dona 
Solcdad,  daughter  of  Sergeant  .Idsi'  Dolores  Ortega,  \\h.>  brouglit  him  us  a, 
dowry  of  somewhat  doubtful  easii  vahie  her  fatlur's  arrears  of  pay  due  from 
the  royal  treasury. 

ArgUellowaseleetedacting:,overiioronoraboutXov.  1 1.  18'J'J,  J  (•'/(.  .I/--^'*., 
MS.,  iv.  pt  i.  0(1;  Si.  P<ip.,  Sur.,  MS.,  xi.  (!,  and  took  jios-scssioa  <if  the  otiico 
(11  tile  <lay  of  Sola's  departure,  on  or  about  Nov.  '2'2d.  The  events  of  his  rule 
li:ivo  been  already  given.  His  cilice  of  governor  behig  only  jirovisional,  he  still 
re'.ained  iioininally  tliv.  eomniand  of  San  Francisco,     After  he  ret.igned  rule  at 


12 


A  TERRITORY  OF  THE  MEXICAN  REPUBLIC. 


ill 


hijo  del  pais  called  upon  to  rule  California,  and  he 
filled  most  creditably  a  position  which  was  by  no 
means  free  from  difficulties.  Had  the  ^ival  candidate, 
Jose  de  la  Guerra,  been  chosen,  it  is  hard  to  point  out 
in  v/liat  way  he  could  have  ruled  more  wisely.  Ar- 
giiello's  education  was  in  some  respects  deficient,  being 
;;iniply  what  his  father  could  give  him  in  his  presidio 
homo;  but  in  every  position  which  he  occupied  he 
showed  much  practical  common  sense  if  no  extraor- 
dinary ability.  He  was  much  less  strict  than  his 
father,  or  than  most  of  the  old  Spanish  officers,  in  his 
roij^ard  for  the  letter  of  national  law :  he  was  sometimes 
reproved  when  comandante  foi  his  concessions  to  for- 
eigners, and  especially  to  the  Russians;  and  when  ho 
became  governor,  he  still  continued  his  innovations  in 

S.  Diego  in  Xov.  1825,  I  think  he  remained  for  some  time  in  the  south  with 
his  brother,  Don  Santiago.  On  April  io,  182(),  Kcheundia  ordered  liis  pay  as 
comandante  to  cease,  the  reason  not  being  explained.  Dept  Rcc,  MS.,  iv.  31. 
O'l  May  "JOth  Echeaudla  ordered  him  to  S.  Francisco  to  take  command  of  his 
company.  /(/.,  v.  40.  Aug.  8,  1827,  the  minister  of  war  was  informed  that 
Argiicllo  claimed  the  commission  of  lieutentaut-colonel  that  had  been  given 
hi;n  by  Iturbide.  /(/.,  v.  128.  Oct.  7,  1828,  Echoandia  relieved  Argiicllo 
of  his  connnand  in  consideration  of  ill  health;  and  on  Xov.  20th  In  was  or- 
dered to  Monterey  'for  the  good  of  the  service.'  Id.,  vi.  109,  138.  His  ]nir- 
chase  of  the  Hover,  his  enterprise  in  the  China  trade,  and  the  resulting  law- 
Biiits  with  Capt.  Cooper,  the  only  notable  events  of  his  later  life,  are  noticed 
in  other  chapters. 

Argiicllo's  military  record  down  to  the  end  of  1828  gives  him  29  years,  .1 
months,  and  27  da^s  of  .service,  with  an  addition  of  11  ycar.s  and  11  days  for 
campaigns.  Echcandfa  appends  the  following  notes:  'Courage,  proved; 
ability,  more  than  average;  military  conduct,  indifferent;  healtli,  broken; 
loyalty,  supposed  faithful.  His  services  merit  all  consideration,  but  his  con- 
duct is  now  loose,  doubtless  from  excessive  drinking.  He  was  suspended 
from  connnand  for  reasons  presented  to  the  fe.-preme  government  on  Feb. 
I,"),  1S28.'  St.  Pnp.,  Sur.,  MS,,  xi.  5-7.  He  died  at  San  Francisco  on  March 
27,  1830,  at  1  :.30  a.  ji.,  at  the  age  of  40  years,  and  was  interred  in  the  mission 
cemetery  next  day  by  P.  EstOnega.  S.  Fmiici-ico,  Lib.  Miiwn,  MS.,  73-4; 
I'allrjo,  Diic,  MS.,  XX.  105.  ^Mariano  Estrada  was  the  executor  of  the  estate, 
.S'.  i/o.sf,  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  30,  which  five  years  after  his  death  was  in  debt  to  tho 
missions  to  the  extent  of  over  §1,000.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  IJcii.  Com.  and  Trcaii., 
!MS.,  iii.  70-7;  S.  Fraiicinco,  Ciieiifa-'i,  MS.,  v.  1.  To  his  widow.  Dona  Sole- 
dad  ,  was  left  the  raucho  of  Las  Pulgas,  and  notwithstanding  the  depredations 
of  lawyers  and  squatters,  she  was  in  easy  circumstances  until  hrr  death  in 
1874.  None  of  the  sons  of  Don  Luis  ever  acquired  any  prominence  in  j)ublic  life. 
The  Californian  writers,  almost  withodt  exception,  speak  in  the  highest  terms 
of  Argiiello's  honesty,  ability,  and  kindness  of  heart:  See  Alvarndo,  11  Ut. 
C«?.,MS.,ii.  102-4;  Vnllejo,  IlU.Cal,  MS.,  i.. 327-30;  ii.42-3;  ihio,  1114.  <nl. 
]S1S.,  5-21,  57;  Amador,  M<m.,  M.S.,  81-3;  Ca.stro,  L'd.,  MS.,  13-14;  Jrila, 
Coxas,  ^IS.,22;  I'oiiiero,  .l/r»!.,  MS.,  10;  Marliado,  LoPasado,}iiii.,  2l;Speii(e's 
A'o/t'.t,  MS.,  14;  JIai/c.i'  Em.  Xotes,}il<S,,  505;  StuBiirbaraPre^s,  Oct.  24,  1874; 
S.  JJkgo  Union,  Oct.  29,  1874. 


REENFORCEMENT  OF  OFFICERS. 


13 


that  respect;  but  his  disregard  for  law  was  alwa}'^  in 
the  interest  of  his  ]>roviiice  and  people,  and  no  selfish 
or  unworthy  action  is  recorded  against  him.  After  his 
accession  to  the  chief  command,  he  had  some  enemies — 
notably  Jose  Maria  Estudillo,  Jose  Joaquin  de  la  Torre, 
and  Jose  Antonio  Carrillo;  but  none  of  these  were  Cal- 
iiornians  of  the  best  class.  With  the  people,  and 
esjjccially  with  his  soldiers,  he  was  always  popular,  by 
reason  of  his  kindness,  liberality,  and  afi'ability.  If  ho 
came  into  somewhat  more  bitter  controversy  with  the 
iViars  than  had  his  predecessors,  it  was  due  to  the 
times  and  circumstances  rather  than  to  the  man.  In 
person  he  was  tall,  stout,  and  attractive,  with  ruddy 
complexion  and  jet-black  hair.  He  was  a  jovial  com- 
panion, a  hon  vivant,  so  far  as  a  man  could  be  so  in  this 
]>overty-stricken  province,  free  with  his  money,  in 
fact  a  spendthrift,  and  always  in  debt.  His  pecu- 
liarities of  temperament  led  him  into  an  increasing 
fondness  for  wine  and  aguardiente;  and  his  drinking 
habits  doubtless  broke  down  his  health,  and  hastened 
his  death  in  middle  life. 

Tliere  were  embarked  on  the  Xieves,  in  Juno,  from 
San  Bias,  besides  Echeandia,  Alferez  Romualdo  Pa- 
chcco  and  Alferez  Agustin  V.  Zamorano,  both  engi- 
neer officers,  and  probably  from  the  college  f)f  which 
Echeandia  had  been  director,  the  former  coming  as 
aide-de-camp  and  the  latter  as  secretary  to  the  g(^ver- 
nor;  also  Alferez  Jose  !Maria  Ramirez,  a  cavalry  offi- 
cer, whose  position  at  this  time  under  Echeandia  is  not 
apjnirent;  Alferez  Patricio  Estrada,  in  command  of  a 
detachment  of  about  forty  infantry  of  the  battalion 
known  as  Fijo  de  Hidalgo  ;^^  and  als(i  probably  a  fifth 
alferez,  Juan  Jose  llocha,  though  it  is  possible  that  he 
came  on  to  Monterey  by  iha  Morelos.  Of  Estrada  and 


^•'  111  18.^.'^  tliia  body  of  men  was  spoken  of  as  the  piquete  <lol  2"  hatallon 
])orniancntc,  consisting  of  1  sergeant,  \\  trumpeters,  .3  drummers,  1  corporiil 
of  fusileers,  1  corporal  of  artillery,  9  jrrenadiers  and  cliasscura,  aud  10  fusi- 
leurs-  ;j.l  in  all.  JJrpt  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxvi.  31. 


u 


A  TERRITORY  OF  THE  MEXICAN  REPURLIC. 


his  men,  though  they  remained  ten  years  in  the  coun- 
try, hardly  anything  is  known;  but  Zamorano,  Pacheco, 
Roclia,  and  Kamirez  were  somewhat  prominent  in 
later  annals.^* 

All  those  mentioned  arc  supposed  to  have  stopped 
with  Echeandia  at  Loreto,  and  to  have  accompanied 
him  to  San  Diego  hy  land,  though  it  is  possible  that 
there  were  some  exceptions;  but  another  passenger 
on  the  Mondos,  which  had  sailed  from  Acapulco  ox\ 
March  25th,  and  had  probably  brought  some  of  the 
officers  named  as  far  as  San  Blas,^^  was  Jose  ]\Iaria 
Herrcra,  who,  being  sent  as  comisariosubalterno  do  ha- 
cienda to  administer  the  territorial  finances,  did  not  stoj) 
at  Loreto,  but  came  on  to  Monterey,  where  he  ar- 
rived July  27th,  and  took  possession  of  his  office  Au- 
gust 3d, relieving  ^lariano  Estrada,  who  had  held  a  sim- 
ilar position  under  a  different  title  by  authority  of  tlie 
diputacion.  Herrera  was  subordinate  to  the  comisa- 
rio  general  de  occidente  at  Arizpe,  and  in  financial 
matters  he  was  largely  independent  of  Echeandia. 
He  brought  with  him  a  memoria  of  goods  worth  $22,- 
37'J,  and  $22,000  in  silver;-*^  but  there  was  no  provision 
Tiiade  for  the  back  pay  of  the  troops;  and  Herr-era 
refused  to  com[)ly  with  Echeandia's  order  to  pay  the 
soldiers  for  three  months  in  advance,  because  such  an 
act  was  not  allowed  in  his  instructions,  the  funds  were 
insufficient,  and  it  would  not  be  wise  to  put  so  much 
money  into  the  hands  of  the  troops.-'    Beyond  some 

'■^ '  Piicheco's  first  important  service  was  rendered  this  year,  wlien  he  escorted 
Lient.-col.  Romero  to  the  Colorado  on  his  way  to  Sonora;  explored  two  routes 
to  the  river;  and  perhaps  made  some  preparations  for  permanently  opening 
one  of  the  routes.  See  vol.  ii.  p.  TiOT  et  .seq.,  this  work. 

''■'Dfjit  lice,  MS.,  v.  103;  Jicrnm,  Cnum,  MS.,  G7. 

-'^Mexico,  Mem.  licliicioiicK,  1S:2(),  p.  32;  Mc dco,  Mem.  Ifarienda,  1820, 
p.  "27,  and  annexes,  !t,  '2'k  Two  hundred  boxes  of  manufactured  tohacco 
Bccin  to  lia\e  been  also  sent,  worth  .*23,8(i3;  and  there  was  an  order  on  the 
comisario  de  occidente  for  .'i?l'2,000,  which  docs  not  seem  to  have  been  paid  ab 
this  time.  A  small  part  of  the  §22,000  was  perhaps  spent  at  Loreto.  Witli 
reference  to  the  tobacco,  Huish,  Xarraiire,  420,  says  tliat  the  gorernment,  by 
way  of  paying  up  arrears  of  1 1  years  at  S.  Francisco,  sent  a  brig  with  a 
cargo  of  pa) ler  cigars  to  be  issued  to  the  troops  in  place  of  dollars;  but  ai 
Martinez  observed,  cigars  would  not  satisfy  the  families,  and  the  compro- 
mise was  refused ! 

^'8ept.  1st,  Echeandia's  order  to  Herrcra.  Dept,  Rec,  MS.,  ii.  2.    Oct. 


NEW  ARRIVALS. 


15 


minor  corrcspoiulonco  on  routine  aspects  of  the  de- 
partment, and  a  sli^^ht  dashing  between  the  new 
comisario  and  the  habihtados,  there  was  nothing  in 
connection  with  Herrera's  administration  during  this 
year  that  requires  notice.'-* 

Herrera,  however,  was  not  the  onlv  official  who 
arrived  on  the  Morelos  in  July  1825.  The  vessel 
broui^ht  also  to  California  Lieutenant  ^liguel  Gonza- 
lez  in  command  of  a  detachment  of  artillerymen,  who 
was  immediately  made  a  captain,  and  became  coman- 
dante  de  armas  at  Montere}'  by  virtue  t)f  his  rank. 
There  also  came,  probably  in  this  vessel,  and  certainly 
about  this  time,  three  more  alfereces,  or  sub-lieuten- 
ants, Antonio  Xieto,  Rodrigo  del  Pliego,  and  Jose 
Perez  del  Campo,  the  first  being  in  command  of  a 
small  body  of  infantry  sent  as  a  guard  to  eighteen  con- 
victs condenmed  to  presidio  life  in  California  for  vari- 
ous offences.  '  With  few  exceptions,  the  new-comers, 
whether  officers,  soldiers,  or  convicts,  were  Mexicans 
of  a  class  by  no  means  desirable  as  citizens.'^' 

lotli,  Herrera  to  Argiiello,  oxplainiiig  liis  reasons  for  not  obeying,  and  alluding 
to  other  conimunicaUous.  J)ept  St.  /'«/*.,  MS.,  i.  lOo.  It  i:} likely  that  Kcliean- 
dia  gave  the  order  in  the  interest  of  his  own  popularity,  knowing  that  it 
t'oidd  not  1)0  obeyed. 

'•"'Oct.  10th,  Lieut  Estrada  speaks  of  complaints  of  Eche.andia  tlirough  the 
coniandantc  of  Monterey,  and  calls  for  a  statinnent  of  charges  for  supplies. 
Oct.  .Slst,  Herrera  is  willing  to  furnish  the  account,  though  there  arc  Konie  mis- 
sion items  of  .supplies  to  esco'tas  that  cannot  he  included  yet.  Vn/'ijo,  J)oc., 
MS,,  i.  OS.  Xov.  17th,  the  hahilitado  of  Sta  IJiirhara  objects  to  the  comisa- 
rio exacting  accounts  of  the  mission  supplies,  etc.  He  ."^ays  tlie  company  will 
pay  its  own  debts  if  the  funds  duo  it  aro  .supplied.  J><iit  St.  P(t]i.,  Urn.  Com. 
uii'l  Trcd-s.,  M.S.,  i.  G.  Dec.  Oth,  Herrera  sayn  that  public  creditors  are 
many  anil  resources  small.  The  government  expects  him  to  make  a  just  dis- 
triliution  of  the  small  revenue  ho  controls;  and  he  will  make  to  the  jniblie  a 
respectful  statement  of  his  adndnistration.  Oiterra,  Dm'.,  M.S.,  vi.  I4S-9. 

General  mention  of  Herrera's  appointment  and  arrival.  Sco  .l/i  r.'.-o,  JArw. 
Uaai  uda,  1S'20,  p.  27,  by  which  it  appears  that  he  was  appointed  on  Feb. 
8th;  l)c],t  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  '20!)-l();  Uj.  Hn:,  MS.,  i.  -JS-J  :t;  J),j,t  St. 
I'ap.,  lien.  Com.  and  Treas.,  MS.,  i.  1'2;  St.  Pap.,  Snr.,  MS.,  xiv.  'J.  Ho  is 
called  comisario  subalterno,  conii.sario  sub-principal,  comisario  j>rovisional, 
nduiinistrador  sub-principal,  comisario  do  guerra,  sub-comisario,  treasurer, 
superintendent  of  customs,  etc. 

•"The  number  of  the  sohliera,  both  artillery  and  infantry,  is  not  recorded. 
ValU'jo,  1/ixl.  Cat.,  MS.,  ii.  G-J-G,  and  Alvarado,  Ilht.  Cut.,  MS.,  ii.  110-14, 
confound  this  arrival  of  convicts  with  the  later  ones  of  18H0.  A  list  of  the 
IS  convicts  wlio  started  is  given  in  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  x.  20-2,  and  of  the  17 
who  arrived,  in  Dept  St.  Pup.,  I}en.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ivii.  .\  besides  mention  of 
several  of  the  number  in  Id.,  ii.  2-3.    Eight  or  niuo  came  with  definite  sen- 


16 


A  TERRITORY  OF  THE  MEXICAN  REPUBLIC. 


Prefect  Sarri'a,  as  we  hav ;  soon,  declined  to  swear 
allojTfiance  to  the  federal  constitution  or  to  sanction 
republicanism  either  as  friar,  prelate,  or  vicar,  lie  , 
left  each  of  the  friars  free  to  decide  for  himself,  and 
refused  to  issue  instructions  on  the  subject.  There 
can  bo  no  doubt,  however,  that  the  question  had  been 
thoroughly  discussed  by  the  padres,  and  a  definite 
understanding  reached,  during  the  many  months  in 
which  the  formal  declaration  of  the  republic  in  Cal- 
ifornia had  been  only  a  question  of  time.  Yet  that 
the  agreement  had  not   been  entirely  unanimous  is 

tences,  while  the  rest  were  simply  banished  to  California.  The  former  were 
mostly  the  companions  of  Vicente  Gomez,  '  el  capador,'  a  fiend  in  humait  form, 
thief  and  assassin,  who  is  said  never  to  have  spared  nor  failed  to  torture  any 
man,  woman,  or  child  of  Spanish  blooil  t)iat  fell  into  his  hands,  Init  who,  in 
consideration  of  his  services  to  the  '  cause  of  independence,'  was  simr'-  sent  to 
California  subject  to  the  orders  of  tlic  comandante  general.  It  is  not  (|uitc 
certain  tliat  he  came  to  Monterey  with  the  rest,  since  there  arc  indications 
that  he  came  to  8.  Diego  with  Echeandfa,  or  at  least  about  the  same  time.  He 
was  Mon  sent  overland  to  Sonora,  perhaps  in  the  liopc  thathe  would  be  killed 
by  the  Indians,  wiiere  he  ariived  in  March  182G,  after  narrowly  escaping 
deatli  at  the  hands  of  the  Yumas.  After  having  been  employed  by  (Icn. 
Figueroa  on  various  commissions,  he  was  sent  back,  and  on  the  way  he  wai 
killed  by  Alf.  Josti  Maria  Ramirez  at  8.  Vicente,  Lower  California,  in  a  per- 
sonal quarrel,  probal>ly  in  September  1827.  Dept  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS., 
Ivii.  21;  Bept,  Itic,  MS.,  v.  90-7,  130. 

One  of  the  companions  of  Gomez  bore  the  illustrious  nnme  of  Fernando 
Corti''S,  '  de  nuiy  mala  fama  en  toda  la  republica,'  but  of  wli  ac  Californian  ex- 
perience nothing  is  known.  Another  was  Joaquin  Solis,  '  principal  agentc  do 
Gomez,  de  muy  mala  conducta,  voz  general  ser  ladron,'  who  acquired  fame  ii3 
leader  of  a  revolt  in  1829,  described  in  chap.  iii.  of  this  volume,  as  did  also  i:i 
lesser  degree  in  the  siimoaH'air  another  companion,  Antonio  Avila,  condcnmcd 
to  death  tor  murders  and  robberies  in  Pucbla,  but  pardoned  on  condition  of  exile 
to  California.  Another  of  the  band  was  Francisco  Badillo,  sentenced  to  10 
years  of  presidio  work  in  chains,  or  to  be  shot  without  hesitation  or  formality 
should  he  venture  to  move  from  the  spot  where  ho  might  bo  put  to  work.  In 
1835,  the  time  having  expired,  Badillo  was  set  atliljerty,  but  remained  in  the 
country.  Dept  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxvi.  20-2.  In  18.33  he  had  been 
charged  with  a  new  robliery.  Id.,  Ixxiv.  44.  He  was  married  in  1830  to  hia 
mistress  at  StaBdrbara.  Carrillo  {Jose),  Dor.  Hist.  Cri/.,  MS.,  20.  He  at  one 
time  kept  amonte  bank  at  Sta  Biirbara,  and  Manuel  Castro  once  found  him 
concealed  under  the  table,  and  stealthily  reaching  out  to  steal  his  own  money, 
merely,  as  he  said,  to  keep  in  practice !  After  a  long  career  as  cattle-thief,  ho 
was  finally  lynched  about  1800,  his  body  witlithatof  his  son  being  found  one 
morning  hanging  to  a  tree  with  the  feet  very  near  the  ground.  A  little  grand- 
daughter wept  bitterly  beoause  the  cruel  Americans  allowed  her  grandpapa 
to  die  when  a  little  earth  under  his  feet  would  have  saved  him  !  Another  son 
Imowii  aa  Six-toed  Pete  escaped  across  the  frontier.  Alvarado,  Hint.  Val., 
MS.,  ii.  251-3;  Stredcr's  Ii'ea.l.,  MS.,  159-03. 

Other  members  of  this  band  of  convicts  were  for  the  most  part  ordinary 
tliievcs  and  vagabonds,  of  whose  life  in  California,  nothing  is  known,  a  few 
also  not  being  named  here  by  reason  of  their  good  behavior  and  respectable 
connections. 


RECALCITRANT  FRIARS. 


17 


indicated  1)_v  Piulrc  Esteuega's  participation  in  the 
rclio'iou.s  services  at  San  Francisco  as  well  as  by  ocur- 
renccs  of  a  later  date.  Sarria  defended  his  action  in 
letters  to  the  j^^overnor.^"  Anterior  obligation  to 
tlie  kiii!jf  of  Spain  was  the  ground  on  which  he  based 
his  refusal,  with  special  reference  to  the  fact  that  the 
new  constitution  required  him  to  take  u[)  arms  and 
ii'sist  invasion  by  a  foreign  power,  including  Spain. 
Thus  he  might  have  to  resist  the  king  himself  at  the 
head  of  his  army,  in  a  province  which  was  justly  a 
part  of  his  dominioti,  which  would  be  to  disobey  the 
divine  law  and  teachings  of  the  saints.  He  foresaw 
the  objection  that  his  previous  oath  to  indeptnidence 
under  Iturbidc  had  required  the  same  op[)osition  to 
Sjiain:  but  ho  answered  it  by  claiming  that  before 
Spain  was  not  under  her  jjrimitive  government,  the 
king  was  deprived  of  Hberty,  and  religion  was  threat- 
tened;  that  under  the  j)lan  of  Iguala,  Fernando  VII. 
was  to  be  called  to  the  throne,  with  some  chance  of 
S[)anish  approval;  and  moreover,  that  the  [jrevious 
oath  ha,d  not  only  been  ordered  by  his  diocesan,  but 
had  been  formally  decided  on  by  a  majv)rity  of  the 
friars,  including  the  prefect. 

On  the  7th  of  April  the  diputacion  took  u})  the 
niattei'.  Francisco  Castro  uiged  innnediate  ste[)s  to 
k'arn  at  once  who  of  the  padres  would  follow  the  ex- 
ani])le  of  their  prelate  in  refusing  allegiance.  He 
also  proposed  that  such  as  took  this  course  should  be 


money, 
hief,  ho 
untl  one 
grand- 
mdpapa 
her  son 
t.  Cal., 

rdinary 
a  few 
lectable 


'"Fob.  11,  18'2,").  '  My  Vener;il)lo  Sir  and  M.istor:  Aftoi-  renectins  on  the 
o:ith  \vc  arc  ovdcruil  to  tako  tn  the  fcMlcral  constitution  of  the  United  Mexican 
States,  for  which  oath  you  Iiavc;  <k'sij,'nated  next  Sunday,  llUh  inst.,  I  have 
decided  that  I  cannot  do  it  witiiout  violalin;,'  m  hat  1  owe  to  anterior  oliliL'a- 
tions  of  justice  and  lidelity;  and  tins  I  announce  to  you,  thou^di  not  without 
nnich  and  very  grave  regiet  on  my  part,  since  I  wouM  like  so  far  as  jiotsilile 
to  give  an  example  of  submission  as  1  have  done  up  to  this  tinu' ;  but  I  cannot, 
tlie  decision  of  my  conscience  o]i|)osing.  For  tiie  same  reason  I  shall  not  use 
my  inllucncc  that  the  other  padres  take  ihu  oath,  nor  that  they  sanction  it 
v.itii  mass,  to  deum,  etc.,  as  ordered  in  your  comnniniealion  ot  tlu^  .'M.  I 
i.uilerstand  that  wc  arc  threatened  with  ex)iatriation  ;  but  1  will  pass  through 
all,  though  with  tears  at  leaving  my  beloved  llock.  Thatwliich  I  took  u])  for 
(!  )d,  I  will  always  leave  if  it  be  necessary  for  the  same  (iod,  to  whom  1  have 
j'rayed,  etc.  In  other  things  very  much  at  yo;ir  service,'  etc.  Ai-r/i.  Ar.oli., 
MS.,  iv.  ptii.  i;!.")-(l.  Alsolettersof  March  oUth  and  April  14th,  hi  Id.,  137-9. 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  lil.    2 


II 


^ 


13 


A  T::nrjTor.Y  of  the  Mexican  republic. 


doprivod  of  all  control  over  the  temporalities  of  their 
resjiectivo  missions,  which  should  be  intrusted  to  ad- 
ministrators. Argiiello  opposed  the  measure,  because 
it  would  result  in  the  padres  abandoning  spiritual  as 
well  as  tem[)oral  interests,  and  also  because  it  would 
be  impossible  to  find  competent  administrator's.  Don 
Francisco  zealously  defended  his  proposition,  and  even 
wished  to  hold  Argiiello  personally  responsible  to  the 
country  for  any  harm  that  might  rosult  from  leaving 
the  recalcitrant  friars  in  charge  of  public  property. 
All  three  of  the  Castros,  that  is,  all  the  rest  of  the 
members,  were  of  the  same  opinion,  though  Don  An- 
tonio was  somewhat  doubtful  about  the  religious 
aspects  of  the  case.  Thus  the  vote  remained  on  the 
records;  but  the  only  result  that  I  find  was  the  issu- 
ing of  an  order  to  the  comandantes  that  each  padro 
must  be  re(]uired  to  state  in  writing  whether  he  would 
take  the  oath  or  not.'" 

In  April  Padre  Narciso  Duran  assumed  the  presi- 
dency of  the  missions,  an  office  that  since  the  death 
of  Senan  had  been  held  by  Sarri'a  in  addition  to  that 
of  prefect."^  Duran  also  refused  to  take  the  oath,  not, 
as  he  said,  from  any  "disaffection  to  the  independ- 
ence," nor  for  any  "  odious  passion,"  for  indeed  he 
believed  independence  to  interest  Spain  more  than 
America — that  is,  that  Spain  was  better  off  without 
Mexico.  But  he  was  tired  of  taking  so  many  oaths 
during  the  past  few  years,  when  oaths  seemed  to  have 
become  mere  }>laythings.  "I  offer,"  he  writes,  "an 
oath  of  fidelity  to  do  nothiuLj  ai^ainst  the  established 
government,  and  if  this  be  not  accepted,.  I  am  resigned 
to  the  })enalty  of  ex[)atriation,  which  the  constitution 

'■  L(<l.  Rrc,  ^IS.,  i.  44-0.  June  .3il,  governor's  order  to  comandantes,  ac- 
knowledLjed  hy  SarriaJiine  '22(1.  .1  rch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt  ii.  140.  Tlic  jwdrca 
Bt'Pni  to  liavo  made  no  immediate  reply.  There  ia  some  reason  to  suppose 
that  the  !d)')VO  date  should  be  Juno  .'i,  1826. 

'-April  2d,  Duran  notifies  the  governor  of  his  assumption  of  the  office. 
Dejtt  /^'r. ,  MS.,  i.  117;  Arrh.  ArMh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt  ii.  140.  June  ;M,  com- 
an'lante  of  S.  F.  has  prf)claimed  Duran  as  vicario  fonineo.  St.  Pap.  Sac, 
MS.,  xiv.  ;il).  Oct.  1."),  1824,  bishop  grants  to  president  all  the  powers  cou- 
[erred  by  the  former  bishop.  Arch.  Sta  Ii.,  MS.,  xii.  320. 


AHI^EST  OF  PRKSIDEXT  SAKE i A. 


19 


imposes."''^  ^Meanwhile  tho  news  ^A'  SaiTia's  i-jCiisal 
]iail  been  sent  to  Moxii-u.  i:\u\  in  JuiH!  a'l  older  of 
President  Victoria  was  (les[  atelietl  to  Calironiia  Ili:it 
the  royalist  jM'efeet  should  he  arrested  and  sent  t.> 
jMexieo  hy  the  first  vessel.^'  This  order  was  carrie  I 
into  eil'ect  in  October,  as  up[)ears  indirectly  IVoni 
ICcheandia's  order  to  Padre  J)uran  to  come  to  J --an 
iJiei^o  and  take  the  oath  of  alleijiance  in  order  tliat 
he  niiij^ht  assume  the  duties  of  prelate  tlurinj^  8tiri-;a's 
arrest."'^  Tlie  arrest  was,  I  su[)pose,  nominal,  nK^ely 
a  sus[)cnsion  from  his  authority  as  [irelate,  invoh  in^* 
little  or  no  interference  with  his  personal  libei'ty;  and, 
as  we  shall  sec  later,  he  was  n(jt  sent  away  at  all.  It 
seems  that  Padre  ^lai'tin  of  San  Diej^o  had  based  hi.; 
I'cfusal  to  participate  in  religious  services  on  his  j)r(-l- 
ate's  ])rohibition.  The  ^'overnment  I'alled  lor  a  decla- 
ration as  to  the  nature  of  that  j)rohibition;  and  also 
desired  l*adre  Estenejj^a  to  be  informed  (»f  its  ^'iv'at 
satisfaction  at  his  patriotic  conduct  in  prc^ii'Hincin.,^  a 
stirrinu'  discourse  at  the  takinn'  of  the  oath.^" 


'^Oct.  l'2th,  Durnn  to  Herrera,  iu  Arch.  Ar-ih.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  ii.  1U>. 

"June  "JOtli,  Estevii  to  coiiiaiiilaute  gciu'ral  if  (Jal.  Sii]>.  (lurt  SI.  Pop., 
MS.,  iii.  4-.">.     J'.  SiU'iia  wii.s,  however,  to  Ik;  treated  witli  ieiipeet. 

"•■■Oct.  31st,  K.  to  I).  J)</>l  Ike,  MS.,  ii.  (!.  In  I).',-,  loiter  of  Get.  l-Jlli, 
Arch.  Aryih.,  MS.,  iv.  pt  ii.  14S,  lie  .said  that  he  eonld  not  aet  an  pi'ilo^j 
until  eertain  that  .Saiiia  vas  out  of  the  jii'ovinee.  'iliis  show.i  that  Sari'i'a'j 
ari'ewt  wa-s  proliahly  etl'eeted  hy  Ar^iicllo  before  l^eheandiii'.s  arrival,  or  j/er- 
hap.-j  l)V  order  of  the  latter  issued  while  en  route. 

^"Sept.  'Jd,  Minister  Llave  to  governoi-.  Slip.  Covt  St.  J'li/).,  MS.,  iii.  I. 
The  general  faet  of  the  padres'  opposition  to  the  republic  is  mentioned  by 
marly  all  wiio  have  written  on  California  annals,  ami  it  is  not  necessary  t) 
give  siieeilie  references.  Alvarailo,  Jii.-il.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  "JO-  .">,  and  N'allejo,  //..-/. 
('«/.,  .MS.,  i.  ;i4l-"J,  dwell  on  the  faet  that  tin,'  paih-cs  never  lost  their  feeling 
of  dissatisfaction  an<l  anger;  that  as  a  l)ody  they  took  siilp.se((Uently  but  slij^lit 
interest  in  tlio  progress  of  Cal. ;  and  tiiat  tlu'ougli  '.heir  inlluencc  the  Indians 
were  disatlected  and  the  dilHcuUies  of  local  government  greatly  increased. 
Alvarado  is  mueli  the  more  radical  of  the  two.  it  was  the  pijjicy,  lie  says,  of 
emperor  and  clergy  to  make  of  the  people  their  l)iirro.i  </<'  funja.  This,  as 
they  well  knew,  could  n(jt  lie  done  witii  republicans.  True,  they  might  v,  in 
over  many  intluential  repuljlicans ;  but  tliere  were  so  many  factions  that  all 
could  not  Ije  controlled.  .Sooner  or  later  the  'ass  was  sure  to  kick.'  'J'herefore, 
when  they  couUl  not  prevent  the  estahlishnient  of  a  republic,  they  wished  to 
leave  the  country  ;  were  not  allowed  to  go  and  take  witii  them  the  weaUh  of 
the  territory;  were  angry;  preached  against  the  existing  government;  andia 
short,  made  all  the  tronljlo  they  could. 

.Vmong  other  classes  besides  the  padres,  there  was  no  special  manifestation 
of  feeling  for  or  against  the  republic  at  tins  time.  The  masses  nov.-  and  l.itef 
were  indili'erent;  the  older  ollicers  and  soldiers  looked  with  deep  regret  on  tlio 


23 


A  Tr:niiiTo:iY  of  the  Mexican  kepudlic. 


Tlu)  old  (juestion  of  mission  supplies  still  roinainorl 
o[)('ii  as  a  l;'1'oiiii(I  of  coiitroviTsy.  The  reasons  which 
had  inipt'lled  the  pa(h'es  to  i^ive  with  a  s[)irit  of  cheer- 
i'ulness,  i-eal  or  I'eigned,  had  largely  ceased  to  exist. 
Now  most  gave  grudgingly,  because  they  could  not 
lieli>  it;  or  in  a  spirit  of  apathetic  indifference  to  what 
might  become  of  the  mission  proj)erty;  or  in  a  few 
cases  refused  in  the  interest  of  their  neophytes.  Padre 
])uran  on  one  occasion  told  ^lartinez  of  San  Francisco 
that  lie  could  send  no  more  sup|)lies,  and  it  would  be 
best  to  discharge  the  soldiers  if  there  was  a  lack  of 
rations.  Martinez  in  turn  asktd  the  governor  for  per- 
mission to  take  the  sui>plies  by  force.  Padre  Viader 
wrote  that  Santa  Clara  had  to  buy  wheat  for  its  neo- 
phytes, while  tlie  pueblo  bad  plenty  of  grain  to  sell 
the  presidios.  "  The  moment  tlie  keys  are  taken  from 
us  ))y  ibrce,"  he  wrote,  "  wo  will  not  take  them  back, 
nor  attend  to  the  temporal  administration."  The  des- 
titution was  very  great  at  San  Diego,  but  the  coman- 
dante  in  his  letters  implies  that  the  padres  gave  all 
they  could.  The  commandant  of  Santa  Barbara  had 
a  sliarp  correspondence  with  Padre  Ibarra  of  San 
Pt;rnando,  trying  to  prove  that  tlie  furnishing  of  sup- 
plies was  by  no  means  a  special  favor  to  the  troops, 
but  an  ordinary  duty  of  the  missions  until  the  expected 
memorias  should  come  from  Mexico,  together  with  a 
new  band  of  missionaries.  The  j^adfe,  however,  was 
incredulous  about  the  anticipated  aid.  "  If  you  do  not 
eat  till  then,"  he  said,  "you  will  need  elastic  bellies; 
and  as  to  tbe  coming  missionaries,  I  will  believe  it 
wlieii  I  see  them,  not  before."     He  would,  however, 

change  of  goveniinent;  and  some  of  the  younger  Californians  with  the  Mex- 
ican clcincnt  wei'o  more  or  less  enthusiastic  rcpuhlicans.  The  luiliaiiH  had  of 
course  no  choice,  but  their  condition  was  in  no  respect  improved  by  the 
change.  Osio,  JJI-it.  C'lil.,  MS.,  10.")-7,  has  something  to  say  on  theadvantages 
of  the  Spanish  rule,  lie  notes  that  as  late  as  1842  an  invalido  hesitated  to 
make  a  declaration  before  an  alcalde,  fearing  that  it  was  wrong  for  an  old 
soldier  of  the  king  to  do  so.  Alvarado,  J/i,<t.  Cat.,  MS.,  ii.  40-4,  mentions  a 
kind  of  secret  p(jlitico-historical  society  formed  by  the  youth  of  Monterey, 
with  Jose  Joaiiuin  de  la  Torre  as  president,  by  which  various  schemes  of 
independence  from  McNieo  as  well  as  S[:ain  were  discussed,  ami  where  e\eu 
annexation  to  the  U.  S.  was  propused,  o:  a  rrcncli  or  English  protectorate. 


i 


MISSION  AFFAIRS. 


21 


'.  had 
San 

SLip- 

roops, 
looted 
itli  a 
Avas 
oiiot 
Hies; 
ve  it 
ever, 


not  1h'  siu'|)i'i«od  if  ]\Ioxio()  woro  to  soiul  to  Calif* n'liia 
for  sii[)|)lio.s.  From  Saii  Ijuis  Padiv  I^uis  Martinoz 
complaiiiod  of  ovorythiii^^  in  gonoral,aMd  in  particular 
of  soiiio  *  iiiissioiiarios  '  of  a  now  soot,  inoludinL?  ono  of 
the  I'ioos,  who  Avoro  travollinL,^  with  a  barrol  instead 
of  a  cross,  and  woro  niakini^  nuiny  converts  to  di'unk- 
cnnoss,  while  the  soldiers  of  the  osoolta  did  nothing* 
but  tlostroy.^'^  In  Mexico  the  <fuardian  nuule  a  <lo- 
tailed  representation  to  ^linistor  Alanian  on  the  <M'iti- 
cal  condition  of  affairs  in  California,  owini(  to  the  fact 
that  the  Indians  wore  naturallv  disgusted  at  having 
to  supi)ort  by  their  labor  themselves,  the  padres,  the 
government,  and  the  troops.  He  declared  the  amount 
of  unpaid  drafts  to  be  !ii)250,15l,  and  that  of  un]>ai(l 
stipends  !?1j3,712,  begging  most  earnestly  for  at  least 
a  partial  payment  to  save  the  missions  from  ruin.'^^ 

The  junta  do  fomento  took  u[)  the  fpiostion  of 
mission  policy,  which  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  most 
ini])ortant  matters  submitted  to  that  Ijoard.  In  its 
illctdmea  on  Echeandia's  instructions,''"  the  junta, 
while  regarding  the  necessity  of  reform  as  a  matter 
of  course,  called  attention  chiefly  to  the  importance 
of  ])r()ceeding  with  great  caution  until  a  satisfactory 
method  could  be  devised  for  introduoinijf  a  radical 
change  in  the  old  system.  Finally  in  X\n\\  the  mis- 
sion plan  was  presented.  In  |)refatoi'y  remarks  the 
liistory  of  the  system  was  briefly  traced,  with  a  viinv 
to  show  the  growth  of  the  monastico-military  govern- 
ment in  the  Californias,  "The  junta  is  not  ignorant 
that  from  the  Spanish  system  of  discoveries  and 
si)iritual  conquests  has  resulted  all  the  progress  made 

''Corresp.  of  Duran,  Viader,  and  Lieut.  Martinez  in  .•?/.  Pap.,  Sac.,  ^IS., 
xiv.  22-4,  35-40.  Destitution  at  S.  Diego.  Dvid  St.  l'((j>.,  MS.,  i.  iiO; 
GiKmi,  Doc,  JIS..  -..201-2;  Com.  of  Sta  liurbaiii  vs.  P.  Iharra.  JJoc.  II.M. 
CoL,  MS.,  iv.  73i-2;  Giierra,  JJoc,  MS.,  vii.  ()S-!).  1\  iEiutin-JZ  to  Argiicllo, 
Ar(  h.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt  ii.  135.  June  1st,  8tli,  Argiielloou  his  efforts  to  nh- 
tiiiu  supplies  from  the  missions.  JJcpt  A'cc,  MS.,  ii.  35;  Giterra,  JJoc,  MS., 
iv.  158. 

^^^July  5th,  Guardian  Lopez  to  Alaman.  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  iv.  pt  ii. 
143-8.^ 

'"  For  an  account  of  the  various  reports  and  plans  of  the  junta,  see  note  2, 
this  chapter. 


22  A  TKItniTORY  OF  THE  MEXICAN  1{K1'LULI<\ 

ill  till!  Jesuit  missions  of  old  California,  and  in  tliosn 
foundt'd  later  in  new  (Jaliforniu  l)y  the  Feriiandinos. 
It  knows  {]\r  consideration  and  the  praise  which  tlii'so 
c'stal)lislini(Mits  have  merited,  not  only  from  Spaniards, 
liiit  from  enliu^hteiied  foreii^ne-s;  and  it  has  given  duo 
wei'^ht  to  all  the  reasons  ordinarily  urj^ed  in  d(!fenc(j 
cf  the  system  to  show  it  to  be  not  only  just  and  con- 
venient, hutahsolutely  necessary.  Still  the  junta  has 
not  heen  ahle  to  reconcile  th(^  princi[»les  of  such  a 
system  with  those  of  our  inde[)endence  and  political 
(institution,  nor  with  the  true  s[)irit  of  the  _L>()sjt(d. 
Jleli^ion  under  that  system  could  not  advance  l)eyoiid 
domination.  It  could  he  ])romoted  only  under  the 
])rotection  of  escoltas  and  presidios.  The  ^entiles 
must  renounce  all  the  rights  (»f  their  natural  inde- 
j'eiidence  to  he  catechumens  from  the  moment  of 
haptism;  they  must  be  subjected  to  laws  almost  mo- 
nastic, while  their  a])ostles  deemed  themselves  freed 
from  the  laws  which  forbade  their  engaging  in  tem- 
jioral  business;  and  the  neophytes  must  continue  thus 
Avithout  hope  of  ever  possessing  fully  the  civil  rights 
of  society.  The  junta  has  not  been  able  to  persuade 
itself  that  this  system  is  the  only  one  fitted  to  arouse 
amonuf  the  i^'outiles  u  desire  for  civil  and  social  life, 
or  to  teach  its  first  rudiments,  much  less  to  carry  it 
to  perfection.  It  believes  rather  that  it  is  positively 
contrary  to  the  political  aims  in  accordance  with 
which  it  should  have  been  arranged,  and  still  more  to 
the  true  s[)iiitual  aim  v\Jiicli  -hould  be  kept  in  view." 
"The  present  condition  o"  the  missions  does  not  cor- 
respond to  the  great  j)r()giess  which  they  made  in  the 
beginning.  This  decadence  is  very  noticeable  in  Low- 
er California,  and  would  suffice  to  prove  that  the  sys- 
tem needs  change  and  reform,"  especially  in  respect 
of  the  tenntoral  management  by  the  friars.  The 
j»laii  by  which  the  junta  proposed  to  effect  the  needed 
rei'orms  I  append  substantially  in  a  note.*'*     It  shows, 

■•"  'La  Junta  cii  rtima  ivdiicc  su  dicti'imen  par.i  cl  arrcglo  do  las  misiones 
de  Caliioriiiaa  a  las  iiroposiciout'3  siguicutca:'  1.  Conversions  among  gentiles 


VESSKLS  OX  TIIR  COAST. 


S3 


liko  tin'  pniiitoiT  rciunrkH  wlilcli  I  liavc  <|U()l('!l,  tlic 
ri'diiii,'  <tii  111"'  siil)jt'('t  in  Mexico  uiidi'i'  tlio  i'('|tiil)lic:Mi 
ri'i^'iiiic;  iiiid  wliilt;  as  Ji  whole  it  never  hecaine  a  law, 
it  (lonlitless  had  an  efl'eet  on  snhseijuent  K'H'islat ion 
respect iiii;'  sccnlarization.  \n  the  colonization  plan 
|ii<i|»(isril  l»y  the  junta  a  little  later,  the  exjxMisc  ot 
I»i'in<'in<''  settlers  tVoin  Mexico  and  an  allowanci;  lor 
their  su|tport  dni'inL^  a  term  of  years  were  to  he  taken 
iVoni  th(!  mission  capital,  which  wiis  snj)pos(!d  to  ha\" 
accnnudated  duriniLf  the  I'riars'  administration;  hut 
tile  amount  was  to  1k!  'e(|uitahly  divided'  hetween 
the  sums  due  the  missions  lor  supplies  and  tlu!  ftnid.s 
actually  on  hand !  Echeandia  took  some  time  to  in- 
vestii^ate  the  condition  of  mission  affairs,  and  tiiere- 
fore  did  little  or  nothin;^  this  year  which  could  indi- 
cate his  policy. 

Of  the  forty-sevon  vessels  more  or  less  clearly  rc- 
.ordetl  as  liavin<^  been  on  the  coast  in  IH^a,  seventeen 
were  whalers;  three  were  men-of-war;  one  was  tlu; 
national  transport;  res[)ecting  eleven  or  twelve  we  have 
only  a  mere  mention,  in  some  cases  erroneous,  of  name 
and  presence,  with  no  information  about  their  business; 
while  of  the  remaining  fourteen  the  objeets,uiainlycom- 


iiuiHt  1)0  ciTocteil  l)y  ri-'itrin  and  cntrwliin  of  friars  and  priests,  wlio  imist 
nlitiiiii  till!  poriDission  of  tlie  gDveriiiueiit,  and  will  recoivo  tlifir  stipends  iis  .1 
I'lUdsii'i  from  tho  pion.i  fiiml.  2.  Tho  supronio  government  should  administer 
the  pious  fund,  act  upon  the  petitions  of  those  who  wish  to  c(jnvei't  gentiles, 
iiii<l  assign  to  them  their  stipends  and  viiiti''<i<,  hut  the  territorial  government 
ni;iy  report  on  places  for  new  conversions,  and  i)ro[)o.se  tiic  priests,  idready  in 
t'al.,  deemed  (pialified  for  the  new  ministry.  ;{.  'J'lio  right  to  rrnmji  Ihur 
sliould  not  he  restricted  to  nieiidiers  of  any  p.'irticular  order.  4.  'J'he  friars 
now  in  charge  of  tho  missions  should  remain  in  charge  o';  curates.  .").  'I"o 
avoid  liurdensome  taxes,  etc.,  these  friars  as  euiates  may  receive  their 
stijicnds  as  before  from  t!io  pious  fund.  (i-7.  There  shoald  l)o  tw<j  friai's  in 
ciicli  mission,  l)esid(!S  those  temporarily  residing  or  resting  there  while 
engage  '  in  converting  gentiles.  8.  Tho  missions  to  continue  in  this  condi- 
tion until  formally  made  parishes  and  delivered  to  the  liishop.  !>.  The  gov- 
ernment should  rcassumo  the  administration  of  mission  temporalities,  form- 
ing tho  necessary  regulations  to  prevent  loss  of  property  or  (himage  to 
ncnphj-tes,  aiil  .should  distribute  lands  to  tho  latter  as  soon  as  they  are  aide 
t  I  govern  themselves.  10.  Tlie  government  should  take  measures  to  abolish 
the  mission  escoltas,  but  at  the  same  time  to  afford  full  protection  to  persona 
iuiil  property.  11.  The  uecessary  changes  in  nuuiicipal  laws,  to  corrospoud 
with  this  plan,  to  be  referred  to  congress. 


n^ 


24 


A  TERRITORY  OF  THE  MKXICAX  REPUBLIC. 


mcrcial,  are  well  known.  Nationally  the  fleet  included 
twenty  American  craft,  eight  English,  three  S|)anish, 
two  Russian,  two  Mexican, one  Californian,ono  French, 
and  eight  of  unknown  nationality.*^  Captain  Co()})er 
in  the  liorcv  started  probably  in  February  for  a  new 
voyage  to  China,  not  returning  until  the  next  year. 
The  Sachem  and  Spij  came  from  Boston  for  Bryant, 
Sturgis  &  Co.,  presumably  under  Gale's  superintend- 
ence. jNIcCuUoch,  Hartnell  &  Co.'s  vessels  were  prob- 
al)ly  the  Pi:avro  and  Juniuf<,sa\A  perhaps  others,  for 
the  records  are  far  from  clear* 

Of  all  the  vessels  of  the  year  those  which  created 
the  greatest  sensation  were  three  Spanish  men-of-war 
which  made  their  appearance  in  April  and  May.  The 
27th  of  April  a  large  line-of-battle  ship  fl3'ing  the  stars 
and  stri]>es  of  the  United  States  was  seen  approaching 
Monterey.  The  people  thought  of  1818,  "el  auo  de  h >s 
insurgentes,"  and  made  hasty  preparations  for  a  flight 
to  the  interior,  while  the  governor  prepared  his  gar- 
rison for  defence.*'^  Late  in  the  afternoon  the  strange 
vessel  anchored  just  beyond  the  range  of  the  battery's 
guns,  fired  a  salute,  and  sent  an  officer  ashore,  who 
shouted,  "  Viva  la  libertad  I"  and  asked  to  see  the  gov- 
ernor. The  conmiander  soon  landed,  and  proved  to 
be  Jose  ^Martinez,  au  old  acquaintance  of  the  Argiie- 
llos.  A  short  interview  served  to  remove  all  fears,*'' 
and  the  motives  of  the  strangers  were  soon  explained. 

"  The  vessels  of  IS'2.") — see  also  list  for  18'2,>-30  at  end  of  chap,  v.  — were: 
The  A/iol/o,  Aqiii'f^,  Jrnh,  Asia,  JJeiii/al  (?),  Carlos  Iluat  (?),  Coiinfrmh', 
I  'oiirh  r  (?),  JJoii,  /.'f(f/(V,  Elciin,  Elhn,  F/'clor,  Jnca  (?),  Juan  lialtfi/  (?),  Jiniiii.", 
Ki'ihkta,  Maria  Ester,  Mcro/if,  Mon-lof:,  Kile,  J'izarro,  Plowhoy,  Jucnrir;/, 
Rover,  Sachem,  Scuita  Maijdakua  (':),  Hta  liosa  (':),  Sitoto  (?),  Spij,  Tartar, 
Tieinechinaih  (':),  Tomnsa,  Wamn,  Washiii'jlon,  Whaleman,  YoiuKj  Tartar, 
and  nine  Anicricau  whalers  not  named. 

'■^J.  J.  Vallejo,  111  mini.tcenciati,  MS.,  84-0,  and  Drrotea  VaUl6s,  Tlemitiis., 
MS. ,  "2-5,  have  more  to  say  of  the  fright  of  the  people  than  others,  tliougli  all 
mention  it.  Oslo,  Hist.  <  Vt/.,  MS.,  !U-1 1'2,  narrates  the  whole  afl'air  at  Konie 
length.  He  says  that  Argiiello  was  importuned  to  retreat,  and  that  the 
artillery  eomninnder,  Lieut.  Ramirez,  was  especially  desirous  of  .securing  his 
lite,  as  he  had  just  married  •;.  pretty  wife  with  §8,000,  but  the  governor  refused 
to  abandon  tiie  presidio. 

^■T.  Altimira,  however,  still  feared  some  hostile  intention;  May  IStliheaent 
from  S.  Francisco  a  warning  to  Argiiello,  declaring  that  the  men  were  had, 
and  should  be  looked  upon  with  horror.     He  also  recommended  the  sending 


M 


THE  'ASIA'  AND  'CONSTAXTE.' 


d  to 

41! 


were : 

[oiintiiiih', 

Jiuiiim, 

lucorcri/, 

Tdii'ir, 

Tartar, 

iMUgh.'iU 

Iftt  SUIHC 

Ihiit  tlio 

Iriug  liiiH 

f  lufuseil 

I  he  sent 
jro  ])ci(l, 
iBt'uding 


The  sliip  was  tlic  ^i.s•/(^  or  S((n  (icruiiiiiio,  of  sovcii- 
tv-l'oiir  guns  and  six  liuiidi'i'd  men;  and  thri'O  days 
later  her  consort,  tlio  brij^antine  Cunstantc,  witli  sixty 
nien.anrliored  in  tlic  harbor.  Those  vessels  had  tbrnied 
ji  part  of  the  royal  S[)anisli  squadron  operatinij^  ag'ainst 
tlie  rebels  on  the  coast  of  South  America.  Together 
Avitli  the  Aqnilcs  and  the  trans]>ort  (iarintori,  they 
had  sailed  from  that  coast  for  Manila  in  January  18"J1, 
after  the  fall  of  Callao,  under  lloijue  (jruruceta.  On 
the  way  thi.'  men  revolted  in  a\Iar(rh  182;"),  at  (Tuahan, 
one  of  the  Mariana  Islands.  They  landed  all  the  offi- 
cers and  passengers  who  would  not  join  in  their 
scheme,  burned  the  Garinton,  put  Jose  ^Martinez,  Ibr- 
merly  of  the  Considute,  in  command,  and  I'eturned 
eastward  with  a  view  of  suri-endering  the  vessi'ls  to 
some  of  the  American  enemies  of  Spain.  Tlu!  At/ui/cs- 
started  first  and  was  not  seen  again,  and  the  others  di- 
lected  their  course  to  California,  as  the  most  j)racti- 
cable  route,  and  with  a  view  of  obtaining  su[»j)lies. 
This  was  the  account  given  by  AEartinez  with  more 
details  on  his  later  arrival  at  Acapulco." 

An  agreenient  was  signed  on  May  1st,  l)y  which 
Martinez  formally  surrendered  the  ^isia  and  Consfdnf.- 
to  Argliello  as  an  officer  of  the  ^Mexican  repu!»lic,  under 
certain  conditions  intended  to  secure  the  safety  of  the 
men  and  the   payment  of  theii    wages.*'*     Thereupon 

of  tlio  news  ti)  ^lexLuo,  and  st.itoil  tli?'*  ilic  Aiiicrii'im  schooner  Tartar  iit  S.iii 
]"raiicisu()  wonlil  c;u'ry  a  <k'si;ati.'h  fwi'  Si, ."a):).  lA'phaps  the  ])ailri!  had  an 
understanding  with  C'a])t.  Monvll,  iUid  watt  to  have  a  share  of  the  jTilit:). 
St.  J'(ij).  iS'ac,  ilS.,  X.  10-11.  Morrell,  \urr(itir<',  "JOK,  mentions  the  nian-oi- 
war  at  Monterey,  giving  soino  details. 

'*  '^l.s'ft'  1/  '■('i)nnt(iiili','ljj:/'iili<  iit<'  (I:  ill  <'ii]>ifiif(tcion,JS,?J,inGarcin  ilr  Jf,  .r. , 
Extra,  June  l.j,  \S\17>,  which  i.i  devoted  wholly  to  this  allair,  contains  all  t!ie 
documents,  and  is  the  best  aiitiiority.  .Julea  Vei'ne,  the  novelist,  in  7','ir 
Miithiiirx,  a  story  founded  on  this  mutiny,  gives  many  names  and  other  [mr- 
ticulars,  uhicli  do  not  seem  to  lie  altogetlier  iiiaeeurate.  The  Jx't  had  car- 
ried Viceroy  O'j)onoju to  Vera  ( 'ruzin  KS'Jl,  and  ( 'oiide  de  V<'nadito  to  llaKaha. 
Al'imnii.  .  Mcc,  v.  Sl'!),  SIS  1!».  See  also  .^-imaroM,  ///V.  Mrj.,  .\i.(i|  1-|;{. 
The  allair  IS  also  <lescriLed  in  f  'niiijidi'iii./  inid  CriiiM'i  in   \'<ni  .ik/h,  i.   1(14  7. 

*•" Asia'  1/  U'dnstiDili',^  Triil'iiln  lie  Cii/iiiiiliirldii  id'  hit  Xiiriii<  I'li  Mauli  ri ;/, 
lS.'.',y\S.;  also  in  diH'.  ^ft•.l•.,  Extra,  .luno  I."),  IS'i.");  s'^'iicd  hy  .Uiso  EatrtvUi 
(atipointe  1  hy  Argiiiiio  as  comisionado),  .lose  Ifaiiiirez,  .I"sc  ( ':ii-di  na'*,  i..'. 
Antonio  \'entnra  Jtoteta.  ^Iention  in  Jfept  St.  I'li/i.,  /<■'/.  Mif.,  MS.,l\i. 
S.  May  lid,  Argiiello  ajijiroves  the  contract  in  a  e(jmmuiii  itiou  to  Mar- 
tinez, and  reappoints  the  old  oliioers  temporarily.     Martinez  wan  vjommau- 


20  A  TERIIITOIIY  OF  THE  MEXICAN  REPUBLIC. 

the  officers  and  moii  caiiio  asliorc,  f  ,'oro  allon-ianco  ti 
in(lc|)i'ii(leiH,'L'aii(l  the'  federal  constitution, pitclied  tlieir 
tents  on  the  beacii,  and  for  over  twenty  days  niadj 
tilings  lively  at  Monterey.  First,  however,  they  had  a 
religious  duty  to  perform.  Tlu»  holy  virgin  had  been  in- 
duced at  a  time  of  great  peril  by  prayers  and  vows  so 
to  strengthen  a  weak  sail  that  it  bore  the  violence  of 
the  gale  better  than  those  thought  to  need  no  prayers; 
ixud  now  all  the  men  walked  baref>ot  with  the  sail  t) 
church,  and  rendered  their  thanksgiving  with  nuich 
ceremony.^"  Finally,  wlien  the  merry-making  wa ; 
ovei",  health  restored,  and  some  necessary  relitting 
(!omplete(l,  the  strangers  embarked  for  Acapulco 
^lay  'I'Ad,  under  the  charge  of  Caj)tain  Juan  j\Ialariu 
us  chief  navigator  and  bean^r  o{'  despatches  to  tin.' 
city  of  Mexico,  by  Argi;eiio's  appointment.  The 
]\Iexican  government  approved  the  action  of  theCali- 
fornian  authorities,  and  assumed  the  obligation  to  pay 
the  wages  of  the  men  to  the  amount  of  over  8'.)0,00<). 
Whether  the  debt  was  ever  paid  is  another  matter. 
Tlie  new  vessels  thus  unexpectedly  added  to  the  fed- 
eral navy  were  sent  round  to  Vera  Cruz,  and  the  .is>'<t 
was  subsequently  known  as  J'Jl   CoiKjreso.^''     Several 


der  of  tho  two  vessels;  Ciirdeiias  ami  Antonio  Ferrer  wore  next  in  rank  c.i 
the  ^1  ■•<■'■  7,-  wliilc  Aatanio  Uotuta and  Manuel  Galinilo  were  the  olKeorj  of  the 
Coiitiiiiiii.  Djil  Uii\,  ,MS.,  i.  '\\, 

'"'J'orrt',  /i''','/( /((/■.■.,  MS.,  ;{!(-4(»,  descril)es  this  church  ceremony,  and  als  > 
that  of  ;:\vo:ii'ing  allegiance,  at  some  length.  Oslo  also  gives  some  details. 
^"alk■jll,  lVi.<l.  <'i'.,  MS.,  ii.  3-18,  wlio  gives  consideral)le space  to  tiiisallair  of 
t!ie  .1 '/",  iclls  lis  that  in  a  (juarrel  ah'jiit  a  girl,  the  <iiii'/iii/iiii  Arnoldo  lM(,'rol:i 
hillcil  .Ju.in  |{.  Lopez,  an<l  took  refuge  on  the  shiji,  where  Lieut.  Valle  and 
the  writri'  were  sent  to  arrest  him,  but  tlie  crew  refused  to  give  him  up.  \\y 
ciireful  p;vc-iul:ions,  further  disturhanees  were  prevented.  'J'hc  hidies  presented 
tw.)  .Me:,icaii  Hags  to  the  vessels,  though,  as  appears  from  another  document, 
they  had  to  us-,'  blue  stulF  instead  of  gieen.  Vallejo  s]ieaks  of  a  grand  hall  o:i 
the  A-iiii.  All  the  old  residents  agree  that  money  anil  sugar  had  not  heeiis.) 
])Ieiitiful  at  Monterey  for  a  long  time.  Sra  Avila,  Cn-ccH  <li'  ('iiK,  MS.  ,'22-;{, 
fpeah.scil  tile  luilicrous  attempts  of  the  sailors  and  ni.irines  to  ride  on  lioi'se- 
hack,  and  says  further  that  thdr  1)las)iheiiiies  shucked  the  Califoriiians. 
Alvarado.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  il.'MOl,  notes  that  green  coin  wa.s  in  sea.son; 
elso  that  tlie  Indian  maidens  reaped  a  rich  harvest  of  money,  handkerchiefs, 
anil  bead  :  from  the  strangers. 

■•'.Tune  II,  182,"),  .M;»nuel  Victoria,  com.  at  Acapulco,  to  sec.  war,  announc- 
ing arriv:d  of  the  vessels.  May  21st,  Argiiello  to  com.  at  .Acapulco  on  tliesur- 
]•(  ■.iderauii  Mrdai'in's  mission.  .Tune  1 1th, -Martinez  to  com.  Acapulco, aniioune- 
inj  arriv.'.l  ;;nd  enclosing  his  narrative  of  same  date.     May  ist,  the  treaty  as 


!. 


TlIK  'AQUILES'  AT  SANTA  BARBARA, 


iM  {)i  the 

uiiil  ids  ) 
(Ictiiils. 

iiUrair  of 
I'ici'oLi 

lllf    Mil  I 

up.    \\y 

ri'sciltc:! 

ninicnt, 

l)nll  o-i 

IjOL'll  H,) 

'22 -A, 

II  liorsc- 

iiniiaiis. 

.si'iisoii; 

'icliiefs, 


4 


men  from  tlic  two  vessels  remained  in  California,  1)ut 
none  of  tliis  number  ever  acquired  any  i)rominenee 
in  the  territor}-/"* 

Tlie  third  vessel  of  the  ileet,  the  Aquih'K,  did  not, 
join  the  othei's  at  Monterey,  hut  made  her  apiK^arance 
at  Santa  Barljara  early  in  May;  neither  did  her  com- 
mander, Pedro  Anijfulo,  deem  it  best  to  surrender  to 
the  Mexican  authorities.  J3urin<if  their  stay  of  a  few 
days  the  crew  and  passengers  contracted  as  many  debts 
as  j)ossil>le,  we  are  i</ld,  and  otherwise  behaved  badly. 
Finally  on  their  departure,  having  left  behind  the  pilot 
witli  seven  or  eight  men,  they  fired  two  cannon  with 
all  cartridges  against  the  ])residio  as  a  parting  salute, 
and  disa[)pearetl  in  the  south-west. ^^ 

iilrcady  cited,  certified  copy  of  Monterey,  May '22(1;  and  finally  aniionncoment 
of  a[ii)roval  ))y  Me\.  govt  on  date  of  tlio  j.'aceta,  .Inno  l.")tli.  All  making  np  tiio 
Axhi  iiCoii-'taiilc  /Jr/fdii'iit)'.  Sailing  of  tliu  vessels  on  May  "i.'Jd,  (lucrra,  Pnc, 
MS.,  iv.  ir).S.  May  ^lid,  Argiiello  to  coinniandantc  at  Acapu'.eo,  exp'.ainiii  j 
the  whole  afTair,  and  sending  copies  of  contract.  Dciil  lire,  MS.,  i.  ,")(!.  .May 
'2(1,  Argiiello  to  eoinandantes,  giving  an  account  tjf  the  surrender  and  jilan-'s. 
/(/.,  i.  117.  Mention  of  t!io  allair  in  Xilcx'  /i*'';/.,  xxix.  74;  (IrwiUi  ilv  Mi .c,  i. 
1-4.  Contract  religiously  carried  out.  Mcx'wo^  Mvm.  Mariiin,  1S'2(J,  p.  'A. 
The  .S!l(),()()!»  paid.  /(/.,  JS.'i!).  p.  1.  Kcheaiidia,  on  hearing  of  Aigiiello's action, 
had  soiii(j  fears  that  lie  had  lieen  tricked,  and  ordered  more  strict  precautiona. 
St.  /'ii/i.  S'c:,  MS.,  X.  ;'_':{;  Jfr/,/  St.  /',i/t.,  MS.,  i.  (i,S.  Osio,  not  friendly 
to  Ktlieaiidia,  says  that  the  latter  was  severely  snubbed  by  th(,'  minister  of 
war  loi  his  iuterineddliiig,  and  that  conseipiently  he  later  took  every  occasion 
to.'i.Miioy  .Viiila'lo,  killing  him  with  i/iMiii.ifo.^  in  5  years! 

^^lii  .I'.ily  bS'JS,  4  of  the  luimber  remained  in  the  Monterey  district.  Sf. 
J'(i/>..  11 II.,  MS.,  i.  7'>-<).  Manuel  l''og()  and  Francisco  (Juticrrez  named. 
J)oiii  /■■i\,  MS  V.  17;  vi.  45.  David  Spence,  ///.v/.  A'o/<'<,  MS.,  1  ,"{,  wlio 
J,' ve.-i  II  very  1 1  ar  narrative  of  the  whole  atl'air,  says  that  12  of  tiie  .l.wVt'.v  en  v/ 
ii'."..!  led  iiiAil  jj^eanii!  good  citizens.  I  liav(;  also  a  letter  of  Sjieiice  to  liart- 
neb  Mi  M,-v  -ill,  airiounciiig  the  arrival  with  some  details.  Vnlli Jn,  l>i)i\.  MS., 
xxviii    .'">l.      May.',  !  829,  d^jiee  of  president  about  the  .l.s/aV  crew.  JJiyjiD- 

nii'liiiii  .1    I'd,  ,'.,       i       ,iO. 

^"May  (ith,  Cuetra  to  .Vrgiiello,  in  J 'i-pf  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  i.  11.1;  /-/.,  Bin. 
Mil.,  liv.  7;  Ih'iit  1,'ir.,  .MS.,  i.  227.  .liuio  2.">tli,  Msteva  from  Mi^xico  to  coiii- 
an(laiit(,'  of  Monterey.  If  the  Aqiiili<  arrives  give  her  no  food;  induce  her  to 
surrender  like  the  A^'in;  take  two  oflicers  iis  hostages;  .seize  her  sails;  and  re- 
port (|uickly.  Slip,  (,'orf  S/.  I'll/).,  MS.,  iii.  M.  Mrs  Ord,  Onirn iirinx,  MS., 
IS-lll.  says  that  when  the  commander  of  the  vessel  landed  and  called  at  ( 'apt. 
(Jiieria"s  house,  he  found  tliei'e  a  great  crowd  celebrating  the  wedding  of  her 
sistei'  and  Hai  tiiell.  With  his  companions  lie  was  invited  to  join  in  the  fes- 
tiviti  ^,  and  was  induced  liy  llartnell  to  drink  a  g(«>(l  deal  of  wine  with  a 
vi<'v,  ,  e  better  to  leani  his  business,  thoiigli  without  much  success,  ()^io, 
//.  '.  .'..Ms.,  (10-102,  also  speaksof  the  wedding,  and  tells  us  that  Angulo. 
an  ]■.:::  i  :;it  V\i\U 


a  (.111 


it  first  thought  to  hide  his  bad  S])aiiish  I 
liy  pretending  to  bo  a  Frenchmau;  but  Ilartnell  soon  (lis( 


ilti; 


ovel'e( 


lie  coiiM  not  speak  French.  Learning  that  tlu^  .l.s/rt  was  at  .Monterey,  An- 
gulo hurried  onboard  witlioutwaiting  for  anything,  and  sailed  for  Valparaiso, 
after  s(.iidiny  a  cannon  ball  into  town. 


'i:  ■' 


28 


A  Tr^RIlITORY  OF  THE  MEXICAN  REPUBLIC. 


One  othtr  visit  to  Calitbriiia,  this  year  requires 
special  atleiition,  i'roin  tlie  fact  that  the  voyager  pub- 
hshetl  liis  ex})erieiices  in  a  book.  I  alliule  to  that  of 
Ijeiijainiii  MorrellJr.,  in  the  American  schooner  Tar- 
tar. Having  sailed  from  New  York  in  July  1824,  he 
arrived  at  San  Diego  from  the  south  in  Api'il  1825, 
)»er'haps  bringing  a  cargo  for  Hartncll  from  Chili,  but 
ehieily  Ix^nt  on  catching  seals.  His  description  of 
San  l)iego,  where  he  remained  twelve  days,®^  and  his 
still  more  absurd  descri[)tion  of  his  adventures  on  a 
hunting  t-  /  '  the  interior — where  with  seven 
Spanish  com^  :is  he  defeated  fifty  native  mounted 
warriors  in  a  ck  .peratc  hand-to-hand  battle,  killing 
seventeen  of  their  number,  and  himself  receiving 
numerous  wounds — leave  no  room  to  doubt  that  the 
valiant  captain  was  a  liar.  He  touched  at  Monterey 
and  San  Francisco,  whence,  finding  that  there  was  no 
prospect  of  success  in  the  seal-fishery,  he  sailed  in 
May  for  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  going  up  to  Ca{)o 
Blanco  and  down  to  Socorro  Island  on  the  way. 
Many  of  ^Ion-ell's  geogra})hical  and  other  details  are 
tolerably  accurate.  His  book  was  not  published  until 
1832.  He  ventured  on  a  prophecy  "  that  long  before 
another  century  rolls  round  the  principal  avenue  of 
trade  between  the  United  States  and  the  different  sea- 
ports on  the  Pacific  Ocean  will  be  the  river  Colorado, 
as  connected  with  the  gulf  of  California.  The  China 
and  India  trade  will  of  course  ultimatelj'^  flow  through 
the  same  channel."  Not  a  cargo  has  yet  been  known 
to  be  sent  down  the  great  canon — but  the  century  has 
iKjt  yet  rolled  round.°^ 

^"  '  Its  form  is  nearly  circular,  and  it  is  siiiTounded  by  a  wall  about  20  feet 
in  height,  which  forma  the  l)ack  sides  of  the  houses.  There  arc  about  i.lj 
houses  erected  in  this  manner,  from  one  to  two  storios  high,  built  of  freestone 
and  neatly  linished.  There  is  also  a  large  church,  one  ntmnery,  ii'.id  a  very 
neat  little  court-house.  Tliis  town  contains  about  1,500  inhabitants,  jirinci- 
pally  natives  of  tlio  coast.'  His  way  of  saying  that  the  women  rode  asti-iilc — ■ 
as  they  did  not-  -is  very  goorl,  however:  viz.,  'They  usually  honor  cacJi  sido 
of  the  horse  with  a  beautiful  little  foot  and  ankle.'  A  whale-boat  was  built 
during  the  stay. 

■''  Mom  II,  A  Xiirrcifwi'  of  Four  Voi/af/ea  to  the  South  Sea,  rtr.,  1S,?,?-31.  N. 
Y.  1S3-.   Svo.    402  p.    The  matter  on  California  is  on  p.  197-213.   This  was  tlio 


"I 


REVENUE  AND  FOREIGNERS. 


20 


requires 
ger  pul)- 
r)  that  of 
11  er  Tar- 
1 824,  lie 
ril  1825, 
yliili,  but 
i})tiou  of 
'  ami  Ills 
I  res  on  a 
h  seven 
mounted 
i,  killing 
receiving 
that  the 
loiiterey 
e  was  no 
sailed  in 
to  Capo 
he  way. 
jtails  are 
hed  until 
iSf  before 
^enue  of 

•ent  sea- 
'olorado, 

le  China 
|throu<j:li 
11  known 

;ury  has 


out  20  feet 

bout  2.'5J 

pf  freestdiio 

I'.itl  ii  vury 

Jiits,  priiici- 

|e  list  ride— 

■  ciicli  side 

was  built 

[?.?,?-.?/.  N. 
Uiiswustho 


■m 


Tlie  customs  revenue  for  the  year  was  from  88,000 
tt)  ."?!  1,000,  so  far  as  maybe  determined  from  the 
records.''^  Vessels  seem  to  have  paid  duties  in 
accordance  with  the  plan  of  1824  and  the  subsequent 
action  of  the  diputacion  abolishing  the  duty  on  ex- 
j)()i'ted  produce  after  January  1st,  though  the  govern- 
or, owing  to  a.  'forgetfuhiess  which  was  natural,' 
neglected  to  publish  the  decree  until  ^Marcli.''^  Eche- 
aiuha's  only  action  on  commercial  matters  was  a 
decree  by  which  all  trade  was  forbidden  except  at 
the  four  presidial  po'  I"  to  the  great  inconvenience  of 
tlie  missionary  traders.  A  little  later,  however, 
San  Pedro  was  excepted,  to  accommodate  the  citizens 
of  Los  Angeles.'* 

Several  of  the  forcicjn  residents  married  liiias  del 
Mai's  this  year,  but  none  did  much  else  that  calls  for 
notice.  Of  new  arrivals  only  about  twenty  names 
are  known,  of  which  number  most  are  but  visitors, 
chierty  masters  of  vessels;  and  only  six  have  any 
claim  to  be  considered  as  ])ioneer  residents.  John 
]^urton,  Robert  Livermore,  and  Alpheus  B.  Thomp- 
son are  the  prominent  names;  but  in  the  case  of  each 
there  is  a  degree  of  uncertainty  respecting  the  exact 
year  of  arrival,  as  fully  ex[)lained  elsewhere.'' 

The  winter  of  1824-5  was  marked  by  an  unprece- 

sciimil  of  the  four  voyages.  Notices  of  Morrell's  visit  in  the  archives.  Si. 
I'd/:.  Sftr.,  MS.,  X.  11,  H;  xiv.  -M;  Dipt  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  U4-5.  Bluiuler- 
iiiLj  notice  of  tlic  voyage  in  Tai/lnr.i  L.  Cn/.,  411. 

^- Tlie  amount  is  given  as  .*?S,()14  and  "Isewhcro  as  .$11,03(1,  in  Drpt  Sf. 
I'lip.  Jlrii.  Cii.-it.  II.,  MS.,  i.  101-2,  212.  Duties  at  Sta  IJiirbara,  .?l,2-'<). 
I'l-'.f.  St.  Pap.  Ben.  JUL,  ^IS.,  hi.  1.  Amount  at  S.  Francisco,  .SI, 001 ;  at 
S.  Diego,  .§471.  Probably  §11,000  was  the  total,  and  $8,000  the  amount  at 
.Munterey. 

-^Ihpl  Rcc,  MS.,  i.  11.'). 

•'  I'l.'.s  decree  of  Dec.  loth,  in  5.  Antonio,  Doc.Stirkos,  MS.,  101-.1;  S.  Jo^i', 
Arrh..  MS.,  vi.  2:i:  Valhjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxviii.  S2;  Drpt  SI.  Pap.,  MS.,  i. 
!)4.  Dee.  20th,  S.  I'ldro  exccpte<l.  r((//r/<i,  yjo'-.,  MS.,  xxviii.  S;{.  Complaint 
tlint  S.  Diego  did  not  get  its  share  of  the  revenue.  Giicrra,  Doc,  M.S.,  y. 
2;d-2. 

^'See  Pioneer  Register  at  the  end  of  these  volumes,  ii.-v.,  for  the  names 
I'f  all,  including  visitors.  The  pioneers  ])ro|ier  of  1S2.">,  besidis  jiui'tdn. 
I.ivcnnore,  and  Thonip.son,  are  Fishi'r  the  negio,  'Williaiii  tlralbatcli,  and 
.laiiK's  (Jiant.  Of  oltl  resiilents,  W.  K.  1*.  llartncll  and  Win.  A.  Kiehai-d.Kou 
Mill' married;  Daniel  Hill  was  baptized:  ami  Cajit.  Uem-y  <  Jyzelaar  i.s  said 
b.v  I'lieljis— /ore  fr»r/ vl./>,  242  11  -  to  have  been  drowned  in  Russian  l!i\er, 
tli'.ugli  it  may  have  been  a  year  or  two  later. 


30 


A  TERRITORY  OF  TIIIO  .MEXICAN  RKPUBLIC. 


I     !i        ,:      < 


I 


(louted  fall  of  rain,  from  which  (lamaujcs  nioro  or  less 
oxtc'iisivo  were  reported  throughout  the  length  of  the 
territory.  At  Souonui  many  of  the  new  adobe  build- 
in<j!'s  were  destroyed.  The  voyager  Kotzebue  notes 
the  violence  of  the  storms  at  8an  Francisco.  At  Santa 
Cruz  the  river  overilowed  the  gardens  and  undermined 
the  buildings.  Considerable  grain  was  spoiled  in  the 
fields  at  diti'ereiit  missions.  The  southern  rivers  were 
so  swollen  as  to  prevent  the  diputados  from  coming  to 
JSIonterey  to  ratify  the  federal  constitution,  an<l  con- 
siderable chaiiLjes  in  the  course  of  the  southern  streams 
and  general  drainage  of  the  country  are  re[)orted,  nota- 
bly at  Los  Angeles  and  San  Diegt).  More  particu- 
lars will  be  found  in  local  anuals.'*'  The  rains  were 
on  the  whole  beneficial  to  the  crops  in  spite  of  the 
local  losses,  for  the  harvest  was  08,500  fanegas,  the 
largest  of  the  decade  except  that  of  1821. 


c! 


•-'"'(Icnci-al  mention  not  likely  to  occur  in  local  anuals 
J)<l,t  Ilfc,  MS.,  i.  .SOO-1. 
(Icly  copied,  states 


leco  am 
Mention  of  the  lloods  in  Alia  Cat.,  Dec.  30,  ISu'i;  Yuba  Co.  lild.,  07. 


Lpij.  Rei'.,  MS.,  i. 
edited  to  Salvio  P;v- 
hardly  any  I'ain  fell. 


■^ 
■'>* 


CHAPTER  II. 


ECHEAXDtA'S  RULE-POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 

LS'2G-1S30. 

X.iTuiNAi.  Mkasi-rks,  1820 — .Ttnta  1)k  Fomexto — KciiK.WDf.v  AT  Sav 
DiKoo— (Iri'.KRA  van  Conohkss.  IS'27-S— Colonization  llKdrLATioxs 
OK     1828 — TKuniToitiAL     Diittacion,     1827 — Phoposkii    Ciianok    of 

X\M|-.— K(IIi:AM)iA  IN  TIIK  NoKTU— DlITTACION,  182S-|{0 — El.KCIION  — 
^LvlTOKKNA  SkNP  TO  CoNCUESS,  1829-30— AcTS  OF  THE  SlTliEME  (tOV- 
EKNMENT— PaUKES      AS     AyCDANTE     InSPECTOU — GoMEZ     AS     AsESOR  — 

Calieoknia  as  a  Penal (,'olonv — Arrival  ok  130  Convicts— Carrillo 
Elel'TEO  to  Congress  for  1831-  2— Exitlsion  oe  Spaniards,  1S27-30  — 
List  oe  Spanish  Residents — EciieanuIa's  Appeals  eor  Aid — His 
Peskjnation — Appointment  oe  Antonio  Oarcia  -The  Calieornias 
Separated— Mantel  Victoria  Appointed  Covernor. 

For  tlie  last  lialf  of  the  decade  under  consideration, 
the  course  of  events  adapts  itseH'  more  conveniently 
to  a  !j^rou[>ini^  in  to[)ics  than  to  strict  chronoloj^ical 
tri'atnient,  since  the  epoch,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Solis  revolt,  was  not  one  of  radical  chani;'es  and  star- 
tling ev(!nts,  but  rather  of  i^radual  ])rogress  toward  the 
^^e\ican  ideal  of  repuhlicanisin  antl  the  secularization 
of  the  missions.  There  was  chronic  and  ever-increas- 
inu^  destitution  among  the  troops,  resulting  in  open 
niutinv,  constant  schemiiiii'  to  make  hoth  ends  meet, 
with  no  little  ra.scality  on  the  })art  of  the  territoiial 
linanciers,  and  growing  commercial  indnstrv  under  the 
auspices  inaiidy  of  foreigners.  Of  the  topics  to  he 
sepiirately  treated,  usage,  as  well  as  convenience  in  this 
instance,  gives  the  first  j)lace  to  [)olitics,  and  to  mat- 
ters more  or  less  closely  connected  with  territorial  and 
national  governnieut. 


S2  ECMEAXDIA'S  IIUL::— POLl'l'ICAL  AFFAIRS. 

Politically,  thon,  182G  was  wollnii^h  a  Ijlauk.  The 
national  tiutiiorities  attached  soino  iinportanco  to  Cali- 
fornia as  affoi'diiii^  hy  licr  rich  missions  a  ])()ssiblo 
stronghold  i'or  Spanish  reactionary  sontimont,  and 
they  had  a  vat^ue  idea  that  there  was  a  problem  to  be 
solved  there;  but  having  sent  a  political  chief  to  study 
the  state  of  affairs,  a  small  military  reonforcement,  an 
administrator  of  fmances,  and  a  small  amount  of  money 
and  Ljoods  Ibr  him  to  administer,  they  felt  that  thev 
had  done  a  good  deal,  and  were  content  to  let  Califor- 
nia work  out  her  own  salvation  for  a  time.  Yet  it 
seenr.3  that  the  junta  de  fomento  was  still  engaged 
upon  a  general  plan  of  govermnent  for  the  province, 
and  f»jr  the  report  of  this  body,  of  whose  acts  we  have 
unfortunately  no  record,  all  were  waiting.^ 

Cheering  news  was  also  sent  north  that  with  the 
surrender  of  Sau  Juan  de  Uliia  the  Spaniards  had 
lost  their  last  foothold  in  ]\Iexico,  and  also  that  the 
|)0[)e  had  recognized  the  Mexican  independence.  These 
events  wore  celebrated  at  diftereiit  points  in  the  terri- 
tory, by  the  governor's  order,  in  April  and  May." 

Echeandia,  sent  to  establish  tlie  republican  regime, 
remained  at  San  Diego  engaged  in  studying  the  coun- 
try's needs,  lie  was  not  in  robust  health,  was  natu- 
rally inclined  to  be  easy-going  and  dilatory,  and  was 
certainly  in  no  haste  to  adopt  any  radical  })oli(!y. 
Some  items  of  business  connected  with  the  arrival  of 
vessels  claimed  his  attention;  he  slightly  agitated  the 
matter  of  secularization,  trying  one  or  two  experiments 
with  a  view  to  test  the  feelini>'s  of  the  friars  and  the 


'  J/>.(.v'(!o,  ^fc'm.  Rehicloiie:',  18'27,  p.  3()-".  The  minister  says  tluitin  Cali- 
fonii:i  vorv  marked  vestiges  of  the  old  iiionastico-iiiilitary  government  still 
rc'.nain,  presenting  sei'iouji  obstacles;  Imt  the  governor  is  instructed  to  gatlier 
iaformation,  and  tlie  junta  is  at  work  on  a  plan. 

'■^  ( 'orre^p.  of  lS'2.")-0,  Mitli  notice  of  celebration  at  Sta  B;irl)ara,  Monterey, 
S.  Buenaventura,  and  S.  Fernando.  Echeandia's  order  was  dated  April  15, 
1S2().  J)(^iit  I?rr.,  M.S.,iii.  l(i;  iv.  31;  Dept  Hi.  Pap.Jini.  MIL,  MS.,  Ixxxvii.; 
/</.,  Ben.  Com.  and  Trca.-t..  MS.,  i.  II ;  St.  Pap.,  Jicn.,  MS.,  i.  ()!»-70;  <S'";'.  Oort 
S'.  Pap.,  MS.,  -xix.  "JO.  Double  pay  for  three  days  was  ordered  for  soldiers; 
i  ;id  some  silver  coins  seen;  to  have  been  distributed.  At  S.  Fernando  the 
piidre  refused  to  oliiciate,  and  the  neophytes  said  some  pakr-iiosttrs  and  otei 
'iiiariiis  on  their  own  account. 


I 


GUERRA  AS  CONGRESSMAN. 


.  The 
to  Cali- 
)osi5il.)lo 
it,  and 
n  to  be 
o  study 
K.-nt,  ail 
'nioiK'Y 
at  tliev 
Califor- 
Yet  it 
3ii<j^aged 
rovinco, 
\yc  liave 

vitli  the 
rds  liad 
that  the 
,  These 
le  teni- 

reu'iine, 
le  coLin- 
is  iiatu- 
uid  was 

|>(»licy. 
rival  of 
ted  the 
riineiits 

lid  the 


liiit  in  Cali- 
liiiieiit  still 
ll  to  gatliei' 

iMoiiLorcy, 
April  1.'), 

|.,  Ixxxvii.; 
<S'«;/.  (ioit 

Ir  hoUUlts; 

lii;ui(lc»  the 

Irs  avA  ave 


capahihtics  of  the  Indians;  and  he  Avas  cngaofcd  to- 
gether with  Josu  ^lan'a  Herrera  in  laying  the  founda- 
tions of  what  became  later  a  very  bitter  quarrel.  But 
of  these  topics  I  shall  speak  elsewhere.  Montereyans 
were  forming  a  prejudice  against  the  new  governor 
because  he  chose  to  live  in  the  south.  The  padres 
disliked  him  because  of  the  republic  he  represented 
and  his  expected  opposition  to  their  interests;  but  the 
governor  attended  to  his  routine  duties  in  a  manner 
that  afforded  little  or  no  ground  of  complaint. 

The  diputacion  had  no  existence  since  its  suspen- 
sion by  Argilello;  but  at  the  end  of  182G  Echeaiidia 
seems  to  have  ordered  a  new  election,  and  on  the  18th 
of  February  five  electors  de  j)afti(]o  met  at  San  Diego 
to  choose,  not  only  diputados  to  reorganize  the  terri- 
torial diputacion,  but  also  a  diputado  to  the  national 
congress.^  Pablo  de  Sola  was  on  the  first  vote  chosen 
as  rej)resentative  in  congress;  but  in  view  of  the  doubt 
vv  hetlier  Sola  could  be  deemed  a  resident  of  California 
and  of  the  urgent  necessity  that  the  territory  should 
be  represented,  the  vote  was  reconsidered,  and  Captain 
.b)sc  de  la  Guerra  y  Noriega  was  unanimously  elected, 
with  Gervasio  Arguello  as  substitute.  The  term  of 
office  was  for  1827-8.  Guerra  did  not  start  for  Mex- 
ii-o  until  January  1828.  His  friends  urged  him  not 
to  go,  fearing  that  as  a  Spaniard  he  would  not  be  well 
]■ 'ceived.  Their  fears  were  well  founded,  since  he  was 
not  admitted  to  congress,  and  even  had  to  hurry  back 

"Dec.  5,  1S2G,  Gov.  onlers  that  electors  arc  not  to  start  until  further 
11  iticc.  Deo.  31.st,  ho  orders  them  to  start.  l)i'jtt  lice,  MS.,  \v.  19-'J(}. 
'J  iic  onler  for  an  election  in  not  extant,  l)utit  a|([)ear.s  from  another  document 
t  liave  heen  dated  Xov.  14th.  The  (ivoelectoresdo  partiilo,  oneforeacli  pre- 
!:iiii(j  iuid  one  for  Los  Angeles,  were  Francisco  tic  Haro,  S.  1'.;  Iv-^lcvau  Muu- 
r:is,  Monterey;  Carlos  A.  Carrillo,  Sta  15. ;  Vicente  .Sanchez,  Los  Angeles; 
ii.id  Agustiu  Zaniorano,  S.  Diego.  Aftaa  ih  J-J/icrioii'.-i,  MS.,  1-4;  Jh'pl  St. 
P'l/i.,  A/  i/elcn,  MS.,  X.  1 ;  Guerra,  Dor.,  M.S.,  vii.  I.'m-S,  in  \vhieh  documents 
i .  tiumd  the  record  of  the  action  of  the  uioetiug.  Tlie  only  partido  election 
I  f  which  wc  have  a  record  was  that  at  S.  V.  on  Jan.  1,  4,  7,  8,  \S'27,  nhero 
]  laro  was  chosen  over  Joaquin  Kstudiilo.  Details  given.  I  ulbjo,  Dor, ,  MS. ,  i. 
i'M-  lOJ;  and  the  only  primary  elections  recorded  were  that  at  S.  F.,  i<l.,  and 
t';iiit  at  .'■'•an  Antonio  on  Nov.  '2Gth,  whcic  Kiigenio  Naotre  was  chosen  to  go  to 
M'Uterevand  vote  for  the  elector  do  partido.  iJvil  St.  Pup.,  Lm.  JJIL,  MS., 
lix.  17-1!). 

UisT.  Cal.,  Vol.  III.    3 


vv 


31 


ECIIEANDiA'.S  RULE-POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


to  California  to  avoid  serious  troul)les,  alth()U!i:»'li  he 
luul  left  S[)aiii  at  a  very  tender  ajjfe.*  (iervasio  Ar- 
giiello,  thv  sHph'iite,  took  the  seat,  but  failed  to  distin- 
jyuisli  himself  or  to  be  of  much  use  to  his  constituents. 
The  famous  junta  concluded  its  labors  in  behalf  of 
California  at  the  end  of  1827;  and  in  1828  congress 
niatle  an  appropriation  to  give  the  territory  a  district 
judge." 

Among  the  acts  of  the  supreme  government,  the 
decree  of  Xovendjer  21,  1828,  containing  general  reg- 
ulations for  the  ctdonization  of  Mexican  territory,  de- 
serves prominent  notice.  This  was  a  supplementary 
decree,  designed  to  give  effect  to  the  law  of  August 
18,  1824,"  by  establishing  rules  for  the  guidance  of  the 
territorial  authorities  iii  making  grants  of  land,  as 
also  of  petitioners  who  might  desire  to  take  advantage 
of  the  law's  j)rovisions.  With  some  slight  modifica- 
tions, these  regulations  were  in  force  down  to  the  end  of 
Mexican  ])Ower  in  California,  and  in  this  decade  a  few 
grants  seem  to  have  been  made  in  accordance  witli 
them.  I  re[)roduce  the  substance  of  the  rules  in  a 
note.^ 

■•  Giierrn,  Dor.,  MS.,  vi.  09-100,  123,  and  passim.  Ho  sailed  on  tlie  Mnria 
Eifn;  carrying,'  high  reconimLMidations  from  Echeandia.  That  he  hail  not  hec.x 
admitted  was  known  at  home  on  Dec.  Gtli,  J)cpt  Itec,  MS.,  vi.  40-7;  and  liia 
paKspcjrt  to  return  was  signed  by  President  Victoria  on  Dec.  10th,  and  vised  at 
.S.  lUas  on  May  10,  I8"2!).  Oct.  20,  1829,  he  sjjeaks  of  his  late  peiinxn  rifijf  in 
dunning  lianilini  for  a  debt,  /hii/es'  JMmiv}i  Book,  i.  210.  §1,000  of  §."),000 
(hie  (iiierni  for  mileage  antl  salai'y  was  later  collected  in  1831.  Gurrra,  Doc, 
M  S. ,  i  V.  209- 1 0.  J  line  18th,  Argiiello  from  Guadalajar.a  than  ks  the  junta  electo- 
ral. Dept  St.  Pap. ,  MS. ,  ii.  23.  Vallejo,  J/isf.  Cat. ,  MS. ,  iii.  98,  accuses  Argiiello 
of  having  intrigued,  or  at  least  iised  his  influence,  to  keep  Guerr.a  from  hij 
icat.  A  pampldet  of  1828,  giving  sketches  of  tlie  congressmen  of  1827-8, 
speaks  of  him  of  California  as  iiacla,  or  'nothing.'  Semhlanzus  de  los  Micmbron. 

■'  'J'lie  secretary  of  the  interior  mentions  the  completion  of  the  junta's  work 
in  his  report  of  Jan.  30,  1828,  stating  that  a  copy  in  print  was  distributed  to 
members.  Mexico,  Jfem.  Iklacioncs,  1828,  p.  22.  Bustamante,  C'uadroHint., 
V.  04,  speaks  of  tlic  junta.  The  A<piil(i  newspaper  mentioned  a  set  of  the 
records  of  the  junta  for  sale.  Giwrra,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  175.  It  is  remarkable 
that  1  have  founil  none  of  these  records  in  the  archives. 

•^See  cliap.  xxiii.,  vol.  ii.  thisW'Ork.  In  forining  these  regulations  of  182>S, 
the  plans  proposed  by  the  junta  de  fomento  in  1825  were  doubtless  taken  into 
consideration  and  adopted  to  a  certain  extent.  See  chap.  i.  of  this  volume. 

'  Mexico,  Ptujlamento  para  la  colouizucion  de  Ion  ttrritorios  de  la  rei)uhli<-a. 
21  de  Noviembrc.  de  JSJS,  MS.  Translation  in  Ikdleck's  Report,  App.  No. 
5;  Diri)ielli'\i  Culon.  Hist.  S.  lTanci>-co,  Add.  25-0;  Wheeler's  Land  Titles, 
8-9;  i.  L'orbrcl/,  453. 

1.  Governors  of  territories  may  grant  vacant  lands  to  such  persons,  Mexi- 


« 


CONSTITUTION  FOR  CALIFOIINIA. 


83 


sio  Ar- 
1  distiii- 
ituonts, 
ihiiM'  of 
ongross 
district 

3nt,  the 
ral  reg- 
:)ry,  de- 
iicntary 
August 
e  of  tbu 
and,  as 
vantage 
lodifica- 
le  end  of 
le  a  few 
ce  witli 
es  in  a 


the  Mnria 

Id  not  been 

7;  anil  liia 

11(1  vised  at 

ISO  rinji'  ill 

of  $,-),(X)0 

/•(■((,  Doc, 

iitiieleeto- 

js  Argiiello 

la  from  lii3 

)f  1827-8, 

Micmhro)!. 

iita's  work 

Irilmted  to 

idro  Hid., 

Iset  of  the 

iiiiarkable 

Isof  182>S, 

[aken  into 

Dlnnic. 

rfjmbli''a. 

\.pp.  No. 

■  Titles, 

kis,  Mexi- 


On  !May  12,  1827,  the  Junta  de  fonicnti)  presented 
an  iniciatim  dc  Ici/,  or  general  system  of  laws  for  the 
federal  district,  with  the  recommendation  that  the 
same  i)e  adopted  by  the  government,  as  a  kind  of 
constitution  for  California  and  the  other  territories, 
Thtre  is  no  evidence  that  it  was  so  adopted;  and  in- 
deed, I  iind  nothing  to  show  that  any  general  system 
of  organic  law  was  ever  adopted  as  a  whole;  hut  it 
would  seem  that  the  different  branches  of  tcrritr)rial 
government  were  provided  for  by  separate  laws  as 
needed  i'rom  time  t(i  time.^ 

e;iii  or  foreijrii,  tin  will  inhabit  and  cultivate  them.  2.  A  person  desirin<;  lands 
sliall,  ill  a  petition  to  the  governor,  express  liis  name,  eouiitry,  ete.,  and  .shall 
de.-cvibe  the  land  ))y  means  of  a  map.  .S.  Tho  governor  shall  at  once  a.scertaiu 
if  the  conditions,  as  regards  land  and  claimant,  arc  those  ivqnircd  by  the  law 
of  1824,  and  may  consult  tlic  respective  municipal  authority.  4.  This  done, 
till'  governor  may  accede  or  not  to  the  jietition,  according  to  the  laws.  ■">. 
<lraiils  to  families  or  private  persons  shall  not  bo  valid  without  the  previous 
consent  of  the  diputacion,  to  which  body  the  e.xpedientc  sliall  be  fortvarded. 
0.  Not  olitiiining  the  approval  of  tho  diputacion,  tiio  governor  shall  report  to 
the  supreme  government,  with  the  necessary  tlocumcnts  for  its  decision.  7. 
(i rants  to  contractors  for  many  families  will  not  be  valid  until  approved  I  ly  tho 
supreme  government,  to  which  must  be  sent  the  necessary  documents,  including 
the  approval  of  tlie  diputacion.  8.  The  governor  shall  sign  a  document  to  servo 
as  a  title  to  the  party  interested.  9.  A  record  shall  be  made,  in  a  book  kept 
for  the  purpose,  of  all  petitions  and  grants,  including  maps;  and  a  rpiartcrly 
report  must  be  made  to  the  supreme  government.  10.  No  contract  for  ;i 
new  settlnnent  will  be  admitted,  unless  the  contractor  binds  himself  to  intro- 
duce as  settlers  at  least  twelve  families.  11.  Non-compliance  with  the  terms 
within  a  jiropcr  designated  period  shall  invalidate  the  grant;  but  the  governor 
may  revalidate  it  in  proportion  to  the  part  fullilled.  12.  The  colonistwill  prove 
compliance  with  his  contract  before  the  municipal  authority,  in  order,  on  tlic 
necessary  record  being  made,  to  secure  his  right  of  ownership,  with  jiower  to 
dispose  of  it.  1.3.  New  settlements  shall  be  liuilt  with  all  possible  regularity, 
ami  shall  ff)llov,- the  rules  of  existing  laws  for  other  settlements.  14.  Tho 
niiiiiniiim  of  irrigable  land  to  (mo  person  shall  be  200  varas  stpiare;  of  agri- 
eiiltural  hinds,  8!)0  varas  sipiare;  and  of  grazing  lands,  1,200  varas  .sfpiare. 
1.").  Land  for  a  house-lot  sli.-dl  be  100  varas.  l(i.  Spaces  between  colonized 
lands  may  be  given  to  adjoining  iiroprietors  who  have  cultivated  their  lands 
with  most  ajiplication,  and  have  not  received  the  full  amount  allowed  by  tlic 
law;  or  to  their  children,  wlio  may  desire  to  combin(!  the  possessions  of  their 
families!.  17.  In  those  territories  where  tliere  are  missions,  tlie  lands  occu- 
pied liy  them  cannot  be  cohmized  at  present. 

In  'lliil'crk's  lUporf,  121-2,  a  law  of  April  0,  1S30,  is  cited,  which  author- 
ized t'.ie  res(-rvation  or  taking  of  lands  for  forts,  etc.;  and  also  repealed  art. 
7  of  tho  law  of  1824  by  prohibiting  frontier  colonization  by  adjacent  foreign- 
ers. At  least  twice  in  these  years,  Oct.  7,  1827,  and  July  !.">,  ISJ^O,  giMieral 
orders  were  issued  in  California  for  owners  of  lands  to  apjiear  and  gi\e  in- 
formation about  them  and  the  titles.  Olvcra,  Doc,  M.S.,  I;  JJcnt  .^7.  Pa/i.,  IJeii. 
J/;LMS.,lxxi.  ;i. 

*■  For  an  account  of  the  acts  of  the  junta  dc  fomento,  see  chap.  i..  this 
viihnne.  Of  this  iniciaiiva  dc  leij,  I  shall  not  attempt  to  iire.sent  more  tiian  a 
briet  resume  or  framework,  as  follows:  1.  Attributes  of  the  president  as  gov- 


■# 


30 


ECIIEANDlA'S  RULE-POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


1 


1' 


The  junta  of  electors  at  San  Dioufo,  on  February 
10,  IH'J7,  also  chose  seven  vovalcs,  or  nienihers,  and 
lliree  siiploitcs,  or  substitutes,  for  the  territorial  dip- 
iitacion,  which  was  ordered  by  Echeandia  to  convene 
at  Montert.'y  a  little  later.  It  does  not  appear  that 
lie  made  any  effort  to  have  the  sessions  held  in  the 
south.  The  body  assembled  at  the  capital  on  June 
14th,  but  several  changes  were  necessary  in  its  pcr- 
f;oimel  to  keep  a  quorum  in  attendance.®  The  gov- 
ernor now  came  north  Ibr  the  first  time  to  preside  at 
the  meetings,  and  doubtless  directed  in  great  measure 
the  legislative  policy.     The  toWn  was  illuminated  on 

cnior  of  tho  fodural  distiict,  wlio  (U'legiitca  liis  powers  to  a  governor  for  each 
turi'itory,  reserving,  however,  the  power  of  tliis  and  other  appointments,  witli 
other  faculties.  !)  articles.  2.  Attributes  of  the  governor  of  tlie  ('aliforniaa. 
A|)])ointetl  for  4  years,  but  removable  at  any  time  by  the  pn^sident,  ',)3 
tivtiek's.  ."J.  Lient. -governors,  one  for  U})per  and  one  for  Lower  California, 
appointed  by  the  president  for  4  years.  8  articles.  4.  Council  of  gover"- 
inent,  4  persons  for  Alt.a  California,  elected  by  the  people  for  4  years, 
articles.  .").  Ayuntamientos  of  alcalde,  3  regiilores,  and  si'ndico  for  a  ]ioi 
tiou  of  ,")()0  in  Alta  California.  Elected,  alcaldes  yearly.  '2(i  articles. 
Administration  of  j\istici.  Civil,  8  articles;  criminal,  '2*2  articles.  7.  .FiKlgco 
leai'ueil  in  law;  5  in  Alta  California.  8  articles.  8.  Superior  tril>unal  of 
justice,  consisting  of  a  president  and  2  ministers;  no  salary;  l.l  articles.  9. 
I'.cclesiastical  government  under  bishop  of  Sonora;  9  articles.  10.  Military 
{.ivei'nnient  under  governor  as  eoniandanto  niilitar;  1.")  articles;  with  recom- 
mendations of  strengthened  defences,  a  eounsario  de  guerra,  and  a  military 
aeiileiiiy.  11.  Navy,  recommendation  of  a  maritime  force  at  S.  Francisco  and 
Monterey;  and  transfer  of  the  navy-yard  of  S.  Bias  to  Monterey.  7  articles 
and  .'5  notes.  12.  Treasury  and  revenue,  4,  9  articles.  1,'i.  Commerce,  8 
articles.  14.  Subdivision  of  Alta  California  into  4  districts  (practically 
aL,M-eeing  with  that  wiiich  I  have  always  followed);  adopted  by  the  junta  on 
.Fuue  2(i,  1820.  There  is  attached  to  the  i«(V(«^J«t  also  the  volo  Jiiinl  of  the 
junta,  dated  May  13,  1827,  and  containing  general  conclusions  on  ■^he  pi'os- 
pcctM  of  the  Californias  and  the  labors  of  the  board. 

"  The  mendjers  elected  on  Feb.  1 9th  were,  in  tiio  order  of  their  seniority:  1  st, 
Mariano  Estrada,  2d,  Tibnrcio  Tapia,  3d,  Ignacio  Martinez,  4th,  Antoido  M» 
Ortega,  .'ith,  Juan  Bandini,  Oth,  Anastasio  Carrillo,  7th,  Antonio  Buelna,  1st, 
Sup!.,  Xicoliis  Alviso,  2d,  .Toaquiii Estudillo,  .Sd,  Ronuuildo  I'acheco.  Adn.iile 
L'firrioiies,  MS. ,  4-");  /)rpf  St.  Pap. ,  .4  ikj.  ,  MS. ,  x.  1 .  All  seem  to  have  been  i)r('3- 
eiit  at  the  lii'st  session  or  within  a  few  days,  but  they  were  called  away  by  private 
or  military  business  until,  on  Sept.  1st,  the  two  remaining  vocales,  ap]iiirently 
Estrada  iind  Buelna,  had  to  call  in  the  ayuntamientoof  Monterey,  and  with  the 
aid  of  that  body  elect  o  provisional  members,  who  lived  in  or  neurtiio  capital  and 
could  be  depended  on.  They  were  Francisco  P.acheco,  EstOvan  Munras,  Juan 
Jose  Roclia,  ^Lariano  O.  Vallejo,  Josi'- Castro.  Sworn  in  on  Sept.  l!Hh.  Tlov/ 
the  whole  body  now  stood  as  respects  seniority  does  not  ap|)ear.  Lieut- 
I'lartinez  at  first  served  as  se;retary,  but  on  .June  20th,  .Juan  15.  Alvarado  wim 
duly  cliosen,  and  awarded  a salai'y  (.f  82.")  per  month.  Lii/.  /.Vc.,  MS.,  i.  47-oT; 
Jhp'.  li'rr.,  MS.,  V.  07,  7.S,  7.'),  82,  87;  Vallijo,  Doc,  MS.,  ii.  170;  JJfpt  St. 
Prip.  S.  Joxr,  MS.,  iv.  47;  /</.  .yoiitrri'!/,  vi.  3-4.  Alvaiado"s  salary  was  to 
b^  pai.l  fro;a  the  r.;;-.nicip:,l  iiw.C.i  of  2.1.-.i'.c:\.j. 


I 


ACTS  OF  TITK  DII'UTACION. 


S7 


L'bruary 

;rs,  and 

ial  (lip- 

L'oiiveiio 

•ar  that 

in  tlio 

»n  June 

its  per- 

lio  gov- 

L'sitlo  at 

tneasuro 

atc'd  on 

or  for  each 

neiits,  with 

L'lilifoniiiis. 

siili'iit,    ,'$5 

Ciiiifornia, 

of  govei'"-                   , 

yciirs. 

)r  11  )oi 
irtic  t's. 

7.  Juilgco                     , 

trihuiiiil  uf 

rtick's.     9. 

0.  Military 

ith  rfooiu- 

11  military 

uici.sco  and 

7  articles 

miiuM'co,  8 

practically 

c  junta  on 

'/('(/  (if  tlio 

"•he  i)r<js- 

iority:  1st, 

ntoiiio  ^1* 

uelua,  hit, 

.    ActitMie 

been  ]  lies-                        i 

bypiivate                      j 

p]iiirciitly                      1 
il  with  tlio                      f 

apitaland 

iras,  Juau 

>tlj.    TIow                     i 

[■.     Lieut.                      s 

iiraiU)  was                     itj 

,  i.  47-yO;                     i 

Dei't  St.                    3 

y  was  to                     4^ 

■4 

* 

the  capital  of  tli'j 
(I  liramly  ii",'iilatc(l 


till'  uiu'lit  of  the  MJth.aiid  sessions  were  licM  nt  short 
iiiti'ivais  niiti!  tlie  20th  ot'  Sci)tend)er.  Tlie  suhjirts 
coiisidLTod  wore  mainly  those  connected  with  co!,!- 
ni'Tcc  and  finance,  and  es[)eciall3' with  ][errera's  ;i(l- 
niiiiistration  of  the  revenues,  lieserving  those;  tnj)ici 
for  other  chapters,  I  append  in  a  note  an  abstract  oF 
the  legislative  proceedings.'" 

'"June  14th,  oath  of  office  taken  by  diputados  before  Eclieandia.  and  Mt- 
tiuoz  i.lio.seii  tcnipoiarily  as  secretJiry.  Juno  Kith,  Coniiwario  Heircra  toi  k  .l.c 
oatli.  A  rcglaiucnto  for  the  dip.  was  begun  and  completed  at  the  nexi  -ej- 
nioiiof  Juno  l!)th.  Details  of  routhie  rules  for  business  need  not  lie  giwu; 
.sullice  it  to  nay  that  these  rules  were  somewhat  carefully  prepared.  '1  horo 
wti'c  to  be  two  regular  sessions  of  3  hours  each  week,  each  including  n  sf c.-ct 
iiH'ctiiig.  'J'he  members  were  to  be  divided  by  the  president  into  li  scctiiuii 
or  committees:  1st,  on  missions  and  finance,  .'}  pei'sons;  "Jd,  on  police  )ii,'t:- 
liiticm!<,  2  persons;  .3d,  on  education,  agriculture,  industry,  and  govt  «.f  tl'.o 
ilip.,  ■_'  persons.  The  committees  named  were:  1st,  Ortega,  Bandini,  and 
Martinc;:;  'Jd,  Estrada  and  Tapia;  3d,  Carrilloand  l>uelii,-i  .Fiine  '2'M,  Kstrmiii'ij 
prop,  that  vessels  bo  allowed  provisionally  to  touch  iit  the  minor  landin;;-- 
jilaces  with  the  governor's  consent,  approved  and  icferred  to  c(jmmittce. 
J!iiniliiii  introduced  a  maiiijii'ntu  urging  certain  changes  and  reductions  ii 
duties;  that  the  supremo  government  bo  asked  for  teachers  for  a  cullcLre  or 
ncadiniy;  and  that  Los  Angeles  be  declared  provisionally  the 
territory,  wifii  the  title  of  city.  June  'JOth,  tax  on  wine  ani' 
ncconliiig  to  report  of  committee  on  finance.  In  afternoon  Alvarat'o  elected 
!jcci'etaiy,  Martinez  resigning.  .June  'JHth,  sec.  sworn  in.  Additional  rci,n!a- 
tionsof  the  liquor  trafiic.  .June  .'10th,  .July  '2d,  liquor  traffic  continued.  M.-.r- 
tine/ allowed  to  join  his  company  in  S.  Francisco.  July  7th,  li([nor  regulation) 
coiic'.udecl.  Bandini's  proposition  to  make  Los  Angeles  the  capital  taken  up, 
but  noiictiou.  Gov.  proposed  a  change  in  the  name  of  the  territory.  Soe  tc::t. 
•July  Kith,  Echeandi.Vs  proposition  discussed  and  approved,  subject  todeci-^iiii 
of  supreincgovernment.  Ortega  notallowcd  to  retire  until  Bandini  shouldcoiiie. 
<  'oiitador  appointed.  Jnly  10th,  petition  from  padres  that  vessels  be  allow  ed  to 
touch  at  the  landings  of  .Sta  Inez  and  Burisima.  No  power  to  act.  .1  uly  1 7tli, 
IJitli,  "JOth,  Sept.  iyth-20th,  action  on  revenue  matters,  invcdving  the  invc-ti- 
atiun  of  charges  against  Herrera,  and  resulting  measures  directed  against  him. 
.Stc  chap.  iii.  I'acheco  as  vocal  snplente  swoni  in  on  July  'iOtli.  July  •J-lt'i, 
1oi:l;  discussion  on  Bandini's  commercial  propositions,  in  which  Conii'a'i  » 
1  it ncra  took  part.  See  chap.  iii.  Contador  Uonzaloz  takes  oath  of  ollijc. 
Banclini  and  1'apia  granted  leave  of  absence;  Suplentes  Estuilillo  and  AIviv> 
.s-.iiiinoiied.  July  31st,  Aug.  4th,  0th,  lltli,  17tli,  Sept.  I'ith,  regulatio::.;  -.e- 
.s])ecting  live-stock  and  branches  of  commerce  and  police  thcrevritli  conn  c:;"!. 
Alvi oinvorninAug.  4th.  Aug.  17th,  I'^cheandia  reports liavi;ig  ordered  tli'  \y-i-- 
fcet  to  cst.iblishaschool  in  each  mission.  Sept.  lst,ayuntamie:ito  called  !;'.::;.  1  ."> 
ncv,-  incinbers  elected  provisionally.  See  note  9.  Sept.  1  Itli,  report  ivo  ivc  I 
of  ler.ioval  of  a  local  officer  at  Lor,  Angeles.  The  next  session  reyul.-.r'y 
recorded,  after  Sept.  iOth,  was  on  July  10,  IS.IO.  Lfj.  l^c,  MS.,  i.  17- 
\^A.  Incidental  mention.  Arch.  Arz'ib.,  MS.,  v.  pi.  i.  .34;  .SV.  J'a.ji.,  S  :r,, 
^IS.,  xi.x.  39;  J)ept  life,  MS.,  v.  .")0,  1'20.  June  iid,  Eche.andia  to  miui-jtrr 
of  i-elations  asks  if  the  sub-comisario  should  attend  as  intendente,  and  it  ho 
.■md  the  writer  should  have  a  vote.  Alvarado,  Hixt.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  lIS-uM, 
ix'presents  Eclieandia  as  having  opened  the  sessions  with  a  long  discourse,  in 
wliich  he  explained  the  situation  of  the  territory,  the  policy  of  Mexico,  and 
•ill  that  he  had  done  since  his  arrival.  This  writer  states  that  all  the  acts  of 
the  diputacion  in  1827-9  were  really  the  work  of  Eclieandia.     Duhaut-Cilly, 


■:•■  !■ 


38 


ECHEAXDlA'S  RULE— POL  TTICAL  AFFAIRS, 


One  act  of  tliis  diputacion  merits  further  notice, 
wliicli  may  as  well  be  j)resented  in  the  words  of  the 
original  record:  "The  committee  presented  the  prop- 
osition made  by  his  excellency  the  president  at  the 
session  of  the  7th — this  being  July  13th — namely,  that 
thei-e  be  proposed  to  the  supreme  government  a  change 
in  the  name  of  the  territory,  and  also  in  tha,t  of  the 
J'ueblo  de  Los  Angeles,  in  order  to  distinguish  the  lat- 
ter from  the  city  of  Puebla  de  Los  Angeles,  capital  of 
tlie  state  of  Puebla,  which  after  close  examin^ition  the 
I'onnnittee  reported  for  discussion,  with  the  sugges- 
tions that  the  territory  be  named  Moctezuina,  and 
that  to  the  ])uel)lo  be  giver,  the  name  of  Villa  Vic- 
toria de  la  Reina  de  Los  Angeles;  also  that  there 
f.hould  be  proposed  to  the  supreme  government  as  a 
coat  of  arms  for  the  territory  'an  Indian  with  plume, 
bow,  and  quiver,  in  the  acfc  of  crossing  a  strait,  all 
within,  an  oval  having  on  the  outside  an  olive  and  an 
oak,'  in  memory  of  the  first  peopling  of  these  Amcr- 
cas,  which  according  to  the  most  common  opinion  was 
by  the  strait  of  Anian;  all  of  which,  after  sufficient 
discussion,  m as  approved."  So  far  as  the  records  show, 
no  attention  was  paid  to  this  proposition  in  ]\[exico, 
ai,d  fortunately  California  escaped  the  burden  of  a  new 
and  inapprojtriate  name,  founded  on  one  of  tho  least 
relinble  traditions  of  American  antiquity." 

Echeandi'a  did  not  extend  his  tour  northward  to 
San  Francisco,  perhaps  not  beyond  Monterey;  and  I 
have  not  been  able  to  tind  the  general  report  on  the 


m 


VinififiQ,  i.  28'2,  who  attended  some  of  the  meetings,  tells  ns  tiie  diputados 
Aiure  iiiere  puppets  in  tlie  governor'a  hands.  ICcheandia  would  n\ake  a  propo- 
fiticin  supported  ))y  specious  pvetenoes  and  prosy  arguments;  sometimes  l)y 
jivt'vious  agreement  one  or  two  trusted  ones  would  offer  some  weak  objection 
fur  the  president  ti>  overtin'ow;  if  any  other  dared  to  oppose,  he  was  inter- 
rupted v.itli  a  reprimand;  did  any  one  wince  at  the  last  moment,  a  look  eon- 
trolled  his  vote.     Tills,  of  course,  tl.jugh  amusing,  is  grossly  exaggerated. 

"  />-;/.  /iVy. ,  MS.,  i.  C'J-.'t.  (JnXov.  IJd,  Echeandi'a  forwarded  this  act  to  tho 
secretary  of  relations.  Jhpt  St.  Pftp.,  MS.,  ii.  44,  and  ho  included  with  it 
tlie  jiropnsition  to  make  Los  Angeles  the  capital  as  well  as  a  villa,  though  tho 
legislative  record  does  not  show  tho  diputacion  to  have  approved  l>andini'.s 
r.iotion  to  that  effect.  Taylor  mentioned  this  proposed  change  of  name  in  a 
newspaper  article,  and  from  him  apparently  it  was  taken  by  Tuthill.  Hist, 
I  .>,'.,  LJ3, 


lllOW, 

ixico, 

a  now 

Icasob 


propo- 
inics  l)y 
"ijoctioii 
s  intor- 
)ok  con- 
itftl. 
;t  to  the 
with  it 
ngli  tlio 
imdini's 


GONZALEZ  AND  THE  GOVF.RXOR. 


39 


condition  of'tlio  country  wliicli  lie  ])robal)ly  made  as  a 
]-osuIt  of  his  inspection.'"  For  reasons  with  which 
the  reader  is  familiar,  EeheaTuh'a  had  asomewliat  cool 
reception  at  ^Monterey;  but  l)y  his  poHcy  at  the  cap- 
ital lie  did  much  to  remove  the  current  prejudice,  and 
to  ,Li;ain  the  oood  will  of  that  class  of  CalifornitTis 
which  constituted  the  progi'cssivo  republican  <>lement. 
Jlis  cinn'se  in  the  Herrera  (juarrel  pleased  Estrada  and 
liis  hn;Li;'e  circle  of  friends,  jind  he  disavowed  certain 
unpopular  sentin)ents  which  his  foes  had  attributetl  to 
him,  such  as  approval  of  makhiv,^  California  a  penal 
colony. 

Another  affair  which  lielped  to  |npive  Echeandia  a 
better  standiiiij:  at  Monterey  was  his  method  of  deal- 
intjf  with  Captain  jNIiguel  Gonzalez.  This  Mexican 
oHicer  had  by  virtue  of  his  rank  held  the  place  of 
comandante  de  armas  since  18l!(),  greatly  to  the  dis- 
gust of  lieutenants  Estudillo  and  Estrada,  and  of  all 
llic  Californian  officers  and  soldiers.  (ronzalez  is 
said — by  his  enemies, it  mui^^t  be  remend^ered — to  have 
been  an  ignorant,  brutal,  and  despotic  man,  popularly 
known  as  El  Macaco,  the  'ugly  ai)e.'  The  regular 
cavalry  company,  officers  and  men,  accused  him  of 
arbitrary  acts,  and  of  partiality  to  the  Mexican  troops 
of  his  own  artillery  detachment  and  the  other's;  while 
lie  complained  of  insubordination  on  the  part  of  the 
Californians.  It  is  not  very  important,  even  if  it  were 
I)ossible,  to  investigate  the  details  and  merits  of  this 
(piarrel.  Mexican  and  Californian  officers  weiv  in- 
clined to  look  down,  each  upon  the  other,  from  a 
licight  of  superiority;  but  the  revolution  gaveconniiis- 
sioiis  to  many  ruffians,  and  there  is  no  special  ivason 
lo  doubt  that  (jronzalez  was  one  of  them.  Jn  ]'\'bru- 
ai'v  1827  he  wrote  long  and  soui'nvhat  incolu-nMit 
complamts  to  Echeandia,  asking  to  be  relieved  of  his 

'- Alvarndo,  Ifht.  CaL,  MS.,  ii.  127-35,  says  he  was  received  cnthiisiasti 
\y  at  Sta  ]5drl)ara, 
the  tViars  there;  yet 


illy  at  Sta  ]5arl)ara,  contrary  to  his  expectations,  founded  on  the  inlluenueof 

I  at  this  very  time  that  two  pnih'es  at  Sta  15.  lied 

as  wo  .sliali  see  clsewnere.     Valleio,  /lit^f.  VuL,  .MS.,  H,  '2()(>-71, 


Cal 


u<it(.s  a  grand  reception  at  San  JoscS  and  a  rather  cool  one  at  Sta  Clara 


40 


ECHEANDIAS  UUJ.E— POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


coimnaiifl,  but  refusing^  to  be  subordinate  in  any  wav 
to  Estrada  or  Argiiello.  Usurping  Estrada's  author- 
ity over  the  presichal  district  outside  of  Mcnteroy,  he 
put  that  officer  under  arrest;  but  Echeandia  affirmed 
Estrada's  powers  and  ordered  his  release,"  When  the 
governor  came  to  Monterey  in  May,  he  soon  took 
•sides  against  Gonzalez,  administering  frequent  repri- 
mands, and  finally  in  November  ordered  him  to  ])re- 
pare  for  a  march  to  Santa  Barbara,  in  order  that 
])eace  might  be  restored  by  his  absence.  H>)\v  far 
Echeandia  was  influenced  by  the  fact  that  Gonzalez 
\vas  the  friend  and  father-in-law  of  Plerrera/^  we  have 
no  means  of  knowing.^"  It  would  appear  that  Gon- 
zalez did  not  accompany  Echeandia  to  the  south  in 
December,  or  that  he  returned  immediately;  i'or  in 
February  1828  he  was  suspended  from  his  command 
and  put  under  arrest  at  Monterey  by  Estrada,  at  the 
governor's  order,  after  some  investigations  had  been 
conducted  bv  Lieutenant  Pacheco.  At  the  end  (it' 
the  year  lie  was  ordered  to  leave  the  country  on  the 
Mai'la  Ester,  in  accordance  with  instructions  of  May 
.Tlst  from  Mexico;  but  lie  was  at  San  Diego  as  late  as 
April  1830.^'' 

'Tub.  22,  '24,  IS'27,  Gonzalez  to  «ov.  Dipt  Sf.  Pnp.,  MS.,  ii.  '2-7,  10-11. 
Marcli  (ith,  Apr.  lOtli,  gov.  to(!onzalez.     JJfpf  I'rc,  MS.,  v.  o2,  S'i  7. 

"of  Dofia  Alfoiisa,  the  l)eaa;iful  wife  of  J.  M.  llerrcra  and  ilaimliter  <if 
Capt.  Gonzalez,  wc  uliall  hear  more  in  later  years. 

'■"June  null,  (lonzalez  to  gov.,  protesting  against  firing  a  salute  on  eorpns 
cristiilay.  JhplSl.  /'o;>.,  :\IS.,  ii. '2,").  July  14th,  27^1,  Sept. '27 tli,  Xov.  Kitli, 
lOtli,  •20th,  '21st,  gov.  to  (ionzalcz,  with  reprcmaniLs  for  misconduct  and  disi'e- 
Bpeet — incliuliiig  the  shooting  at  an  alcalde,  and  allowing  his  'wife  to  ineddlo 
in  oliieial  Imsiiiess.  The  order  to  prepare  to  march  for  Sta  Barbara  was  on 
Nov.  IGth.  Xov.  21st,  gov.  toalcaldes,  stating  his  orders  for  Gonzalez'  <lopart- 
ure  and  forbidiliug  any  insulting  or  sarcastic  remarks  about  that  officer  or  his 
men  or  his  family.   Deyt  li(,\,  MS.,  v.  04,  00-70,  92-3,  108-11. 

'*  Dec.  15,  1S27,  I'achceo  ordered  to  continue  investigations.  Dipt  Jif'., 
MS  ,  V.  117.  Felj.  14,  1828,  Echeandia  to  Gonzalez,  ordering  his  su.si)ciision 
and  arrest  for  intrigue  among  the  troops  to  keep  himself  in  power;  for  di.i- 
turlmnces  at  various  places;  for  ignorance,  disobedience,  and  inciting  of  'u- 
subordination.  Id.,  vi.  ISIW.  Feb.  22d,  Estrada  has  arrested  Gonzale-  Kt, 
P'tp.,  MS.,  xii.  i;$.  Feb.  2'Jth  (?),  Echeandia's  order  to  Estrada.  Dept  St. 
Pap,,  ii.  ~'.i.  Xov.  9th,  gov.  orders  Gonzalez  to  leave  on  the  .Varia  Exfcr, 
Dcjd  L'cc,  ^IS.,  vi.  i;U.  Dec.  '22d,  to  same  effect.  Id.,  vi.  101.  Dec.  9th, 
however,  he  was  ordered  across  the  frontier  by  land  en  route  to  Loreto.  LI., 
vii.  '200.  Apr.  2.3,  1829,  testimony  of  Gonzalez  at  S.  Diego  about  a  statement 
in  a  Mexican  newspaper  that  he  had  destroyed  a  Spanish  (lag.  Dept  St. 
Paj).,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxx.-vii.  72.    Feb.  o,  1830,  order  from  secretary  of 


ELECTIONS  OF  182S, 


41 


1/)^  Hi-., 

for  ili.i- 

of   'M- 

[le-  St. 
prjit  S'. 
Estrr. 
DC.  mil, 
\o.  III., 
itemcut 
)rpt  St. 
Itary  of 


Back  at  San  Diego  in  April  1828,*'  Eclieandia 
suiimioncd  liis  diputados  to  assemble,  presumably  at 
San  Diego;^*^  but  tliere  is  no  record  of  any  action  of  tlie 
body  this  year,  and  little  or  no  evidence  that  it  met  at 
all,  except  perhaps,  as  Alvarado  says,  to  protest  against 
the  holding  of  meetings  out  of  the  capital,  to  listen 
to  Echeandia's  views  on  the  subject,  and  to  adjourn.''' 
Later  in  the  year,  however,  at  an  electoral  junta  held 
at  San  Diego  on  October  6th,  the  diputacion  was  re- 
organized by  the  choice  of  four  new  members.'-"     All 

WAY  for  Gonzalez  to  proceeil  to  Mexico.  Sup.  Govt  Sf.  Pnp  ,  MS.,  vi.  1. 
IiiocLiitedareia,  //irhus,  MS.,  40,  41,  .says  that  one  of  the  otlencer^  for  whic'i 
Gonzalez  was  sent  away  was  the  arbitrary  inlliction  on  him,  Garcia,  of  100 
jw(/(A' without  trial,  and  ho  not  heing  a  sohlior.  Beecliey,  Voiiii'ji\  ii.  .'iT,  So, 
speaks  of  Gonzalez  as  having  risen  from  the  ranks  by  his  own  merit. 

''  J'ln  ii'sumi'',  K. ,  as  shown  by  his  eorrcqi.,  hail  left  S.  Diego  late  i;i 
MarcJi  IS'JT;  was  at  Sta  IJarbara  during  a  large  part  of  April;  arrived  at 
Monterey  about  the  middle  of  .May,  and  left  there  late  in  Kov. ;  was  at  Sta 
V>.  from  J)<'c.  until  March;  and  returned  to  S.  Diego  early  in  April. 

'".Npril  10,  IS'JS,  K('heaiidia':J  summons  to  ]^stndillo,Alviso,]>ueliia, Ortega, 
Ikiidini,  and  Tapia  to  meet  as  agreed  u]ion  at  the  close  of  the  last  seKsions, 
but  not  naming  the  place.  JJcpt  Itvc,  MS.,  vi.  1!)8.  Buclna  and  Aiiastasio 
Carrillomeationed  as  meml)ersiuSept.  /(/.,  vi.  SYl.  Aug.  Otli,  K.  order:.  Ilabili- 
tado  Domingo  Carrillo  (of  S.  Diego)  to  pay  out  of  the  municipal  funds  Alvarado's 
s.-ilary  of  S2.1  per  month  as  secretary.  Id.,  vi.  81.  Other  indications  of  Al- 
varado's presence  as  secretary  at  S.  Diego  as  late  as  Dec.  I><pt  SI.  I'd,!., 
Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixvi.  90-1.  Alvarado's  own  version  is  confused  i:i  respect  to 
(Ltes.  representing  a  first  visit  to  S.  Diego  as  having  been  in  18'2(i,  l.ufore  K.'s 
vi.iit  to  the  north. 

"•Alvarado,  11  ht.  CnL,  MS.,  ii.  139-40;  iii.  14-22,  tells  us  tliut  «  hen  the 
diputados  arrived  at  S.  Diego  they  sent  him  as  secretary  to  inform  tiie  governor 
of  their  presence  and  that  they  awaited  his  message.  The  first  act  on  as^eiii- 
bliiig  in  the  large  hall  of  the  comandancia  was  to  protest  on  motion  if  l]ucl:ia 
against  meeting  away  from  the  capital.  Eclieandia  received  the  protcjt 
eourtcouslj',  and  a  few  days  later  explained  his  theory  that  as  eoDiaiii'.antu 
general  he  had  the  right  to  live  where  ho  could  do  most  for  tiie  iiitcretts  of 
the  cnuntry,  that  is  in  his  opinion  at  S.  Diego.  The  diputacion  replied  tluit 
if  he  had  thatriglc.  it  as  a  ijody  had  it  not,  but  was  rc(|uired  by  lav,'  t  >  li.ei  t 
at  the  cajiital  unicr  the  presidency  of  the  senior  vocal  in  the  absence  of  tlie 
gefe  politico.  Eclieandia  replied:  'I  do  not  object.  Let  the  diput;'.ili,  ■.  re- 
turn to  .Monterey  if  they  like.'  The  governor,  however,  had  some  lestntmciit 
against  Alvarado,  in  whose  handwriting  was  the  protest.  Soon,  on  account 
of  a  cjuarrcl  with  P.  Menendcz,  chaplain  of  the  troops — a  Dominican  v,lio.;c 
wine  he  had  been  drinking  and  whose  sermons  he  had  been  writing — .Vlvara.lo 
was  .summoned  before  the  gcfe  politico,  and  reprimanded  for  disrespect  to  a 
fiiar.  A  stormy  scone  followed,  in  which  the  young  secretary— so  he  says-- 
cnnvded  Eclieandia  into  a  corner,  protended  to  have  a  dagger,  and  finaliy 
induced  him  ti)  become  calm,  talk  the  matter  over,  and  listen  to  reason.  Tlity 
parted  friends,  and  E.  wont  so  far  as  to  explain  his  real  reason  for  choorii:;' 
to  live  at  S.  Diego,  viz.,  his  fear  of  Herrora  and  his  confederates,  wlio  had 
]il()tted  to  .seize  him  and  semi  him  to  Mexico  ! 

■-''riieao  were  (.'arlos  A.  Carrillo,  Pio  Pico,  Vicente  Sanchez,  and  Josii 
Tiliiiicio  Castro,  as  4tli,  oth,  Gch,  and  7th  resiiectively.  AcUm  dv  Eiwcior.c^, 
Ms,,  8;  Lfij.  lice,  MS.,  i.  127;  Veiit  Si.  Pai>.,  S.  Joaii,  MS.,  ii.  12;  Dvid  Ike, 


m 


*f 


42 


ECHEAXDf  A'S  RULE— POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


I"!: 


were  sunimoned  to  assemble  at  San  Diegoon  January  1 , 
1829;  and  they  seem  to  liave  done  so,  part  of  them,  at 
least,  only  to  prove  unmanageable,  and  to  be  dismissed 
by  the  gvi'^i  poh'tieo.  Immediately  alter  the  suspen- 
sion of  the  southern  session,  a  sunmions  was  issued 
i'or  the  diputados  to  convene  at  Monterey  June  1st, 
and  proceed  to  public  business  under  the  presidency 
of  the  senior  vocal;  but  I  find  no  evidence  that  any 
such  meeting  was  held;  in  fact,  Echeandia  himself 
had  no  confidence  that  his  summons  would  be  heeded. 
Thus  it  may  be  said  that  in  1828-9  the  legislature 
was  not  in  session." 

In  December  1829  Echeandia  started  northward 
again,  and  on  the  way  sunmioned  the  diputacion  to 
meet,  this  time  at  Santa  Barbara  by  reason  of  the 
troubles  at  Monterey.  Possibly  the  body  did  assem- 
ble there,  but  only  to  adjourn;^-'  for  the  troubles,  to 

MS.,  vi.  108.  At  the  same  time  Manuel  Domin{»ucz,  Salvio  Paelicco,  .and 
Ciirlos  Custro  were  chosen  as  1st,  '2il,  and  .'Jd  siipluntes.  The  lirst  three 
places  \veiv  held  respectively  by  Bandini,  Anastasio  Carrillo,  an<l  Bucliia, 
who  held  over  from  the  old  board.  St.  Pap.,  {inc.,  MS,,  xix.  42-3. 

'•"  I)ee.  1 828,  sunmions  to  Pico,  Sanchez,  and  DomiUguez  to  meet  at  S.  Diego 
on  Jan.  1st.  iJept  7>Vc.,  MS.,  vi.  15').  Feb.  IS),  1829,  gov.  permits  Doiniu- 
g.icz  to  retire  because  it  is  impossible  to  have  any  session,  W  of  ~>  members  having 
r-'fused  to  attend.  /(/.,  vii.  88.  May  22d,  gov.  siiya  that  the  diputados  su!'.!- 
nioned  to  S.  Diego  had  not  wished  to  come  on  account  of  the  illegality  of 
meeting  except  iit  the  capital ;  tlierefore  he  asks  them  to  go  on  at  Monterey 
without  his  presence.  /(/.,  vii.  1G4.  April  10th,  gov.  tells  the  minister  of  rel.a- 
tion.s  that  he  suspended  the  junta  on  account  c)f  its  'desorganization,' attri- 
l)utal)lo  largely  to  the  influence  of  Vicente  Hanchez,  prompted  as  ho  believe.! 
by  Herrera.  He  proceeds  to  give  .i  description  of  each  of  tlio  10  members 
i:i  respect  of  character,  ability,  education,  and  property — in  no  ease  a 
(lattcriiig  picture.  Doubts  that  the  diputados  can  be  induced  to  leave  their 
private  atVairs  to  meet  even  in  Monterey.  /(/.,  vii.  4  0.  It  does  not  seera 
likely,  however,  that  Sanchez,  a  Los  Angeles  man,  should  have  plotted  in  favor 
of  Monterey.  Don  Pio  Pico,  Hist.  Ca/.,  MS.,  17-l!t,  says  that  at  S.  Diego 
there  was  just  a  quorum,  and  that  ho  preventeil  the  session  by  in.sistingon  its 
b^ing  held  at  Angeles,  and  withdrawing  when  hi<  wiwh  v.as  not  follow.'d. 
He  also  went  to  Monterey,  and  met  Josi5  T.  ("a;.itr;),  the  only  other  proprietary 
member  present.  April  Oth,  summon.s  to  convene  at  ^louterey  Juno  1st. 
J)<'jit  Iter.,  MS.,  vii.  128.  May  10th,  \Vm.  A.  dale,  in  a  letter  to  Cooper 
from  S.  I'edro,  mentions  the  meeting  ordered  for  .Tunc  1st.  VoUcjo,  J)oc.,  MS., 
xxix.  li'A.  It  seems  that  Sanchez  was  suspended  from  his  position  us  dipu- 
tadi)  in  the  course  of  this  affair.  J)ept  liec,  MS.,  vii.  200. 

^-Dec.  8,  1829,  E.  from  S.  Gabriel  to  Sanchez,  Pico,  and  Bandini.  revoking 
the  suspension  of  the  first,  and  u.'ging  all  to  hasten  an  patriots  to  Sta  Bdrbara, 
iu  view  of  the  critical  condition.  Dcpt  Ihc,  MS.,  vii.  2()0.  .Ian.  18,  1830, 
similar  summons  to  the  Carrillos.  Id.,  viii.  10.  Feb.  5th,  K.  to  comundante 
aL  Monterey,  states  that  the  diputacion  did  meet  to  devise  means  for  the 
restoration  of  tranquillity.  Dept  iSl.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  128. 


■  'Ii 


■;& 


i 


t 


SESSIONS  OF  THE  LEGISLATURE. 


43 


uary  1 , 
loni,  at 
niissod 
uspen- 
issued 
lie  1st, 
;ideney 
at  any 
liimself 
100(1  cd. 
slature 

thward 
clon  to 
of  tho 
assem- 
bles, to 

ilicco,  anil 
lirst  thrcu 
d  Bueliia, 

it  S.  Diego 
Its  Domin- 
eers Iiaviii^ 

H(l()3  fUI!!- 

lU'gitlity  (  f 

^l(mt^;^cy 

;cr<)f  le'ii- 

|ioii,'  attii- 

ic  liolievi'.l 

inenil)e;'3 

lo   case    a 

loave  tlit'ii" 

not  seem 

.1  ill  favor 

S.  Diego 

;iiig()ii  its 

follow.'cl. 

)piietai'y 

line  1st. 

[o  Cooper 

'or.,  MS., 

lis  (lipii- 

I  revoking 
1  Bilrliara, 
18,  18:W, 
Inaiidante 
Is  for  the 


be  described  in  tho  next  cliaptcr,  liaving  passed,  tho 
governor  went  at  the  end  of  March  to  tho  capital, 
where  he  succeeded  witli  some  difficulty  in  getting 
toi^ethor  four  of  tho  vocales,"^  and  regular  sessions 
were  held  from  July  10th  to  October  7th,  save  that 
lor  one  month  during  this  period  the  members  were 
(llowed  leave  of  absence  to  attend  to  their  harvests. 
]  append  in  a  note  an  abstract  of  legislative  action, 
luiich  of  which  is  noticed  more  fully  elsewhere  in 
connection  with  the  special  topics  treated.-* 

The  electoral  junta  which  met  at  San  Diego  and 

"■^  Df),t  Rec,  MS.,  viii.  25,  53,  01;  Dept  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  ii.  4; 
Li'ij.  Itii'.,  MS.,  i.  130.  Tiio  four  were  Duchia  and  Jose  T.  Castro,  with  Sal- 
via Pacheeo  find  Cilrlos  Castro  as  suplcntcs.     Other  nieniliers  eainc  in  later. 

-'July  Iflth,  the  four  members  sworn  in.  Alvarado  was  still  secretary. 
( 'astro  and  Buelna  were  named  for  1st  conimittce;  Pachcco  for  the  '2d;  and 
(  VirloH  C:istro  for  the  3d.  July  14th,  a  proposition  was  presented  by  the  coni- 
iiiitUo  on  education,  that  schools  be  established  at  such  missions  as  had  none. 
.Ii;!y  lOtli,  Jiiuu  1>.  Alvarado  was  appointed  contador  de  propios  y  arbitrics 
(nnuiicipal  treasurer),  in  accoKianco  with  a  decree  of  the  c<)rtes  in  1813.  Sal- 
i  ry,  i^l5  per  month.  July  Kith,  secret  session.  Regulations  on  the  proposed 
missi'iii  schools.  July  -0th,  the  matterof  instructions  to  tlio  newly  appointed 
c,,nt;ulor  was  referred  to  a  com.  The  roglamento  adopted  in  18'_'7  was 
r..o;liliod  in  some  respects,  the  changes  including  provision  for  3  sessions 
i\  wei  k,  on  Tuesday,  Thursday,  and  Saturday.  The  president  then  submit- 
ted to  the  diputacion  his  ])Ia!i  for  changing  all  the  missions  into  pueblos.  See 
e'lap.  iv.  July  l!3d,  voted  !?.30  dollars  a  month  to  P.  Meni^nde.'^  as.  chaplain. 
Tlio  |>iesidcnt  made  a  speech  on  tho  necessity  of  maliing  a  beginning  of 
e  tililisliiiig  an  ayuntainieuto  at  Monterey  and  Sta  Barbara,  according  t )  the 
lianilo  of  Dec.  15,  18'JO,  and  decree  of  June  '23,  1813,  and  consequently  (;f 
a-sigiiiiig  bounds  to  pueblo  lands.  A  salary  of  $20  per  month  was  voted  for 
the  teacher  of  S.  Diego.  July  '2\t\\,  boundaries  of  the  f<iidos  of  Monterey 
V,  ere  fixed.  See  local  annals.  July  28tli,  boundaries  of  the  jurisdiction  of 
^Iiiiiteiey,  continued.  July  '2!)th,  same  subject,  continued.  Also  tlie  secu- 
larization project  taken  up,  and  tho  first  articles  approved.  Seecimp.  iv.  July 
olst.  .Vug.  3(1,  ajiproval  of  Keheandia's  secularization  plan  concluded.  Aug. 
Ctli,  tlicsubi''  ..of  convict  .settlers  discussed,  tho  dip.  strongly  disapproving  tlio 
sciiiliiig  of  any  more  of  tlieni  to  Cal.,  expressing  a  desire  to  get  rid  of  those 
now  luro  as  .soon  as  possible,  but  approving  Echeandi'a's  plan  of  a  puldic 
Workshop  for  such  as  had  trades.  It  was  voted  to  ask  the  sup.  govt  that 
only  j.'oo(l  and  useful  families  lie  sent  in  the  future.  Aug.  10th,  a  reglamcnto 
ill  (')  iirticles  for  the  contador  de  propios  y  arbitrios  discussed  and  ajijirovcd. 
Di'tiiils  of  keeping  the  books  of  the  ollice,  etc,  Aug.  13th,  establishment 
of  two  convents  approved  as  a  supplement  to  the  secularization  project. 
Aug.  ITtli,  a  tariff  of  duties  on  timber  established.  Sec  clia]).  v.  Aug.  '21st, 
24tli,  certain  members  ask  and  receive  leave  of  absence  for  15  days.  Others 
v.ere  t.)  bo  summoned,  but  it  seema  this  wr.s  not  a  success,  since  there  were 
I'.o  iiioro  meetings  for  more  than  a  month.  Sept.  2'Jtli,  atlSandini's  reipiest  the 
(lililciilties  of  gettingii  quorum  in  attendance  were  put  on  record.  Sept.  30th, 
i;ii|'ro\al  of  land  grants  to  Ignacio  Vallejo  and  Dolores  Pico,  in  accordance 
v.ith  tile  colonization  law  of  Nov.  '24,  1828.  Oct.  Tth,  Kessious  closcil  because 
f  viial  nicmliers  wished  to  go  homo  to  attend  to  private  business.  Leg.  Rcc, 
M^,  1.  130-72. 


4f     ' 


44 


ECHEAXDlA'S  RULE -POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


chose  the  diputacion  whose  act.s  I  have  just  recorded 
a-^seniljled  in  obedience  to  a  })r<K'lainatioii  issued  by 
Echeandi'a  on  July  30,  1828,  which  not  only  ordered 
an  election,  but  prescribed  in  detail  the  methods  to  be 
followed."     The  primary  object  was  to  elect  a  mem- 


'5  Er^famlia,  Bando  unbre  Eleccionat,  J,9,?S,  MS.  This  document  was  in 
substance  ns  follows:  1-2.  Elections  to  be  primary,  or  municipal;  aecondary, 
or  of  the  partido;  and  tertiary,  or  territorial.  Must  be  accompanied  by  pub- 
lic prayers.  3-0.  Primary  juntas  shall  include  all  citizens  over  18  yeiirs  of 
age  resident  in  the  partidos.  Sentenced  criminals,  men  morally  or  physically 
incapable,  vagabonds,  and  <lomestic  servants  vcre  not  voters.  7-9.  Primary 
elections  to  be  held  on  lid  Sunday  in  Aug.  in  jilaza  of  the  4  presidios  and  "2 
pueblos,  presided  by  comandantes  and  alcaldes,  in  the  morning  after  mass,  a 
Bccretary  and  *2  inspectors  being  chosen.  10-12.  Challenging  voters,  etc.  lU. 
Municipal  electors  to  be  chosen  as  follows:  8  for  S.  Francisco;  5  for  S.  .los.'; 
y  for  Monterey;  7  for  Sta  Barbara;  7  for  Los  Angeles;  and  \S  (?)  for  S.  Di- 
ego. 14-1,5.  Aletho<l  of  voting.  The  voter  to  repeat  the  names  of  hi  3  candi- 
dates, to  be  written  down  by  the  sec.  He  may  have  the  names  on  a  lis*', 
which  the  secretary  must  read  aloud.  10-17.  The  president  to  announce  tlio 
result.  A  tie  to  be  decided  by  lot.  Each  elector  chosen  to  receive  a  copy  (  f 
the  ar/a.  lS-'22.  A  candidate  must  bo  a  citizen,  etc. ;  2.5  years  old,  or  21  if 
married;  able  to  read  and  write;  holding  nooifice,  civil,  military,  or  ecclesiuii- 
tical.  Cannot  excuse  himself.  No  weapons  at  the  election.  No  other  imrji- 
ncss  to  be  done  by  the  junta.  2.3-5.  Secondary  juntas,  or  partido  elections, 
to  1)0  held  on  1st  Sunday  in  Sept.,  at  same  places  as  the  primary;  under  .same 
presiding  officer;  composed  of  the  municipal  electors  before  chosen.  2(}-  8. 
Three  days  before  the  election  the  electors  meet  and  choose  a  secretary  and  2 
inspectors.  Next  diiy,  credentials  presented.  Next  day,  report  on  creden- 
tials. 2!)-.32.  Election  by  secret  ballot.  If  no  one  has  a  majority,  there 
must  be  a  2d  ballot  from  the  2  highest  candidates,  a  tie  being  decided  by  1  it. 
Three  votes  at  least  rei]ulred  for  election.  .33-5.  An  elector  de  partido  i..u:;b 
have  5  years'  residence  in  the  partido  in  addition  to  the  other  qualification.;. 
(Sec  18-22.)  Credentials,  a  certified  copy  of  the  acta,  given  to  the  successful 
candidate,  and  also  sent  to  the  president  cf  the  territorial  junta.  30-8.  Ter- 
tiary or  territorial  junta  to  consist  of  the  G  electorca  de  partido,  and  to  meet 
at  S.  Diego  on  1st  Sunday  in  Oct.  being  presided  by  the  highest  political 
authoi'ity  present.  39-41.  Preliminary  meetings  for  3  days,  as  in  secomlaiy 
elections.  42-0.  Election  first  of  a  diputado,  and  then  of  a  suplento. 
Method  as  before,  except  that  the  meeting  must  l)e  with  open  doors,  tlio 
voting  viva  voce,  and  5  electors  at  least  must  take  part.  47-52.  Qualiii- 
cations  for  a  diputado  to  congress:  25  years  of  age,  and  two  years  of  cit;i;cn- 
ship  in  the  state  if  not  born  in  it;  8  years  of  citizenship,  and  an  estate  oc 
$8,000 or  income  of  $1,000,  if  not  born  in  Mexican  territory.  Property  '■  sal- 
ification not  required  of  those  born  in  Spanish  America  who  have  not  joined 
another  nation.  Certain  high  officials  debarred.  53-0.  Method  and  form  iA 
credentials.  57.  Th'i  day  after  this  election  of  a  congressman,  the  junta  ij 
to  renew  the  territorial  dip.  by  electing  the  new  members  required,  iu  th'i 
same  manner  as  ))efore.  5S.  After  the  election,  all  ollicers,  electors,  and  elcci 
shall  pass  to  the  church,  where  .shall  be  sung  a  solemn  te  deum  of  thanksgiving. 

On  pp.  12.5-30,  in  continuation  of  the  preceding  bando,  there  are  partial 
records  of  the  jirimary  and  secondary  elections  at  the  different  places  except 
S.  Francisco.  The  electors  who  met  at  S.  Diego  were  Miguel  (xonzalcz  do 
Alava,  for  S.  Josc^;  Josi5  Tiburcio  Castro,  for  Monterey;  Francisco  Atanasi> 
Cota,  for  Sta  Bai-bara;  Manuel  Dominguez,  for  Los  Angeles;  and  Agustin  V. 
Zamorano,  for  S.  Diego.  Lep.  J!cc.,  MS.,  i.  120;  JJfjit  Uec,  MS.,  vi.  107; 
Adas  de  Elecciones,  MS. ,  G-7.    In  the  last-named  authority,  the  election  of 


J 


I 


MAITOREXA  FOR  CONGRESS. 


45 


^corded 
ucd  by 
ordered 
Is  to  bo 
I  iiieiii- 


ent  was  in 
secondiiry, 
c(l  by  pub- 
is yeiirs  of 

physically 
).  i'liiiiary 
(lios  and  2 
tor  mass,  a 
•s,  etc.  13. 
nr  fS.  Jos.'; 

for  S.  Di- 
f  hi  J  candi- 
i  on  a  list, 

DOUUCO  the 

c  a,  copy  c  f 
d,   or  -h  if 
ir  ecclcaiaa- 
othcr  i)Uin- 
o  elections, 
under  sai:!3 
;en.     •2(5-8. 
tary  and  2 
on  crcdcii- 
ty,   tlicro 
ed  by  1  it. 
tido  :..U::b 
itication  J. 
successful 
5-8.  'I'cr- 
to  meet 
political 
sccoinlavy 
suplcnto. 
doors,  tho 
Qnaliii- 
f  citi^cn- 
estato  of 
crty '   .al- 
ot  joined 
I  form  (I 
junta  ii 
d,  in  tlbi 
and  olcci 
ksgiviug. 
o  partial 
es  except 
iizalez  do 
Atunasi> 
nistiu  V. 
vi.  107; 
lectiou  of 


ber  of  congress  to  take  the  place  of  Gervasio  Argue- 
llo  for  tlie  term  of  1829-30;  and  on  Sunday,  Octo- 
ber otli,  Lieutenant  Josd  Joaquin  Maitorena  of  Santa 
Biirl)ara  Avas  chosen  for  the  place,  with  Santiago  Ar- 
giiello  as  substitute.  This  was  a  most  extraordinary 
choice;  for  Maitorena,  though  honest  enough  and 
good-natured,  was  unreservedly  given  up  to  drunken- 
ness, and  had  retained  his  place  in  the  Santa  Bdrbara 
'^)in[)any  only  because  he  had  when  sober  some  skill 
as  ail  accountant.  There  were  times,  generally  fol- 
lowing illness  and  confinement  in  tho  calahozo,  when, 
like  liip  van  Winkle,  he  'swore  off";  perhaps  it  was  in 
one  of  these  sober  intervals  that  he  was  elected  to  con- 
jTress.  But  the  honor  was  too  much  for  the  poor  fol- 
low. He  was  very  drunk  at  Topic,  where  he  was  tho 
oljject  of  much  ridicule;  he  seems  not  to  have  been 
in  a  condition  to  take  his  seat  as  diputado,  and  ho 
died  in  Mexico  about  the  time  his  term  of  office  ex- 
pired."^ 

Maitorena  by  .'{  votes  and  Argiiello  by  4  is  recorded,  as  also  in  Sf.  Pap.,  Srtr., 
MS.,  xix.  48;  I)<j>t.  Sf.  Pap.^S.  Jo.oU  MS.,  iv.  71;  and  Z";/-  AVr-.,  MS.,i.  115). 
Echeandia's  b:'ndo  is  also  found  in  Dcpt.tit.  Pap.,S.  Jof'f',  V.H.,  iv.  ■").')-71. 
Aug.  1st,  E.  orders  conianJantcj  and  alcaldes  to  publish  the  band;).  Drjif.  It'c, 
MS.,  vi.  74.  Xov.  i;;'2S,  Jan.  1829,  E.  orders  Maitorena  to  start  for  Mexico.  /'^, 
vii.  70;  vi.  128.  June  So,  1829,  Eeheandia  explains  to  minister  of  jiislico 
the  ari'an.gcnient  of  election  districts,  S.  Cabriel  and  S.  Fernando  lieiny 
joined  to  Los  Angeles,  and  Sta  Clara  and  Sta  Cruz  to  S.  Josi5.  /</.,  vii.  2!!. 

■"  Josii  Joaquin  iMuitorcna  entered  the  military  service  as  a  soldado  distin- 
guido,  his  father  having  been  an  olficer  in  1800;  eanic  to  Cal.  in  1801  as  cadet 
ill  the  Sta  ]};irbara  company;  was  made  alfcrez  in  1800;  and  after  several  lec- 
ommendations  from  governor  and  coniandanto  ho  was  finally  promoted  to  bo 
lieutenant  of  the  company  in  1S27.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xxi.  58;  JJcpl.  /'"•., 
MS.,  V.  ;«»,  121-2;  Dor.  IIUi.  CL,  M.S.,  iv.  G5o-(i.  lSlO-21,  corrcsp.  of  Sola 
and  ( luerra,  with  frequent  mention  of  Maitorena's  drunkenness,  and  the  result- 
in';  troubles  to  his  family  as  well  as  to  the  public  service.  Ono-ra,  Doc,  MS., 
iiifC'i-0, 101,  in;  iv.  4,  I'lj-IO.andpns.sim;  Pror.  St.  Pa)).,yi>>.,  xx.  110.  From 
1S2J  to  1827  little  is  said  on  the  subject,  and  itis  probable  that  Don  Joa((niu 
behaved  himself  better  than  before.  His  actions  at  Tepic,  where  ho  stayeil 
t.'.o  months  on  his  way  to  Mexico,  are  described  in  a  letterof  Manuel  Varela, 
dated  Teiiic,  Aug.  ],  1829.  <-'iirrrii,  JJor.,'MS.,  vi.  i;r)-7.  He  was  con.stantly 
intoxicated;  attnicted  the  attention  of  everybody  by  his  foolish  actions  and  ro- 
iiK.'ks;  vas  initiated  into  a  mock  l:)dge  of  masons;  and  liad  a  ludicrous  (piarrel 
V.  ii!i  the  treasurer  to  whom  he  ap]died  for  money  on  account  of  his  r'u'di  rw.  Car- 
li  1  ("urillo,  in  a  letter  from  Tepic  of  April  2,  18;)!,  gives  the  remaining  detaila 
'  'f  >Iaitorena's  life  as  learned  from  Xavarro,  the  member  from  Lower  Cal.  In 
Mc:.ioo  he  M'as  rarely  in  his  right  mind,  and  was  not  deemed  in  a  fit  condition 
'."  talcc  his  seat,  though  his  credentials  we-  •  admitted,  nnd  part  of  his  salary 
was  paid.  Ho  died  probably  late  in  IS"  ^  ot  apoplexy  caused  by  his  dissipa- 
tinii.  O'l'crra,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  100-200.     Tho  vagaries  of  this  congressman  aro 


46 


ECHEANDf  A'S  IIULE-POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


Thus  California  was  not  represented  in  the  conj^ress 
of  1829-30,  for  there  is  no  evidence  that  Santiago 
Argiicllo  went  to  the  national  capital  at  all;  yet  the 
territory  received  some  slight  notice  from  the  Mexican 
authorities.  The  minister  of  the  treasury  departnu^nt 
included  in  his  report  some  information  respecting 
Californian  finances,"  which,  so  fur  as  it  is  intelligible, 
will  be  utilized  elsewhere.  The  military  establishment 
was  also  honored  with  brief  mention,  and  an  ayudanto 
inspector,  an  officer  unknown  in  California  since  the 
time  of  Captain  Soler,  was  sent  to  aid  General  Echean- 
di'a,  in  the  person  of  Lieutenant-colonel  Jose  Maria 
Padres,  who  came  up  from  Loreto  in  the  summer  of 
1830.''^^  To  supply  anotlier  urgent  need  of  the  terri- 
tory, where  there  were  as  yet  no  lawyers,  the  licenci- 
ado  Rafael  Gomez  was  sent  to  California  as  ascsor,  or 
legal  adviser.  He  arrived  about  the  same  time  as 
Padres,  and  took  the  oath  of  office  at  San  Dieofct  ou 
August  18,   1830.'^'     The  political  struggles,  revolu- 


1 


also  noticed  in  Alvarudo,  Hid.  CuL,  !MS.,  ii.  122-G;  Fernandez,  Cosasih  C'ah, 
M.S.,  3j-7;  Vcdlrj),  lii<t.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  lS-'24.  Alvarailo  attributes  to  liini 
many  gooil  qualities,  altliougli  admitting  lu3  faults.  Maitorcna  left  .'^onio 
kind  of  a  quanvl  with  (Japt.  Miguel  (Jonzalcz,  which  both  Gov,  Victoria  and 
Gov.  Figucroa  were  ordered  to  investigate;  but  fuudly  in  1S34  Capt.  Z:un- 
orano  suggested  that,  Muitoiena  being  dead,  the  matter  might  as  well  bo 
dropped.  Di'jit.  St.  Pep.,  Lien.  MIL,  MS.,  Ixxiv. 

'"Mexico,  Mem.  Ilwienda,  1S;50,  annexes  24,  33,  37,  41,  43,  44,  52,  .50,  oT, 
64.  Aug.  17,  182!),  law  imposing  a  forced  loan  on  California  with  other  ti'r- 
ritories,  and  discounting  salaries.  Sept.  ir)th,  decrees  creating  a  fund  I'.jr  tliu 
war  against  Spain;  but  exempting  the  troops  of  California  from  the  discount 
on  pay,  on  account  of  their  position  on  an  Indian  frontier.  Arrillaiju,  lieco- 
piladoude  Lei/es,  1829,  p.  214-23;  1831,  24-30,  48. 

^■'lu  Mejiro,  Mem.  Guerrn,  1830,  annex.  1-3,  the  force  in  the  Californias 
la  given  aa  422  cavalry,  supported  at  a  cost  of  0131,440.  Feb.  1 1,  1830,  ord.'r 
to  merge  t!ie  8.  lilas  company  into  the  regular  prcsidial  companies.  Suji.  G.,rt 
S'.  Pap.,  ^IS.,  vi.  2.  Arrival  of  Padres  at  S.  IJ logo  on  the /^co«or  on  .July 
1,  1830.  .Sitih  Govt  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  vi.  i);  t'arrlllo  (/.),  i>of.,MS.,  27-8;  JJcpt. 
St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS..  Ixxii.  21. 

'■'"(!ome;','s  taking  po  •session  ot  the  office.  Dcpt.  St.  PajJ.tS.  Jo.'^f',  MS.,  iv. 
91  ;  Id.,  Mont.,  vi.  (J;  fd.,  Ben.  Mi.,  Ixxii.  21,  42;  Ihpt.  Dec.,  MS.,  viii.  92. 
Ho  hail  a  salary  of  i?3,000.  The  law  creating  the  oilicc  seems  to  have  been 
dated  July  or  Aug.  29,  1S29.  In  hi.i  veiiort  of  Jan.  i;)3l  the  sec.  of  jiisticu 
reco.umended  that  the  asesor  lie  made  judge  as  well,  with  appeal  to  the  near- 
est circuit  com  ■,  instead  of  Mexico,  on  account  of  the  great  distance,  ^fex  ro, 
Miin.  JuMiciii,  1831,  p.  7,  annex  4.  Mfxiro,  Mem.  Hacienda  1832,  annex  X. 
Oct.  12,  1329,  Vlruiond  fro]n  ^loxio  announces  tlio  appointment  of  the  fol- 
lowing officers  for  Crdifornia:  liafacl  Goui^alcz,  ndrainiotrator  of  customs  at 
Monterey;  Manuel  Jimeuo  Casarin,  contadorof  cuotum-housc;  Francisci)  i'orcz 


A  PENAL  COLOXY, 


47 


ionj^rcsa 
Santiago 
yet  the 
^lexical! 
artriKnit 
spccting 
slligible, 
i  slim  en  t 
yudauto 
nee  the 
Echean- 
j  Maria 
iiiiiier  of 
lie  teii'i- 
!  liceuci- 
sesor,  or 
time  as 

Dieixo  oi^ 
,  revolii- 


)sasile  f'ah, 
tea  to  him 

left    ."OHIO 

ictoi'iii  iiiul 

|Capt.  Z;ini- 

as  WL'U  bo 

'"I'T   ""ii!  .")7 
li  other  ttT- 
Kunl  i->v  tho 
he  discount 
|/ay«,  Ueco- 

I  Califoviii;i3 
llSnO,  <n\kT 
Sup.  a..rf, 
\or  on  .luly 
>7-8;7>yv^ 

}»',  MS.,  iv. 
|S.,viii.  !)-2. 
1  liavc  beeu 
of  justice 
lo  tho  iicav- 
Ic.  M(X  CO, 
J,  annex  X. 
|of  the  fol- 
ustonia  at 
ciscu  I'ercz 


tions,  and  eounter-revolutlon3  for  the  presidency,  be- 
tweun  Gomez  Pedraza,  Guerrero,  and  Bustamante,  in 
tlio  years  1828-30,  made  no  impression,  in  fact  were 
hardly  known,  in  Cahfornia.*'  Other  national  meas- 
ures, with  a  single  exception,  require  no  special  atten- 
tion.'' 

The  exception  was  in  the  matter  of  utilizing  Cali- 
fornia as  a  penal  colony  for  Mexican  criminals.  A 
small  number  of  convicts  had  arrived,  as  we  have  seen, 
in  18"J5,  and  now  orders  were  issued  to  send  them 
i'rom  all  parts  of  the  republic.^''^  These  instructions, 
which  the  Mexican  authorities  had  the  assurance  to 
regard  as  a  means  for  im[)roving  the  morals  of  the 
convicts  and  for  colonizing  California,  were  much 
more  promptly  obeyed,  it  is  safe  to  say,  than  if  they 
had  been  calculated  to  benefit  the  territory;  and  within 
a  year  more  than  a  hundred  criminals  had  been  sen- 
tenced io  presidio  work  in  this  northern  Botany  l-]ay."' 
Echeandia  protested  rather  feebly,  as  soon  as  the  news 

iMchcco,  eoniandante  of  the  resguarilo;  ami  Lieut.  Zamorono,  promoted  to 
captain.  Uiifrra,  Doc,  MS.,  vi.  14,'). 

'''Sept.  0,  ISJ'I,  news  of  I'rcs.  Guerrero's  accession  received.  7^'7>/.  />c , 
MS.,  vii,  222.  Feb.  19,  1820,  gov.  forbids  communication  witli  Acapulc), 
and  adhesion  to  tlie  plan  do  I'croLe.  Id.,  vii.  87.  March  14th,  conimunicatiou 
reopened.  /(/.,  vii.  109. 

^'Jan.  21,  1828,  oi-dcrs  from  Mexico  circulated  to  send  in  bids  for  repair.^ 
on  the  public  roads.  May  21st,  no  l)ids.  Echeandia,  however,  rccomniendu  tho 
fipcnin;,'  of  a  road  to  Sonora,  and  one  from  Sta  B;lrl)ara  to  S.  Diego.  Ihjif, 
J'ii\,  MS.,  vi.  1715;  vii.  17.  Jan.  ."30,  1829,  minister  of  justice  wants  a  list  of 
ayuntamicntiiS,  jurisdictions,  prisoners,  etc.  Sup.  Govt  St.  Pap.,  MS  ,  \.  1. 
(Congress  urged  to  give  tho  Californias  a  form  of  government  suited  t)  their 
interests,  since  now  the  old  Spanish  laws  prevail.  Mexico,  Mem.  lieludotie", 
1829,  p.  21. 

^-  April  29,  1829,  secretary  of  justice  issues  a  circular  urging  judges  to  sen- 
tence criminals  to  California  presidios  instead  of  Vera  Cruz.  Order  trans- 
mitted ))y  secretary  of  war.  May  9th,  further  orders  to  governors  of  dilVerent 
states  about  forwarding  convicts.  ArriUa'ju,  lucop.,  1S29,  p.  G7-9.  Oct.  21.st, 
SIC.  of  war  to  comandantc  of  Acapnloo.  The  govt  will  send  to  Cal.  tlio  fiitiii- 
lies  of  such  convicts  as  may  desire  it.  Id.,  p.  209-70.  Marcli  22d,  tin;  govt 
expects  improvement  in  the  morals  of  the  convicts,  is  preparing  a  regulation 
f  ir  tlieir  management,  and  to  give  them  the  means  of  earning  an  honest  liv- 
ing, forwarding  their  families,  etc.   Mcx-'fo,  Mrm.  Justic'm,  18liO,  p.  l.'i,  10-20. 

^'  1  have  before  mo  tho  records  of  sentence  of  vei-y  many  of  tlieso  criminals, 
^^•ith  name,  ])lace,  date,  and  crime,  in  Vullijo,  Dor.,  JIS.,  xxix.  40S-S(,,  Si. 
I'wp.,  Bni.,  MS.,  i.  82-9;  Dept.  SI.  Pap.,  Urn.  3Iil.,  ■MS.,  Iax.n.  12  l.'!;  LL, 
j!'-n.  i'lixl.-lL,  MS.,  iv.  484-5.  List  of  SO  convicts  brought  to  Cal.  on  the 
Muri'i  Ester,  with  full  particulais,  in  St.  Pap.,  Den.,  MS.,  i.  80-9;  Drj.i.  St. 
J'op.,Jle,).  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxii.  19.  List  of  03  convicts  Kcnteiiced  to  California 
before  Dec.  1829.     Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xx:d.  85;  St.  Pap.,  Sac.,  MS.,  xi.  10-12. 


48 


ECnEANDlA'S  RULE-POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


came,  in  September  1829,  as^ainst  the  sending  of  any 
but  'useful'  convicts,  since  California  had  no  jails,  and 
the  local  government  could  be  responsible  neither  for 
the  safety  of  the  criminals  nor  for  the  morals  of  the 
community  thus  exposed  to  contamination.'^*  Of 
course  this  had  no  effect;  and  in  February  1830  the 
Maria  Ester  brought  up  about  eighty  of  the  unwcl- 
c  )nje  colonists  from  Acapulco  to  San  Diego.  Cap- 
tain Holmes  was  not  allowed  to  land  them  in  the 
governor's  absence,  and  went  on  to  Santa  Barbara  in 
^larch.  A  sergeant  and  twelve  soldiers  were  in 
charge  of  the  convicts.^' 

How  to  dispose  of  the  new-comers  was  a  question 
of  much  perplexity.  Nobody  wanted  anything  to  do 
with  them;  and  a  month  passed  before  any  decision 
was  reached,  perhaps  before  they  were  landed  at  all; 
and  then,  late  in  April,  thirty  of  the  worst  of  them, 
and  probably  many  more,  were  sent  over  to  Santa 
Cruz  Island  with  a  sup])ly  of  cattle  and  fish-hooks  to 
get  a  living  as  best  as  they  could;  while  the  rest  were 
!;et  to  work  for  private  employers  in  the  region  of 
Santa  Bdrbara  and  Los  Anireles.^"     Protests  were  re- 


"^Sept.  18,  1829,  E.  to  sup.  govt.  Dept.  Pec,  MS.,  vii.  38-40.  In  Dor. 
Hi4A'<d.,  MS.,  iv.  S!I7,  I  liml  an  unsignuJ  document  dated  Mexico,  April 
2J,  ISliO,  purporting  to  bo  iiddrcssed  by  the  diputado  of  Cal.  to  the  sup.  govt, 
in  whicli  tlic  writer  protests  ugaiust  tlio  sending  of  convicts.  If  there  is  nj 
error,  this  would  indicate  that  Maitorcna  did  make  at  least  one  honest  effort  to 
survc  his  constituents. 

^*  The  Maria  ExUr  left  Acapulco  Dee.  19th,  touched  at S.  Bias  and  S.  Liicas, 
and  lost  one  convict  on  the  voyage.  The  exact  number  varies  from  77  i-o  S3 
iii  different  documents.  Tlie  Eiiriqudn  was  reported  to  be  coming  with  more 
convicts.  D(i>t.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  UiS;  Id.,  Cust.-H.,  i.  32-3;  /(/.,  Ben. 
<:ti.<-/f.,  iii.  Sd-G;  Ucpt.  Bee,  MS.,  viii.  2."),  28,  50. 

'''Coin.  Ciirrillo's letters  to  the  governor  about  landing  the  convicts  on  Sta 
Rosa  Island  in  March-Apr.  1833.  Dcpf.  Sf.  Pap.,  Den.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxxviii. 
1-3.  April  23d,  the  Maria  Enter  sailed  for  Sta  Cruz  Island  with  31  of  tlio 
number,  tlie  missions  furnishing  some  tools,  cattle,  hooks,  and  a  little  grain. 
Carrillo  (J.),  Dor.,  MS.,  22.  March  18th,  Echeandiatocomandante  of  Monte- 
rey fiom  S.  Luis  Obispo,  explaining  his  plan  to  send — apparently  all — tha 
convieti  to  the  islands.  Dept.  llec-,  MS.,  viii.  29-32.  Mrs.  Ord,  Ocnrroicia-i, 
IMS.,  2.J-7,  says  the  convicts  were  in  a  naked  and  very  filthy  condition  on 
tlieir  arrival.  Capt.  Guerra  furnished  tiiem  with  clothing,  made  a  speecli 
encouraging  them  to  good  conduct,  and  personally  employed  8  or  10.  At  tho 
inland;)  .T,  fire  soon  destroyed  all  they  had,  and  after  a  time,  getting  no  relief, 
t'.icy  built  rafts,  and  all  came  over  to  tlie  main,  landing  at  Carpinterfa.  Tlie 
narrator  says  that  as  a  rule  they  became  very  good  people.  Nov.  2u,  13  of 
those  sent  to  the  island  had  returned  and  i^resented  themselves  to  the  comau- 
dante.  Dipt.  Jier.,  MS.,  viii.  122. 


I 


■•^ 


COMING  OF  THE  COXVICTS. 


4r. 


;  of  any 
ails,  and 
tlier  for 
i  of  the 
1/*  Of 
830  the 
I  unwel- 
).  C'ap- 
1  in  tho 
rbara  in 
were   in 

question 

n<jr  to  do 

decision 

id  at  all; 

of  til  till, 

bo  Santa 
hooks  to 
'est  were 
e<xion  of 
were  re- 


0.  In  Dor. 
cxico,  Aiiril 
10  sup.  gi)vt, 
"  tlioru  is  no 
liest  effijrt  to 

Ul  S.  Lucas, 

\m  77  io  83 

with  more 

/(/.,  Ben. 

ricts  on  Sta 

Ixxxviii. 

Ih  31  of  tho 

little  grain. 

be  of  Monte- 

|tly  all— tho 

kurrcnciaii, 

jndition  on 

|le  a  speech 

10.     At  tho 

Ig  no  relief, 

terfa.     The 

>2u,  13  of 

Ithe  comau- 


ceivcd  from  all  directions;  and  at  Monterey  a  niectinLj 
was  held  in  May  to  pass  formal  resolutions  and  appoint 
a  committee  to  wait  on  the  gcfe  politico,  and  urjjfe 
tho  importance  of  sending  the  convicts  back  on  the 
same  sliij)  that  brought  them.'''  Tiie  diputacion  passed 
resolutions  of  similar  purport  in  August,  as  has  been 
noted  in  the  legislative  records;  but  meanwhile,  in 
July,  there  had  arrived  the  Leonor,  Captain  Fitch, 
with  fifty  more  convicts,  about  whom  we  have  less 
information  than  in  the  case  of  tho  first  company.''^ 
With  few  exceptions,  no  attempt  was  made  to  con- 
fine the  criminals;  but  they  were  distributed  through 
the  territory  to  earn  their  living  under  a  surveillance 
of  the  local  authorities,  more  nominal  than  real.  A 
few  escaped  across  the  frontier;  and  of  those  who 
served  out  their  time,  a  large  part  remained  perma- 
nently in  California,  where  some  were  the  founders  of 
respectable  families.^* 

The  sending:  of  the  convicts  and  tho  resultinof  dis- 
cussions  doubtless  had  an  effect  to  embitter  the  feeling 
that  was  beginning  to  exist  between  Californians  and 
^Mexicans,  particularly  at  ]Monterey,  where  the  quar- 
rel between  Gonzalez  and  Estrada  had  oriafinatetl  a 
sentiment  of  hostility  which  outlasted  the  Mexican 
power  in  California.  At  the  celebration  of  the  inde- 
})endeiice  on  September  16,  1830,  a  free  fight  is  said  to 

'•]\Iay  1,  18.30,  resolutions  signed  by  J.ian  Malarin,  Mariano  Soberancs, 
Jost5  Castro,  Antonio  Osio,  Juan  B.  Alvarailo,  Abel  .Stearns,  Juan  Cooper, 
David  Spence,  and  Win  Hartncll.  10  articles  subsequently  approved  by 
Kcheandia.  Dtpt.  St.  Pap.,  S.  Joaf,  MS.,  v.  Si-o.  May  30th,  alouldo  (?)  of 
Muntercy  to  governor,  speaks  of  the  excitement  caused  by  the  arrival,  thj 
giuatcr  Ijccauso  of  the  part  taken  by  convicts  in  tlie  Solis  revolt;  and  begs  in 
the  name  of  the  citizens  that  they  be  not  permitted  to  land.  St.  Pan.,  Sac, 
MS.,  X.  89-90. 

3"  July  21,  1830,  arrival  of  the  Leonor  at  S.  Diego,  where  23  of  tlie  convict.s 
riMuained.  Dfipl.  St.  Paj).,  Ben.  C(/.s<.-//.,  MS.,  iii.  54;  J)ept.  I'rc,  MS.,  viii. 
.S3.  In  the  Atleta,  .\pr.  1,  1830,  it  is  stated  tliat  Gen.  Bcrdejo  levied  a  tax 
(if  .'?3  on  such  presidiarios  as  wished  for  freedom,  and  many  dcstiuod  fur 
California  were  set  at  liberty. 

3"  According  to  Vallejo,  J/ht.  Cat.,  MS.,  ii.  09-73,  Echeandia  excused  the 
Mux.  govt  for  sending  convicts,  on  the  ground  of  ignorance.  'El  G.jljiorno 
i.'uoraba  que  existiesen  familias  decentesy  de  educacion  en  la  peninsula,'  ho 
^aiil  to  Lieut.  Saucliez.  A  squad  of  soldiers  came  as  a  guard  of  thi.s  last  as  of 
t'.w  first  convict  band.  These  soldiers  seem  to  liavc  lieen  sent  back  to  the  south 
soon.  Alf.  Antonio  Nieto  commanded  tlie  last  squad. 
Hist.  Cal.,  Voi..  111.    4 


00 


ECIIKANDlA'S  RULE-POLITICAL  AFFAIIIS. 


liavo  taken  plare  in  tho  j^ovornor'.s  house  between  tlio 
iiative-lioi'ii  youth  of  the  capital  and  '  los  di;  la  otra 
banda/Juan  11.  Alvaradoand  Uodri^odel  Plienjfoplay- 
'm<*  the  leadinijf  roles,  and  tho  occasion  heiui,'  an  insult- 
in<»:  toast  1)V  Piiixjfo.  Later  in  the  year,  as  the  ivcords 
show,  Jose  Castro  was  arrested  on  a  chariot!  of  postinj^ 
j)as(|uinadL'S  and  of  publicly  expressin_L(  his  [)atriotie 
contein[)t  lor  the  ^[exicans.**^ 

On  October  ■],  18;]0,  livopartido  electors,  chosen  by 
the  process  already  described,  met  at  ^lonterey  in  ac- 
cordance with  l*^cheaudi'a's  proclamation  of  Aui^ust  1st, 
and  elected  Carlos  A.  Carrillo  as  diputado  to  coni^ress 
for  18;31-2,  with  Juan  Bandini  as  substitute,  Jose 
Antonio  Carrillo  and  Agustin  Zamorano  bcinji^  the 
thifeated  candidates.  Next  day,  the  4th,  they  chose 
three  new  meml)ers,  as  required  by  law,  to  com- 
})leto  the  territorial  diputacion,  with  the  same  number 
of  suplentes.  The  services  of  the  officers  thus  chosen 
belonjjf  to  tho  annals  of  another  decade." 


*"rnrrifh(J.),  Z)or.,  MS.,  30-1;  Alvamdo,  Hist.  Cnl,  MS.,  ii.  110;  iii.  8- 
11;  Vallrjo,  lliiif.  CVr'.,  MS.,  ii.  113-1").  Incomplete  record  of  proecudiii<,'s  in  tiio 
Castro  case.  Doiit.  St.  Pai>.,Jii'n.  MiK,  MS.,  Ixxi.  G(M).  On  iinotlier  occasion, 
ucconling  to  Alvuriiilo,  Jose  Castro  slapped  Plieijo's  face  in  return  for  insulting 
remarks  on  the  lack  of  education  among  the  Californians. 

■"  July  1'2,  I S30,  Mfx'ico,  ncijldspura  (a.iilrccioiwidc  h'qiutadoK  y  dc  Ai/uiifn- 
mii'iifo^,  (III  iliilri/o  1/  fi-rrilofios  dflii  J'eiJiiMicii,  ISJO.  Printed  copy  from  de- 
partment of  the  interior  in  rrtZ/cJo,  7Jo(?.,  MS.,  XXX.  yO;  also  in  ^( /•;v7/'(,'/'^  AV- 
cop.,  ISoi),  p.  'J.IS-O,'}.  Much  of  this  law  relates  more  particularly  to  the  city 
of  Mexico,  its  blocks,  wards,  etc.;  but  in  so  far  as  it  applies  to  California,  it 
does  not  dill'er  materially  from  the  i-egulations  given  in  Echeandia's  bando  of 
1S2S.  Oct.  3,  1830,  certificate  of  tho  election  of  Carrillo  and  Bandini,  signed 
by  Echcandia  and  by  the  electors,  who  were:  Domingo  Carrillo,  of  Sta  l>ar- 
bara;  Juan  Maria  Osuna,  of  S.  Diego;  Jos6  Antonio  Carrillo,  of  Los  Angeles; 
Joc'5  Pena,  of  S.  Francisco;  and  Juan  Malarin,  of  Monterey.  Tho  document 
was  also  signed  by  tho  alcalde  of  Monterey,  and  by  Francisco  Pacheco  anrl 
Antonio  Uuclna  as  witnesses.  Doc.  Hist.  CVt/.  ,MS,,  i.  37.  Names  of  electors 
also  i:i  Adasde  Elwcionen,  M.S.,  9-10;  Luis  Peralta,  fromS.  Jose,  was  rejected 
for  want  of  proper  credentials.  Notice  of  Carrillo's  election  in  Carrillo  (J. ), 
Doc,  MS.,  31;  De-pt.  Jiec,  MS.,  viii.  104.  Record  of  municipal  or  primary  elec- 
tions at  S.  Francisco  Aug.  loth;  9  electors  chosen.  ValUjo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  0; 
at  Los  Angeles,  same  date,  Lo>i  A)ijelc/>,  Ayiint.  Uec,  MS.,  0;  nt  S.  Diego, 
Aug.  "22(1,  13  electors  chosen.  It  is  difficult  to  account  for  the  largo  number 
in  comparison  with  other  places.  S.  Dicjo,  Arch.,  MS.,  10-17.  The  three  vo- 
cales  of  the  dip.  chosen  Oct.  4th  to  take  the  place  of  retiring  membei's  were 
Mariano  G.  Vallejo,  5th;  Joaquin  Ortega,  Gth;  Antonio  Maria  Osio,  7th.  Su- 
plentes: Francisco  dc  Haro,  1st;  Tomds  Yorba,  2d;  and  Santiago  Arguello, 
3d.  Adas  dc  Elrccionex,  MS.,  11;  Drpt.  Rec,  MS.,  viii.  104,  Oct.  7th,  gov. 
notifies  Vallejo  of  his  election.   Vallrjo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  7, 


KXPULSION  OF  SPANIARDS. 


r.i 


ocii  tho 
la  otra 
jjopliiy- 
i  insult- 
ivcords 

postin!^ 
)atriotic 

oson  by 
sy  ill  ad- 
just 1st, 
joiii^ress 
te,  Joso 
iing  tlie 
ey  chose 
to  coiu- 
1  nuiubcr 
IS  chosen 


10;  iii.  8- 

lings  in  tlio 

r  ocuaHion, 

for  insulting 


'Wm 


V 


<le  Ayunta- 
py  from  dc- 
'lllnijn,  llc- 
to  the  city 
iliforuiii,  it 
's  bantlo  of 
dini,  signoel 
of  Sta  IVir- 
,03  Angeles; 
lO  document 
'aclieco  ami 
of  electors 
vas  rejected 
rrillofJ.), 
iiniiry  clec- 
.  MS.,  i.  0; 
t  S.  Diego, 
•ge  number 
lie  three  vo- 
mbera  wero 
7th.    Su- 
Arguello, 
t.  7th,  gov. 


% 


I'lom  I8'J7  to  IS-Ji)  Ihi'  u.^ioiinl  i^^overmuont  issue;! 
a  loiiL,^  aiid  M»inc\vliat  (•(iiiiplicalcd  scries  of  laws  and 
)(".;iil;dioiis  oil  the  ex|)iiIsioM  of  all  SpMiiiards  from 
Me\ie;i!i  tei'ritorv,  the  |»riiiciiiMl  laws  heiin.^  tliose  of 
J)eceiiiher  'JO,  IS-JT,  and  March  20,  IHi'!).'*"'  ]iy  th(; 
terms  of  the  former,  the  classes  I'xompt  from  exptd- 
sion  \vei'<'  (ini(e  luimeroiis,  iiichidlii'L^  those  Spaiiiai'ds 
]»hysically  <lisahled,  those  over  sixty  years  old,  such 
as  were  mairicd  to  JNTexicau  wives  or  had  chilch'cu 
not  Spaniards,  professois  of  nsefid  ar'ts  ami  sciences, 
and  all  who  had  I'endei'ed  s[iecial  si>rvices  to  the  cause 
of  in(!e[)endeK-e,  or  who  had  manifested  jj^reat  aifee- 
tion  Ibr  that  cause.  Such  l)y  taking  the  oath  of 
allegiance  mi'^ht  I'emain.  The  chief  ajtplication  of 
this  law  in  Califoi-nia  was  of  coui'se  to  the  friars,  of 
whom  T  shall  speak  sepai'ately;  but  there  were  also 
other  S]>aniar(ls  in  tlie  territory.  Echoandi'a  seems 
to  have  interpreted  the  law,  or  Instructions  that  may 
have  hei'U  sent  with  it,  to  mean  simply  that  resident 
S[!aniai'ds  were  to  be  re[)orted  and  required  to  take 
the  oath.  Corresponding'  orders  were  issued  and  lists 
were  sent  to  Mexico  in  1828.''^ 

*-  ArrWnqn,  IJirop.,  1S'2S-31,  passim.  I^w  of  1S27  in  Id.,  1828,  p.  100- 
7;  L:nv  of  l,s-J',»  in  /r/.,  bS.'il,  p.  221-0.  See  also  Sup.  Uovt  St.  I'up.,  MS., 
V.  2  ."•;  xix.  41-.")4;  Jh'i.t.  St.  I'ap.,  MS.,  v.  2S;  Vallcjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xx.xi.  5; 
J>t.<iwit.  Vnriiis,  ii.  .■),"). 

'^  KKIinnolcx,  J'i'larlun  ih  Ion  MVitnrex  E'>pnHoh'K,  qw  hail  jiri'sttailo  jurn- 
Winto,  COD  crjircsinii  tir  sii.i  rlaMn,  edndcK,  wrr/'v'o.x,  etc.,  IS.JS,  MS.  This  list 
wa.'i  forwarded  liy  l''i.lieandia  to  the  minister  of  war  on  Dec.  (itli,  and  contains 
tiic  following  names:  ('apt.  Josc'  Maria  Kstudillo;  Capt.  Jose  Bandini;  I'adro 
Antonio  Mcnendcz;  Lieut.  Xarciso  Fabregat;  Capt.  Jose  de  la  (iuerra  y 
Noriega;  Manuel  (lutieiTcz,  ranchero  and  capitalist,  82  years  old,  40  years  in 
Cal. ;  \ii)unte  Cane,  one  of  tlic  ^l.s/Vi'.v  men;  Juan  Mai'iner,  retired  artillcry- 
nian  witli  rank  of  lieut. — over  GO — 33  years  in  Cal.;  Manuel  Cutierrez,  4") 
ycais,  7  in  Cal.;  Francisco  Ci'iceres,  30  years,  11  in  Cal.;  Joso  Amesti,  3> 
years,  7  in  Cal.;  Estevan  Mnnras,  ',]',)  years,  8  in  Cal.;  Antonio  Suuol,  ;{.") 
years,  12  in  Cal.;  Itanion  Espindola,  artilleryman,  00  years;  Antonio  Perui, 
artilleryman,  50  years;  Francisco  Carcia,  iuvalido,  00  years;  Joaquin  de  la 
'I'orre,  44  years,  25  in  Cal.;  Francisco  Cayuelas,  80  years;  Jaime  Monyn,  oau 
<'f  tho  yis;,'",,'  nien;  as  -were  also  Manuel  Fogo  and  Salvador  Garcia;  .lo.sj 
I'einundcz,  2,'>  years,  11  in  Cal.;  Luis  Castro,  deserter  from  tho  Aqnlle.-i;  ai 
Were  also  Joso  Nadal,  Francisco  Fernandez,  Francisco  Filibert,  Ramon  Ol);s, 
serL't.,  P(d)lo  iSobradelas,  Jose  M*  Iglesias,  trader,  Miguel  Culebras,  tradov: 
Rafael  Romero,  30  years,  suspected  tiiief;  Junn  Ign.  Mancisidor,  4i)  years, 
supercargo;  Antonio  Jos(5  Cot,  already  embarked;  Francisco  Martinez,  h-i3 
pnssport;  P.  Luis  Martinez,  has  passport.  Contrary  to  the  indication  in  thj 
title,  many  of  those  uamcd  had  not  taken  the  oath,  but  had  been  ordered  to 


52 


ECHEANDf  A'S  RULE-POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


The  law  of  1829  was  more  stringent  than  that  of 
1827,  which  it  annulled,  ordering  the  immediate  ex- 
pulsion of  all  Spaniards  except  those  physically  inca- 
jiablc  of  departure  and  those  who  were  sons  of  Amer- 
ican-born parents.  I  find  nothing  in  the  law  indicative 
of  any  favor  to  such  as  had  sworn  allegiance;  but  so 
it  was  evidently  understood  in  California,  where  it  was 
})roaiulgated  in  July.  Nine  men,  nearly  all  deserters 
from  the  Aquiles,  were  selected  for  exile,  two  of  whom, 
however,  were  allowed  after  all  to  remain;  while  all  the 
rest  on  different  pretexts,  chiefly  of  infirmity  and  addic- 
tion to  the  republican  cause,  were  deemed  exempt.^* 
Another  branch  of  this  national  proscription  was  the 
decree  of  May  10,  1827,  debarring  Spaniards  from 
holding  any  office  or  public  employment  until  Spain 
should  recognize  the  independence  of  Mexico.  Some 
soldiers  were  discharged,  and  the  officers  Guerra,  Es- 


do  so.  There  are  several  documents  relating  to  different  individuals  of  those 
named  above  in  i>;v^  /iVc,  MS.,  vi.  72,  9,'),  12.")-(>,  1. ").•?;  vii.  '204,  209;  7>/.^ 
,SV.  P<ip.,  MS.,  xix.  G-8,  19,  22,  4,");  ,SV.  Pap.,  Ben.,  .M.S.,  i.  73-5.  Nov.  22d, 
1S28,  Echeandfa  orders  in^"estigation  of  an  insult  oficrcd  to  the  national  fla^ 
o:i  Sept.  Iflth;  also  outr.ages  to  old  Spaniards.  ])cpt.  /iVc,  MS.,  vi.  l,'{(j.  Doe. 
1S2S,  Valencia  arrested  for  saying  that  ncitlier  he  nor  Maitorena  nor  tlio 
vociniiH  (;f  Sta  Barbara  had  sworn  to  the  independence.  />//'.  St.  Pap.,  lien. 
Pr,f.  7/  JiiSfj.,  MS.,  iii.  G;).  ])ec.  14,  1827,  R.  C.  Wyllie  writes  from 
Maaitlan  to  llartncU  that  all  the  states  arc  expelling  Spaniards.  Vallrjo, 
L>o:\,  M.S.  xxix.  182.  May  9,  1829,  Echeandi.i.  orders  arrest  of  a  Spanish 
djsorter  who  had  foi'feited  his  right  to  remain  l)y  serving  two  years  under  a 
f  jrcign  Hag.  /Jcpt.  Pir.,  :MS.,  vii.  I.jG.  May  .30,  1S2!»,  .).  M.  Padres  wrote  to 
tl:e  sup.  govt,  attributing  the  evils  in  Cal.  to  Spanish  ideas,  and  c  Hiijilaining 
t'.;at  the  law  on  expulsion  had  not  been  executed.  Oct.  0,  1S30,  Minister 
A!aman  writes  to  the  gov.  for  an  explanation.  Sup.  Govt  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  vi. 
10-11. 

^'.lulyG,  1830,  Eeheandia  proclaims  tlie  law  of  March  20, 1829.  Drpt  h'cc, 
JIS.,  viii.  190  1.  July  24th,  E.  orders  passports  Tor  the  G:  Culebras,  OIjcs, 
Sobradelas,  Francisco  Fernandez,  Iglesias,  and  Xadal.  /'/.,  MS.,  vii.  208. 
Mancisidor  was  added  to  the  list.  Tlic  t'vo  exempted  were  Luis  Castro,  GO 
ysa'.'s  old;  and  Francisco  Galindo,  having  a  family  (not  in  EcheD.ndia's  list). 
Aug.  11th,  governor's  report  to  minister  of  relations.  .SV.  Pap.,  Sue,  ^IS., 
X.  42-(l.  List  of  the  nine  at  first  deemed  lialde  to  cxpu'sion.  Depi.  St.  Pap., 
Pen.  .1/(7.,  MS.,  Ixix.  29-,30.  List  of  nine  Spaniards  who  ask  to  remain, 
mostly  on  the  ground  of  infirmity.  Muuras,  however,  simply  wants  an  ex- 
tension of  time.  Dept.  St  ^''a/).,  MS.,  xix.  11-14.  Aug.,  2  Spaniards  at  S. 
I'rancisco;  2  at  Los  Angeh.s;  and  IGatS.  Diego.  /</.,  xix.  1-2,  19.  Nov.  3d, 
list  sent  by  gov.  to  Mexico  of  12  wlio  have  claimed  exemption.  They  were: 
( rutierrez  (2),  Fal)regat,  (iarcia  (2),  Sufiol,  Torre,  Amesti,  Munras,  Fogo  (or 
Forin'),  Jose  Fernandez,  and  Luis  Castro.  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  x.  49-.'52. 
Calci)ra3  asked  for  a  pasisport  to  Ross,  but  was  refused.  Dept.  lice,  MS.,  vii. 
23o. 


THE  CK)VERNOR'S  DEMANDS. 


53 


that  of 
iato  ox- 
lly  inca- 
f  Anier- 
dicativo 
;  but  so 
'e  it  was 
iGserters 
»f  whom, 
le  all  the 
id  addic- 
ixeinpt.''* 
was  the 
•ds  from 
;il  Spain 
Some 
orra,  Es- 


aals  of  those 

,  -209;  Dcpt. 
Nov.  '2-2.1, 

national  fla^ 
\m.    Deo. 

lena  nor  tlio 
P((p.,  lien. 

Iwvitcs  from 
■lis.  Va/lfjn, 
f  ;i  Spanish 
urs  under  a 

Ires  wroto  to 
|C'»inphiining 
;i{),  Minister 
n.,  MS.,  vi. 

J)fpt  Her., 
jbras,  Obes, 
k,  vii.  -203. 
la  Castro,  GO 
linilia's  list). 
I,  Sac,  MS., 
>.  St.  Pap., 
to  remain, 
bnts  an  cx- 
iiiarils  at  S. 

I).  Nov.  sa, 

iThey  were: 
Is,  Fogi)  (or 
[,  X.  40-5-2. 
.,  MS.,  vii. 


tudillo,  aiul  Fabreq-at  were  suspended  for  a  time, 
though  by  decree  of  the  president  they  received  half- 
pay— quite  as  good  as  full  pay  in  those  days."  Yet 
another  phase  of  the  feeling  against  Spain  was  the 
])atri(jtic  alarm  and  enthusiasm  caused  by  the  report 
that  a  Spanish  'pirate'  was  cruising  on  the  coast. 
"  The  time  has  come  to  show  once  more  to  the  uni- 
verse that  before  subn.itting  to  Spani.sli  rule  we  will 
repose  in  the  sepulch:t;,"  was  the  way  the  governor 
put  it.-"' 

Ivuturning  finally  to  E-^heandia,  and  to  matters  more 
closely  connected  with  the  governorshi[),  we  note  that 
iVom  the  begimung  o^'  1827  he  had  insisted  more  and 
more  earnestly  in  his  communications  to  the  supreme 
government  on  certain  reforms  and  on  further  assist- 
ance to  himself  and  the  territory.  He  demanded  a 
subordinate  gefe  politico  for  Lower  California;  an 
ayudante  inspector,  who  might  assume  tiie  command 
in  case  of  liis  illness  or  death;  additional  clerical  aid, 
or  the  funds  with  which  to  procure  such  aid;  more 
military  officers  and  troops,  priests,  war-vessels,  judges, 
and  above  all,  money  and  imjiroved  financial  manage- 
ment. And  if  such  aid  could  not  be  afforded,  he  re- 
])eatcdly  asked  to  be  relieved  from  his  command.*' 
Some  of   his    requests  were  granted.      Jose   ^lari'a 

^■' Decree  of  Mtiy  10,  1S27.  />//^  .5'.  Pap.,  A)i;i.,  MS.,  ix.  .1.  Half-pay 
onlei,  Oct.  1820.  J'L,  lien.  Com.  ami  Tna.-^.,  MS.,  ii.  7;  J)(i't.  St.  Pap., 
Ihii.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxix.  1:1.  Giierra  am!  other.)  ;tis]ieuiieil.  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  ^IS,, 
X.  (17:  "/■(/,  tJc'irn  iiria<.  MS.,  IJi.  Sept.  It,  lS2i),  .liseliarge  uf  soldiers  onhTeil 
hy  lOcIieiinclia.  Jhjif.  Iter.,  MS,,  vii.  22i).  July  l.'jtli,  a  soldier  at  Sta  l>ililiar:i, 
di.sel  ui'Ljed.  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  11 1,.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixx.  Ki.  Ciisares,  or  Caceres,  one 
(if  the  Spaniards  scut  away,  was  a  legidor  oi  Monterey,  Di/it.  Pec,  MS.,  vi, 
i  ( 1 . 

"^Dept.  Prr.,  MS.,  vi.  94,  197,  2li4-n;  vii.  S;?,  2.'>4.  The  pirate  was  re- 
]i<irtrd  to  lie  the  Clrifjo,  C;ipt.  Juan  do  Mata;  and  the  alarm  lasted  more  or 
\v--i  from  1S28  to  ISHO.  The  orders  in  1S2S  were,  however,  that  Spani>li  e;ip- 
tidns,  supercargoes,  pilots,  etc.,  of  vessels  lielonging  to  neutral  nations  were  to 
lie  allowed  t<j  transact  their  i-egular  business  at  the  ])i^rts,  but  must  ho 
viitehed  ;;nd  not  admitted  to  the  interior.  lJ(i)t.  St.  Pop.,  Ben.  Com.  and 
Ti-i'fi.'i..  MS.,  i.  10."). 

^'.hm.  9,  Mny '2:),  O^-t.  17,  19,  Nov.  7,  lS27;Oet.  '20,  1S2S;  An-.  11,  1S29, 
];.  to  (lill'(>rent  national  departments,  comi)l;iiuin'.,'  of  diliieulties,  iisking  relief, 
and,  iKirticnlarlvon  Nov,  7,  1827.  oti'ering  his  n'si','nation.  iJcpt.  .s/.  /'('■'., 
MS.,  ii.  44;  iJepl.  Ike,  MS,,  v.  12:.-0,  131,  133;  Stl' Pujk,  Sac,  MS.,  x.  40-1, 
44-.7). 


54 


KCIIEANDLv'S  rule— rOLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


Patlrcs  and  Rafael  Gomez  were  sent  to  California  as 
ayudante  inspector  and  asesor,  respcctivelj*.*^  The 
military  command  of  Lower  California  was  detached 
in  the  middle  of  1829  and  joined  to  the  comandancia 
j'l'eneral  of  Sonera;''"  and  about  the  same  time  Colonel 
Antonio  Garcia  was  ap[)ointed  to  succeed  Echeandia 
in  the  governorship.^"  For  reasons  that  I  suppose  to 
have  been  connected  witli  Bustamante's  accession  to 
the  presidency  in  January  1830,  Garcia  did  not  come 
to  take  possession  of  his  office;  and  on  March  8th 
Licut.-colonel  Manuel  Victoria  was  made  gefo 
politico  of  Alta  California,  the  (jefatura  poUtica  of  the 
peninsula  being  now  detached  as  the  mando  militar 
had  been  before,  so  that  now  the  two  territories  were 
again  distinct.''^  Victoria  had  been  previously  for  a 
time  comandante  principal  of  Lower  California;  he 
came  up  from  Loreto  by  land,  arriving  at  San  Diego 
perhaps  in  December  1830;  but  he  did  not  take  ])os- 
session  of  his  office  until  the  next  year.  Meanwhile 
in  these  last  years  Echeandia  was  busied  chiefly  with 
mission  affairs  and  commercial  mattei's,    ITe  had  been 


*'  Padrds  had  been  comandante  at  Loreto  and  sub-gefo  politico  of  Lower 
California.  I  (iml  no  rccunl  slunviugtlic  date  of  lii.snpiiointmcnt  aw  ayudante 
inspector;  but  in  Feb.  ISl'tMic  seeniM  to  liavc  l)cen  niadcsec.  of  tlicconiiindunte 
general.  Sop.  Gort  St.  Pap.,  iMS.,  v.  1;  and  in  Jul^'  182H  was  ordered  to 
ussmno  tlio  eoinniand  in  Keheandia's  place.  Id.,  vi.  !(.  Apr.  .'{,  IS'2!),  Riifael 
\'elcz  wa3  apiiroved  as  secretary  of  the  comauduncia,  instead  of  Padres,  but  lie 
never  came.  J'.,  v.  3. 

^''Juno  1,  \ii'2'.),  gov.  announces  this  charifrc  The  two  territories  were 
still  subject  in  civil  matters  to  the  same  gefc  politico.  Dvpt.  St.  Pup.,  Ji'it. 
Mil.,  MS.,  Ixix.  2. 

-''"Feb.  17,  IS'20,  Moctezuma  to  Echeandia.  Orders  hiui  to  deliver  the 
command  to  Garc.i.  Sup.  O'ort  St.  I'np.,  MS.,  vi.  2.  May  1st,  tiervasio 
ArgiiiUo  writes  from  Guadalajara  tliat  <  iarci'a  has  Imjcu  appointed  comandante 
general.  Giurm,  J'oc,  MS.,  v.  '2'2~.  June  8tli,  Moctezuma  to  Garcia.  A'es- 
Bcla  arc  ready  to  take  him  to  California,  and  the  president  desires  him  to  ."^ail 
atonco.  Slip.  <;ort  Si.  Pap.,  MS.,  v.  11.  July  17,  IS'28,  l^cheandia  had 
been  ordered  to  give  njitho  coniniand  to  i'adrOs  and  proceed  to  Mexico.  Jil., 
vi.  0.  Doubtless  the  ]io]itical  chan^'ca  in  Mexico  had  nmch  to  di)  with  these 
Buccessivo  and  conlusing  orders.  The  records  of  this  period  are  moreover 
very  ineoin))lete. 

■''  Marcb  8,  1S;)0,  Victo'-ia's  appointment.  ^March  11th,  'linistcr  Faoio  to 
Echeandfa,  ordi'iug  him  to  su'  rendi  r  the  f/f/atiira  of  California  to  Victoria, 
and  of  Lo*ver  California,  to  Monterdc.  Sup.  Gort  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  vi.  0-7. 
Marcli  0,  ISItO,  Ca|)ts.  Juan  Zamora,  Juan  Agaayo,  (rcn'mimo  Hernandez, 
and  Luciano  Man  ):;;  Lieut.  Leonardo  Hiez  Uarroso,  and  Alf.  Mariano Crecero 
liave  been  duoiiaed  to  California.   /./. ,  vi.  a-0. 


I 


?-*? 


lifornia  as 
y.''      The 
tlotaclied 
iiandancia 
e  Colonel 
Ccliearidia 
upp<j,sc  to 
session  to 
not  come 
arch   8tli 
idc     gof'e 
lea  of  tljo 
o  militar 
ries  were 
-islj  for  a 
:)rnia;  he 
m  Diego 
take  ])o.s- 
ean  while 
cflv  with 
had  been 


RECEPTIOX  AT  MONTEREY. 


55 


more  cordially  received  in  the  north  in  1830  than  at 
the  time  of  his  former  visit;  and  except  among  the 
padres  and  their  adherents,  he  had  ^  aiaed  considembly 
111  popularity."^  -^ 

ciiizc..,.,      speech  of  ix'couJ  IkUo     anf  A;.  1-^tnu  a  making  for  all  tlie 

the  ensuing  festivities  '  '^  governor  joining  most  heartily  iu 


CO  of  Lower 
iiUiayudiinte 
icomiiiidanto 
j  crdeieil  to 
IS-JO,  K;ifael 
idres,  but  he 

itorics  were 
Pup.,   IJrn. 

deliver  tho 
st,  (.Servasio 
comaudanto 
iaruia.  Aes- 
I  him  to  f^ail 
leandia  had 
uxico.  J  (I., 
I  with  tlu'se 
re  moreover 

ter  Fario  to 
to  Viiitoria, 
S.,  vi.  (i-7. 
Hernandez, 
auo  Crecero 


CHAPTER    III. 

ECHE.VXDtA.  AXD  HERRERA-FIXANCE— THE  SOLIS  REVOLT. 

182G-1S30. 

Hard-times  Items — Am  from  Mexico— The  Revenues— Comisario  and 
Hadilitados — Secret  Investigation — Suspension  and  Resignation — 

USTUADA,  VaLLEJO,  AND  JiMENO  CaSARIX  AS  AdMINISTKATUUS — RE- 
VOLT ok  1828— Revolt  of  1829 — Causes — Monterey  Taken— Joaquin 
SoLis — Plan  (IF  November  Iotii— Arguello  Declines  the  Command — 
SoLis  Marches  South — Echeandia's  Pruparations — Revolt  at  Santa 
Barbara — Bloodless  Battles  of  Dos  Pueblos  and  Cieneguita — Re- 
treat OF  SoLis — Ret.ving  of  the  Capital— Avila  Captures  Solis — 
Trial — The  Spanish  Flag — Banishment  of  Hekrera  and  Twemty 
Conspirators — Financial  Affairs  in  1829-30. 


It  is  not  my  purpose  to  present  financial  statistics 
ill  this  chaptor.  Only  fragments  survive  to  be  pre- 
sented anywhere,  and  these  will  receive  such  slight 
attention  as  they  require,  in  connection  with  local  pre- 
sidio annals,  commercial  topics,  and  general  remarks 
on  the  subject  of  ways  and  means  for  the  whole 
decade.  Here  I  have  to  speak  of  the  management, 
or  inismanagement,  of  the  territorial  revenues,  of  the 
insufficiency  of  those  revenues,  as  administered,  to 
pay  the  soldiers  or  other  employees  of  the  govern- 
ment, and  of  the  resulting  destitution,  discontent,  and 
finally  revolt. 

There  is  little  or  nothing  that  is  new  to  the  reader 
to  be  said  of  the  prevalent  destitution  in  these  years, 
a  destitution  which  oppressed  only  the  troops.^      The 

'Complaints  are  not  very  numerous  in  tlie  nrchivef',  since  the  uselessness 
of  writing  on  tiie  sulijoct  had  been  leiirueJ  by  long  exi>erience.  Tlie  follow- 
ing minor  ilnins  on  tliis  topic  .ire  perhaps  worth  preservation:  lS2(i,  Kchean- 
dia's  complaints  ubout  the  suspension  of  ollicors'  pay.     Only  those  oHioera  who 

(50) 


HARD  TIMES— SOURCES  OF  REVENUE. 


67 


REVOLT. 


rSARIO  AND 
lONATIOX — 
VTOIiS — Re- 
; — JoAQCIN 
^^OMMAND — 

.TAT  Santa 
:;uiTA — Re- 

[ES  SOLIS — 

;d  Twenty 


tatistics 
o  pre- 
sliu'ht 

ical  pre- 

'cmarJcs 
whole 

l^emont, 
of  the 

|recl,  to 
;ovorn- 

[nt,  and 


or 


read 

years, 

The 


J^elesRiiesjS 

liu  follow- 

Kcliciiii- 

■loera  who 


ranclieros  and  pobladorcs  were  at  least  as  well  off  as 
in  earlier  Spanish  times,  the  improved  market  for  their 
produce  afforded  l)y  the  trading  fleet  counterbalancing 
the  heavy  duties  that  were  now  exacted.  Few  if 
anv  of  these  classes  seem  to  have  made  an  effort  to 
do" more  than  support  themselves  and  families;  and 
tliis,  save  to  the  incorrigibly  lazy,  was  an  easy  task. 
The  lands  produced  food  both  for  the  owners  and  for 
the  Indian  laborers  who  did  most  of  the  work;  while 
tlie  natural  increase  of  their  herds  furnished  hides  and 
tallow  more  than  enough  to  be  bartered  with  the 
agents  of  Hartnell  or  Gale  for  groceries,  implements, 
and  clothing.  So  far  as  the  records  show,  they  did 
not  even  deem  it  worth  their  while  to  complain  of 
excessive  duties  and  consequent  high  prices. 

For  the  support  of  the  military  establishment  and 
to  defray  othei  expenses,  the  only  resources  were  the 
duties  collected  on  imports  and  exports — or  the  taxes 
on  ])roduction,  whicli  practically  took  the  place  of  the 
latter — the  chief  source  of  revenue,  but  one  lialde  to 
considerable  variation;  contributions  exacted  from  the 
missions  as  gifts,  loans,  sales  on  credit,  or  s])ecial  taxefi. 
;.  !vcn  by  the  padres  more  and  more  grudgingly  as  the 
years  passed  by;  and  finally  the  supi)Iies  furnished  di- 

oainc  with  him  to  Cal.  arc  pnid,  and  there  is  much  discontent  among  tliu 
others.  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  xi.v.  .'{'2-4.  Complaint.s heard  by  Beechey  of  uoii- 
jinymcnt  of  dues,  and  of  exee.s.sive  duties  which  greatly  incrcascil  prices. 
ll((chcij'!i  Voij.,  ii.  10.  March  .SO,  18l.'0,  petition  of  soldiers,  alleging  tliiit 
they  were  getting  ki  racioti,  nnila  uia^,  as  in  years  past,  notwithstanding  tlie 
]ii(mii,seH  of  tlic  govt.  Kc|icatcd  .June  Ttli.  Jkjit.  St.  Pap.,  lien.  Mi!.,  .MS., 
ivii.  l".  April  .SOth,  no  funds  to  furnish  .S400  for  tlie  celebration  of  a  great 
natioiiid  event.  Id.,  Ivii.  14.  Hartnell  lent  the  comiaaria  '2(i4  cattle,  whicli 
ill  I  )>I3'J  had  not  Ijeen  repaid.  Dcpt.St.  J'up.,  Ben.  Cum.  and  Trca.^.,  ilS.,  iv.  ."lO. 
].S"J7,  Feb.  1st,  comisario  has  no  funds  to  .'Supply  blankets;  great  want  of 
money  and  food;  impossible  to  get  a  loan.  IiL,  i.  7'J.  Feb.  ."ith,  gov.  lends 
.SiHiO  in  view  of  tho  urgent  needs  of  the  soldiers.  Dcpt.  Ike,  MS.,  v.  21. 
.Inly  .")t!i.  complaint  that  S.  Bias  company  do  not  get  their  share  of  sujiplies. 
/'/.,  V.  5S.  Nov.  :2Ist,  decree  of  national  govt  on  a  loan,  jiart  of  wl.icii  is  to 
go  to  the  relief  of  California.  Sii)>.  GoiiHt.  I'ap.,  MS.,  xx.  8.  )8'JS,  Maivli 
;-iil,  troops  naked  and  in  great  want.  Could  get  no  ]  rt  of  their  dues.  J>i  j  I. 
^'.  I'lip.,  Jlfii.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixvi.  OS.  Same  date,  gov.  tells  com.  gen.  that 
iio  supplies  have  been  sent  from  Mexic<i  for  a  considerable  time!  Dcpt.  lln-., 
vi.  7  Miirch  iOtli,  eight  soldiers  at  Monterey  granted  leave  of  ab.senee  to  go 
find  e.uii  their  bring  for  .'{  months,  for  want  of  funds  at  Monterey.  D'l't.  fit. 
Pup.,  Dat.  Md.,  MS.,  Ixvi.  24-0. 


68 


ECIlEAXDf A  AND  IIERRERA— THE  SOLIS  REVOLT. 


rcctly  or  indirectly  by  ^Mexico — that  is,  the  $-2,000 
sent  in  1825,  possibly  one  or  two  small  amounts  sent 
later,  and  a  few  drafts  on  the  national  treasiuy  whicli 
in  one  way  or  another  foreii^n  or  resident  traders  were 
induced  to  accept  as  security  for  loans  or  in  payment 
I'or  goods  su[)plied."  Theoretically,  tlm  national  treas- 
ury should  have  paid  the  territorial  ex]>enses  and  I'e- 
ceivaxl  the  net  product  of  the  territorial  revenue;  but 
practicallj'',  the  territory  was  left  to  pay  its  own  ex- 
jtenses,  nominally  about  61-jO,000  a  year,  always  ex- 
cepting the  small  amounts  furnished  as  before  s[>eci{ied, 
and  a  considerable  suppl}'  of  very  bad  tobacco.  To 
estimate  the  actual  revenue  with  any  approach  to  ac- 
curacy would  probably  have  been  wx'llnigh  impossi- 
ble at  the  time,^  and  is  entirely  so  now.  Fully  col- 
lected and  honestly  administered,  the  total  nnenue 
could  hardly  have  amounted  to  one  half  the  nominal 
expcnditui'e;  and  indications  are  not  wanting  that  a 
considerable  portion  was  lost  to  the  troops  througli 
smuggling  operations  and  the  rascality  of  oflicials. 
Moreover,  there  were  charges  of  partiality  and  injus- 
tice in  the  final  distribution  of  the  net  product,  cer- 

=  Oii  the  S-22,000,  see  chap,  i.,  this  vol.  At  tho  samo  time  812,000  was  or- 
dered paid  ill  favor  of  California  tliroimh  tlio  comisario  tji'iieral  iit  ,\rizpe; 
Init  I  liiid  no  evidence  that  .iny  part  of  tlie  sum  was  over  jjaid.  July  iSiNJ, 
rocor.l  that  $3,000  was  sent  to  C'al.  ])y  thu  Simin  from  tho  sup.  govt.  Sup. 
Govt  Sf.  I'd}).,  jM8.,  iii.  0.  In  Jan.  1820,  Enriqno  Virmond  seems  to  have 
accepted  drafts  from  tho  prcsidial  coniandantos  to  the  amount  of  al)out  .S"),000 
for  gooils  supplied  from  the  Maria  L'sti-r;  and  again  in  iJec.  he  sup]ilied  the 
same  amount  in  goods  and  silver  coin.  J)(>//t.  J'cc.,  M.S.,  vi.  1,  l.~)l{,  KIS,  I7(i. 
A'irmond  had  exceptional  facilities  for  getting  his  claims  allowed  liy  Mexican 
otlicials,  and  ho  probably  lost  notliing.  Nov.  11,  1828,  M.  (1.  Vallejo  autlior- 
L:cd  to  borrow  6.")00  payable  on  sight,  or  lo  days  after  sight  of  draft !  Vulhjo, 
J)oc.,  MS.,  i.  IGO.  According  to  ^f<■xko,  M<m.  Ilacir/n/a,  IS.'W,  annex.  1^3, 
tho  govt  of  Cal.  had  borrowed .^7, 202,  of  which  sum  .Sl,r)(i4  had  been  repaicl 
down  to  Juno  29tli.  Hartnell  also  lent  tho  govt  $7, 100  in  1827;  the  (haft 
signed  by  llcrrera  was  not  accepted  in  Mexico,  on  account  of  some  alleged  ir- 
regularity; and  on  Nov.  20,  1830,  Hartnell  petitions  tho  gov.  on  the  subject. 
ValftJo,i)oc.,  MS.,  XXX.  1,")4. 

"  Feb.  19,  1830,  gov.  informs  tho  comisario  general  that  commerce,  car- 
ried on  by  a  peculiar  system,  'authorized  Ijy  force  of  circumstances' in  Cal., 
yielded  barely  two  fifths  of  the  expenses;  while  mission  contributions,  by  dint 
of  constant  requisitions  and  annoyances,  yielded  not  more  than  one  fifth  of  ilie 
delieit.  Dipt.  Itcc,  MS.,  viii.  72.  The  revenue  obtained  from  vessels  i-i  iiisutU- 
cient  for  garrison  expenses;  therefore,  the  missions  advance  grain  and  cattle, 
and  the  uatiou  assumes  the  debt.  Bandini's  letter  of  1828  in  liHudini,  Uuc, 
MS..  8. 


,T. 


SUB-COMISARIO  AND  HABILITADOS. 


59 


$■22,000 
iits  sent 
■^  which 
SI'S  woro 
laynieiit 
il  troas- 
aiitl  ro- 
ue; hut 
own  e.K- 
ays  ex- 
[>ocihe(l, 
GO.      To 
>h  to  ae- 
inipossi- 
ully  col- 
re  venue 
nominal 
rr  that  a 
thr<niL>-h 
oflieials, 
1(1  injus- 
uct,  cer- 

000  w;is  or- 
iit  Aiizpe; 
July  1S-J(], 
govt,  t^iip. 

Iiiis  to  luivo 
...nt  .•?"), 000 

|uii](lic'il  the 

1;!,  KW,  17(i. 
ly  Mcxiuiin 
I'JDiuitlior- 
t!  Volhjo, 
annex.  33, 
hccn  repaid 
the  ilraft 
alleged  ir- 
|lie  subject. 

icrcc,  Gar- 
bs' in  Cal., 
Ina,  l)vdint 
pfthof  the 
Js  i^  insiifli- 
jiind  e.'ittlc, 
Mini,  Doc, 


tain  ])resi(lios,  and  certain  classes  of  troops,  being  fa- 
vored or  sli^'hted. 

DuriiiL;'  tlie  Spanish  rule,  and  the  interregnum  that 
followed,  the  provincial  fmanees  had  been  managed — 
I'or  the  nio«t  part  honestly,  if  not  always  with  great 
skill,  -o  far  as  accounts  were  concerned — by  the  liabil- 
itailos  of  the  respective  companies,  one  of  whom  in 
tile  later  days  had  been  named  administrator,  with 
vciv  little  authority  over  the  (others.  On  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  republic,  Ilerrera  had  been  sent,  as 
we  have  seen,  in  1825,  as  comisario  to  take  charge  of 
the  territorial  finances  as  a  subordinate  (jf  the  comis- 
ario general  of  the  western  states  Sonora  and  Sin- 
aloa.  The  instructions  to  Ilerrera  are  not  extant; 
but  it  is  evident  from  subsequent  connnunieations  of 
himself  and  his  superiors  that  ho  had  exclusive  con- 
ti'ol  of  the  treasury  department,  and  was  indepen- 
dent of  the  gefc  politico,  except  that  like  any  other 
citizen  he  was  within  the  civil  and  criminal  jurisdic- 
tion of  that  oflScer.  The  habilitados,  the  only  per- 
sons in  the  territory  qualified  for  the  task,  served  as 
J  I  errcra's  subordinates  for  the  collection  of  revenue 
at  the  presidios,  so  that  locally  there  was  no  change. 
Whether  the  comisario  appuinte<l  them  voluntarily 
or  in  obedience  to  his  instructions  does  not  appear; 
hut  their  duty  was  simply  to  collect  the  revenues  and 
])ay  them  over  to  Hcrrera,  their  duty  as  company 
paymasters  in  disbursing  funds  subseijuently  re-ob- 
tained from  the  comisaria  being  a  distinct  matter. 

Naturally  the  habilitados  were  jealous  from  the 
iiiNt  of  the  authority  exercised  by  their  new  master, 
and  were  displeased  at  every  innovation  on  the  okl 
method  under  Estrada's  administration.  Moreover, 
ilerrera  was  a  stranger,  and  worse  yet  a  Mexican, 
heiiig  therefore  liable  to  distrust  as  not  properly 
ap[»reciative  of  Californian  ways.  Ho  was  also  a 
iViend  and  relative  of  Captain  Gonzalez,  and  involved 
t<»  some  extent  in  the  quarrel  between  that  ofiHcer 
and   Estrada,  which  circumstance   contributed  not  a 


Iffl  I 


I 


60 


ECHEAXDfA  AND  IIERRERA— THE  SOLIS  REVOLT, 


little  to  his  unpopularity.  A  quarrel  resulted,  the 
details  of  which  it  is  neither  desirable  nor  possible 
to  follow  closely.  What  were  the  relations  between 
Herrera  and  Echeandia  before  they  left  Mexico,  1  do 
not  know;  but  after  their  arrival  in  California  there 
could  liardly  fail  to  be  jealousy,  especially  on  Eclie- 
andia's  part;  and  at  any  rate,  the  latter  soon  became 
leader  in  the  opposition  to  the  comisario.  I  append 
some  items  from  the  correspondence  of  the  times.'* 

Herrera  was  an  intelligent  and  able  man;  his  acts 
were  ap[)roved  by  his  superior  officer;  and  I  find  in 
contemporary  documents  no  proof  of  irregularities 
or  unfaithfulness  in  his  official  conduct;  though  it 
would  pei'haps  be  presumptuous  to  found  on  the  im- 
perfect record  an  opinion  that  he  acted  wisely  or 

*  March  3,  1826,  com.  gen.  to  Herrera.  Reproves  him  for  not  semling 
accounts  so  that  the  great  necf>".>ity  of  the  troops  might  be  known  and  re- 
lieved. J.)(')it.  St.  Pup.,  Ben.  Com.  uml  Trem.,  MS.,  i.  22.  March 25th,  Id.  to 
Id. ,  announces  that  all  claims  of  Cal.  may  be  presented  at  the  comisaria.  /</. , 
ii.  17.  April  7th,  H.  to  Echeandia.  Charges  that  Lieut.  Estudillo  for  .a  just  rep- 
rimand becomes  abusive.  /(/. ,  i.  41-2.  May  11th,  E.  orders  that  all  amounts 
due  the  treasury  Ixspaid  at  the  comisario's  office.  Dept.  lice,  MS.,  iv.  37.  Juno 
27tli,  II.  to  \^.  Wishes  to  know  wliy  he  is  not  recognized  as  gefo  de  hacienda; 
measures  liavo  liecn  ordered  without  his  consent  or  knowledge.  He  wishes 
E.  to  deline  his  own  position,  so  that  he,  H.,  may  be  freed  from  his  burdens  and 
report  to  the  supreme  government.  Dejit.  St.  I'ctp.,  MS.,  i.  136.  July  1  Itli, 
H.  to  E.  Defence  of  the  practice  of  allowing  vessels  to  touch  at  way  points. 
Jkpt.  St.  Pup.,  Pen.  Mil.,  MS.,  i.  42-7.  Sept.  11th,  com.  gen.  to  E.  A.sks 
him  to  order  habilitados  to  send  in  their  accounts  to  Herrera  in  two  montlis,  or 
he  will  appeal  to  ^Mexico.  Reprimands  him  for  exceeding  his  powers,  using 
funds  without  Herrera's  permission,  treating  H.  as  a  subordinate  and  not  as  1  lio 
gcfc  of  all  treasury  branches,  and  not  obeying  the  laws.  Threatensto  withdraw 
the  comisario  altogether  if  E.  does  not  mend  his  ways.  Accuses  him  of  prevent- 
ing the  execution  of  Herrera's  decree  on  the  payment  of  duties,  without  au- 
thority to  do  so.  H.  was  under  no  obligation  to  submit  his  orders  or  those 
of  his  superior  to  the  gcfc  politico.  '  Watch  also  over  those  friars  with  their 
Spanish  ideas.'  The  comisario  nuist  be  supported,  not  opposed.  In  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  sub-comisario  at  Lorcto,  10.  had  also  usurped  authority.  'I 
can  not  permit  you  thus  to  interfere.  The  power  of  appointment  rests  exclu- 
sively with  11.  as  my  subordinate.'  H.  was  not  to  be  blamed  for  reporting  these 
things,  since  he  had  positive  orders  to  do  so.  Id.,  i.  23-34.  Oct.  16th,  H.  to  E. 
on  the  details  of  business,  explaining  his  efforts  to  get  along  with  an  insufficient 
revenue.  Complains  of  habilitados  lor  not  rendering  accounts,  and  for  drawing 
drafts  on  him  when  they  knew  he  had  no  money.  Protests  against  paying 
one  comi^any  more  than  another;  and  claims  that  in  case  of  urgent  need  the 
soldiers  should  be  preferred  to  officials.  Id.,  i.  oG-60.  Dec.  1st,  H.  com- 
plains that  his  orders  arc  disregarded,  and  that  Estrada  refuses  to  render  ao- 
counts.  Repeats  the  complaint  a  little  later,  with  threats  to  report  to  ilex- 
ico.  Dec.  27th,  ."JOth,  orders  from  Mexico  requiring  half  the  revenues  to  bo 
remitted  to  the  national  trcisuryl  and  that  regular  accounts  be  sent  for  pub- 
licatiou  in  the  Gazda  of  Guadalajara.  Id.,  i.  72-3,  89-91,  14. 


I 


I 


* 
3 


I 


CHARGES  AND  IX\^ESTIOATIONS. 


61 


honestly  throughout  the  quarrel,  especially  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  statements  of  several  Californians  who 
remember  the  controversy."  It  is  my  o{)inion,  how- 
ever, that  the  class  cf  Californians  represented  by 
Alvarado,  Osio,  and  Valkjo  look  at  Herrera's  acts 
throUL^di  the  colored  glasses  of  political  prejudice;  and 
that  among  other  classes  the  comisario  was  by  no 
means  unpopular. 

In  April  18:27  Echeandi'a  ordered  a  secret  investi- 
gation of  Herrera's  administration,  to  be  conducted  by 
Zamorano.  The  proceedings  were  begun  at  San  Diego 
the  :>Oth  of  April,  and  afterwards  continued  at  ^lon- 
tcri'Y  and  Los  Angeles  in  May  and  June.  The  main 
charge  was  that  the  comisario  had,  on  his  way  to 
California,  invested  a  portion  of  the  §22,000  of  terri- 
toriiil  funds  intrusted  to  his  care  in  effects  to  be  sold 
for  his  own  account  and  profit,  though  it  was  not 
cliiinicd  apparently  that  there  was  any  deficit  in  his 
accounts,  or  that  the  money  thus  improperly  used  had 
not  l.<een  refunded.^     Zamorano  as  fiscal  reported  the 


at  paying 
need  the 

JH.  com- 

londcr  ac- 
to  !Mcx- 

lies  to  be 
,  for  pub- 


■■>  Xo  one  has  anything  to  say  in  Herrera's  favor.  Alvarado,  Hist.  Cat.,  MS. , 
ii.  111-17,  132-40,  is  especially  bitter  in  his  criticism,  cliargiug  H.  with 
disIii'iR'Sty,  embezzlement,  conspiracy,  usurpation,  insolence,  and  pretty  much 
everything  that  was  bad.  Osio,  U\nt.  ('(iL,  MS.,  l"J'2-3,  is  hard ly  less  severe. 
\'all(iii,  lI'iKt.  Ciil.,  MS.,  ii.  02-3,  tolls  us  that  H.  'did  nothing  but  conspire 
and  iiiiiko  trouble.'  J.  J.  Vallejo,  licmhilt.,  M.S.,  ni-'2,  represents  H.  as 
intriguing  with  the  support  of  the  padres  to  unseat  Kchcandia  and  put  himself 
ill  piiwer.  Duhaut-Cilly,  Vkiijijlo,  i.  282-(),  describes  the  (luarrel  without 
attacliing  much  blame  to  Herrera;  and  it  is  to  be  noted  that  Mrs.  Ord,  one  of 
the  clearest-headed  Califomian  writers,  persoiudly  friendly  to  Echeaudia,  ex- 
presses no  opinion  on  the  merits  of  the  parties  to  this  (quarrel.  Ocumnckis, 
MS.,  -.'O-l. 

''llcrrera,  Causa  contra  el  Comixario  Suh-Prhiripal  dit  CaVfornias,  Joxd 
M(iri<i  llerrcra,  1S„'7,  MS. ;  also  an  abridged  record  in  the  archives.  Capt. 
(iucriii  testified  that  of  the  §22,000  the  Sta  B.  Co.  had  got  only  $3,000;  knew 
not  what  had  become  of  the  rest;  had  heard  that  the  money  was  landed  at  .S. 
Bias,  and  only  a  part  reshipped  with  goods  supposed  to  have  been  purchased 
with  tliat  money.  Maitorena  had  heard  of  the  iuvestnicnt  of  public  funds, 
and  li.id  seen  in  the  possession  of  laiis  Bringas  certain  bales  of  goods,  which 
he  judged  to  be  the  ones  bought  by  H.  In  a  letter  of  later  date,  Maitorena 
attempts  to  show  some  irregularities  in  the  collection  of  duties  from  the  X('<\ 
in  1S2.').  Juan  Bandini  reserved  his  formal  testimony  until  the  matter  should 
come  before  the  diputacion;  butdcclared  it  to  bo  a  matter  of  public  notoriety 
that  II.  had  misapplied  the  public  funds.  Alf.  Romualdo  Pacheco  noticed  at 
S.  lilas  that  only  §0,500  of  the  .?22,000  was  reshipped,  and  was  told  by  J.  M. 
Tadris  that  H.  had  invested  the  balance  in  goods,  ha\ing  admitted  as  much 
to  him,  Padres.  It  was  a  notorious  fact  that  Bringas  had  sold  the  goods  at 
the  presidios,  towns,  and  missions  of  Cal.     Alf.  Juan  Josd  Rocha  confirmed 


62 


ECIIEAXDIA  AND  IIE.RREP  A-TITH  SOUS  REVijLT. 


charpfo  well  fouiulcid;  and  it  must  bu  admittotl  tliat 
the  testimony  against  tlij  comisario,  thoui^li  for  tlio 
most  part  weak,  I'urnished  some  grounds  for  susjiicion 
— and  nothing  stronger  under  the  eircumstances — that 
certain  packages  of  goods  liad  been  purchased  with 
public  money.  When  we  consider  that  tlieso  proceed- 
ings were  concUictod  in  secret,  mainly  by  Herrera's 
enemies,  that  they  were  never  carried  furthe"in  pul)lic, 
that  Plerrera  was  nciver  caP  jd  upon  for  a  defence  u]>on 
anv  criminal  charufo,  and  that  Echeandia  was  smarting' 
under  the  rebukes  of  the  comisario  general,  it  seems 
wisest  at  the  least  to  attach  little  importance  to  the 
accusations. 

The  matter  was  (hscusscd  by  the  diputacion  in  the 
sessions  of  July,  Bandini  and  the  president  Uiaking 
all  the  speeches.  BandinTs  deferred  revelations  proved 
to  be  the  reading  of  a  treasury  report  on  the  sums  of 


¥ 


the  statement  as  to  what  was  seen  in  S.  "Bias.  Lieut.  Estrada  testifiud  that 
the  Mordox  bront^'ht  some  20  package: ,  including  cigars  and  brandy,  more 
than  were  on  the  manifest;  and  these  goods  were  opened  at  Herrera's  lionse, 
where  and  elsewlierc  they  were  sold  by  ISringas.  Deponent  believed  tiiu 
goods  belonged  to  II.  Luis  Mariano  Bringas,  after  much  ditliculty,  v.as 
foun<l  and  induced  to  testify  at  Angeles  before  the  alcalde  and  Capt.  IVirtilla. 
His  testimony  was  clear  enough,  and  to  the  efTect  that  of  the  Si.oOO  in  good  i 
which  he  had  ])rou;^ht  to  California  antl  sold,  .?.3,000  Ijelongcd  to  his  friend 
Tejada,  a  trader  of  Sultillo,  and  .Sl,.")00  had  Ijecn  committed  to  him  by  II.  as 
belonging  to  his  (H.'s)  cousin.  Full  particulars  were  given  of  his  deali^g^^ 
IJiit  by  the  testimony  of  Ignacio  M.  Alvarado  it  was  shown  that  15ii;igas, 
while  refusing  to  testify  on  various  pretences,  had  sent  a  messenger  post-haste 
to  Monterey  and  had  received  a  message  from  H.  Capt.  I'ortilhi'.s  opinion 
was,  therefore,  that  Bringas  had  testified  falsely  under  instructions  from  II., 
whose  accomplice  he  was.  One  of  the  documents  exhihitcd  by  Bringas,  in 
support  of  his  testimony,  was  a  draft  bearing  tlic  name  of  Wm.  A.  (iale, 
written  (!allc,  and  pronounced  a  forgery  by  Gale  liimself,  who  denied  that  ho 
had  ever  had  any  transaction  with  llringas.  Moreover,  llodrigo  del  I'liego 
testified  tliat  11.  had  openly  l)i>asted  of  furnishing  Bringas  with  papers  tiuit 
would  serve  his  purpose,  implying  that  the  signatures  were  forged  by  him.  Za- 
morano's  final  opinion,  rendered  to  Echeandia  at  the  end  of  July,  was  that  II. 
lia<l  invested  a  jxirt  of  the  public  funds  for  his  own  account  at  Topic,  since  of 
tlic  !?'JJ,00()  only  about  !?S, .">;);)  in  coin  could  bo  proved  to  have  arrived  in  Cal. ; 
and  it  was  very  likely  that  the  bales  of  goods  referred  to  represented  the  bal- 
ance; though  it  was  hard  to  prove,  because  H.  had  had  plenty  of  time  to 
replace  tlio  deficit  in  coin.  June  IGth,  Echeandia  in  a  circular  orders  the  ap- 
prehension of  Bringas,  who  is  to  be  comptdled  to  testify.  Dept.  I'rc,  M.S.,  v. 
53.  April  'JGth,  E.  to  com.  gen.,  says  that  H.  has  not  acted  properly,  and 
that  proceedings  have  been  instituted  to  prove  his  misbehavior.  Id.,  v.  i;{(). 
July  10th,  H.  to  gov.,  with  renewed  complaints  on  tho  disregard  of  his  orders 
bv  ilartinez,  Estrada,  and  ArgiicUo.  Dept.  St.  Pa}'.,  Ben.  Com.  and  Treas., 
MS.,  i.  7G-9. 


ACTION  OF  THE  DIPUTACION. 


C3 


j(l  tliat 
for  tho 
is|)icioii 
s — that 
3(1  with 
(rocood- 
orrera's 
i})ul)lic, 
CO  upon 
iiiartinL? 
t  seems 
!  to  tho 

n  in  tho 
uuikiui'' 
3  proved 
sums  of 


pstificd  that 

ind}-,  more 

a's  house, 

iuVL'd  tho 

culty,  was 

r'oi'tilla. 
)()  ill  guoil.i 
his  fiiund 

liy  J  I.  as 

loalhig^-. 

]iii:i;,'as, 
post-haste 

H  opiuiou 
3  from  II., 
Bi'ingas,  in 

A.  (ialc, 
ed  that  he 
tlcl  I'hego 
apei's  that 
him.  Za- 
aa  that  H. 
c,  since  of 
Ml  in  Cal. ; 

il  tlio  hal- 
)i  time  to 

ra  Iheap- 

.,  MS.,  V. 

lei'lj",  anil 

L,  V.  V.iC). 

hid  orders 

id  Tread., 


niMMev  intrusted  to  Ilerrora,  and  his  own  statement 
that  lie  was  positive  of  Herrera's  misuse  of  tho  funds. 
The  iccord  of  the  ]>v.vioiis  secret  investigations  seems 
ill  .!>  to  liave  been  read.  Tcrnas,  or  trios,  of  caiuUchites 
for  coiitador  and  treasurer  were  [)roposed  in  (hie  form. 
llaiKHiii  then  advocated  the  su.speiision  of  Ilerrora; 
hut  |]('hean(h'a  o})posod  so  radical  a  measure,  ai  ;uing 
that  the  eomisario  wouhl  ho  so  chisely  watchotl  by  tlio 
n<\v  oiHcials  that  ho  could  do  no  harm,  and  meanwhile 
the  charges  against  him  could  be  investigated  1)V  the 
supri'ino  government.  It  is  not  eas}^  to  determine 
whetlier  the  governor's  opposition  was  a  mere  pre- 
tence, or  whether,  while  wishing  to  humble  his  rival, 
lie  (loul)ted  the  e.K]>edicncy  of  suspending  him  on  so 
sliglit  evidence.  On  the  first  vote,  four  members  wore 
for  sus|)ension,  one  against  it,  and  one  besides  the  pres- 
ident did  not  vote.  Subsequently  another  member 
was  called  in,  the  arguments  were  repeated,  and  I3an- 
(lini  obtained  a  secret  vote  in  favor  of  suspension.  It 
is  not  unlikely  that  this  result  had  been  prearranged, 
and  that  tlio  arguments  of  Bandini  and  Echeandia 
were  made  merely  for  effect.^ 

Herrera  was  not  suspended,  because  the  candidates 
for  treasurer  declined  to  serve,  and  no  suitable  person 
for  the  place  could  be  found;  but  Pablo  Gonzalez 
w;is  installed  as  contador  from  Julv  23d,  and  matters 
went  on  much  as  before,  save  that  Herrera,  oflentled 
at  the  charges  of  interfering  with  other  ofHcials,  now 
declined  to  perform  some  duties  thouixht  to  belong  to 
hiiii.**     Ho  neglected  certain  details  of  gathering  sup- 

'  Z,'','/.  Ri''.,  MS.,  i.  91-101.  For  contador  the  ^ernffl  was,  I.  I'ahlo  <  lon/.ahz, 
2.  .ToiKpiin  Ivstndillo,  X  Manuel  l)oniiui;ucz.  For  treasurer,  1.  .Tosi''  Antonio 
Canillo,  'J.  .losr  Antonio  Kstudillo,  ■'$.  Antonio  Maria  O.uo.  In  tlio  lirst  vote 
Oitciia,  ISandini,  Carrillo,  and  liuehia  voted  for  suspension;  Fstrachi  aj.'ainst, 
iind  'I'apia  reserved  his  vote.  Roniualdo  I'acheco  was  the  ouplentc  called  in, 
hut  the  linal  vote  was  secret,  no  names  hcing  given. 

*"  Ap])ointment  of  (ionzalez,  m  ho spnUe  English,  as  contador,  .Tnly  2.'!d.   L  <j. 


M.- 


fi't,  !(1;  J)<pt.  I'cc,  ^IS. ,  V.  71.     Aug.  7th,  Ivhcaudia  to  c( 


gin.  Says  he  has  forwarded  to  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  the  secret  in- 
vcstigiitions  against  II.,  whom  the  diputacion  docs  not  suspend  for  ■want  of  a 
suiialjle  man  to  take  his  place.  Id.,  v.  l.'JS.  Sept.  10th,  11.  to  c(jm.  gen. 
('.in!i>laining  that  the  ministro  do  hacienila  fails  to  answer  his  important  (pica- 
tiou^.  i)(2't.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Com.  and  Tixus.,  MS.,  i.  91. 


I'll 


Hi 


III 


94 


Pl 


ECHEANDlA  AND  HERRERA-THR  SOLIS  REVOLT. 


ics  jukI  serving  out  rations  to  prisoners,  was  sum- 
moned Ijelbie  the  diputacion  on  September  1  t)th,  denied 
tlio  riiflit  of  tliat  body  to  (luestion  him,  but  inchdLjed 
in  a  wordy  warfare  with  Echeanch'a  in  the  legisUttivo 
hall.  Next  day  the  governor  evolved  from  his  inner 
consciousness,  and  caused  to  bo  approved  by  the  (Hi)U- 
tacion,  the  theory  that  the  duty  of  a  comisario  sub- 
princi])al  do  hacienda  was  confined  to  'systematizing 
the  financial  administration,'  by  reporting  on  needed 
reforms,  and  keeping  accounts  of  net  products  of  rev- 
enue." Accordingly  he  notified  Herrera  of  the  result 
of  his  legal  studies  prompted  by  the  comisario's  mis- 
deeds, and  ordered  him  to  restore  to  the  habilitados 
all  their  former  powers,  and  to  confine  his  own  author- 
ity to  the  narrow  limits  indicated  above.  Herrera 
thereupon,  in  obedience  as  he  said  to  previous  instruc- 
tions from  his  superior,  resigned  his  i)osition,  leaving 
the  financial  administration  wholly  in  the  hands  of 
the  gcfe  politico,  and  asking  for  a  passport  to  go  to 
Mazatlan,  which  Echeandia  refused.  Thus  the  matter 
stood  during  the  rest  of  1827.^" 

»  Lrr,.  /.Vc,  MS.,  i.  80-90,  101-4.  Sessions  of  Sept.  10th-20th.  Echeandia 
supported  his  new  tlicory  witli  an  elaborate  argument.  A  new  tenia  for  treas- 
urer was  proposed,  consisting  of  Santiago  Arglicllo,  Maitorena,  and  Ignacio 
Martinez ;  but  military  duties  prevented  their  acceptance. 

•"Sept.  25,  1827,  gov.  to  H.  De/it.  Rec,  MS.,  v.  91-2,  repeated  Sept.  27tli. 
Sept.  2(ith,  11.  to  Estrada,  announcing  his  resignation.  Valh'jo,  Doc,  MS.,  i. 
110.  Sept.  2(}th,  gov.  to  Estrada,  announcing  and  explaining  the  change. 
The  complaint  was  in  the  matter  of  furnishing  supplies  and  rations,  and  the 
theory  w;is  that  Gov.  Argiiello  had  given  up  to  H.  at  tirst  powers  to  which 
he  was  not  entitled.  Id.,  i.  109.  Same  date,  Echeandia  notitios  Prefect  Sarria 
of  the  change.  Arch.  A  rzob. ,  MS. ,  v.  pt  i.  38-9.  Eclieandia's  argument  quoted 
in  Vallijo,  Hint.  CciL,  MS.,  ii.  172-4.  E.  says  in  1829  that  H.  'se  suspeudiiiy 
tenazmcnto  sc  nego  en  el  ejercicio  de  todas  sus  f  unciones  desde  el  dia  20  de  Sep- 
tienibre  do  1827,  dejandolas  al  cargo  de  este  gobierno.'  Dcpt.  Sf.  Pop.,  Ben. 
i/iV.,  MS.,  Ixx.  19.  Sept.  29th,  E.  to  H.  Chide:'  him  for  liis  refusal  to  perform 
duties  belonging  tohisofiice,  and  refuses  a  imssport.  JJejit.  llec,  MS.,  v.  9;i. 
October,  E.  asks  minister  of  the  treasury  that  the  trial  or  investigation  of  him- 
self and  H.  may  take  place  inCal.  Id.,  v.  l.^O-l.  Oct.  Isi,  E.  to comandantes 
and  prefect  on  his  orders  to  H.  /J.,  v.  93-4;  Dept.St.  Pop.,  MS.,ii.41.  Oct.  3d, 
E.  to  H.  Never  told  him  not  to  manage  the  funds  entering  1.  is  office;  and  if  he 
persists  in  resigning  the  place,  the  treasury  will  be  injured  even  more  than  it 
was  by  his  assumption  of  the  habilitados'  duties  and  rights.  De]it.  liec. ,  v.  9.">. 
Oct.  11th,  H.  to  E.,  protesting  against  the  orders  which  detain  him  in  Cal.  If 
the  treasury  interests  were  injured,  it  was  because  he  was  not  allowed  to  go 
to  report  to  his  superior  in  order  that  the  latter  might  put  another  man  in 
his  place;  and  the  governor,  to  whom  ho  was  in  no  way  responsible,  was  the 
only  0110  to  blame.     If  charged  with  criminal  acta,  ho  was  ready  for  trial;  if 


FIXANTIAL  AFFAIRS  IX  1S-2S. 


63 


,nds  of 
I  go  to 
matter 


!pt.  27th. 
,  M8.,  i. 

change. 

and  the 
|to  which 
jctSariiii 
[it  quoteil 
ipeuili^y 
|0  de  Sep- 
\ip.,  Ben. 

perform 
V.  ()■,]. 
In  of  hiin- 
landantes 

Oct.  3(1, 
land  if  he 
Ic  than  it 
\c. ,  V.  9.'). 

Cal.  If 
|ed  to  go 

man  in 

was  the 

trial;  if 


X(H' (lid  l.-!2S  hriiiLj  niiy  iiotahh.'  cliiUiL^^o  in  tlio  sit- 
Uiitidii.  Tilt!  lial)ilit;i(l()s  uttciided  to  the  I'cvemies  an 
(if  old,  Estrada  iiiid  nfterwai-d  Vallcjo  of  ^foiiten^y 
(XcrcisiiiLr  a  kind  of  su[)ervisioii,  until  in  Xov('nd)er 
l\I;uiU('l  Jinicno  Casarin,  a  yonnt,'  man  l)r<ni,<,d»t  to 
( 'alirornia  by  his  brothers,  the  friars  Jiineno,  was 
;iii|)<)iiite(l  by  E(.'heandia  as  acting  eoniisaiio,  or  adniin- 
i^liator  of  tlie  revenues,  his  jxisition  bein^?  similar  to 
that  held  by  Estrado  bcifore  the  eominuf  of  Herrura;" 
and  Juan  ]>andini  was  appointed  at  about  the  samo 
time  as  subordinate  comisario  at  San  Dieijo.  ]\[ean- 
while  ]Icrrera  continued  his  protests  against  being 
kept  in  California;  could  obtain  neither  a  trial  nor  a 
]»assport;  but  made  some  efforts  to  obtain  material  for 
a  later  j)roseeution  of  his  adversary.  Eelieandia  was 
greatly  blamed  by  both  the  comisario  general  and  the 
minister  of  the  treasury  for  his  course  towards  his 
foe;  b  it  he  defended  himself  as  well  as  he  could  in 
writing,  and  insisted  on  kec![)ing  Herrera  in  the  terri- 
tory' and  holding  him  responsible  for  all  liuaneial  ills, 
present  and  pr^spectivc.^^ 

Hut,  there  was  no  rigiit  to  detain  him.  He  wished  to  enjoy  tlie  wi^^o  liwi  of 
hi ;  (.oiintry  where  they  were  ruwpected  and  obeyed,  and  not  reiniiin  where  t'.v.y 
Were  ;  haiiicfiilly  tniusj^re.ssed,  an  he  was  ready  topiovc.  He  also  clainied  hit) 
a'.iiais  of  salary,  lie  luiving  received  only  .Sl'JO  in  a  year,  and  havin;j;  to  i  ell 
his  furniture  to  keep  alive.  I>(/it.  St.  I'ii/>.,  MS.,  ii.  ,")1.  Oct.  Kith,  K.  to 
loiiianilantcs,  alcaldes,  etc.,  ann(juncing  his  action  towards  II.,  urging  halii'.i- 
taili>st(j attend  carefully  to  their  duties,  and  explaining  why  H.  wns  notuUoweil 
tn  depart — that  is  because  iit  a  distance  it  would  he  hard  toi)n)ve  II.'s  frauds  or 
justify  his  own  action  or  that  of  tlie  dipntacion.  J)(j)f.  Iter. ,  ^IS.,  1(11 ,  10.'!;  y>'•,/^ 
SI.  l'np.,S.  Jose,  MS.,  iv.  40-50;  JJept.  St.  Pap.,  An;/.,  MS.,  xi.  1.  (Jet.  'JStli, 
E.  ti)  com.  gen.  Thinks  the  administration  of  the  revenue  by  the  habilitados 
is  injurious.  With  an  administrator,  vista,  and  guard  at  each  port,  the 
revenue  might  amount  to  !?;JO,000  or  $40,(X)0  annually.  J)rp/.  Hic,  MS.,  v. 
l.'i'.t.  Nov.  27th,  E.  tells  the  comandante  that  the  company  olllcers  had 
iii'vcr  been  free  from  responsibility  in  the  matter  of  iinances.  /(/. ,  \.  lO."). 

"  /Mpt.nec,  MS.,  vi.  i;],  i;};3;'Z<-,7.  n<',:,  :MS.,  i.  2S(J.  Oct.  (!tli,  l\  Antonio 
■linieno  writes  to  P.  Peyri  about  getting  for  his  brother  the  pdsition  of  col- 
Icctiir  of  customs.  Peyri  replies  that  he  should  obtain  a  ccrtiticato  of  fitness, 
and  security  for  $4,000.  Perhaps  Jimeno  did  not  take  possession  until  .Jan. 
1,  1S:29.    Valkjo,  Dor.,  MS.,  xxx.  .^08. 

'-Jan.  11,  IS28,  gov.  to  min.  of  war.  Defends  himself  against  cliargcs  of 
usurpation  by  the  min.  of  the  treasury.  Some  of  the  charges  had  .-ipparently 
been  printed,  for  which  satisfaction  is  demamlod.  J)rj)f.  Bee.,  MS.,  vi.  18- 
li'.  Feb.  22d,  IT.  asks  for  a  passport  to  go  and  render  his  accounts  at  .Maza- 
tliin.  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  ^IS.,  x.  101.  March  1st  and  Aprd  2(ith,  com.  gen.  to  IC, 
Illuming  him  and  the  diputacion  for  excee<ling  their  powers,  even  on  the  sup- 
position that  H.  was  guiltv  as  charged,  in  which  ease  a  report  should  have 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  III.    5 


CO 


ECIIEAXDiA  AXD  IIEEREP.A— THE  SOLIS  REVOLT. 


A  kiiul  of  revolt  occurred  in  tlje  north  in  October 
1828.  witli  wliicli  Ilerrera's  name  is  connected  as 
instigator  by  Alvarado,  0.sit>,  and  Valk^jo,  without 
the  shghtc.st  foundation  si)  far  as  can  be  known. 
There  is  indeed  very  httle  information  extant  respect- 
ing- the  movement,  although  I  have  the  stateuients  of 
several  old  Californians  on  the  subject,  including  two 
of  the  leaders,  Jose  do  Jesus  Pico  and  Pablo  A^ejar. 
It  a})[)ears  that  on  tlio  8tli  of  October,  a  large  part  of 
the  cavalry  soldiers  at  Monterev,  joined  bv  those  of 
the  escoltas  who  left  their  missions,  refused  to  serve 
longer  unless  the\^  were  paid,  thereupon  marching  out 
of  the  [)residio  with  their  weapons.  Touching  sul)- 
se(juent  events,  there  is  no  agreement  among  the  nar- 
rators, beyond  the  fict  that  jjieutenant  P(/mualdo 
l*acheco  persuaded  the  I'ebelsto  return  to  their  duties, 
several  of  the  number  being  put  in  prison  to  await 
th(}  decision  of  the  supreme  government  on  their 
I'ate.'^     All  aijree  that  want  of  clothino'  and  food  was 

bfen  sent  to  his  superior  officer.  H.  is  also  rfprimaudctl  on  the  same  date  for 
iiiiliiig  to  report  properly  on  E.'h  nii.sileidsaiul  other iiiatteis.  JJci't.  .V.  Pni>., 
11(11.  Com.  (uid  'J',rii.<.,  MS.,  i.  fl(J.-l(m.  Juno  KUli,  H.  to  E.  Trote.ts  against 
what  is  virtually  his  arrest,  siiiee  lie  is  not  allowed  to  leave  ilontcrcy  for  Sta 
liarhara  and  S.  Diego  to  attend  to  husiues-;.  JJ(jit.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  "iS. 
July  Isi,  II.  required  liy  the  p.res.  of  ^Mexico  to  form  a  regulai  accusation 
auainst  K.;  nothing  to  he  ke])t  liick.  /</. ,  JJin.  Com.  and  Ticw.,  i  02-,'].  Aug. 
7th.  K.  says  he  did  not  intend  to  prevent  IT  from  travelling  by  land  within 
the  territory.  JJ(/if.  Ike,  MS.,  vi.  70.  Sept.  loth,  E.  to  com.  gen.  Says 
H.'scli:.rgo  that  he  and  the  diputacion  deprived  him  of  his  (jlliec  is  false.  LI., 
vi.  l"J-],'{.  Nov.  7th,  E.  onhrs  that  ll.'s  tsidary  be  paid  punctually.  /(/.,  vi. 
]"1.  Same  date,  will  not  allow  him  to  leave  the  territory  till  ordered  to  do 
fo  by  the  snji.  govt.  Id.,  vi.  ]'29.  Deo  4th,  Dtli,  17th,  further  correspond- 
ence, sliowing  tl'.at  H.  went  to  S.  Diego,  apparentlj'  to  make  secret  investiga- 
tions against  lii.-  foe,  ■which  caused  additional  complications  not  very  clearly 
recoiiled.    /(/.,  vi.  14S,  l.'iO,  l."i4-(),  loS. 

"  Oct.  18128,  escoltas  from  S.  Luis  Obispo  to  S.  Juan  I'autista  have  al)an- 
dontd  their  posts.  Ihpl.  Sf.  P(tji.,  Hen.  Pyrf.  y  JiiZ'j.,  MS.,  i.  (i,  8-9.  Oct. 
IStii,  Eiheandia  orders  comandante  of  Monterey  to  firing  the  rebels  to  trial 
by  com  i-martial;  but  if  he  cannot  niaster  tiiem,  to  otFer  a  pardon.  Ihjif. 
live,  MS.,  vi.  WW.  Oct.  'Jo'th,  !•].  to  min.  of  war.  Says  the  escoltas  h  ft 
their  posts,  and  with  the  other  troops  came  \\\i\\  arms  in  their  hands  to 
dcr.iand  their  pay.  Hopes  by  t Jo  aid  of  the  artillery  lately  arrived  to  pre- 
vent such  disorder;  but  needs  oliieers.  Si.  Pup.,  S<ir.,  MS.,  x.  30-8.  (jA. 
nist,  LI.  to  Id.  Mentions  the  ivvolt,  and  ;uks  that  the  guilty  ones  bo  par 
doned.  Dtjil.  Pit'.,  ^LS.,  vi.  JJli.  Nov,  7lh,  comandante  of  Monterey  h' .^ 
made  known  to  the  troops  the  governor's  pleasure  at  their  loyalty  in  reje  t- 
i;.g  the  proposals  by  ,';oinc  degenerate  iiiilllinr.^:  Val/rjo,  Doc,  SlS.,  i  '.oib 
Jan.  18"J'J,  iiscal's  opinion  in  case  of  Francioco  Solo  for  the  rc>oit  of  v.'^ 't. 
Sth,  aud  other  iububordiiiation,  then  in  prison      Thinks  the  death  penalty 


I 


til 
1" 


Cl;i 
ill', 
as 


DISCONTENT  OF  THE  SOLDIERS. 


67 


the  cause  of  the  rising;  and  llicre  is  no  reason  to  sup- 
pose that  it  had  any  pijlitically  personal  significance. 
Thcic  is  also  a  vague  allusion  to  insubordination  at 
San  Fi'ancisco  about  the  same  tiuic,  but  we  Lave  no 
particulars.^ 


11 


In  1829  there  was  a  practical  cossatii.n  of  the  finan- 
cial controversy  in  its  old  phases,  the  situai''>n  reniain- 
ing  unchanged,  save  that  Antonio  Maria  '..)sio  acted 
as  c'oiuisario  during  part  of  the  year  i>\  tiio  ))lace  of 
Jinieno,  and  an  opportunity  was  atforded  Echeaiuh'a 
to  rid  himself  of  Jrlerrera  by  sending  him  away  as  .. 
prisoner  for  trial,  on  charges  somewhat  less  unfounded 
than  that  of  mismanaging  the  revenues.  Discontent 
among  the  soldiers  continued,  resulting  in  a  revolt 
more  extensive  and  com[)licated  than  that  of  1828, 
lliou'di  not  much  more  serious  in  its  results.  Desti- 
tution,  resulting  from  non-receipt  of  pay  and  rations, 
and  attributed  naturally  by  the  troops  to  some  fault 
of  the  governor,  was  the  leading  motive  of  the  sol- 
diers;   the  partici])ants  in  the  last  revolt,  yet  under 


|a1);>n- 

Oct. 
trial 

Is  Ivft 

(Is  to 

lire 

Ot. 

l)ar 
Ik:: 
ejo  t- 

lualty 


sliouM  not  be  inflicted.  Depf.  St.  Pap.,  Den.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixix.  24.  Osio,  HUi. 
I'al..  M.S.,  1'23-u,  says  40  soldiers,  nut  including  the  older  sergeants  and  <'i)r- 
jiiiials,  marched  1'2  Icfigues  to  Codurniccs  Mt..  and  were  induced  to  conin 
liaclc  liy  I'aclicco  and  the  padres,  the  '  'rnicr  oirering  to  intercede  for  their 
]ianli)ii.  Vallcjo,  Jll-'t.  Vol.,  ii.  S'?  j,  te  '  *  us  the  cavalry  company  went  to 
Sauzal,  could  not  agree  among  them'ielve,",  and  when  Taclieco  put  liimself  at 
their  head,  they  in.stinctively  'bevcd  his  order  to  march  hack  to  their  <|uar- 
N  rs,  where  they  were  under  ..rrest  for  many  months.  I'ico,  Aroidcr'niui'ido/i, 
^^S.,  ){),  says  that  SO  men  wandered  about  for  a  month,  wlicn  half  went  bade 
ai.  1  ^\cre  pardoned.  The  rest,  the  leaders  being  Felipe  Arceo,  Kaimundo 
am'  (Jabrielde  la  Torre,  Pablo  Vejar,  .Jose  de  Jesus  Pico,  and  Francisco  Soto, 
rcini.iued  away  longer,  but  at  last  returned  at  the  recjuest  of  their  friends 
ami  fi.'iiilies,  and  were  ].ut  in  prison.  Vrjar,  ltrcuir<.lo.<.  MS.,  SO,  .says  lie  and 
aii'ithci  !nan  were  sent  to  Estrada  to  say  that  they  would  sei-ve  no  longer 
^vithout  wy;  and  that  before  they  returned  t(j  duty  Estrada  jirrTuised  par- 
lion  and  <onio  relief.  Torre,  /.'('«i///A>!C('/(ci«,s,  .MS.,  S-ll,  Kays  that  Arees  was 
li  adcr,  ii  id  that  tlio  rebels  went  as  far  as  St.a  Cnu.  S,  .Juan,  and  S.  Jos(''. 
Avila,  C  s((?  <U>  Cal.,  MS.,  '2.")-7,  saw  tlie  rebels  form  in  line  near  her  liusbaud's 
hniise  tc  •(  lurn  with  Paclieco.  She  says  \'cjar  was  the  leader,  and  (hatwhilo 
in  prisoi  a'l  were  terrified  at  threats  of  being  put  to  death.  Amadur,  .1/.  mo- 
>■(!(.-■,  MS  ,  Sli,  tells  ns  it  was  a  long  time  before  all  returned  to  duty,  llo 
and  Jose  de  Jesus  Vallcjo,  J'cm'iii.t.,  MS.,  I.I-IO,  represent  the  sohlieis  ;i^ 
having  been  in  a  pitiable  state  of  destitution  wlien  they  were  driven  to  in.uili- 
ordination.  Mention  of  the  adiiir  in  /.mjo,  Vidu,  MS.,  13;  Larlox,  Couval- 
{<'<'jiii.t.  MS.,  8;  Ord,  Onirroiri/i.'i,  MS., '24.' 

"Oct.  i:Oth,  gov.  to  miu.  of  war.  .S7.  l'iq\,Sac.,  MS.,  x.  3S-9. 


|:i,< 


*'! 


GS 


ECIIEArDlA  A\D  HERRERA— THE  SOLIS  REVOLT. 


niTOHt,  wore  rondurcd  reckless  by  current  rumors  tliat 
tlii'V  were  to  l)o  sliot;'^  Ilerrera  and  some  of  the 
friars,  from  motives  of  personal  hostility,  were  willing 
to  encourage  any  movement  directed  against  Echean- 
(li'a;  and  finally  the  records,  without  clearly  implicat- 
ing any  prominent  individual,  leave  room  for  a  sus[)i- 
( ion  that  most  of  the  officers  at  Monterey  and  San 
I'^-ancisco  were  at  the  least  not  very  earnest  in  their 
opposition  to  the  rebels,  though  lacking  confidence  in 
their  success  and  courage  to  take  risks. 

In  June  two  soldiers  revealed  to  Alferez  Jose  Fer- 
nandez del  Cam])0  a  plot  of  the  troops  to  rise  against 
the  governor  and  all  those  de  la  otra  handa,  with  a 
A  iew  to  put  all  the  offices  in  the  hands  of  Californians. 
The  outljreak  at  Monterey  was  to  take  place  June 
2-Jd,  but  the  plan  was  revealed  on  the  18th.  The 
leader  was  Joaquin  Sol  is,  a  convict  ranchero,  living 
not  far  from  the  presidio.  Solis  was  a  companion  of 
Vicente  Gomez,  EI  Capador.  Like  him,  he  had  ren- 
dered service  in  the  war  of  independence,  and  like 
liini,  had  been  sentenced  to  California  for  brutal 
crimes,  which,  but  for  his  past  services,  would  have 
been  more  severelypunished.  This  revelation  strangely 
seems  to  have  caused  no  special  sensation.  There  was 
a  formal  examination  of  several  witnesses,  with  some 
official  ctnrespondence.  Difficulty  was  experienced  in 
inducing  any  officer  to  act  as  fiscal,  or  prosecutor,  and 
finally  the  matter  was  dropped  for  reasons  not  ap- 
parent. Stranfjer  still,  this  affair  was  ignored  in  all 
the  proceedings  arising  from  later  troubles.^'' 

''  Juno  9, 18'20,  order  from  Mexico  that  the  soldiers  under  arrest  for  mutiny 
l)c  Ret  !it  liberty,  after  admonishment  as  to  thoir  duties,  l-iiip.  O'orf  St.  I'a/K, 
MS.,  V.  12.  It  dues  not  appear  that  this  order  reachctl  ^lonterey  hcfort!  th(! 
rising.  The  fact  tliat  tin.'  jnisonors  hcgan  the  movement  is  .stated  hy  I'ioo, 
Ai-oiit.,  MS.,  10-1.3;  Lario.^,  Cutii-ulsioiicn,  MS.,  8-10;  Avila,  C'ooas  dc  Citl., 
MS.,  -J.VS. 

"Munc  2.3,  1S20,  com.  of  Monterey  toEchcandia.  Says  a  conspiracy  of  the 
Califoiniaus  against  the  Mexicans  had  hecn  detected,  and  his  men  !iad  been  iin- 
di  r  arms  for  .3  days,  though  the  cons)iirators  had  not  dared  to  break  out.  J^cpt. 
!!'■'.,  MS.,  vi.  10.  .luuc  "J.lth,  Alf.  Fernandez  leported  to  the  com.  the  revela- 
tions of  Mariano  Peguero,  corporal  of  artillery,  and  of  private  1  Vdro  ( iuerrero. 
(i.diriil  l'',spinosa  and  J  [ainmndo  de  la  Torre  were  named  as  concerned  in  the 
plot.     The  cavalryman,  J  uan  Eliaildc,  conririucd  tlio  statemeiita  of  i'eguero 


I 


hv 
31a 


m. 


11E\'0LTIXG  TROOPS  TAKE  MONTEIIEY. 


Ill 

uul 
ap- 

iiU 

itiny 

the 
•io, 
J<il., 

tlic 
nil- 

•cla- 
■cro. 
tin- 
aero 


During'  tlie  nin'lit  of  Xovombor  12th-loth,  the  sol- 
diers at  ^lonterey  rose  and  took  possession  of  tlio 
presidio,  l^y  a  previous  understand  inn',  doul)tless, 
tliou-^li  little  or  nothing  was  ever  brought  to  liglit  on 
tlu'  suljject,  there  was  no  opposition  in  any  of  the 
harraeks;  but  some  of  the  men,  espeeially  of  the  i;i- 
liintrv,  seem  to  have  been  permitted  to  remain  neutral 
1)V  giving  up  their  weapons.  The  ringleaders  were 
^lariano  Peguero,  Andres  Leon,  Pablo  Yejar,  and 
tlie  two  brothers  Painmndo  and  Gabriel  do  la  Torre, 
tlicugh  even  of  these  none  would  subs!?'iuently  ad- 
mit that  he  entered  altogether  willingly  in"*.*)  the  plot, 
or  that  lie  contem])lated  anything  more  serious  than 
the  sending  of  a  'representation'  to  the  governor. 
Small  parties,  eaeh  including  two  or  UKjre  of  the  men 
i:;ii:..d,  proceeded  to  the  houses  of  Vallejo,  the  acting 
coiiiiikindant  of  the  company,  Juan  Jose  Poclia  of 
the  artillery.  Sergeant  Andre's  Cervantes,  and  of  the 
actiiiii  comisario  flannel  Jimeno  Casarin,  all  of  whom 
were  roused  from  their  slumbers  on  one  pretext  or 
another,  and  were  locked  up  in  the  calabozo  belbio 
dawn.  Juan  P.  Alvarado  and  Jose  Castro  seem  also 
to  have  been  arrested.  No  resistance  beyond  vol  lial 
ju'otcst  was  attempted,  except  that  the  doors  of  Va- 
llejo and  Poclia  had  to  be  kicked  down  by  Estevan 
E>[iiiiosa.^'' 

,"111(1  (uiciToro.  Follows  a  record  of  preliminary  ]o^n\  proccedincjs,  Icadiii','  to 
iKiiiitelli.^'ilile  result.  j!i/il.  S/.  Pap.,  Ikii.  J!i'/.,  MS.,  Ixix.  lo-i'J.  July  Nt. 
p)\.  to  CDiii.  of  Monterey.  Orders  avivsl  of  Solis,  Iv-pinusa,  and  Torre,  riid 
exaniiiuitiou  of  ]',iizalde,  (iuerrero,  and  Fernando  I'urii  1.  J)(/il.  St.  J'oji.,  .MS., 
ii.  '.ili-7;  J><pl.  I^c:,  ilS.,  vi.  1S7.  duly  .Stli,  gov.  ordei'.siutillerj'coniaiidante 
to  ledouljlu  lii.<  eli'orts  to  prevent  the  threatened  revolt.  /</. ,  vii.  UK].  Sejit. 
L'Jd,  J(jsc  T.  Castro,  alcalde,  assures  Eelieandia  of  the  fealty  of  S.  Josi'.  Sf. 
J'li/i..  Miss,  iiml  Coluii.,  MS.,  ii.  7.  Sej^t.  '-'Sth.  Fernandez  del  Canioo  to  ;d- 
ealde.  Must  watch  that  no  one  carries  forbidden  arms.  Val/ijo,  Dor.,  ^IS., 
.\.xi.\.  4i;>. 

'•  Tlie  details  of  tliearicsts  are  given  at  considerable  length  in  testimony 
to  be  referred  to  later.  11.  Torre,  \'ejar,  Lecjii,  ])(ilores<!uriiii,  I'^spinosa.  and 
a  few  ariillerynieii  eoniposcd  the  party  that  took  Vallejo.  Jle  \v;i.s  eallrd  on 
]iiete.xt  of  au  ini])ortant  message  jubt  arrived,  but  suspecting ,«)inetliing,  would 
ii'it  eoMieijiit;  therefore  the  iloor  was  kiekeil  ill  alter  consultation.  I'egnero, 
\  1  jar,  and  J'^spiiiusii  arrested  Jimeno.  Several  witnesses  teslifu'd  that  .Mva- 
Ki'lo  .iiid  Castro  were  imprisoned.  A vila.Ci. ««<(/(!  Cr//. ,  MS.,  'J.j-S,  was  told  by 
N  I  j,,r  at  the  time  that  the  object  was  to  make  theolliccrs  eat  ■riwri.qin  i''  and 
leuni  how  the  soldiers  had  to  live,    kjpeuce,  Jlht.  JN'oto,  MS,,  3-7,  says  Solid 


i 
I 


ECIIKANDIA  AND  IIEPJlEnA— THE  SOLIS  REVOLT. 


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The  rebels  tliiis  secured  Monterey  without  opposi- 
tion, and  similar  easy  success  at  all  other  points  was 
anticipated.  There  was  the  usual  indulgence  in  pros- 
jxjctive  death  or  liberty  as  a  figure  of  speech,  but 
clearly  none  of  the  conspirators  expected  serious  ob- 
stacles. A  leader  was  needed,  none  of  the  conspira- 
tors ranking  higher  than  corporal,  or  feeling  couipc- 
tvjnt  to  take  the  connnand.  Raimundo  de  la  Torre 
Avas  accordingly  despatched  with  a  sunnnons  to  Joaquin 
Solis,  who  came  in  from  his  rancho  on  the  14th  and  as- 
sumed the  j)osition  of  comandanto  general  of  the  Cali- 
foi-nian  troo])s.^^  I  suppose  that  all  this  had  been  pre- 
arnuiged,  although  Solis  and  the  rest  insisted  on  their 
trial,  that  the  convict  genei'al  now  heard  of  the  rising 
1(  tr  the  first  time, and  he  even  had  the  assurance  to  claim 
that  he  acce[)ted  the  connnand  to  ]:)revent  the  disor- 
ders that  would  naturally  arise  from  leaving  the  rab- 
ble uncontrolled! 

Now  that  there  was  a  general,  a  plan  or  pronuncia- 
iniento  was  an  absolute  necessity.  Solis  applied  for 
such  a  plan — or,  as  he  afterward  tried  to  make  it 
appear,  for  a  petition  or  'representation'  to  Echeandi'a 
on  existing  evils — to  Jose  I\Iaria  Herrera.     The  ex- 

took  the  ofBccrs  <if  the  presidio  l)ysti';itnrrom.  Alvai'atlo,  Hist.  Cal.,  ^TS.,  ii. 
IJ'i-.")!),  siiys  lie  and  (J;istro  wel'o  sleeping  in  tiic  same  room  with  Vallejo.  v,  lien 
10  soldiers  I'aiue  and  iiiarelied  iill  three  to  jail,  wliei'e  they  sjient  the  night  im 
the  liare  gi'onnd,  lialf-dre3sed.  A'allejo  ^ot  a  elianee  to  make  a  speeeh,  Imt 
to  no  avail.  The  prisoners  feared  at  lirst  ;;erious  I'esults  from  the  I'eekk'sj) 
eharaeter  of  the  ei inspirators.  Vallejo,  J/iKf.  ( 'al.,  ,MS.,  ii,  ,Sli-!)(i,  1 10-1 1 ;  iii. 
'2i~>,  .nives  a  siniilar  nariativc  to  that  of  Alvarado.  Says  it  was  "J  a.  Jr.  when 
t!ie  f.;oldiers  eanie  on  pretenee  of  giving  him  the  niaildiag.  Thi'V  were  slmt 
ii)>  with  the  lowest  eriminals,  who  were  liowe\er  soon  released,  llewasmueh 
relieved  to  hear  from  Jimeno,  the  last  prisoner  liroujflit  to  jail,  that  the  plot 
\va:s  t)  overthrow  J^eheandia,  and  not,  as  he  hail  feared,  to  ]ilunder  the  town 
iind  llee  on  one  of  the  vessels  in  ]iort.  Tori'e,  J'rmhii".,  .MS.,  lO-'JI.  .says  his 
]ir,)tliers  Kaimundo  and  (lahriel  were  in  command  of  the  cscoltay  of  S.  ;\li- 
giieland  S.  J^uis  resp((U\<ly,  and  eanie  with  tluir  men  and  those  of  S.  Anto- 
nio and  Soledad,  arriving  on  the  night  of  tlu'  revolt.  Oslo,  Jli-^l.  Citl.,  ^IS., 
r_V)-r>l,  tells  ns  that  lioeha,  Vallejo,  and  Fernandez  del(  'am|io  had  repeatedly 
warned  l^eheandia  of  thi'  danger,  withont  his  having  ])aid  the  slightest  heed. 
Vejiir,  llvrnrrihis,  MS.,  !)-;),">.  says  ]'^eheandia  wouhl  eertainly  liave  heen  .shot 
had  he  been  in  Monterey  at  the  tinie,  as  the  soldiers  considered  him  respon- 
sihle  for  all  their  trouMes. 

'■'  .Vov.  i:?,  JS'Jii,  sunnnons  to  Solis  to  take  the  command,  in  Drjit.  St.  Pup., 
JjCf.  J/;7.,  MS.,  l:;::ii.  4"),  signed  I'y  I'egnero,  Leon,  (.Juhricl  dc  laTorre,  and 
Pctronilo  Kius.     See  also  Id.,  p.  -10,  -to,  oo,  o'l. 


I 


Jb 


A  rnOXUNCIA^tllEXTO. 


71 


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cmnisario  was  in  syiiijxitliy  Avith  any  niovemont  ai^fainst 
tlio  governoi'.  Wo  ar(;  tokl  liy  Osio,  Vallejo,  Alva- 
I'udo,  and  others  that  ho  was  tlio  pi'inie  nu)\or  in  the 
rc\'iilt,  Sohs  bcino'  nioroly  a  tool  in  his  liands.  1 
lliiidc  this  viow  of  the  case  an  cxai^L^oration,  and  that 
]  loiTora,  hko  several  others  pcrJiaps  wlio  wore  never 
diicctly  inipHcated,  was  wilhni;-  to  wait,  and  evon  aid 
,'-()  far  as  lie  coidd  in  safety.  However  this  may  liavo 
been,  the  troops  counted  on  hijn  to  a  certain  extent,'''' 
and  he  at  the  least  di(?tated  the  plan,  wliich  was  writ- 
ten at  liis  house  hy  Potronilo  Rios,  and  couiplotcd  in 
the  L'venino"  of  Xovember  lotli.  It  was  road  aloud 
to  a  Li'roup  of  foreigners,  ineludiniij  Hartnoll,  Spcnce, 
('iioiier,  Stearns,  Anderson,  ^McCulIoch,  and  otliors 
\:\u)  ]iap])enod  to  be  present,  and  who  more  or  less 
appi'oved  the  document,  'fn^ni  motives  of  courtesy,' 
lis  David  Spence  afterward  testified.  It  was  road  to 
tlio  soldiers  and  approved  by  them  the  same  night. 
I\l.any  claimed  later  not  to  have  been  j)leasod  with  the 
jiaper,  since  it  was  a  plan  of  revolution,  and  not  a 
jiotition  for  redress  of  grievances;  but  this  was  an 
afterthought  in  most  cases. 

The  })lan  was  made  to  embody  the  grievances  of 
]  [errora,  as  well  as  of  the  troops,  and  was  directed 
against  Echeandia  as  the  author  of  all  territorial 
<  vils.-'     The  avowed  object  'wns  to  put  the  territory 

''••Thore  arc  sevcnil  va;,jiiu  alhiHions  in  tlio  tcstiiudny  to  two  hrazonfiivrtcK, 
I'll  whom  ilopcndoiice  was  ilaccil.  Ono  was  Kinjposcil  to  lie  llcieia,  ami  the 
(■  iicr  licrliaiis  (Japt.  (^onzalfz.  (jr  J^iciit.  Loliato,  or  l''raiicisco  Patlnco.  Suiis 
l!  liliicil  to  liavi^  acted  in  many  tiling's  oii  Jl.'s  ail\  ice  after  lie  luul  taken  tlio 
ei.:uniaii(l.  H.  in  liis  test iiaony  said  lie  first  knew  of  the  troul>K~  when  in  the 
r.i^rlit  of  the  I'Jtli  he  heard  a  noise  in  .linieiio"s  rooiii  next  to  \\\a  own,  ami 
r.ilied  out  siWord  ill  hand  to  defend  liiiu.  \e\t  day  he  vas  oH'ered  the  eoiii- 
i-,:iria,  liiit  deijiiied,  and  advised  tiie  i>l>cls  to  await  the  arrival  of  Osio,  who 
i;heady  had  the  a|i|iointiiient  from  l^elieaiiilia,  lie  aLtain  deelined  the  ollico 
uhen  otl'eied  liy  Solis.  ]Ie  w.is  asked  for  advive,  and  ,L'a\eit  in  the  interest  of 
fiioil  order.  lie  subseiiuenlly  a.L'i'eed  to  dietale  the  iihiii  on  condition  that 
t!ie  oliieers  .shoiild  he  set  at  lilierty.  and  with  a  view  to  seeiiro  respect  f;>r  the 
!  'tliorities,  to  prevent  outrages  on  persfnis  and  jiniperty ;  in  fact,  to  control 
t>  1'  the  good  of  the  territory  so  far  as  possible  a  revolution  which  ho  v\art  ])oW- 
i:less  to  prevent.  iM'pt.  St.  I'liji.,  MS.,  Ixxii.  71-4.  It  is  fair  to  state  that 
i!ii(  dt. fence  was  at  least  jilansilih',  and  that  there  is  really  no  evidence  of  any 
Weight  against  its  accuracy,  except  the  stateineiits  of  persons  lialde  to  he  in- 
lluenceil  hy  prejiidico, 

■'Siili.t,  Midiiii'iyfo  al  I'lililirii,  (j  .tea  Plnu'lr  I'<  '•'■Inrioti,  IS.'H,  MS,  It  was 
biijiied  by  Solis,  I'egiiero,  Leon,  Ihos,  and  (jabriel  de  la  Tone.     In  Mil'stunce, 


I  m 


72 


ECHEAXinA  AND  HERRERA— THE  SOLIS  REVOLT. 


in  tlic  liaiuls  of  a  tcinjiorary  governor  a[)[){>iiitc(l  by 
the  (li[)Utaei()ii.  There  was  no  need  of  a  such  a  revo- 
lution, or  at  least  no  reason  to  ex])ect  reHef  Ironi  such 
measures;  the  charges  against  Eclieanch'a  were  grossly 
exaggerated,  since  he  was  merely  a  weak  man  })laced 
in  circumstances  where  a  strong  man  could  have  done 
but  little;  but  the  prevalent  destitution  among  the 
troops  was  real,  and  was  jjerha]:)S  a  sufficient  motive 

tlie  docuniciit  was  as  follows:  Tiic  su]i.  govt,  which  is  ever  anxiiu.-i 
for  our  f,'oo<l,  and  to  which  wo  arc  ever  ohediLiit,  sent  a  governor  wbo  ]\;in 
failed  to  comply  -witli  his  instructions;  lias  scandalously  aljused  his  au- 
thority; hi,s  de'.  otcd  h!ins(df  to  his  own  interests  and  comforts  and  tliosc  of  a 
few  men  ahont  him;  and  has  paid  no  attention  to  the  complaints  of  luuii^ry 
and  naki'd  soldiers.  1'ln;  laws  call  for  a  dipiitaeion  eliosen  by  the  people;  Init 
tile  j,'ofe  fails  to  cither  convoke  that  body  or  to  explain  his  reasons  for  not 
doing  so,  and  eonse(|U(!ntly  agriculture,  commcr;c,  eilucation,  and  other  vital 
interests  are  grossly  neglected.  Two  year.'  ago  tin.' gov.  sus]iended  the  comi-sa- 
rio  of  the  revenues  for  lea.sons  not  known,  which  lias  resulted  in  the  most 
scaiid.alous  mismanag(;inent  of  the  jpulilic  funils.  The  administration  of  ji;s- 
ticc  and  miliiary  di.sciplinc  are  in  a  ."ilate  (jf  det^jstahle  alcunlonmeiit;  im- 
morality and  crime  are  ran;]iant;  anil  all  results  directly  from  tin;  ruler's  neg- 
lect and  lack  of  energy.  Therefore,  having  endured  all  of  misery  and  neglect 
that  i.i  humanly  [lo.ssilile,  iiaving  resorted  in  vain  to  every  othei-  expedieni, 
the  troiijis  liave  lesolveU  to  iit'e  force,  and  to  support  the  folhjwing  jilan:  1. 
The  dijr.ilacion  shall  meet  in  due  form  with  all  its  members.  '2.  When  it  has 
assembled  Eeheandia  shall  resign  all  his  powers  to  the  dip.,  whicli  shall 
.■i)i])oiiit  a  person  worthy  of  conlidence  to  serve  until  the  arrival  of  a  new 
goie  sent  by  the  suj).  govt,  ^\l>o  will  be  immediately  n^cogni/.ed.  'A.  Roth 
this  ayuntamiento  (of  Monterey)  an<l  those  of  other  places  will  n.ime  proper 
persons  to  manage  the  revenues  provisionally  in  accordance  with  the  laws.  4. 
r!;e  troops  will  remain  umler  their  old  ollicers,  if  the  latter  agree  to  this  plan; 
otherwiiie  ihey  will  choose  a  sergeant  or  cor]i(.)ral  as  eoniandante.  who  shall 
acknowledge  the  authority  of  iiic  g<'fe  appointed  by  the  dijiutacion.  C>.  Coni- 
niaiidants  of  Lvoops  will  apply  lor  pay  and  sii]iplics  to  the  resi)ective  adminis- 
tratoi's  of  revenue  ap|.ointed  as  above,  and  never  to  missions  or  private 
persons.  0.  Only  alcaldes  may  npi'ly  to  missions  for  supplies,  giv- 
ing proper  receipts,  and  delivering  the  jiroduet  to  the  administrators. 
7.  Ill  \ery  urgent  cases  Ihe  !iyuntamieiit(j  and  administrator  may  rc([uire  a 
moderate  loan  from  private  persons,  tln' amount  being  projiortioncil  to  their 
means.  S.  I'ersons  and  projicrty  to  In.'  fully  protected,  especially  in  the  case 
of  foreigners  lieloiigin;,'  to  n  friendly  nation.  (Ilerrcra  added  to  this  article  ti 
note  in  his  own  handwriting  which  extended  the  assurance  of  protection  to 
tlie  Spaniards  already  living  in  tin;  territory —that  is,  leaving  all  fui'tler  ac- 
tion against  them  for  the  sup.  govt  and  the  new  governor  to  dispose  of.)  !l. 
An  eloc(Ucnt  1)1  .ration,  in  w  liicli  the  ])ronunciados  declare  that  they  will  never 
lay  down  their  arms  until  their  object  is  accomplished;  thr.t  no  violence 
will  be  usecl  beyond  what  is  necessary  in  defence  id  their  lights;  t'.iat 
there  will  be  no  ])er.secution  of  oiipoiunts;  that  anxiety  may  be  banished 
from  the  minds  of  all,  citizens  or  foreigners;  that  the  object  was  to  reiist  .b- 
lisli  and  not  to  overthrow  the  goveriiincnt;  that  'the  military  .apiiaratus  v,  hich 
has  caused  alarm  is  only  the  I'llbrt  of  free  men  against  tyranny,  and  the 
use  of  this  last  resource  mailc  i^verywhere  to  overthrow  tyranny  by  soldier; 
overwhelmed  by  misery,  weakened  by  hunger,  and  fully  awakened  by  the 
paini'ul  s[ieetacle  daily  presented  to  their  eyes  of  a  dear  wile  and  tender 
children,  naked,  and  on  the  point  of  becoming  victims  to  indigence.' 


fo 
c\ 

CO 

tv. 

W! 

El 

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ho 
S:l 


A\' 


REBEL  ORGANIZATIOX. 


73 


I 


for  iniitiny.  It  was  natural  euouj^h  that  all  existing 
evils  should  bo  [)opul.irly  attributed  to  the  ruler,  and 
could  the  soldiers  have  induced  some  popular  and  in- 
UHi^'cnt  olliccr  to  take  the  command,  the  movement 
would  have  been  successful  so  far  as  the  overthrow  of 
Ei;lieandj'a  was  concerned. 

Soon  after  his  arrival  at  ^lonterey,  Solis  transferred 
the  imprisoned  officers  from  the  calabozo  to  the  waie- 
hous(\  Meanwhile  Raimundode  la  T(jrre  was  sent  to 
Sail  Juan,  where  he  lay  in  wait  for  and  captured  Fer- 
nandez del  Campo,  an  officer  who  at  the  time  of  the 
revoh  was  absent  on  an  Indian  expedition.  Jlis  men 
joined  the  rebels,  and  the  loader  was  broun'ht  to  the 
presidio  under  arrest.  Whether  he  also  was  locked 
up  with  tlie  rest  does  not  a[)pear;  but  in  a  few  weeks 
all  the  prisoners  were  released  at  the  intercession  of 
f  jrcinnors,  and  on  the  advice  ()f  ilorrora,  mucliau'ainst 
the  wishes  of  some  of  the  soldiers.  Vallejoand  llocha 
M'ore  however  sent  south  in  the  JJroo/diiie.  Stephen 
Andt^rson  carried  copies  of  the  plan  to  Santa  Barbara 
liy  water,  and  ]\Ieliton  Soto,  a  citizen,  was  sent  south 
A\iih  letters  calculated  to  advance  the  rebel  cause, 
wliilo  Ivaimundo  do  la  Torre  read  the  plan  to  tlie  sol- 
(liei's  of  every  eseolta  from  Soledad  to  San  Luis  Obispo. 
The  ayuntamiento  of  Montere}',  headed  by  Tiburcio 
Castro,  the  alcalde,  accepted  the  plan,  proclaimed  it  to 
the  assendjled  citizens,  and  urged  its  acceptance  by 
other  towns.-^  Castro  turned  over  the  municipal 
funds,  and  re[)lenishcd  the  rebel  treasury  by  imposing 
a  tax  or  loan  of  a  few  thousand  dollars  on  ilie  traders, 
chiel'y  foreigners.  In  accordance  with  the  pkui,  an 
adiiunistrator  of  revenues  was  chosen,  the  j)osition 
lieing  given  to  Antonio  Maria  Osio,  who  accepted  it." 
Win  a  all  had  been  arranged  at  the  ca[)ital,  General 


"Xov.  10,  lS-29,  Alcalde  Castro  to  Solis,  in  Drpf.  St.  Pap.,  Br,,.,  MS.,  v. 

--Nov.  Ifitli.Tibu-ciorastro's statement.  Jtf;,'  St.  Pnp.,  Bni.,  MS.,  v.  3,JS. 
Ill  his  llistiirid,  il'' t'afjtiruia,  MS.,  ll.'>,  l)uii  Antonio  Maria  nalurr.lly  calls  at- 
tcutionto  tlio  fact  tliat  he  had  been  prcviousily  apjjoiuLod  by  Echuandia. 


w 


r 


i;  "i 


71 


ECHEANDIA  AND  HERRERA-THE  SOLIS  REVOLT. 


Solis  turned  liis  attention  to  the  north,  lcavin«^  Fran- 
cisco Paclicoo  in  (joinniand  at  Monter-ej.-^ 

or  tlic!  march  nortliward  and  return  we  have  few 
details;  l)ut  there  had  been  a  previous  «n(ku^standin<v 
with  the  garrison,  and  neither  at  San  Fi'ancisco  nor 
at  any  point  on  the  way  did  Sohs  encounter  opposition. 
"I'he  nortliern  tour  consumed  about  a  month,  to  De- 
ccml  >er  '20th.  Tlio  ayuntamiento  of  San  Jose  accepted 
the  phm  as  the  best  means  of  securing;  peace  and  or- 
der; or  at  least  so  I  inter[)ret  a  k'tter  of  xVU-akle  Ar- 
chuleta, which  that  ditjfnitary  ])erhaps  intended  to  be 
va<jcue  and  uninteHi<>ible.  At  San  Juan  and  Santa 
(^lara  Solis  received  supplies  and  money  to  the  amount 
of  a  few  liundix'd  dollais;  but  Padre  ]3uran  at  ^Mission 
San  Jose,  not  in  the  conunnlantu's  route,  declined  to 
contribute,  on  the  ground  that  he  had  no  official  know  1- 

'■'^  Xov.  21st,  ]\'iclK'(:r)  to  8olis).  Says  lio  is  not  capable  of  iimlcrtakin;,'  the 
C'^iuiuauil,  liavin;^  iiL'ither  talolit  nor  ilis|ii);^itioii  for  it;  lait  jir  wa.s  williiiL!;  to 
servf  liis  comitry  in  any  pos-iililu  way.  Tliu  followiii.ij;  itoiiis  arc  from  tlio  \  ari- 
ous  i<tatcineii's  made  from  memory:  Taldo  \'('jar,  Itinurila^,  MS.,  0-17,  i-ays 
li'j  iuul  for  a  wcc'ii  the  Icey  of  tlic  comisarfa,  m  iicro  tlicrc  was  a  larj^c  Ixix  dI 
silver  coin,  wliirli  fact  ho  did  not  icvcal,  fearing  the  nu'n  would  sciz(!  th(3 
m  )n(y  and  give  color  to  a  charge  that  they  liad  rebelled  for  phiniler.  He 
claims  to  have  been  a  leader  with  Torre  at  first.  Osio,  llUt.  (Jal.,  MS.,  ll.'5-(i, 
tells  us  that  Castro  was  forced  to  lend  .Sl,00l)of  the  nnmicipal  funds,  and  that 
lie,  Osio,  distril)uted  over  §.'?,OIJO  in  ell'eets  to  the  troopa.  He  arrived  the 
s.iuie  day  as  Solis,  and  helped  to  secure  the  release  of  the  prisoners.  J'lstevan 
de  la  Torre,  Jlini'mi.^.,  MS.,  I'i-ll,  gives  some  details  of  the  ea])ture  by  his 
lirotlier  of  FernandezdelCainpoat  S.  .fuan.  'Vallejo,  Ili-'f.  Cd'.,  MS.,  ii.  S()-!)0, 
;;l tributes  his  release,  to  the  etibrts  of  the  foreigners  headed  by  l)avid  Spence. 
Ho  says  Sergt  Cervantes  was  also  sent  south  in  tlio  Brookliiic.  Jose  de  .lesus 
I'ico,  Aroiif.,  ]MS.,  10-1.'},  says  lie  was  sent  to  intercept  the  mail  at  Soledad 
and  to  bring  away  the  guard,  succeeding  in  Ix^th  undertakings,  (buizalez, 
Jii  r  iliicioiKf,  .\bS.,  1-3,  gives  a  brief  account  of  the  whole  allair.  Robinson, 
L'/i'  ill  Cell.,  ()!)-7(),  says  that  Solis  seized  about  S3,0(X)  in  the  coinisarfa,  and 
levied  a  contribution  on  tlie  inhabitants.  James  O.  Pattie's  version  of  the 
Solis  revolt  is  perhaps  wortli  presenting  apart.  That  part  relating  to  this  fiiTit 
jihasc  of  the  allair  at  .Monterey  is  as  follows:  In  January  l.SltO  (the  date  is 
wrong)  my  ac([uaintances  informed  me  on  landing  'that  there  was  a  revolu- 
tion in  the  country,  a  jiartof  tiie  inhabitants  having  revolted  ,'vgainst  the  con- 
stituted autiiorities.  The  revolted  parly  seemed  at  iiresent  likely  to  gain  tiio 
aseeiideiiey  They  had  i>romised  the  Englisli  and  Ai)iericans  the  same  priv- 
ileges and  liberty  in  reganl  to  traile  on  the  co;ist  that  belonged  to  the  native 
citizens,  upon  the  <'oiuliti<iii  tliat  these  people  aided  them  in  tiieir  attempt  to 
gain  their  freedom  by  imparting  adv.ic  and  funds.  1  readily  ap]iropria'.ed  a 
jvut  of  my  little  store  to  their  use,  and  1  would  fain  have  accompanied  them 
in  hopes  to  have  one  sliot  at  the  general  with  my  rille.  IJiit  my  eountrymeii 
said  it  was  eiimigh  to  gi\  e  counsel  ami  funds  at  first,  and  it  would  be  liest  to 
SL'c  how  they  managed  tiieir  own  atlairs  before  wo  committed  ourselves  by 
taking  an  active  part  in  tlicin.'  Palliv'n  Xtir.,  '22'2. 


e( 


tiiil 
sill 


te-ii 


AT  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


75 


odLjo  of  any  chansco  in  tlio  govornnicnt.  TTo  was  pcr- 
li.ips  tlio  only  man  in  tlio  noi-th  who  vontni'cd  to  (|nos- 
tjdii  tlio  authority  t>t' Sohs.'-''  At  San  J^'rancisco  Sohs 
and  liis  army  wercj  rcffived  with  an  artillery  salute; 
the  whole  garrison  })ronipt]y  joined  the  \v\k'\  cause; 
Jose  Sanchez  was  made  comandante  instead  (»f  ^lar- 
tinez;  and  that  is  practically  all  that  is  known  on  the 
suhj(<ct.-' 

At  San  Francisco  Solis  tried  to  induce  Luis  Ar- 
"i'lcllo  to  take  the  chief  command  of  the  rebel  forces. 
TlnTe  is  no  documentary  evidence  of  this  I'act,  but  it 
is  stated  by  many  of  the  Californians,  The  effort  was 
natural;  and  Jose  Fernandez  says  that  the  olfer  was 
made  in  his  presence,  Solis  urgini^  Ar'^iiello's  accept- 
ance, and  pi'omising"  to  retire  himself,  so  that  ]Jon 
Luis  min'ht  not  have  to  associate  with  a  convict.     But 


^Mi">.,    l.\.\ll.    fIJ.         J.MJV.    _UU1,     |-^(Jll.-^,    ill;    i^LIl  X-  KM  il,     lUJiyillll,.    ()l     i"? 

li;i\e  sl(K)  fi'oiii  niuiiici])al  fiiml  or  nearest  mission  in  onlur  to  n'suiue  liisniaivli. 
S.  J'i<i',  Aixli.,  ^IS.,  vi.  14.     Nov.  3i)tii,  /'/.  to  /(/.  fioin  S.  F.,  !l^^ull  (IcuKiiuls 


friiirs.  unilei- it  iiiu  eariKistly  ,'^ot  forth.  Iil.,  \\.  VI,  II.  Dec.  (itii.  Soli-f,  l)aLk 
iit  i>ta  Clara,  fiivcs  recci]it  for  !i;<100  of  t!u;  titla'.s  of  S.  Josl',  and  .S20l»  of  St;i 
CLiia.  /(/.,  ii.  4'J.  Dec.  1  Itli,  Solis,  at  J.a  La'i'.ma,  witli  cuni[ilaiut  a;,Minst  the 
alailtli'  of  S.  Jo.sc  for  iiotliing  in  ]iartii'iilar.   /(/.,  i.  ."J."). 

-MVli.   19,   18.'?0,  .Martia'r/;  writes  to  l':clicanilta,  that  on  Nov.   1.'),   1S-J!», 
S.ilis  wa.s  aliout  to  attack  S.  Francisco  ami  hcprepareil  to  resist  him,  hut  foiui  I 

■ ■  "      '       .t 

10 

i- 
r. 

of 

S  iljs,  .Martini '7,  had  .some  idea  of  resi.stancp,  for  Nov.  lOtli  he  wrote  to  S.  .Jose, 
a:  kiiiL;  for  a  rei'iiforcement  of  10  vecinos.  X.  /o.^r,  Arc//.,  ,MS.,  i.  ,'jl).  In  Fob. 
and  March  liS.'iO  Corporal  .T(iai[uiii  I'ina,  who  had  hccu  in  connntuid  of  tho  ar- 
tillery in  the  past  No\'.,  was  aceuse(l  fif  insolence  to  Martine:'.  on  Nov.  -Stli, 
v.lun  he  came  hy  ordiT  of  Solis,  then  at  tho  mission,  to  demand  amninnitiou 
for  a  salute.  I'iua  denied  the  insolence,  Init  in  turn  accused  Martinez  of  hav- 
iu''  apiiroved  the  i)lan  when  it  was  fir.st  lead.  Nov.  "Jlst  or  '22i\.  and  of  liavim: 


mil  of  liaving 

sent  to  Solis  a  written  .siii  render  of  the  presidio,  much  to  the  ilisgust  of  I'iiia, 
hut  witii  the  approval  of  I'rancisco  dcHaro.  J)rpl.  SI.  Pap.,  Urn.  Mil.,  MS 


IxNi.  L'l-S.     All  of  the  Califoniiaa  writer 


tion  the  expedition  toS.  l''ran- 


cisco,  hut  none  give  details.     O^io,  however,  says  that  Solis  met  with  no  op- 
position from  ilurtincz. 


U^l 


li    ■!  ^!v 


70 


KCIlKAXDiA  AND  IIERRERA-THK  SOUS  REVOLT. 


R.:i!» 


ArL,ni('ll(i,  wliilo  udiiiittiiiij^  that  lio  would  rcjoic^o  at 
tlio  overthrow  of  Jv;hc'aii(h'a,  liad  no  (hsjiositioii  to 
head  a  rcvohitioii,  and  j)orsi,'stL;d  in  liis  refusal.  A  part 
of  the  San  Francisco  garrison  was  incorporated  in  tho 
army  of  Sol  is,  but  most  of  the  men  deserted  at  San 
Jose  on  the  march  to  ]Monterey. 

()n  his  I'eturn  Solis  received  despatches  warnin;^ him 
to  make  haste  or  Santa  Barbara  would  be  lost  to  the 
cause.  Accordingly  after  a  short  stay  at  the  capital, 
he  bcixan  his  march  southward  with  over  one  hun(h'ed 
men,  (labriel  do  la  Torre  cominandini;"  the  cavalry  and 
HA'/AU-o  Pina  the  artillery.  Beyond  the  facts  that  the 
ai-my  was  at  San  j\Iiguel  December  28th,  got  plenty  of 
supplies  at  each  mission,  and  was  in  such  good  s[)irits 
at  Santa  lues  that  the  men  refused  to  accejit  the  gov- 
ernor's htdalto  which  met  them  at  that  point,  we  have 
})ractically  no  details  respecting  the  march.  Thus  i'ar 
all  went  well ;  but  the  leatler  had  no  ability,  nor  control 
over  his  men;  the  army  had  no  elements  of  coherence, 
and  would  fall  apart  of  its  own  weight  at  tho  slightest 
obstacle;  yet  if  success  should  take  the  form  of  a  hole, 
the  fraij^ments  miijfht  fall  into  it.^" 

Let  us  n(jw  turn  to  the  south.  Eclieandia  heard 
of  the  Solis  revolt  November  25th,  or  a  day  or  two 
earlier.  On  that  date  he  revealed  it  to  the  ofHcers  and 
people  in  a  circular,  stating  that  he  had  convoked  a 
council  of  seven  officers,  who  were  asked  for  a  frank 
opinion  whether  his  rule  was  satisfactory,  and  wliat 
changes  if  any  could  be  advantageously  made  in  the 
administration.  The  response  was  unanimous  that 
ho  was  a  good  governor,  though  Juan  Malarin  was 
named  as  the  best  man  for  the  revenue  department. 

'^"Tlio  miircli  soiitli,  organization  of  tlie  anny,  tiiflincf  ilctails.  Dept.  St. 
Prip.,  JJiii.  Mil.,  yiS.,  Ixxii.  41,  4.J-0,  70-7,  and  scattering.  Jan.  1."),  Js:iO, 
Alcalde  Soberancs  writes  from  Monterey  tliut  ho  has  uotioo  of  Solis  passing 
I'urisima  on  Jan.  lOtli,  and  tiiat  I'aclieco  in  iiwaiting  him  at  La  Cieneguita 
with  "200  men.  ,9.  Josi!,  Arrh.,  MS.,  i.  .S7.  Osio,  I/ist.  CaK,  MS.,  147,  Vneu- 
tions  that  at  Monterey  Suli.s  showed  an  inclination  to  give  up  tho  command; 
that  his  old  com])auion  Antonio  Avila  threatened  to  oppose  him  if  he  con- 
tinued to  bo  the  tool  of  llerrcra;  and  that  a  sergeant  of  artillery  went  south 
in  Iiis  army  with  the  expres.s  purpose  of  betraying  him  (Lazaro  Pina?),  as  he 
did. 


HEVOLT  IN  TIIK  SOUTH. 


77 


r()iiso(|iU'iitly  lu;  declares  that,  tin;  adhenMits  of  Soils, 
if  tliev  do  not  lay  down  tlieii*  arms  and  leave  the  au- 
thorities IVoo,  shall  he  detsnied  ti'aitoi's  and  accoui- 
])liccs  of  till!  Spanish  invaders  at  Vera  Cm/.'-"'  Two 
(lavs  later  J*]eheaiidi'a  reported  the  matter  to  tlu^  min- 
i.^ter  of  war,  amiouncinu^  that  ho  would  start  north  iji 
a  few  days  to  letako  the  capital.  Ho  deelari-d  his 
helief  that  Jlerrera  was  at  the  hottoin  of  the  revolt, 
hoping"  to  gratify  personal  hatred,  to  avoid  the  rcn- 
derin»^  of  accounts  and  exposure  of  his  frauds,  and 
either  to  escape  hy  some  vessel,  or  more  likely  to 
declare  for  Spain  or  North  American  adventurers. 
]']cheandia  docs  not  fail  to  make  the  affair  a  text  for 
discourse  on  the  difficulties  of  his  ])osition,  and  tlu; 
urijfent  need  of  aid  from  Mexico.-'^  J  Ec  left  San  ])ie<>'o 
on  J  )ecember  1st  and  reached  Santa  Barbara  the  1.3th, 
alter  havintjf  made  arrangements  on  the  way  for  re- 
enforcements  to  come  from  Los  Angeles,  and  for  a 
meeting  of  the  diputacion,  as  elsewhere  related. 

At  San  Diego  the  rebellion  obtainefl  no  foothold;'"" 
l)ut  at  Santa  Uarbara  in  the  early  days  of  December, 
before  Echeandia's  arrival,  the  garrison  rose  much  as 
at  ]\[onterey,  and  held  the  ])residio  for  neai'ly  two 
(lays.  The  outbreak  seems  to  have  taken  place  just 
alter  the  arrival  of  !Meliton  Soto  with  despatches  Ironi 
tlie  north  on  the  2(1.  The  coming  of  such  a  messenger 
had  been  ex[)cctcd,  and  a  rising  had  been  planned 
since  the  bes^inninu'  of  November.    It  w'as  now  settled 


"\nv.  2.'),  1820,  Echeandia's  circular.    Dqit.  I?ec.,  MS.,  vii.  2". 

-^Xov.  27,  1820,  K.  to  mill,  of  war.  S/.  I'lip.,  ,Sar.,  JMS.,  x.  i'.V.").  He  i.s 
liiivd  presseil  i)y  imiiierous  duties,  tiiu  ditliculty  of  maintainiiin  liaiinoiiy  with 
disnll'ectoil  Spanish  friars,  the  fear  of  a  neoiihyto  uprising,  tho  total  want  of 
fluids,  tiie  ditticulties  of  comnuinication,  etc.  Jlc  wants  otHcers,  troop.s, 
piiests,  nion' ■•,  and  above  all,  just  now  TjO  nu'u  from  Soiiora  to  establish  eom- 
municatioii  !  y  laud. 

^'■'Xov.  2li,  1820,  Echeandfa  orders  the  coniandantc  to  summon  tlu'  militia 
ill  case  of  need  to  serve  against  Solis.  Jh]!/.  J,'(c.,  MS.,  vii.  2.")S.  Dee.  .'iOtli, 
Argiiell(j  assures  E.  that  all  at  San  I)icgo  are  opposed  to  the  plan  and  deter- 
luiiicd  to  support  tho  govt.  Dfjit.  St.  J'(t/).,M^.,  ii.  02.  Sergt  .Josi'  Maria 
Medrano  was  accused  by  I'.  Menendczof  saying  that  he  hade.\]iectod  the  out- 
break since  .luly,  and  that  had  ho  been  at  Monterey  he  would  have  favoied 
the  plan;  but  after  investigation  the  padre's  testimony  was  doubted,  and 
Mcdiauo  acquitted  as  a  faithful  soldier. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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1.6 

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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

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73  ECHEANDiA  AND  HERRERA— THE  SOLIS  REVOLT. 

that  the  discharfre  of  a  musket  at  midnight  of  the  3d, 
eve  of  Santa  Barbara,  should  be  the  signal;  but  an 
accidental  discharge  brought  on  the  outbreak  prema- 
turely at  11  A.  Ji.  Romualdo  Pacheco,  acting  com- 
andanto,  and  Rodrigo  del  Pliego  were  seized  and 
placed  under  arrest  in  Pacheco's  house,  guarded  by  a 
corporal  and  eight  soldiers.  Sergeant  Dsimaso  Rod- 
riguez was  perhaps  the  leader  of  the  rebels,  or  per- 
haps, as  he  afterward  claimed,  only  pretended  to  be  so 
to  preserve  order.  No  violence  was  done  to  persons 
or  property.  A  distribution  of  warehouse  effects  was 
proposed,  but  was  postponed  until  the  soldiers  of  the 
mission  guards  should  come  to  claim  their  share.  The 
quelling  of  this  revolt  was  a  simple  matter.  The  offi- 
cers were  released  by  Rodriguez  and  a  few  others,  on 
the  4th,  against  the  wishes  of  many.  Pacheco  easily 
won  over  a  few  soldiers,  marched  to  the  barracks  next 
day,  and  advised  the  troops  to  return  to  their  alle- 
giance and  duty.  They  were  given  until  9  p.  m.  to 
think  of  the  matter,  and  they  deemed  it  best  to  sur- 
lender,  after  six  of  the  nuriber,  presumably  the  lead- 
ers, whom  only  Pacheco  had  threatened  with  arrest, 
had  been  given  time  to  run  away  with  Meliton  Soi 
for  the  north.'^^ 

Echeandia  put  Santa  Bdrbara  in  the  best  possible 
state  for  defence.   He  obtained  reenforcements  of  men, 


'"  Tlio  best  account  is  given  in  the  testimony  of  the  artilleryman  MAximo 
Guerra.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxii.  C5-7.  Ho  names  as  impli- 
cated in  the  revolt  and  in  the  previous  plans:  Ddmaso  Rodriguez,  Antonio 
Guevara,  Vicente  Rico,  Joaquin  Cota,  Martinez,  and  himself,  who  wei'c  tho 
6  who  ran  away;  also  Jos6  Maria  Perez.  Luciano  F<5lix,  and  Ex-alcalde  Fer- 
nando Tic6,  who  spoke  of  Anastasio  Carrillo  as  the  prospective  comandante. 
Soto  in  his  testimony.  Id.,  G2-.3,  claimed  to  have  had  nothing  further  to  do 
with  the  plot  than,  having  business  in  the  south,  to  carry  letters  for  Solis, 
receiving  §50  for  tho  service.  He  was  back  at  Monterey  before  Solis  started 
for  Sta  Barbara.  Gonzalez,  Experknclas,  MS.,  20-9,  who  was  alcalde  of  Sta 
Bdrbara  at  the  time,  gives  a  version  agreeing  with  that  of  Guerra,  so  far  as  it 
goes.  Dec.  8th,  Echeandia  at  S.  Gabriel  wrote  about  the  revolt,  stating  that 
Rodriguez  was  said  to  liavc  only  pretended  to  accept  the  command,  that  Pa- 
checo had  regained  control  by  the  aid  of  citizens,  and  that  he  was  in  pursuit 
of  wounded  (':)  mutineers.  Dcpt.  Iter.,  MS.,  vii.  2r)9.  Slight  mention  in  St. 
P(ip.,  Sac,  MS.,  X.  50.  Mrs  Ord,  Ociirrencws,  MS.,  28-.S2,  tells  us  that  all 
the  artillery  revolted  except  Corporal  Basualdo,  who  took  refuge  in  the  com- 
auduute's  liousc. 


CAMPAIGN  OF  SANTA  BARBARA. 


70 


ized 
ded  by  a 
aso  Rod- 
s,  or  per- 
d  to  be  so 
)  persons 
ffects  was 
rs  of  the 
lare.  The 

The  offi- 
others,  on 
leco  easily 
racks  next 
their  alle- 
9  P.  M.  to 
est  to  sur- 

the  Icad- 
lith  arrest, 
'Uton  St 

it  possible 
litsof  men, 


animals,  and  supplies  from  the  pueblo  and  missions,^^ 
stationed  Pacheco  with  about  ninety  soldiers  at  Ciene- 
giiita,  two  or  three  miles  from  the  mission,  and  awaited 
the  approach  of  the  rebel  forces.  The  7th  of  Jan- 
uary, 1830,  he  issued  a  proclamation,  in  which  he  called 
upon  the  Monterey  insurgents  to  surrender  on  condi- 
tion of  full  pardon  and  liberty,  except  to  the  leaders, 
who  would  be  simply  imprisoned  until  their  pardon 
could  be  obtained  from  Mexico.  He  believed  the  re- 
volt to  be  due  to  the  selfish  aims  and  the  crimes  of 
Herrera,  who  had  deceived  the  troops;  and  he  warned 
them  that  in  opposing  him  they  were  really  in  rebel- 
lion against  the  republic,  a  state  of  things  that  could 
lead  only  to  blood  and  ruin.^'^  Next  day  he  received 
a  communication  from  Solis,  dated  at  Santa  Ines  or 
El  Refugio  the  7th,  in  which  he  was  called  upon  to 
give  up  the  command  in  accordance  with  the  plan. 
He  answered  it  the  same  day  with  a  refusal.  He  or- 
dered the  rebels  to  present  themselves  unarmed  for 
surrender,  and  renewed  the  argument  against  Herrera, 
claiming  that  the  troops  had  received  two  thirds  of 
their  pay,  and  that  there  had  been  no  complaint  to 
liim.^^ 

None  of  the  Solis  men  accepted  the  first  offer  of 
pardon  received  at  or  near  Santa  Ines.  No  obstacles 
had  yet  been  encountered,  and  this  revolt  was  so 
planned  as  to  overcome  everything  else.  It  was  yet 
hoped  that  the  Santa  Bdrbara  garrison  might  join  the 
movement,  and  the  rebel  army  marched  bravely  on  to 
Dos  Pueblos,  even  coming  in  sio'ht  of  the  foe  on  the 
13th.     Pacheco  and  his  men  imme;diately  executed  a 

^' Thirty-ono  citizens  went  from  Angeles.  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS., 
Ixxiii.  CO-1.  Dec.  20tli,  Echcandfa  (lirccta  padres  of  Sta  IntJs  and  Purisima 
to  scud  to  Sta  Barbara  all  people  capable  of  bearing  arms;  also  all  spaie  ani- 
mals and  supplies  to  keep  tliem  from  the  hands  of  the  rebels.  Dept.  llic,  M.S., 
vii.  20G.  Jan.  5,  1830,  E.  orders  alcalde  of  Angeles  to  send  armed  and  mounted 
citizens.  Id.,  viii.  2.  Pachcco'a  advance  guard  consisted  of  30  of  the  Maza- 
tlan  company,  8  artillerymen,  30  of  the  regular  presidial  company  under  Alf. 
Pliego,  20  of  the  S.  Diego  company  under  Alf.  Ramirez,  and  about  100  neo- 
phytes with  bows  and  arrows.  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  x.  50. 

'^Jan.  7,  1830,  proclamation.  Dejjl.  JVcc.,MS.,  viii.  4. 

"Id.,  viii.  4-7. 


80 


ECHEANDlA  AND  HERRERA-THE  SOLIS  REVOLT. 


change  of  base  to  prevent  being  cut  off — that  is,  they 
retreated  from  Cieneguita  as  fast  as  their  legs  would 
carry  them,  and  took  refuge  in  the  presidio.^  Solis 
seems  to  have  come  somewhat  nearer  Santa  Bilrbara, 
but  we  know  little  in  detail  respecting  what  occurred 
for  three  days.  Echeandia  wrote  to  the  minister  of 
war:  "On  the  13th  the  rebels  came  in  sight  of  the  divi- 
sioncita  of  government  troops,  and  from  that  time 
by  their  movements  and  frivolous  correspondence  en- 
deavored to  gain  a  victory ;  but  knowing  the  useless- 
ness  of  their  resources  and  the  danger  of  being  cut  off 
on  their  retreat,  they  fled  precipitately  at  dusk  on  the 
loth  in  different  directions,  spiking  their  cannon,  and 
losing  twenty-six  men  who  have  accepted  the  indulto"^^ 
The  last  act  of  Solis  before  running  away  was  to  an- 
nounce that  his  men  were  ready  for  a  fight,  and  would 
never  surrender  until  they  got  their  pay.^  The  rebel 
chieftain  described  the  events  at  Santa  Barbara  thus : 
"Having  taken  a  position  between  the  presidio  and 
mission,  I  found  it  impossible  to  enter  either  one 
or  the  other,  the  first  because  it  was  fortified,  the 
second  because  of  the  walls  pierced  with  loop-holes  for 
musket-fire,  and  of  all  the  people  within,  so  that  I 
knew  we  were  going  to  lose,  and  this  was  the  motive 

for  not  exposing  the  troops  by  entering.    wrote 

me  that  the  general  had  ordered  Portilla  to  march 
with  150  men  to  surprise  us,  and  seeing  myself  with- 
out means  of  defence  for  want  of  munitions,  I  deter- 
mined to  spike  the  cannon,  and  retire  with  my  army 
to  fortify  myself  in  Monterey — lo  que  verijique  cd  mo- 

'*The  retreat  is  definitely  stated  only  by  Ord,  Oairrenciax,  MS.,  ?9-39; 
Gonzalez,  jErx'/jerJencias,  MS.,  27-9;  and  Pico,  Acont.,  MS.,  10-13;  but  all  are 
good  authorities. 

»^Jiin.  20,  1830,  Echeandia  to  min.  of  war.  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  x. 
58.  He  says  the  pursuit  of  the  fugitives  had  lo  be  suspended  temporarily  at 
Purisima.  A  list  of  28  soldiers,  who  at  this  time  surrendered  themselves,  is 
given  in  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxvi.  23.  Jan.  16th,  E.  announces  the 
surrender  of  the  26th  and  his  hopes  of  final  success.  Some  additional  corre- 
spondence of  minor  importance,  from  Jan.  8th  to  18th.  D^pt.  liec,  MS.,  viii. 
10.  Jan.  13th,  Faclieco  tells  E.  that  he  has  gained  an  advantage  over  the  foe. 
/(/.,  viii.  85. 

"*  Jan.  15th,  Solis  from  'Campo  Nacional '  to  E.  Dept,  St,  Pap,,  Ben.,  MS., 
ii.  4.     Ho  was  willing,  however,  to  have  a  conference. 


BATTLES  OF  CIENEGUITA  AND  DOS  PUEBLOS. 


81 


ap.,  Ben., 'MS., 


mcnto."'"  Dr  Anderson  wrote  to  Captain  Cooper: 
"You  would  have  laughed  had  you  been  here  when  the 
oontleinen  from  your  quarter  made  their  appearance. 
All  the  people  moved  into  the  presidio,  except  thirty 
women,  who  went  bag  and  baggage  on  board  the 
Fnuchal.  The  two  parties  were  in  sight  of  each  other 
lor  nearly  two  days,  and  exchanged  shots,  but  at  such 
a  distance  that  tliere  was  no  chance  of  my  assistance 
being  needed.  About  thirty  have  passed  over  to  this 
side.  The  general  appears  to  be  perplexed  what  to  do 
with  them.  He  seems  as  much  frightened  as  ever."^^ 
All  my  original  witnesses  state  that  cannon  were  fired, 
but  give  no  particulars  save  the  important  one  that 
nobody  was  hurt.  Several  represent  the  array  of 
Solis  to  have  fled  at  the  first  discharge  of  Pacheco's 
guns.  At  any  rate,  the  rebel  force  fied,  pursued  at 
not  very  close  quarters,  scattering  as  they  advanced 
northward,  and  wholly  disbanded  before  they  reached 
the  capital,  where  singly  and  in  groups  they  soon 
took  advantage  of  the  renewed  offers  of  pardon.  The 
campaign  of  the  south,  and  the  battles  of  Santa  Bar- 
bara, Cieneguita,  and  Dos  Pueblos — the  first  in  which 
Californians  were  pitted  against  Californians — were 
over. 

On  the  18th  Echeandi'a  summoned  the  soldiers  of 
the  north,  that  is,  those  who  had  surrendered,  before 
himself,  Carrillo,  and  Zamorano.  Each  one  was  inter- 
rogated about  the  charges  made  in  the  plan.  Each 
doelared   that  there  were  no  grounds   whatever  for 

"Jan.  20th,  Solis,  at  S.  :Migucl,  to Jos(^  Sanchez.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii. 
1 1 S.  Solis  at  this  time  duimeil  to  liave  over  100  men  loft,  and  to  bo  contidcnt 
of  success.  Ho  had  only  40  men  when  he  reached  Soledad.  Id.,  lien.  Mil., 
Iwii.  4(i.  Jan.  loth,  10th,  18th,  '28th,  E.  to  Pacheco.  Instructions  about 
till'  jmrsuit  of  the  rebels,  and  the  retaking  of  Monterey.  JJept.  /it'c,  MS.,  viii. 
8.V!)(). 

^' Jan.  24th,  Dr  Anderson  to  Cooper.  Vallojo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxx.  7.  The  af- 
f:iir  as  reported  at  Monterey  and  reported  by  Pattie,  Narr.,  225,  was  as  fol- 
I'lws:  'A  continual  liring  had  l)cen  kept  up  on  both  sides  during  the  tliree 
il:;ys,  at  the  expiration  ol  which  Gen.  Solis,  having  expended  his  ammunition 
Mill  fousunicd  his  provisions,  was  compelled  to  withdraw,  having  sustained 
ii'i  Ins.s,  cxctpt  that  of  one  horse,  from  a  sustained  action  of  tlirec  ilay.s! 
'I  111'  cannon -balhj  discharged  from  the  fort  upon  the  enemy  had  so  little  force 
tluit  persona  arretted  them  in  their  course  without  injury.' 
UlBT.  Cai..,  Vul.  III.    0 


82 


ECHEANDlA  AND  HERRERA— THE  SOUS  REVOLT. 


complaint;  whereupon  the  govxTnor  showed  docu- 
ments to  prove  that  in  1829,  one  month  with  another, 
the  soldiers  had  received  two  thirds  of  their  full  pay.^' 
On  the  24th  the  Drookline  arrived  at  San  Diego  with 
Vallojo  and  Rocha,  the  Monterey  prisoners,  and  the 
same  day  or  the  next  there  came  the  news  that  the 
capital  had  been  retaken.  Pacheco  was  already  on 
Ills  way  north  to  assume  the  command  at  Monterey." 
On  the  2Gth,  Echeandia  reported  all  he  had  done  to 
the  supreme  government,  and  did  not  fail  to  utilize 
the  occasion  by  expatiating  on  California's  great  dan- 
gers and  needs." 

The  recapture  of  Monterey  was  effected  January 
20th,  largely  by  the  aid  of  the  foreign  residents.  It 
was  feared  that  Solis  and  his  men,  defeated  at  Santa 
Barbara,  w^ould  devote  their  efforts  to  plunder,  and 
it  was  deemed  prudent  to  act  before  their  return. 
There  was  no  more  difficulty  in  bringing  about  this 
movement  in  favor  of  Echeandia  than  in  effecting  the 
original  revolt  against  him;  yet  David  Spence  in- 
dulged in  a  little  Mexicanism  when  he  wrote  of  the 
affair  that  "with  the  firm  resolution  of  death  or  vic- 
tory, like  bold  British  tars,  we  stood  it  out  for  twelve 
days  and  nights.""*^  Malarin,  Munrils,  Alvarado,  and 
Jose  de  Jesus  Vallejo  were  most  prominent  among 
those  who  aided  the  foreigners;  and  the  citizens  of 
San  Jose  seem  to  have  sent  a  party  to  assist  in  th ) 
reestablishment  of  the  regular  government.*'     Fran- 

^*  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  120-1. 

<"  Arrival  of  Vallejo  and  Rocha.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Cud.-H.,  MS.,  iii. 
58.  It  is  erroneously  stated  by  some  tliat  these  prisoners  first  carried  the 
news  of  tlie  revolt  to  the  south.  Jan.  2Gth,  Echeandia  to  Francisco  Pacheco, 
in  reply  to  the  latter's  announcement  that  order  has  been  restored  at  Mon- 
terey. Dept.  Ike,  MS.,  viii.  12. 

*■»  Jan.  2Gth.  E.  to  niin.  of  war.  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  x.  50-8. 

"  Feb.  4,  1830,  Spence  to  Ilartnell.    I'allijo,  Dor.,  MS.,  xxx.  19. 

*'  Meliton  Soto  in  his  testimony  stated  that  Cooper's  house  was  the  head- 
quarters, whence  he  went  W'ith  Alvarado,  Santiago  Moreno,  Alcalde  Sober- 
nnes,  and  several  citizens  and  foreigners  to  take  possession  of  the  artillery 
iiarracks  at  7  or  8  r.  si.  Dept.  St.  Pa]).,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxii.  04.  Galindo, 
Apunte-i,  MS.,  8-13,  tells  us  that  the  alcalde  of  S.  Josi^  sent  45  men,  who 
arrived  at  midnight  and  surprised  tho  garrison.  Pattic's  account  of  events 
ut  Monterey,  from  tho  time  that  Solis  marched  for  the  south — absurdly  in- 
accurate in  many  respects — is  as  follows  in  substance:  Solia  marched  on 


'OLT. 


END  OF  THE  REVOLT. 


83 


^cd  clocu- 
h  another, 
•fullpay.»' 
)ie2o  with 
s,  and  the 
5  that  the 
ilready  on 
lonterev." 
,d  done  to 
to  utihzfj 
great  dan- 

d  January 
idents.  It 
d  at  Santa 
under,  and 
eir  return, 
about  this 
Meeting  the 
ISpence  in- 
-ote  of  the 
ith  or  vio- 

'or  twelve 

^^arado,  and 

ent  among 

citizens  of 

ist  in  th ) 

«     Fran- 


.-//.,  MS.,  iii. 
rst  carried  the 
icisco  Paclicco, 
istored  at  Mou- 

8. 
X.  19. 

was  the  head- 
Alcalde  Sober- 
f  the  artilleiy 
G4.  Galiudo, 
t  45  men,  who 
iount  of  events 
1 — absurdly  in- 
ia  marched  on 


cisco  Pacheco  was  apparently  still  left  in  command, 
and  Solis'  men  as  they  came  straggling  in  were  par- 
doned and  incorporated  in  the  garrison.  Eight  or 
ten  of  the  ringleaders  failed  to  present  themselves, 
and  patrol  parties  were  sent  out  to  find  them.  Solis 
himself,  concealed  near  his  rancho,  was  taken  by  a 
company  of  thirty  men  under  Antonio  Avila.  Thiri 
man  was  a  convict  companion  of  Solis  and  Gomez, 
and  he  undertook  the  capture  on  a  promise  from 
Spence  and  Malarin  to  obtain  from  him  a  passport 
for  Mexico.  Neither  Echcandia  nor  his  successors 
could  grant  the  pass,  and  Avila  had  to  stay  in  Cali- 
fornia." Just  after  the  capture  of  Solis,  early  in 
February,  Romualdo  Pacheco  arrived  with  a  force 

March  '28th  with  200  men.  Echeandia  had  ;io  knowledge  of  the  revolt.  The 
insurgents  were  so  elated  at  their  victory  at  S.  V.  that  they  were  sure  of  suc- 
cess, and  decided  to  expel  all  Americans  and  Englishmen.  Capt.  Cooper's 
father-in-law,  Ignacio  Vallejo,  reported  this  to  the  foreigners,  and  at  a  con- 
sultation it  was  decided  to  send  to  Eclieandia  notice  of  the  impending 
(ittauk  on  him  at  Sta  Barbara,  which  was  done  successfully  by  means  of  a 
letter  forwarded  by  a  trusty  runner.  April  I'ith  news  came  of  the  buttle 
and  retreat.  '  The  name  and  fame  of  Gen.  Solis  was  exalted  to  the  skies.' 
'  The  climax  of  liis  excellence  was  his  having  retreated  without  tlio  loss  of  a 
man.'  dipt.  Cooper  rolled  out  a  barrel  of  rum,  and  when  the  admirers  of 
Solis  were  sufficiently  drunk,  they  were  locked  up,  50  in  number,  and  the 
rest  of  the  iidiabitants  took  sides  against  Solis.  '  Huzza  for  Gen.  Ecliedio 
and  tlie  Americans!  was  the  prevailing  cry.'  There  were  39  foreigners  who 
signed  the  rolls,  and  Capt.  Cooper  was  chosen  commander.  They  spiked  the 
cannon  of  tlio  castle,  except  4  which  they  carried  to  the  presidio;  broke  open 
the  magazine  for  powder  and  ball;  and  stationed  sentinels  for  miles  along  the 
roa<l.  The  Spanish  people  were  all  locked  up  at  night  to  prevent  possible 
communication  with  the  approaching  general.  In  a  few  days  Solis  drew 
near;  the  Americans  waited  at  their  guns  with  lighted  matches  until  tho 
avniy  was  at  the  very  gates,  and  then  ordered  a  surrender.  Tho  soldiera 
obeyed,  but  Solis  with  0  ofBcers  fled.  Six  Americans,  of  whom  Pattic  was 
oi'dcrly  sergeant  and  commander,  armed  with  rifles,  were  at  once  sent  in  pur- 
suit to  bring  back  tho  fugitives  dead  or  alive.  Minute  details  are  given. 
Several  shots  were  exchanged;  one  American  was  woumled,  and  a  Mcxiccu 
killeil,  with  4  bullets  through  his  body;  but  the  rest  surrendered  and  were 
Inought  back  to  Monterey,  wliere  tho  American  flag  floated  until  Echeandia 
arrived!  Pattie\s  A'arr.,  225-9. 

*^  Spence,  Osio,  Vallejo  (M.  G.  and  J.  J.),  Alvarado,  and  others  mention 
the  promise  to  Avila;  but  most  of  them  state  that  tho  promise  was  kept, 
Kcheandia  granting  the  pass  and  §500  in  money.  Fernandez  even  speaks 
of  Avila  as  subsequently  becoming  a  brigadier  in  Mexico.  I  have  before  ino 
Avila's  petition  to  Gov.  Figueroa  in  1833,  narrating  tho  Solis  capture. 
JJejit.  St.  Pap.,  lifii.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxv.  13.  Botello,  Aimle.%  MS.,  53,  men- 
tions Avila  as  bein^  at  S.  Buenaventura  in  18.S8.  For  some  reason  unknown 
tu  me,  tho  Californmns  are  disposed  to  regard  Avila  very  favorably,  represent- 
ing; him  as  sent  to  Cal.  for  political  oftenceg  merely;  but  in  tho  reconls  he 
stuiiils  us  'a  vicious  man  of  very  bad  conduct,  who  took  part  in  various  mur- 
ders and  assaults  on  travellers.'    He  was  sentenced  on  Aug.  24,  1824,  and 


84 


ECHEANDf A  AND  HERRERA-THE  SOLIS  REVOLT. 


from  the   south,  and  took  the  command.     Herrera 
was  now  put  under  arrest  in  his  own  house. 

Now  followed  the  formal  investijjation  and  trial  of 
the  imprisoned  leaders.  It  was  carried  on  at  Mon- 
terey and  Santa  Barbara,  by  Zamorano,  Pacheco,  Lo- 
bato,  and  Pliej^o,  under  instructions  from  Echeandia, 
and  extended  from  January  to  June.  The  testimony  " 
I  have  utilized  in  the  preceding  narrative,  and  it  re- 
quires no  further  notice  except  in  a  single  point.  The 
evidence  respecting  the  revolt  was  clear  enough;  but 
nearly  all  the  troops  were  implicated;  few  men  of  any 
class  had  shown  real  opposition  to  the  movement  in 
the  north ;  a  rising  of  soldiers  with  the  object  of  get- 
ting their  pay  was  not  a  very  serious  offence  from  a 
military  point  of  view;  and  pretty  nearly  everybody 
had  been  included  in  the  various  indultos  offered.  In 
fact,  the  criminal  case  was  hardly  strong  enough  to 
suit  Echeandia's  purposes  respecting  Herrera,  the  only 
one  of  the  accused  for  whose  fate  he  cared  particu- 
larly. \.  more  serious  charge  was  needed,  and  grounds 
for  it  were  easily  found.  After  their  defeat  at  Santa 
Biirbara,  Solis  and  one  or  two  of  his  men,  wishing  to 
gain  the  support  of  the  padres,  like  drowning  men 
clutching  at  straws,  talked  about  raising  the  Spanish 
tlog.  It  was  easy  to  prove  these  ravings  of  the  sol- 
diers, and  the  foolish  remarks  of  Padre  Luis  Martinez 
at  San  Luis  Obispo.  Particular  attention  was  given 
to  this  phase  of  the  matter  in  the  investigation.^**  A 
revolt  in  favor  of  Spain  would  sound  very  differently 
in  Mexico  from  a  rising  of  hungry  soldiers  against 


cimc  on  the  Morehs  in  July  1825.  Prov.  St.  Pap,,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  li.  2; 
Jki>t.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil,  MS.,  Ivii.  .3. 

*' Solk,  Procexo  iiidrttiilo  contra  Joaquin  Solis  y  otro»  Jievolucioiiarioa  de 
l.a,?D,  AIS.  These  clocinncnts  do  not  contain  the  final  sentence  under  ■which 
tlio  pi'isonci's  were  sent  away. 

'■'I'p.  78-105  of  tlio  Proceso  noticed  in  the  last  note  are  entitled '^?(tos 
q:c  arlarai)  qneelotijrtodelafaccionilc  SoVm  era  de  pronunciarse  en  favor  del 
(iji'.cnio  EapuiioL'  Mclitoii  Soto,  llaimundo  do  la  Torre,  and  Miiximo  Gucvra 
WiiYC  said  to  have  spoken  in  favor  of  a  tjrito  for  Spain;  and  a  Ictterof  Solis, 
d.itcd  Jan.  17th,  to  P.  Arroyo  do  la  Cncsta,  waa  produced,  in  whicl»  he  an- 
iDi'.iK-.d  his  purpose  to  raise  t!ic  Spaniijh  ilarr,  aahixl  for  a  neophyte  force  to 
aid  iiini,  and  said  tliat  tlie  soutiicru  ^jadrcs  liad  agreed  to  the  plan.   p.  8S. 


EXILE  OF  HERRERA. 


85 


\il.,  MS.,  li.  2; 


their  local  chief,  and  Echcandia  hoped  he  might  iww 
saf'tly  send  Herrcra  out  of  the  territorj''.  Respecting 
the  banishment  of  Padre  Martinez,  I  shall  speak  in 
the  following  chapter.*^ 

On  May  9,  18.30,  the  American  bark  Vohmfcer, 
John  Coffin  Jones,  Jr.,  master,  sailed  from  Monterey 
with  fifteen  prisoners  on  board  to  be  delivered  at  San 
Bias.  Herrera  was  confined  to  a  room  constructed 
for  the  purpose  on  deck;  Solis  and  the  rest  were  in 
irons.**  We  have  no  particulars  about  the  reception 
of  the  prisoners  by  the  Mexican  authorities,  but  it  \i 
certain  that  they  were  discharged  from  custody  with- 
out punishment.*''  Three  at  least  of  the  soldiers, 
Torre,  Vejar,  and  one  of  the  Altamiranos,  found  their 
way  back  to  California  in  later  years;  while  Herrcra, 
in  spite  of  all  Echeandia's  accusations  and  precautions, 
was  soon  sent  back,  as  we  shall  see,  to  take  his  old 
position  as  comisario  de  hacienda.  California's  first 
revolution  was  over,  and  little  harm  had  been  done."^ 

*"Fel).  2.3C1,  Echeandia  reported  to  min.  of  war  the  pacification  of  the  teiri- 
tory,  Ijoggcd  most  carneatly  for  aid,  and  announced  the  fact  that  the  rcvolutioa 
hail  1  oally  been  in  the  interests  of  Spain.  .S'<.P«p.,.9«c.,MS.,x.(jl-.3.  ApvilTth, 
oiik'r  from  Mexico  that  Solis  and  his  seven  companions  be  tried  for  treason. 
Also  thanks  to  E.  for  having  sufifocated  the  revolt.  Sup.  Govt  St.  Pap.,  M.S., 
vi.  8.  ^liscullaneous  communications  respecting  the  trial  in  addition  to  tlioso 
contained  in  the Proceso,  in  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  127-130;  Dept.  Jiec,  M.S., 
viii.  1.3,  22,  32,  .SO,  78. 

■"May  7,  1830,  receipt  of  Jones  for  the  15  prisoners,  as  follows:  Joso 
Maria  Hoi-rera,  Joaquin  Solis,  Meliton  .Soto,  Serapio  Escaniilla,  Raimundo  de 
la  Torre,  Pablo  V<5jar,  Victoriano  Altaniirano,  Gonzalo  Altamirano,  Leonardo 
Arceo,  Mariano  Pegiiero,  Andrds  Leon,  ^Idximo  Guerra,  Antonio  Guevara, 
(iracia  Larios,  In6s  Polaneo.  Dept,  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxii.  17-18. 
Sailing  of  the  Volunteer  on  May  9th.  /(/.,  Ixii.  28.  Pattic,  Narr.,  23S-9, 
also  sailed  on  the  Volunteer,  and  names  Capt.  Wm.  H.  Hinckley  as  having 
been  on  board  and  leaving  the  vessel  at  S.  Bias.  The  prisoners  reached  Tepio 
May  22d.  Guerra,  Doc,  MS.,  vi.  129.  Those  belonging  to  the  Monterey  cav- 
alry company  were  dropped  from  the  company  rolls  in  1830.  Dept.  St.  Pap., 
lli')i.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxxii.  Go.  Six  other  men  had  been  sent  away  from  Sta  lUir- 
bara  in  February  in  the  EmUy  Marsham,  3  of  them,  Joaquin  liarcia,  Josi^  M. 
Arenas,  and  Antonio  Peila,  for  complicity  in  the  Solis  afi'air.  Dept.  Pec.,  MS., 
viii.  74, 

^''Torro,  Revdnis.,  MS.,  19-21,  says  that  his  brother  Raimundo  was  tried 
by  court-  naitiol  and  acquitted;  whereupon  the  rest  were  discharged  without 
trial. 

^''  The  YoWi  revolt  is  described  more  or  less  fully  in  the  following  narratives, 
in  a<ldition  to  such  as  liave  been  cited  in  the  preceding  pages:  Arila,  Coxa-', 
MS.,  25-8;  Bandini,  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  71-2;  Amador,  Mem.,  MS.,  80-90;  Ftr- 
vfiw/rz,  Costs  de  Cat.,  MS.,  59-04;  Pico,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  20;  Castro,  Pd., 
MS,,  19-23;  Pinlo,  Apunt,  MS.,  2;   Vaidcs,  Mem.,  MS.,  18-20.    It  is  men- 


**l^ 


86         ECHEANDlA  AND  HERRERA-THE  SOLIS  REVOLT. 

Respecting  the  management  of  the  revenues  in 
1829-30  there  is  little  or  nothing  to  be  said  beyond 
noting  the  fact  that  Osio,  Jimeno,  and  Bandini  are 
mentioned  as  comisarios  during  1830,  without  much 
regard  to  chronology.  It  would  seem  that  after  the 
revolt  Jimeno  was  restored  to  his  old  position,  and 
that  Bandini  was  appointed  before  the  end  of  the  year, 
though  there  is  inextricable  confusion,  not  only  in 
dates,  but  in  the  offices  of  comisario,  administrador, 
and  contador." 

tioned  in  print  by  Mofras,  Explnr.,  i.  293-4;  Petit-Tlionars,  Voy.,  ii.  90-1 ;  La- 
fjud.  Voy.,  209;  Pickett,  in  Shuck's  Rfp.  Men,  227;  Wilkes,  Narr.,  v.  \TA-\; 
Capron,  Hid.  f.'a/.,  37-8;  Tuthill,  Hint.  Cal.,  130-1;  Robinson,  Li/e  in  Cat., 
Oi)-70;  and  Flint,  Pattie'it  Narr.,  222-30. 

^^SeeDept.St.  Pap.,^lS.,  ii.  155-6;  iii.  209-10; /rf.,  Ben.  Mil.,  Ixii.  22; 
Ixxiii.  53;  Ixxiv.  6;  JJept.  Jiec,  MS.,  vii.  246-8;  Leg.  Rec,  MS.,  i.  209,  281- 
!M).  Apr.  25,  1830,  the  Calif omian  diputado  in  congress  urged  the  useless- 
iicss  of  sending  special  officers  to  manage  the  revenues.  Doe.  Hiit,  Cal.,  MS., 
iv.  898.  Jimeno  was  appointed  contador  on  Sept.  30,  1829,  by  the  miu.  do 
hacienda,  but  declined  the  place  in  Nov.  18.S0.  Oct.  21,  18.30,  Echeandia, 
liandini,  and  Jimeno  met  at  Monterey,  and  <lecided  on  the  following  custom- 
house organization  at  Monterey:  administrador,  with  duties  of  comisario,  at 
?l,000  per  year;  contador,  with  duties  of  vista,  at  §800;  commandant  of  the 
guard,  with  duties  of  alcalde,  at  $800;  guarda  and  clerk  at  $400;  servant  at 
$144;  patron  and  two  sa'lors  at  $144  ana  $96.  JJept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  155-6. 


CHAPTER  IV. 


ECHEANDlA  AND  THE  PADRES— MISSION  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 

1826-1830. 

Mission  Prefect  and  Presidents— The  Question  of  Scpplies — The 
Oath  of  Allegiance — Sarria's  Arrest— Friars  Still  Masteish  ok 
the  Situation— Council  at  San  Dieoo— Soutiiehn  Padres  Will- 
i.Mi— Northern  Padres  IIefuse— Flight  of  Ripoll  and  Altimira— 
The  Fuiars  as  Spaniards— Echeandia's  Conciliatory  Policy — Pe- 
titions OP  the  People — Exile  of  Martinez — Progress  towards 
Skoilakization — Mexican  Policy — DiFFiccLriES— Junta  of  April 
1826— Decree  of  July — Experimental  Freedom — Mission  Schools 
AND  Lands— Plan  of  1829-30 — Approval  of  the  Diputacion — Ac- 
tion in  Mexico — Indian  Affairs — Sanchez's  Expedition— ^Vallkjo's 
Campaign  against  Estanislao — Northern  Fort — Seasons. 

Vicente  Francisco  de  Sarr^a  retained  the  position 
of  coniisario  prefecto  of  the  missions,  and  was  not  dis- 
turbed in  the  performance  of  his  official  duties  from 
1826  to  1830,  though  nominally  in  a  state  of  arrest  as 
a  recalcitrant  Spaniard.  Narciso  Duran  retained  the 
])residency  until  September  1827  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Jose  Bernardo  Sanchez.  The  latter  re- 
tained possession  of  the  office  until  1831,  though 
Duran  was  re-elected  in  May  1830.^ 

The  old  controversy  between  government  and  friars 
respecting  supplies  for  the  troops  continued  of  course 
during  these  five  years,  but  with  no  novel  aspects, 
lu  addition  to  commercial  imposts,  a  secular  tithe  of 

^Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  xi,  350,  358-60,  400;  xii.  369.  The  guardian  sent 
Sancliez  his  patent  June  9,  1827;  and  Duran  notified  him  Sept.  30th.  San- 
chez was  at  first  unwilling  to  accept.  Duran  was  elected  the  second  time  May 
'20,  1 830,  Pcyri  and  Antonio  Jimeno  being  named  as  second  and  third  suplentes. 
Butli  Duran  and  Sanchez  held  the  title  of  vicar  under  the  bishop. 

(87) 


83 


ECIIEANDlA  AND  THE  PADRES. 


'( 


all  mission  products  was  exacted,  citizens  havinnf  prc- 
.suinably  to  pay  this  also  in  addition  to  tlieir  ecclesias- 
tical tithes.''  The  method  of  collection  was  to  exact 
from  each  mission  the  largest  possible  amount  of  sup- 
plies for  escoltas  and  presidial  garrisons,  and  at  the  end 
of  each  year  to  give  credit  on  account  for  the  excess 
of  amounts  thus  furnished  over  the  taxes.  I  find  no 
evidence  that  any  part  of  the  balance  was  paid  in  any 
instance.^  The  padres  gave  less  willingly  than  in  for- 
mer years,  when  there  had  be^^n  yet  a  hope  of  Spanish 
supremacy,  but  the  quarrels  in  local  and  individual 
cases  were  much  less  frequent  than  might  naturally  be 
expected,  or  at  least  such  controversies  have  left  little 
trace  in  the  records.* 


*  According  to  the  plan  <lo  gobicrno  of  Jan.  8,  1824,  citizens  paid  10  per 
cent  in  kiuil  on  all  produce,  while  the  mii'-siona  were  to  pay  a  fixed  rate  per 
head  of  cuttle  or  fancga  of  grain.  Ey  dtcicuof  Jan.  1,  18"J0,  Echcandia,  witii 
the  consent  of  Prefect  Sarri a,  ordered  that  the  tax  ho  equalized  between  cit- 
izens and  missions,  the  latter  apparently  to  jmy  in  kind.  Decree  of  Jan.  1, 
182(;.  S.Jnt)(!,Arch.,UH.,iv.  13;  Sta Cruz,  Arch.,  MS.,  47-8;  Dfpt.St.  Pa/i., 
MS.,  i.  123;  VaUejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxviii.  81,  84,  80,  including  orders  for  circu- 
lation of  the  decree  and  some  directions  for  the  keeping  of  accounts.  Aug.  '2.">, 
1827,  Eclieandiato.Sarrita,  urging  the  importance  and  justice  of  this  tax,  wliich 
here  and  elsewhere  in  official  accounts  is  spoken  of  as  a  '  loan.'  Dcpt.  Ilcr., 
M.S.,  V.  80;  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  v.  pt  i.  37;  Vallejo,  Doc.,  MS.,  xix.  l;t8. 
April  22,  1820,  Echeandfa  to  min.  of  war.  Argues  that  the  missions  should 
also  pay  tithes.  He  ia  informed  that  some  of  them  have  $70,000  or  .?100,000 
in  their  coffers.  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  xix.  30-1.  Oct.  31st,  Herrera  to  Estrada 
on  mission  accounts.    Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  98. 

"June  23,  1820,  circular  from  president  received  at  S.  Rafael  to  effc  that 
tlie  Mcx.  govt  wiis  going  to  pay  all  draft.*!  presented  within  six  months  from 
Jan.  1st,  and  those  not  so  presented  would  »e  outlawed.  This  news  reacheil 
Cal.  just  after  the  expiration  of  the  time!  Vallejo,  Dor.,  MS.,  xxviii.  9t. 
July  28,  1827,  Echeandfa  notifies  the  prefect  and  comandantes  that  all  cred- 
itors of  the  national  treasury  must  present  their  claims  to  the  comisario. 
De]^.  Rec,  MS.,  v.  71. 

*  June  10, 1 82G,  P.  Duran  to  Herrera.  Protests  against  furnishing  the  dkzmo 
of  cattle  branded  for  the  national  rancho,  when  there  has  already  been  delivered 
during  the  year  a  much  larger  amount  than  th.at  of  the  tithe.  A  rch.  A  rzoh. ,  MS. , 
v.  pti.  13-10.  Nov.  30th,  P.  Viader,  upbraiding  Lieut  Martinez  for  not  send- 
ing money  to  pay  for  blankets,  says, '  My  friend,  we  have  now  arrived  at  a  point 
of  date  et  dabitur  rofti.i.'  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxix.  94.  Dec.  18th,  Duran  says 
he  likes  to  see  the  soldiers  fill  their  bellies  with  meat,  and  not  feel  hungry. 
Id.,  9o.  April  19,  1827,  draft  by  Habilitado  Maitorena  on  habilitado  general 
in  favor  of  Sta  Bdrbara  mission  for  $8,72.'),  the  amount  of  supplies  furnished 
apparently  before  1825.  Arch.  Misioncs,  MS.,  ii.  177-8.  Feb.  27,  1827,  gov. 
orders  Lieut  Ibarra,  since  all  conciliatory  and  courteous  means  have  failed,  to 
go  with  a  force  to  S.  Diego  mission,  and  bring  away  all  the  ^rain  the  mules 
can  carry.  Resistance  will  be  regarded  as  an  overt  act  against  the  nation. 
Dcpt.  Rec ,  MS. ,  v.  27.  Many  certificates  to  effect  that  a  padro  has  delivered 
provisions  '  en  calidad  do  pri^stamo  jmra  que  se  lo  rcintegre  por  cueuta  del 


OATH  OF  ALLEGIANCE. 


80 


iving  prc- 
•  eccl«!sias- 
i  to  exact 
int  of  su})- 
at  the  end 
the  excess 
I  find  no 
•aid  in  any 
iian  in  for- 
[)f  Spanish 
individual 
aturally  bo 
2  left  little 


•119  paiil  10  per 

I  fixed  rate  per 

•'johcandio,  with 

eJ  between  cit- 

jcreo  of  Jan.  1, 

jyept.  St.  Pap. , 

orders  for  circii- 

iints.     Aug.  '2r>, 

this  tax,  whieli 

.'     J)fpt.  7.Vc., 

MS.,  xix.   l:»8. 

nissions  should 

loOO  or  ,$100,000 

rera  to  Estraila 

lel  to  cflFt  that 
X  month j  from 

[3  news  reached 

IS.,  xxviii.  9t. 

U  that  all  cred- 
the  comisario. 

Ihingthet/Zezmo 
been  delivered 

lez  for  not  send- 
Jrived  at  a  point 
Jth,  Duran  says 
3t  feel  hungry, 
nlitado  general 
Iplies  furnished 
27,  18-27,  Bov. 
have  failed,  to 
irain  the  mules 
lust  the  nation. 
lo  haa  delivered 
Ipor  cueuta  del 


^rcanwliile  the  missions  got  nothing  from  the  pious 
fiiiid  tlirougli  the  Mexican  treasury,  in  addition  to  tlio 
stipends  of  1819-22,  the  payment  of  which  has  already 
Ui'tii  noted.  It  is  not  certain  even  that  any  of  tlie 
latter  amount,  about  .$24,000,  ever  came  to  California, 
hut  ])r()hably  some  cargoes  of  mission  goods  were  paid 
for  by  the  sindico  at  Tepic  out  of  tiiat  sum.  Only 
IVagiiieiits  of  the  mission  accounts  have  been  preserved 
for  these  years.^ 

We  have  seen  that  the  padres  as  a  rule  refused  to 
take  the  oath  of  obedience  to  the  constitution  of 
1824,  or  to  solemnize  by  religious  exercises  any  act  of 
the  ri'[)ublican  government;  and  that  Prefect  Sarria 
had  been  put  under  arrest,  though  it  had  not  been 
deemed  wise  to  carry  into  effect  ^hc  orders  requiring 
the  reverend  prisoner  to  be  sent  by  the  first  ship  to 
]\re.\ico.  In  fact,  the  f;  iirs  were  yet,  in  a  great  mcas- 
1110,  ]nasters  of  the  situation,  because  they  could  keej) 
the  neophytes  in  subjection,  and  above  all  make  them 
work.      The   great   fear   was   that  the   missionaries 

snpremo  gobiemo.'  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  vii.  passim.  A  large  number  of 
draftH  of  coniiiudantcs  in  favor  of  missions,  1825-30,  in  /(/.,  v.  pt  2.  June  7, 
1828,  Edicaiidia  proposes  that  the  expense  of  maintaining  friendly  relations 
with  the  Indians  be  deducted  from  the  sums  duo  tlic  nearest  missions.  Depf. 
Jlcc,  MS.,  vi.  27.  Oct.  7th,  E.  instructs  Capt.  Argiiello  to  borrow  §800  of  the 
mission  of  S.  Jos6.  Id.,  vi.  109-10.  Oct.  22d,  E.  orders  Lieut  .Josti  Fernandez 
and  SO  artillerymen  just  landed  to  be  quartered  at  S.  Diejjo  mission.  Id.,  vi. 
11.").  Jan.  8,  1829,  E.  to  Duran,  urging  him  to  '  lend '  supplies,  or  sell  them  for 
a  draft  on  the  comisario  of  Sonora,  which  he  doubtF.  not  will  bo  paid  promptly. 
/'/.,  vii.  ,")3.  May  4th,  Vallejo  complains  of  destitution  at  Monterey,  and  no 
aid  from  the  missions.  St.  J'ctp.,  Sac,  MS.,  x.  80.  Nov.  24th,  similar  com- 
jiliiints  from  Castro.  Di'pt.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.,  MS.,  v.  309-70.  Dec.  Cth,  P. 
Duran  says  ho  has  paid  §200  on  menace  of  force  being  used.  S.  Joid  Arch., 
M.S.,  ii.  48.  Jan.  15,  1830,  P.  Viadcr  refuses  to  aid  directly  or  indirectly  in 
iiiattors  pertaining  to  war.  Id.,  i.  .37.  April  25th,  congressman  urges  the  in- 
justice of  imposing  such  lieavy  burdens  on  the  missions.  Doc.  Hint.  Cat.,  MS., 
iv.  8(17-8.  July  17tli,  com.  of  Sta  Bilrbara  complains  that  the  padre  will 
neither  give  nor  sell  supplies.  Dept.  lice,  MS.,  viii.  55. 

^May  31,  1827,  guardian  to  president,  stipends  of  1819-21  and  most  of 
1822  paid.  Certificates  should  be  sent  in  for  those  of  1825-C.  Arch.  Sta  /?. , 
I^IS.,  xii.  400.  June  27th,  news  received  at  S.  Rafael;  amount,  824,000. 
Vullijo,  Doc,  MS.,  xviii.  97.  The  brig  Bravo  with  mission  goods  was 
wrecked  at  Acapulco  late  in  1827,  but  the  cargo  was  saved.  iS'.  Luin  Obixpo, 
Llh.  Mision,  MS.,  7.  Aug.  25,  1828,  §0,861  in  goods  sent  from  Tepic  to  S. 
Bias  for  siiipntent,  consisting  of  woollen  and  cotton  stufiFs,  rice,  sugar,  rcbozos, 
nietiites,  and  25  pounds  of  cinnamon,  shipped  by  the  Maria  Enter.  Id.,  8-9; 
Doc.  Ukt.  Cat.,  MS.,  iv.  827-8. 


90 


ECHEANDf  A  AND  THE  PADRES. 


I'    ' 


would  leave  the  territory  en  masse  if  too  hard  pressed. 
Had  the  situation  of  affairs,  from  a  financial  and  mil- 
itary point  of  view,  been  more  reassuring,  the  terri- 
torial authorities  would  not  have  been  averse  to 
assuming  entire  and  immediate  charge  of  all  the 
missions;  while  the  people,  for  the  most  part,  would 
have  rejoiced  at  the  prospect  of  getting  new  lands 
and  new  laborers.  But  as  matters  stood,  the  rulers 
and  leading  citizens  understood  that  any  radical  and 
sudden  change,  effected  without  the  aid  of  the  friars, 
would  ruin  the  territory  by  cutting  off  its  chief  re- 
sources, and  exposing  its  people  to  the  raids  of  hostile 
Indians.  Thus  a  conciliator^'  policy  was  necessary, 
not  only  to  the  government,  but  to  the  friars  them- 
selves. The  latter,  though  they  knew  their  power 
and  often  threatened  to  go,  were  old  men,  attached  to 
their  mission  homes,  with  but  a  cheerless  prospect  for 
life  in  Spain,  fully  determined  to  spend  the  rest  of 
their  days  in  California  if  possible. 

Sarria's  condition  of  nominal  suspension  and  arrest 
continued  for  five  years  or  more.  Once,  in  1826,  his 
passport  was  made  out,  and  he  went  so  far  as  to  call 
upon  his  associates  for  prayers  to  sustain  him  on  hU 
voyage.  There  was  no  countermanding  of  the  orders, 
but  a  repetition  of  them  in  November  1827,  yet  the 
padre  remained.  He  seems  to  have  been  included 
with  the  rest  in  the  proceedings  against  the  friars  as 
Spaniards,  and  the  special  orders  in  his  case  were 
allowed  to  be  forgotten,®  though  as  late  as  the  middle 


*  May  1826,  one  of  the  padres  claimed  to  have  refused  to  perform  mass, 
etc.,  by  Sarria's  order,  and  he  signed  a  certificate  to  that  effect.  Dept.  Itec, 
MS.,  iv.  39.  Oct.  .31st,  Echeandia  notifies  S.  that  he  must  leave  Mexican 
territory.  Nov.  1.3th,  Sarria  says  he  is  ready.  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  v.  pt  i. 
24.  Beechey,  in  1826,  speaks  of  S.  as  waiting  at  Monterey  to  embark.  Voy- 
aije,  ii.  12.  Vallejo,  Hint.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  56-8,  speaks  of  a  personal  interview 
between  the  gov.  and  prefect  at  Sta  Bdrbara.  Oct.  31st,  E.  notifies  S.  that  a 
successor  will  be  named  and  a  passport  issued.  Dfipt.  Rec,  MS.,  iv.  11.  Nov. 
30th,  sends  the  passport  from  S.  Diego  to  Capt.  Gonzalez  at  Monterey.  Id., 
iv.  17.  Dec.  11th,  S.  to  the  padres.  Has  received  his  passport  from  the 
pres.  of  Mcx.  Is  resigned,  but  asks  for  prayers.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxviii. 
89.  1827,  Duhaut-CilTy,  Viangio,  i.  254-5,  found  S.  kept  as  a  kind  of  pris- 
oner, and  was  asked  to  take  him  away,  but  declined,  much  to  the  gratification 
of  the  padres.     Nov.  21,  1827.  order  from  Mox.  that  S.  be  mode  to  obey  the 


FRIARS  AGAINST  THE  REPUBLIC. 


dl 


ig,  the  terri- 
11  averse  to 
)  of  all  the 
■>  part,  would 
\g  new  lands 
>d,  the  rulers 
f  radical  and 
of  the  friars, 

its  chief  re- 
aids  of  hostile 
as  necessary, 
;  friars  them- 

their  power 
n,  attached  to 
s  prospect  for 
d  the  rest  of 

ion  and  arrest 

^  in  182G,  his 

far  as  to  call 

in  him  on  his 

of  the  orders, 

1827,  yet  the 

)een  included 

the  friars  as 

[lis  case  were 

[as  the  middle 

bd  to  perform  mass, 
leflfect.  Dept.  Ihc, 
Lust  leave  Mexican 
\rzoh.,  MS.,  V.  nti. 
W  to  embark.  Voy- 
L  personal  interview 
|E.  notifies  S.  that  a 
l,MS.,iv.  11.  Nov. 
Iz  at  Monterey.  Id- , 
I  passport  from  the 
I,  Doe.,  MS.,  xxviii. 

as  a  kind  of  pris- 
■i  to  the  gratification 

,  made  to  obey  the 


of  1828  the  governor  still  pretended  to  be  waiting  for 
a  vessel  on  which  to  send  him  away. 

On  the  28 'h  of  April,  1826,  Echeandia  with  Zamo- 
rano  as  secretary  and  the  alcalde  of  Los  Angeles  met 
jiadres  Sanchez,  Zalvidea,  Peyri,  and  Martin  at  San 
lliego  to  take  counsel  respecting  the  taking  of  the 
constitutional  oath  by  the  friars.  The  representatives 
of  the  latter  said  there  was  no  objection  to  the  oath 
except  that  it  compelled  them  to  take  up  arms,  or  use 
their  influence  in  favor  of  taking  up  arms,  for  difFer- 
eiiccs  of  political  opinion.  They  would  take  the  oath 
with  the  supplement  "So  far  as  may  be  compatible 
with  our  religion  and  profession;"  but  Echeandia 
would  not  agree  to  any  change  in  the  formula,  and 
directed  that  a  circular  be  sent  out  requiring  each 
padre  to  explain  his  views  on  the  subject.^  June  3d 
the  circular  was  issued  through  the  comandantes  to 
the  friars;  but  it  was  not  so  much  a  call  for  views 
and  arguments  as  for  a  formal  decision  in  writing 
whether  each  would  take  the  oath  or  not.®  The  an- 
swers of  the  five  padres  of  the  San  Diego  district 
were  sent  in  on  the  14th.  Padre  Peyri  was  willing 
to  take  the  oath,  and  was  enthusiastic  in  his  devotion 
to  the  national  cause.  Martin  had  already  sworn, 
and  did  not  approve  of  taking  two  oaths  on  the  same 
subject.  The  rest  were  ready  to  take  the  oath  in  vie 
manner  indicated  at  the  junta  of  April  28th;  that  is, 
to  be  republicans  so  far  as  was  compatible  with  their 
jirofession  and  so  long  as  they  might  remain  in  Cali- 
fornia.    Replies  from  the  Monterey  jurisdiction,  sent 

onlors  of  July  9,  1825,  and  Nov.  15,  1826,  to  depart,  ,'^iipt.  Govt  St.  Pap., 
MS. ,  xix.  43.  June  30,  1828,  E.  to  niin.  of  justice.  S.  will  l)e  sent  away  as  soon 
:h  there  is  a  vessel  for  Europe  or  the  U.  S.  Bept.  Rec,  MS.,  vi.  30. 

'  Dfpt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  128-9.  The  old  trouble  was  still  active  in  1820, 
i"\-  on  May  Ist  Capt.  Argiiello  reported  that  yesterday  having  called  on  P. 
AliiUa  to  take  part  in  the  celebration  of  the  pope's  recognition  of  national 
iuikiiondence,  the  padre  refused.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ivii.  13-14. 
Xi  xt  (lay  it  was  complained  that  P.  Est^nega  declined  to  perform  religious 
SL>i\  ices  in  connection  with  the  publication  of  certain  baados.  Arch.  Afzob., 
MS.,  v.  pt  i.  4.  April  28th,  record  of  the  council  referred  to  in  the  text. 
J>''l>>.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  128-9. 

June  3,  1826.  E.  to  com.  of  Monterey.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  134. 


92 


ECHEANDf  A  AND  THE  PADRES. 


in  on  Jul}'  7th,  were  to  the  effect  that  the  friars  could 
not  take  the  oath,  and  were  ready  to  endure  the  pen- 
alty, though  some  of  them  promised  fidelity  and  re- 
spect to  the  constituted  a"thorities.  The  response 
from  San  Francisco  and  Santa  Bdrbara  is  not  so  far 
as  I  know  extant.^ 

There  was  no  further  agitation  of  this  matter  dur- 
ing the  year,  though  a  warning  was  received  from  the 
comisario  general  against  the  disaffected  friars,  and 
especially  against  the  president,  who,  as  the  writer 
had  heard,  talked  of  nothing  but  his  religion  and  his 
king,  protesting  his  willingness  to  die  for  either.  "If 
this  be  true,  it  would  be  well  to  grant  him  a  passport 
to  go  and  kiss  his  king's  hand,  but  to  go  with  only 
bag  and  staff,  as  required  by  the  rules  of  his  order." 
I  am  not  certain  whether  this  referred  to  Duran  or 
Sarria.^" 

During  1827  politico-missionary  matters  remained 
nearly  in  statu  quo.  No  disposition  was  shown  to 
disturb  the  padres  further  on  account  of  their  opposi- 
tion to  the  rcpulilic,  though  there  were  rumors  ailoat 
that  some  of  them  were  preparing  to  run  away.  Mar- 
tinez, Ripoll,  and  Juan  Cabot  were  those  named  in 
June  as  having  such  intentions,  and  Vicente  Cane 


'  The  position  taken  by  the  other  padres  will,  however,  be  learned  from  a 
subsequent  document.  Answers  of  tho  S.  Diego  and  Monterey  friars  in  A  rch. 
Arzolh,  M.S.,  V.  pt  i.  5-9,  17-20.  Among  tho  latter  Sarrfa  was  not  included, 
not  being  regarded  as  tho  minister  of  any  particular  mission.  Abella  'came 
to  this  country  for  God,  and  for  God  will  go  away,  if  they  expel  liim;'  Fortuui 
'no  se  anima  .ii  hacer  tal  juramento,  pero  sf  guardar  fidelidad;'  Arroyo  do  la 
Cuesta  'was  born  in  tho  Peninsula,  and  is  a  Spaniard;  swore  to  the  indepen- 
dence only  in  good  faith  to  the  king  of  Spain;  has  meditated  upon  tiie  oatii  de- 
manded, and  swears  not;'  Uria  'finds  it  not  in  his  conscience  to  take  the 
oath;'  Pedro  Cabot  'has  sworn  allegiance  to  Fernando  VII.;'  Sancho,  tiie 
Biinic,  and  'cannot  go  back  on  his  word;'  iluan  Cabot  'cannot accommodate  liis 
conscience  to  such  a  pleilge;'  and  Luis  Martinez  says  'his  spiritis  not  strong 
enough  to  bear  any  a<lditional  burden.'  Aug.  7th,  Sarrfa  addresses  to  tho 
padres  a  circular  argument  on  the  subject,  similar  to  that  addressed  in  former 
years  to  Gov.  Argiiello,  and  called  oat  by  an  argument  of  P.  Ripoll,  who  it 
seems  had  wished  to  accommodate  his  conscience  to  tho  oath  by  bringing  up 
anew  the  allegiance  sworn  to  independence  and  Iturbide.  Id.,  v.  pt  i.  10-13. 

'"Aug.  IG,  182G,  com.  gen.  to  Echcandfa.  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Com.  and 
Treas.,  SiS.,  i.  3G-8.  Beechey,  Voyaije,  ii.  12,  speaks  of  tho  dissatisfaction 
caused  by  the  exacting  of  tlio  oath,  and  says  many  padres  prepared  to  depart 
rather  than  violate  their  allegiauco  to  Spain. 


friars  could 
ire  the  pen- 
lity  and  re- 
le  response 
not  so  far 

matter  dur- 
red  from  the 
I  friars,  and 
the  writer 
ion  and  his 
either.  "If 
n  a  passport 
ro  with  only 
'  his  order." 
to  Duran  or 

irs  remained 
is  shown  to 
;heir  opposi- 
umors  afloat 
iway.  Mar- 
named  in 
icente  Cand 


be  learned  from  a 

ey  friars  in  A  rch. 

wasnotincluiled, 

Abella  'came 

pel  him;'  Fortuni 

id;'  Arroyo  do  la 

0  to  the  indeiien- 

ipon  the  oath  de- 

lence  to  take  the 

.1.;'  Sancho,  the 

accommodate  his 

liritianot  strong 

addresses  to  the 

ilressed  in  former 

•.  Ripoll,  who  it 

by  bringing  up 

.,  V.  pt  i.  10-13. 

I.,  Ben.  Com.  vml 

10  dissatisfaction 

eparcd  to  depart 


FLIGHT  OF  EIPOLL  AND  ALTIMIRA. 


93 


(rave  evidence  on  the  mysterious  shipment  of  $6,000 
ill  "old  on  the  Santa  Apolonia  by  Padre  Martinez,  an 
act  supposed  to  have  some  connection  with  the  plans 
for  flitjlit.  Captain  Gonzalez  took  a  prominent  part 
in  the  charges,  and  this  was  perhaps  a  reason  why 
Eclieandia  and  others  paid  very  little  attention  to  the 
subject.'^ 

The  rumors  had  some  foundation,  for  at  the  end  of 
December,  or  perhaps  in  January  1828,  padres  Ripoll 
and  Altimira  went  on  board  the  American  biiof  liar- 
hiii(ie)',  Captain  Steele,  at  Santa  Barbara,  and  left 
California  never  to  return.  They  went  on  board  the 
vessel  on  pretence  of  examining  certain  goods,  and 
such  effects  as  they  wished  to  carry  with  them  were 
embarked  by  stealth.  Echeandia  was  there  at  the 
time,  and  David  Spence  tells  us  he  was  for  some  mys- 
terious purpose  invited  to  take  breakfast  on  the  brig 
before  she  sailed,  but  was  prevented  by  other  affairs 
fi'oiii  accepting.^"'  Orders  were  at  once  issued  to  seize 
the  Ilarhinger  should  she  dare  to  enter  any  other 
j)oit;  but  Steele  cliose  to  run  no  risks.  The  fugitives 
k't't  letters  in  which  they  gave  as  their  reason  for  a 
clandestine  departure  the  fear  that  their  going  might 
bo  pi  evented  otherwise,  prompt  action  being  necessary 
for  reasons  not  stated.  They  were  among  the  young- 
est of  the  Franciscan  band,  and  in  several  respects 
li  ss  identified  than  most  others  with  the  missionary 
v.ork  in  California,  the  reader  being  already  familiar 
with  certain  eccentricities  on  the  part  of  each.  Their 
ilestination  was  Spain,  which  they  seem  to  have  reached 
i  1 1  safety.  A  suspicion  was  natural  that  the  two  padres 
<'ariied  away  with  them  something  more  than  the 
'sack  and  staff'  of  their  order,  that  they  took  enough 
of  the  mission  treasure  to  insure  a  comfortable  voyage, 

"  Statement  of  Cand  to  E.  about  the  $0,000  shipped  in  August  1S2G.  .S7. 
/'"/'.  ■S'ffc,  MS.,  xiv.  14-1.1.  June  4,  1S27,  Gonzalez  to  E.  Jd.,  xiv.  20-30. 
<i.  \va.s  \-cry  violent  in  his  charges  against  the  padres. 

'-  Spcncc,  in  Taylor'x  Dhcov.  and  Founders,  ii.  no.  24.  Alvar.ido,  /fiKt.  Cal. , 
^1><.,  ii.  l,')l-2,  claims  that  while  Ripoll  and  Altimira  were  making  their  t!»- 
c,;])c  v.iUi  the  mission  wealth,  I]chcandia  was  being  feasted  by  the  oi.licr  padres 
tu  -Ax^vl  suspicion.     Vallejo,  likt.  Ccd.,  MS.,  ii.  5U-00,  gives  the  same  version. 


94 


ECHEANDiA  AND  THE  PADRES. 


and  perhaps  future  comforts  across  the  sea.  The  truth 
can  never  be  known.  An  investigation  brought  to 
light  nothing  more  suspicious  than  the  transfer  of  cer- 
tain barrels  and  boxes  of  wine,  soap,  and  olives,  with 
perhaps  other  packages  of  unknown  contents,  from  San 
Buenaventura  to  Santa  Bdrbara."  In  their  own  let- 
ters, the  padres  said  they  had  left  the  mission  property 
intact.  Duhaut-Cilly,  however,  had  lately  sold  Ripoll 
an  English  draft  for  7,000  francs,"  which  he  said 
came  to  him  legitimately  from  his  stipeiid.  Though 
Alvarado  and  Vallejo  accuse  the  padres  of  having 
stolon  large  sums,  and  their  method  of  flight  favored 
the  suspicion,  I  suppose  that  a  few  tliousand  dollars 
was  probably  all  tlie^'  took,  and  that  they  had  but  lit- 
tle difficulty  in  justifying  the  act  to  their  own  satisfac- 
tion, in  view  of  their  past  stipends  either  unpaid  or 
invested  in  supplies  for  the  Indians.^^ 

In  reporting  the  flight  of  Ripoll  and  Altiniira, 
Echeandia  suggested  the  expediency  of  granting 
passports  to  those  who  had  asked  for  them,  with  a 
view  to  avoid  such  scanaals;  and  he  did  send  a  pass 
to  Padre  Martinez  in  September  to  prevent  the  dis- 
grace of  his  intended  flight.^"  There  was  also  a 
scandal  respecting  the  actions  of  President  Sanchez, 
whose  letters  and  some  goods  being  conveyed  by  John 
Lawlor  from  San  Gabriel  to  the  sea-shore  were  stopped 

^^ Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixvii.  6-9,  containing  the  testimony  of 
several  men  and  the  letters  of  Altimira  to  Geo.  Coleman,  the  llavcro  of  S. 
Buenaventura,  dated  Jan.  23d  from  on  board  the  vessel.  They  confciin  kind 
wislies  for  all  inCal.,  instructions  about  mission  atTaira,  and  good  spiritual 
counsels  for  Coleman.  The  padre,  according  to  Coleman's  testimony,  took  a 
small  box  of  cigars  and  some  books. 

^*  Dnhant-Cilli/,  Vianiiio,  ii.  184-5. 

''•Mrs  Ord.,  Oairrcucins,  MS.,  22-4,  says  they  took  no  money  at  all. 
EipoU  wept  OS  ho  took  leave  of  some  of  his  Indians  who  went  on  board  in 
Steele's  boat.  Jan.  2J,  1828,  Eclieandia  announces  tlio  flight,  and  orders  the 
y/(i/-?;iHr;fr  to  bo  seized.  Dept.  llec,  MS.,  vi.  174.  Jan.  28th,  Alf.  Pliego  or- 
dered secretly  to  investigate  the  robbery  said  to  have  been  committed  l>y  Al- 
timira. Iil.,\\.  173.  Feb.  5th,  Lui3  Argiiello  alludes  to  the  flight.  St.  Pap., 
Saf.,  MS  ,  X.  102-.S.  Mar.  2tith,  the  autlioritics  at  S.  Fernando  college  disa- 
vowed having  authorized  or  oven  known  the  flight.  Arrh.  Sta.  B.,  MS.,  ix. 
00-1.  Mar.  20,  1829,  the  Zacatccas  college  will  replace  Ripoll  and  Altimira. 
Sup.  Govt  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  2-3. 

'Man.  29,  1828,  K.  to  min.  of  rcl.  Dept.  Itec,  MS.,  vi.  22.  Sept.  23d, 
E.  to  Martinez.  JJejd.  St,  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  0-7. 


PRESIDENT  SANCHEZ  ACCUSED  OF  SMUGGLING. 


93 


The  truth 
brought  to 
nsfer  of  cer- 
ohves,  with 
ts,  from  San 
eir  own  let- 
lon  property 
7  sold  Ripoll 
ich  he  said 
d.     Though 
s  of  having 
ight  favored 
sand  dollars 
•  had  but  lit- 
own  satisfae- 
iY  unpaid  or 

nd  Altiniira, 

of    granting 

hem,  with  a 

send  a  pass 

ent  the  dis- 

was  also   a 

nt  Sanchez, 

yed  by  John 

NQVQ  stopped 

the  testimony  o£ 

the  Uavcro  of  S. 

They  contiiin  kind 

liid  good  spiritual 

Itestiinony,  took  a 


|no  money  at  all. 

k-ent  on  board  in 

Lt,  and  orders  the 

Ih,  Alf.  Pliego  or- 

%mmitted  by  Al- 

I  flight.  St.  Pap., 

ttndo  college  disa- 

Sta.  B.,  MS.,  ix. 

boll  and  Altimira. 

I.  22.    Sept.  23d, 


and  searched  by  Alcalde  Carrillo  of  Los  Angeles,  on 
suspicion  of  complicity  in  smuggling.  Sanchez  was 
indignant  at  what  he  deemed  an  insult,  and  demanded 
his  passport;  but  Echeandia,by  declaring  the  suspicions 
iiiilbunded,  and  by  conciliatory  methods,  succeeded  in 
calming  the  worthy  president's  wrath." 

The  law  of  1827  on  the  expulsion  of  Spaniards 
from  Mexican  territory,' ^reaching  California  in  1828, 
liad  no  other  effect  on  the  status  of  the  missionaries 
than  to  give  them  another  safe  opportunity  to  demand 
their  passports,  as  many  of  them  did,  some  perhaps 
really  desiring  to  depart.  There  was  no  disposition  to 
enforce  the  decree,  for  reasons  known  to  the  reader." 
]\[can\vhile  the  Spanish  friars  had  been  actually  ex- 
pelled from  Mexico,  and  a  most  disheartening  report 
cuuio  respecting  the  state  of  affairs  at  the  college  of 
San  Fernando.^'' 

There  would  seem  to  have  been  some  complaint 
asjainst  Echeandia  for  not  having  enforced  the  law  of 
1827,  for  in  June  1829,  apparently  before  the  arrival 
of  the  law  of  March  20th,  he  sent  to  Mexico  a  list  of 


"June  .3,  1828,  Lawlor  to  Sanchez.  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  v.  pt  i.  G3-4. 
.Juno  Sth,  S:uiclicz  to  E.  Id.,  0.")-0.  Aug.  21st,  20th,  E.  to  S.  and  to  the 
alcalde.  Dcpl.  lice,  MS.,  vi.  84-5,  90. 

'"  Sec  chap.  ii.  of  this  volume. 

"Oct.  20,  1828,  Echeandia  to  min.  of  war.  The  padres  arc  violent  at  the 
law  for  their  expulsion,  and  ai'o  clamoring  for  pa.ssports  and  complaining  of 
detention  by  force.  St.  Pop.,  Sac,  MS.,  x.  .19-40.  Dec.  (ith,  E.  says  that 
most  of  the  27  padres  have  agreed  lon^^  before  the  date  of  the  law  to  take 
tlie  oiitli  as  was  reported  to  Mexico  on  Dec.  (5,  1820.  (This  report  in  not  ex- 
tant, lint  it  in  certainly  not  true  tha*^  most  had  made  sucli  a  promise.)  If 
passports  wcvo  issued  as  several  ha^■<  d,  the  missions  would  be  left  with- 

out government  and  the  territory  witiioot  spiritual  care.  Dcpf.  IffC,  MS.,  vi. 
.")>).  Ihiliaut-Cilly  says  he  offered  to  carry  the  padres  over  to  Manila;  but  ho 
{.;<it  a  letter  from  Sarria,  in  which  ho  said  ho  was  resolved  not  to  abandon  tho 
Hock  intrusted  to  him  by  heaven  until  forced  to  do  so,  and  he  advised  his 
coHipanions  to  the  same  effect.  The  same  writer  notes  thearrival  of  :{  Fran- 
ciscans—they could  not  have  been  from  California — at  the  Sandwich  J-  lauds 
on  tho  French  ship  Comite.   Viouifm,  ii.  200-1,  219-20. 

"March  2fi,  1828,  P.  Arreguin  to  Sarria.  It  had  Jjcen  at  first  proposed  to 
tlissolvo  the  college;  but  finally  tho  guardian  and  discretorio  had  decided  to 
choose  a  vicario  do  casa,  and  had  chosen  tho  writer.  He  asks  for  Sarria'a 
views  about  the  policy  of  keeping  up  tho  college,  v.'herc  there  were  now  Ar- 
icy;aiu  aud  3  other  priests,  2  sick  Spaniard;}  unable  to  depart,  and  0  or  10 
servants  of  different  grades.  Arch.  SUi  ii.,  MS.,  ix.  00-4. 


93 


ECHEANDf  A  AND  THE  PADRES. 


ri 


tliG  padres,  with  notes  on  the  circumstances  of  each,'^^ 
and  a  defence  of  his  action,  or  failure  to  act,  on  the 
ground  that  all  the  padres  except  three  were  Spaniards, 
and  it  would  have  been  absurdly  impossible  to  expel 
them  with  nobody  to  take  their  place.  He  also  urged 
that  many  of  them  be  allowed  to  remain  permanently 
in  the  territory.  Only  a  few  days  later  there  came 
the  law  of  March  20th,  much  more  strict  than  the 
other,  and  it  was  circulated  on  the  6th  of  July.  The 
announcement  was  that  to  all  padres  who  had  refused 
to  take  the  oath  passports  would  be  given  forthwith, 
while  all  the  rest  must  show  within  a  month  the 
physical  impediments  preventing  their  departure  as 
required  by  the  law.^  As  before,  no  friar  was  ex- 
pelled, and  Echeandia  had  no  idea  of  granting  pass- 
ports, though  several,  including  Pcyri,  Sanchez,  and 
Boscana,  now  demanded  them,  and  though  the  gov- 
ernor really  desired  to  get  rid  of  certain  unmanageable 
ones  as  soon  as  he  could  obtain  others  to  take  their 
places."^  Not  only  did  he  send  to  Mexico  a  defence 
of  his  policy  of  inaction,  showing  the  impossibility  of 
the  expulsion  so  far  as  California  was  concerned;  but 

21  D<'i>L  Re.c,  MS.,  vii.  26-.33.  The  following  friars  had  taken  tlio  oath: 
Fernando  Martin,  00  years  old;  Antonio  Pcyri,  70  years;  Francisco  Suner,  71 
years;  and  Marcos  Antonio  de  Vitoria,  G9  years,  who  however  had  subse- 
quently retracted,  though  faithful  and  obedient  to  the  government,  of  blame- 
lcs3  life,  and  jirobably  influenced  by  his  excessive  respect  for  his  prelate. 
Tlic  following  had  taken  the  oath  with  some  conditions:  Gonzalez  de  Iluirra, 
Antonio  Jaime,  and  Arroyo  de  la  Cuesta;  Boscana  was  ready  to  take  the  oath, 
and  Barona,  Zalvidea,  and  Joso  Sanchez  also  with  the  conditions.  This  left 
14  who  would  not  take  the  oath,  of  whom  Catala,  Viader,  and  Abella  were 
over  CO  years  old;  several  were  in  bad  health,  and  several  were  highly  recom- 
mcndable  for  their  faithfulness.  Should  new  padres  come,  E.  proposed  to  grant 
passports  to  Arroyo,  Ordaz,  P.  Cabot,  Sancho,  J.  Cabot,  Ibarra,  Oliva,  Duran, 
EsttJnega,  Abella,  and  Urfa,  in  that  order.  There  were  recommended  to  re- 
main, Amoros,  Catala,  Vitoria,  Viader,  Fortuni,  Martin,  Boscana,  Sanchez, 
Zalvidea,  and  especially  Peyri,  Jaime,  Barona,  and  Suner.  Martinez  was  the 
0!dy  one  who  had  asked  for  a  passport  on  the  ground  of  not  wishing  to  con- 
form. Duhaut-Cilly,  Viwjijio,  ii.  187-8,  mentions  the  coming  of  the  Domin- 
icans President  Luna  and  P.  Caballero  to  S.  Gab-iel  in  June,  to  consult  about 
tlie  expulsion. 

"  July  0,  1829,  E.  to  various  officials.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  92-3,  97;  Id., 
S.  JomK  ii.  10-17;  DepLliec,  MS.,  vii.  190-1. 

*-*  July-September,  applications  of  the  padres  for  passports.  Arch.  Arzoh., 
MS.,  v.  pti.  54-7.  Aug.  11th,  Echeandia  to  min.  of  rel.  St.  Pap.,  Sue,  MS., 
X.  43-0.  In  tliis  document  the  gov.  gives  a  very  clear  and  complete  statement 
of  the  whole  matter. 


THE  MISSION ARIE3  AS  SPANIARDS. 


97 


of  each,''* 
it,  on  the 
Spaniards, 
)  to  expel 
ilso  urged 
rmaneutly 
lere  came 
than   the 
uly.     The 
ad  refused 
forthwith, 
Qonth   the 
parture  as 
ir  was  ex- 
iting pass- 
nchez,  and 
li  the  gov- 
nanagcable 
take  their 
)  a  defence 
)ssibility  of 
;erned;  but 

taken  the  oath: 
jnciscoSuilcr,  "l 
bvcr  had  subse- 
fmcnt,  of  blame- 
ifor  his  prolate, 
zalez  do  Iluirra, 
to  take  the  oath, 
[ions.    Tliis  left 
md  Abella  were 
[c  highly  rccom- 
Iroposed  to  grant 
I,  Oliva,  Duran, 
.nmended  to  rc- 
[seana,  Sanchez, 
lartincz  was  the 
fw'ishing  to  con- 
;  of  the  Doinin- 
to  consult  about 

.92-3, 97;  W-. 

,.  Arrh.  Arzoh., 
Pap.,  Sue,  MS., 
Ipleto  statement 


tlic  ayuiitaiiiienbos  of  San  Jose,  Monterey,  and  pcr- 
]iap.s  otlior  places,  sent  strong  petitions  on  the  evils 
that  must  result  from  such  expulsion,  expressing  for 
tlie  missionaries  the  deepest  love  and  veneration,  and 
pleading  eloquently  that  the  people  might  not  be  de- 
prived of  their  spiritual  guardians.^*  I  find  no  re- 
sponses to  these  petitions,  nor  are  there  any  definite 
orders  of  later  date  on  the  subject,  which,  except  in 
certain  particulars  to  be  noted  in  the  next  paragraph, 
scorns  to  have  been  now  allowed  to  rest.  One  of  the 
Spanisli  friars,  however,  received  before  the  end  of 
1829  a  passport  to  a  land  where  it  is  to  be  hoped  his 
political  troubles  were  at  an  end.  This  was  the  aged 
and  infirm  Padre  Jaime,  who  died  at  Santa  Barbara. 
I  liave  said  that  Echeandia  deemed  it  desirable  to 
got  rid  of  certain  padres.  Personal  feeling  was  his 
motive  in  part;  moreover,  it  was  important  to  remove 
certain  obstacles  likely  to  interfere  with  hiu  policy  (»f 
secularization,  of  which  more  hereafter.  Prejudice 
against  all  that  was  Spanish  was  the  strongest  feeling 
in  Mexico,  and  there  was  no  better  way  for  the  gov- 
ernor to  keep  himself  in  good  standing  with  the  power 
that  appointed  him  than  to  go  with  the  current.  It 
also  favored  Echeandia's  plans  respecting  his  enemy 
llorrera,  while  increasing  the  importance  of  his  own 
seivices,  to  show  the  existence  of  a  strong  revolution- 
ary spirit  in  favor  of  Spain.  There  was,  however,  but 
a  slight  foundation  on  which  to  build.  The  padres 
w  eve  Spaniards,  and  as  a  rule  disapproved  the  now 
iorm  of  government;  but  it  is  not  likely  that  any  of 
tiicm  had  a  definite  hope  of  overthrowing  the  repub- 
lic, or  of  restoring  California  to  the  old  system,  and 
the  most  serious  charge  that  could  be  justly  brought 
against  them  was  an  occasional  injudicious  use  of  the 

-''Aug.  2.'5th,  S.  JoKi',  Patlcion  del  Ayuvtnmientn  en  favor  dc  los  FrailenEa- 
puiiolc^i,  1S20,  MS. ;  J\loiifi'iri/,  Peficion  al  PrfHidente  y  Coiifjreso  en  favor  de  Ion 
JViiks  EspaHok.%  1S2D,  MS.  Oct.  22d,  gov.  approves  tlio  petitions.  Dept. 
/.'"■.,  MS.,  vii.  2:^9.  Oct.  I2tli,  Virmond  writci  from  Mexico  that  the  prcsi- 
ilt'iit  had  not  the  slightest  idea  of  expelling  the  friars.  Gucrra,  Doc.,  MS.,  vi. 

HiBT.  Chi..,  Vol.  UI.    7 


08 


echeandJa  and  the  padres. 


tongue.     Generally  the  prevalent  rumors  of  treason 
could  be  traced  to  notliinjx  reliable."^ 


■  :'i>  ■ 


Of  all  the  padres,  Martinez  of  San  Luis  Obispo  was 
the  most  outspoken  and  independent  in  political  mat- 
ters, besides  being  well  known  for  his  smuggling  pro- 
pensities. Echeandia  deemed  his  absence  desirable 
for  the  quiet  of  the  territory,  and  had  issued  a  pass- 
port which  had  not  been  used.  It  was  thought  best 
on  general  principles  to  make  an  example;  it  was  par- 
ticularly desirable  to  give  a  political  significance  to 
the  Solis  revolt,  and  Padre  Martinez  was  banished  on 
a  charge  of  complicity  in  that  revolt  in  the  interest 
of  Spain.  The  evidence  against  him  was  not  very 
strong;^  but  there  was  little  risk,  smce  as  a  Spaniard 
the  accused  might  at  any  time  be  legally  exiled.  He 
was  arrested  early  in  February  1830,  and  confined  in 
a  room  of  the  comandancia  at  Santa  Bdrbara.  In 
his  testimony  he  denied  all  the  allegations  against 
him,  except  that  of  giving  food  to  the  soldiers,  as 
others  had  also  done  and  as  it  was  customary  for  the 
missionaries  to  do,  whoever  their  guests  might  be. 
He  claimed  to  have  tried  to  dissuade  Solis  from  his 
foolish  scheme  of  raising  the  Spanish  flag.  In  a  long 
and  eloquent  communication  addressed  to  Echeandia, 

^^Sopt.  9,  1829,  gov.  to  comandantes.  Has  heard  that  some  padre  burns 
daily  two  tapers  before  a  portrait  of  Fernando  VII. ;  and  that  another  pri!- 
diets  from  his  pulpit  the  coming  of  the  Spanish  king.  Find  out  secretly  who 
do  tlicsc  things,  and  forward  the  result.  St.  Pap.,  iS'ac,  MS.,  x.  25, 48;  Jjtjit. 
live. ,  MS. ,  vii.  44.     The  guilty  parties  were  not  found. 

'^•^  Tlie  evidence,  iome  of  the  items  resting  on  the  statement  of  a  single 
soldier,  was,  so  far  as  it  is  on  record,  as  follows:  That  he  had  freely  supplied 
the  rebels  with  food,  had  been  very  intimate  with  Solis  and  his  leaders  at  Sua 
Luis,  had  shown  anger  at  certain  soldiers  when  they  said  'viva  la  repiiblica,' 
had  spoken  mysteriously  of  Ms  'amo  Francisquito,'  in  Spain  or  Mexico,  li;ul 
shown  a  paper  with  'viva  Fernando  VII.'  written  on  it,  had  derided  inde- 
pendence and  liberty,  and  had  lodged  Alf.  Fernandez  del  Campo  in  a  room 
which  bore  the  inscription  '  V.  F.  7  '  on  the  ceiling.  Solis,  Proceso,  etc. ,  MS. ; 
Fernandez  to  Echeandia  in  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  x.  2G-7.  Vallejo,  Ukt.  Gal., 
AIS.,  ii.  93-105,  tells  us  that  there  were  documents  proving  conclusively  that 
Martinez  was  plotting  against  the  republic  and  carrying  on  a  secret  corre- 
spondence with  the  rebels  in  Mexico;  but  nothing  of  this  kind  was  shown  in 
the  rpcordcd  evidence,  and  the  same  may  bo  said  of  a  letter  of  encouragement 
from  JIartinez  found  on  the  person  of  Solis  at  his  capture,  mentioned  by  Al- 
varado.   JIM.  Cat.,  MS.,  ii.  155. 


EXILE  OF  FATHER  MARTINEZ. 


99 


of  treason 


3bispo  was 
itical  mat- 
rgling  pro- 
)  desirable 
ed  a  pass- 
ought  best 
it  was  par- 
lificance  to 
)anishcd  on 
he  interest 
,s  not  very 
a  Spaniard 
xiled.     He 
confined  in 
irbara.     In 
m»  against 
soldiers,  as 
ary  for  tlie 
might  be. 
s  from  his 
In  a  long 
lEclieandi'a, 


Ime  padre  burns 

^at  another  pr*;- 

mt  secretly  who 

X.  25,48;  i>e7//. 

lent  of  a  single 

freely  supplied 

lis  leaders  at  8uu 

Iva  la  republica,' 

lor  Mexico,  had 

Id  derided  iude- 

linnpo  in  a  room 

toceso,  etc.,  MS.; 

meio,  Hixl.CaL, 

lonclusively  that 

a  secret  corro- 

Id  was  shown  in 

encouragement 

lentioned  by  Al- 


prntcstlng  against  the  manner  of  his  treatment,  ]\Iar- 
tiiicz,  while  not  attempting  to  deny  his  well  known 
political  sentiments,  claimed  that  he  was  not  such  a 
ibol  as  to  suppose  that  Spain  could  be  benefited  by 
])etty  revolts  in  California,  that  he  desired  the  wel- 
i'are  of  the  territory,  and  that  in  his  opinion  it  could 
not  be  advantageously  separated  from  Mexico.  The 
two  padres  Cabot  testified  to  having  seen  letters  in 
which  Martinez  declined  to  take  part  in  the  political 
(schemes  of  Solis,  declaring  that  if  the  king  wished  to 
(viKptistar  any  part  of  America,  he  might  do  it  him- 
self, in  his  own  way.  Prefect  Sarria  also  presented 
an  argument  to  prove  Martinez  innocent. ^^ 

The  9th  of  March  a  junta  de  guerra,  composed  of 
six  officers,  besides  the  governor,  met  at  Santa  Biirba- 
la  to  decide  on  the  friar's  fate.  Echeandia  explained, 
at  considerable  length,  the  difficulties  in  the  way  of 
administering  a  suitable  penalty,  and  he  sceins  to 
have  counselled  leniency,  fearing  or  pretending  to  fear 
tlio  action  of  the  other  padres;  but  after  full  discus- 
sion, it  was  decided  by  a  vote  of  five  to  one  to  send 
liini  out  of  Mexican  territory  by  the  first  available 
vcHsel.-^  Stephen  Anderson,  owner  of  the  English 
1)1  ig  lliomas  Nowlan,  was  called  in  immediately,  and 
gave  bonds  to  carry  the  prisoner  to  Callao,  and  put 
him  on  board  a  vessel  bound  for  Europe.  Padre 
Martinez,  on  the  same  day,  promised  in  verho  sacer- 
dot'is  not  to  land  at  Manila  or  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
and  on  March  20tli  the  Nowlan  sailed.^'     The  friar 

^'  Martinez  admitted  to  Lieut  Romualdo  Pacheco  that  he  had  received 
h'tters  from  Solis,  urging  him  to  arm  his  neophytes  in  defence  of  tlic  Spanish 
lliig  soon  to  be  raised.  Ht.  Pap.,  Mim.  and  CoL,  MS.,  ii.  .10-1.  Testimony  of 
-Mnrtinez  and  the  PP.  Cabot  in  Solk,  Proceso,  MS.,  100-1,  08-9.  March  4th, 
Martinez,  Defensa  dir'ifi'ula  al  Comamkinta  General,  1S30,  MS.,  in  LI.,  9.3-8. 
l"cl).  9th,  Sarria,  iJej'insa  dil  Padre.  Luis  Martinez,  ISoO,  MS.  Mrs  Ord, 
^inirrenc'tax,  MS.,  .31-0,  gives  some  details  of  the  padre's  coniinement  in  her 
father's  house,  and  the  efforts  of  members  of  the  family  to  relieve  the  pris- 
oner's wants  in  spite  of  the  severity  of  Lieut  Lobato.  This  writer  and  many 
other  Californians  think  there  was  no  foundation  for  the  special  charges 
iiLiainst  Martinez  at  this  time. 

''^'* Record  of  the  junta  of  March  9th,  in  Solis,  Procexo,  MS.,  102-.5.  The 
oilicors  were  .J.  J.  Roeha,  M.  G.  Vallcjo,  Domingo  Carrillo,  M.  G.  Lobato,  .J. 
-M.  Iliarra,  and  A.  V.  Zamorano.     A  previous  junta  of  Feb.  2Gth  is  alluded  to. 

-^t'amllo  (JoDi),  Doc,  MS.,  21.    The  Spaniards  A.  J.  Cot  and  family, 


100 


echkaxdIa  and  the  padres. 


'  ii 


p  i 


roaolio.'l  Cnllao  in  Juno,  and  subsequently  arrived 
safely  in  Marlrid,  whence  he  wrote  to  his  friends  in 
California.  There  were  those  who  believed  that  he 
carried  away  a  large  amount  of  money,  an  exploit 
which,  if  actually  accomplished,  considering  the  cir- 
cumstances of  his  departure,  surpassed  in  brilliancy 
all  his  previous  deeds  as  a  contrabandista.'^  Even  if, 
as  I  suppose,  ho  carried  little  or  no  gold  at  his  depart- 
ure, it  is  not  probable  that  so  shrewd  a  man  of  busi- 
ness had  neglected  in  past  years  to  make  some 
provision  for  future  comfort. 

The  most  important  problem  affecting  cue  missions 
was  that  of  secularization;  but  it  hardly  assumed  a 
controversial  aspect  during  this  period.  The  missions, 
as  the  reader  is  well  aware,  had  never  been  intended 
as  permanent  institutions,  but  only  as  temporary 
schools  to  fit  savage  gentiles  for  Christian  citizenshi}). 
The  missionaries  themselves  neverdenied  thisintheory, 
but  practically  nullified  the  principle,  and  claimed  per- 
petuity for  their  establishments  by  always  aflfirming,  no 
matter  whether  the  spiritual  conquest  dated  back  live 
or  fifty  years,  that  the  Indians  were  not  yet  fitted  to 
become  citizens.  This  was,  moreover,  always  true, 
even  if  it  was  a  virtual  confession  that  the  mission 
system  was  a  failure,  and  it  presented  serious  diflScul- 
tics  in  the  way  of  secularization.  The  cortes  of  Spain 
had  decreed,  however,  in  1813,  that  all  missions  ten 
years  after  foundation  must  be  changed  into  pueblos, 
subject  to  secular  authority  both  in  civil  and  religious 
affairs,^^  and  tlie  success  of  independence  made  the 

and  J.  I.  ilancisidor  sailed  in  tlie  same  vessel.  Feb.  6th,  Echeandia's  ordci' 
to  arrest  Martinez.  Dfpt.  Pec,  MS.,  viii.  10.  March  9th,  E.  announces  the 
sentence  to  Prefect  Sarria.  Id.,  viii.  27. 

'JVallcjo,  Hint.  C'al,  MS.,  ii.  90-100,  says  that  he  was  the  officer  who 
took  Martinez  on  board.  Ho  walked  very  slowly,  but  as  ho  was  old  an<l 
corpulent,  was  not  hurried.  When  they  were  alone  in  the  cabin  the  padro 
said :  '  Perhaps  yon  thought  mo  drunk.  Not  so,  my  son,  but  see  here' — pro- 
ceeding to  show  that  his  clothing  was  heavily  lined  with  gold  !  The  youn'j 
alfc^rcz  was  glad  to  know  that  the  friar  had  made  provision  for  a  rainy  day, 
and  promised  to  keep  his  secret. 

"'Sec  chap,  xviii.,  vol.  ii.,  for  the  decree  of  Sept.  13,  1813,  and  subseciuent 
developments  iu  Cal. 


y  arrived 
friencU  in 
L'd  tluit  he 
an  exploit 
\(r  tlie  cir- 
brilliancy 
Even  i?, 
his  depart- 
in  of  busi- 
lake   some 


iG  missions 
assumed  a 

0  missions, 

n  intended 
temporary 

citizenship. 

isintheory, 
aimed  per- 
rming,  no 

|d  back  live 

let  fitted  to 
ways  true, 

Ihe  mission 
us  difficul- 

|es  of  Spain 
issions  ten 
to  pueblos, 
d  religious 
made  the 

lieandia's  order 
announces  tlio 

the  officer  who 
ke  was  old  anil 
tabin  the  padro 
I  see  here'— pro- 
Id  !  The  youn'? 
lor  a  rainy  day, 

land  subsequent 


POLICY  OF  SECULARIZATION. 


101 


cluuige  inevitable.  The  spirit  of  Mexican  republican- 
ism was  not  favorable  to  the  longer  existence  of  the 
old  missions  under  a  system  of  land  monopoly  strongly 
liiiged  with  some  phases  of  human  slavery.  If  the 
Indians  were  not  fit  for  citizenship,  neither  were  they 
being  fitted  therefor. 

Echeandia  and  the  administration  that  appointed 
liiin  desired  to  secularize  the  missions,  but  understood 
that  it  was  a  problem  requiring  careful  study.  Neither 
]);irty  was  disposed  to  act  hastily  in  the  matter:  the 
Mexican  authorities  largely  perhaps  because  of  indil- 
fci'once  to  the  interests  of  a  territory  so  far  away; 
and  the  ixovernor  bv  reason  not  only  of  his  natural 
tendency  to  inaction,  but  of  the  difficulties  with  which 
on  arrival  he  found  himself  surrounded.  These  diffi- 
culties, as  the  reader  has  learned,  were  insumountable. 
]lad_  the  territorial  finances  been  in  a  sound  condition, 
had  the  military  force  been  thoroughly  organized  and 
pii)ui[)tly  paid,  had  there  been  fifty  curates  at  hand  to 
take  charge  of  new  parishes,  had  the  territory  been 
to  some  extent  independent  of  the  missions— even  with 
tl  K'se  favorable  conditions,  none  of  which  existed,  sec- 
ulaiization  would  have  been  a  difficult  task  if  not  a 
risky  experiment,  requiring  for  success  at  least  the 
hearty  cooperation  of  the  friars.  Under  existing 
cii-cumstances,  however,  which  need  not  be  recai)itu- 
latcd  here,  against  the  will  of  the  padres,  v/ho,  with 
tliuir  influence  over  the  neophytes  and  their  threats 
to  retire  en  masse,  were  largely  masters  of  the  situa- 
tion, any  radical  change  in  the  mission  status  would 
bring  ruin  to  the  territory. 

The  governor  recognized  the  impossibility  of  imme- 
diate action;  but  in  accordance  with  the  policy  of  his 
government,"^  with  his  own  republican  theories,  with 

'^  Jan.  31,  1823,  min.  of  war  to  gov.  A  statement  of  grievances  sufTercd 
I'.v  the  Indians  of  Cal.  States  that  it  is  the  president's  desire  to  do  away 
V  itli  HO  vicious  a  system,  but  suggests  tliat  the  reform  should  perhaps  be  one 
(if  ly.Aicy  ratlicr  than  of  authority.  It  is  not  expedient  to  break  up  openly 
the  system  of  the  padres,  who  if  offended  might  by  their  influence  cause  great 
tvils.  Still  it  was  essential  to  check  the  arbitrary  muaaurca  that  oppressed 
tlic  Imliaus,  and  afford  the  latter  the  advantages  of  the  liberal  system— but 


'I 


li 


r     :1 
I 


■ill 


If 
i; 

I   I  I 

f    !  f 

i    '  'i 


102 


ECHEANDlA  AND  THK  PADRES. 


tho  Hpirit  rapidly  evolved  from  controversies  with  tlie 
friars  on  other  points,  and  with  the  urginj^s  of  some 
prominent  Calitbrnians  who  already  had  tiieir  eyes  on 
the  mission  lands,  he  had  to  keep  the  matter  alive  by 
certain  experiments  intended  to  test  the  feelings  and 
capabilities  of  the  neophytes."'  On  April  2S,  1820, 
Eeiieandfa  and  his  secretary,  Zamorano,  held  a  con- 
sultation with  padres  Sanchez,  Zalvidea,  Peyri,  and 
i\[artin  at  San  l)iego,  at  which  after  the  padres  had 
ex[)rossod  their  willingness  to  surrender  the  temporal 
management,  the  governor  made  a  speech  on  the  im- 
l)()rtance  of  providing  for  the  Indians  of  San  Diego 
and  Santa  Barbara  who  desired  to  leave  the  neofia 
and  n)anage  for  themselves.  After  discussion,  it  was 
agreed  that  those  of  good  conduct  and  long  service 

o  r5  o 

might  be  released,  to  form  a  pueblo  at  San  Fernando 
or  San  Luis,  under  regulations  to  be  fixed  by  the  gov- 
ernor.^ 

After  later  consultations  not  definitely  recorded,  at 
which  the  plan  was  considerably  modified,  Echcandia 
issued,  July  25th,  a  decree,  or  proclamation,  of  partial 
emancipation  in  favor  of  the  neophytes.  By  its  terms 
those  desiring  to  leave  the  missions  might  do  so,  pro- 
vided they  had  been  Christians  from  childhood,  or  for 
filtccn  years,  were  married,  or  at  least  not  minors, 
and  had  some  means  of  gaining  a  livelihood.  The 
Indians  must  apply  to  the  presidial  comandante,  who 
after  obtaining  a  report  from  the  padre  was  to  issue 
through  the  latter  a  written  permit  entitling  the 
neophyte  and  his  family  to  go  vherever  they  pleased, 


lat  might  result  from  unwise 

111  good  judgment.    Si.  Pnp., 

33  in  a  letter  toFigueroa. 

10<J-10;  Vdllfjo,  His'.  Cal, 

ihcandia,  immediately  after 


yuardcdly  and  slowly  to  avoid  the  license 
measures.  All  is  intrusted  to  E.'sc.xpericnc* 
Jliix.  and  Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  4'2,  quoted  by  E.  in 

'■'^  According  to  Alvarado,  Uid.  Cal.,  MS.. 
MS.,  ii.  51-.3;    Vullejo,  JfcmiiiU,  MS.,  89-90, 

taking  his  office,  sent  Lieut  I'acheco  to  mak  a  tour  of  inspection  in  the 
Bouthcrn  missions.  The  padres  were  not  pleas  I;  but  Paclieco  having  some 
trouble  witli  P.  Boscana  at  S.  Juan  Capistrano  ,vent  so  far  as  to  assemble  the 
neophytes  and  to  make  a  political  speech,  in  which  ho  told  tho  Indians  of  a 
new  chief  who  had  como  to  the  country  to  be  their  friend,  and  give  them  equal 
rights  witii  Spaniards. 

^^Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  129-30. 


EXPERIMENTAL  SECULARIZATION. 


io:j 


like  oilier  Mexican  eitizens,  tlKilr  names  boini^  erased 
lion  I  the  niis-sion  registers.  The  eases  of  absentees 
were  to  bo  investigated  by  the  eomandantcs  at  once, 
iiiid  those  not  entitled  to  the  license  were  to  be  re- 
stoied  to  their  respective  missions.  At  the  same  time 
th(!  padres  were  to  be  restricted  in  the  matter  of  pun- 
ishments to  the  'more  correction'  allowed  to  natural 
fathers  in  the  case  of  their  children;  unmarried  males 
of  minor  ago  onlv  could  be  ilogged,  with  a  limit  of 
liftcen  blows  per  week;  and  faults  requiring  more 
severe  penaltit'S  nuist  be  referred  to  the  niilitary 
iiutliorities.^'  The  provisions  of  this  order  applied 
only  to  the  districts  of  San  Diego,  Santa  Barbara,  and 
^[oiitercy;  though  in  1828  it  \vas  extended  to  that  of 
San  Francisco,  excepting  the  frontier  missions  of  San 
llalael  and  San  Francisco  Solano."" 

This  order  of  182G  was  the  oidy  secularization 
measure  which  Echeandia  attempted  to  put  in  actual 
oiu'iation  before  the  end  of  1830.  It  does  not  appear 
that  the  missionaries  made  any  special  opposition,  and 
the  I'easons  of  their  concurrence  are  obvious.  First, 
veiy  few  neophytes  could  comply  with  the  conditions, 
es[H;eially  that  requiring  visible  means  of  support. 
Second,  the  decree  retjuired  fugitives  not  entitled  to 
license  to  be  returned  to  their  missions  by  the  mili- 
tary, a  duty  that  of  late  years  had  been  much 
neglected.  And  third,  and  chiefly,  experimental  or 
])artial  secularization  was  deemed  by  the  friars  to  be 
in  their  own  interest,  since  they  had  no  fears  that  the 
neophytes  would  prove  themselves  capable  of  self- 


'^  July  25,  1820,  EchoamUa,  Decrelo  de  Emandpaeiond  favor  tie  Nedfitos, 
1^:<1,  .MS.  Received  nt  S.  Rafael  Aug.  23(1.  Atrh.  J/w/oHf-s  MS.,  i."297. 
F'liwiinkd  by  Lieut  Estuilillo  to  pailrc  of  S.  Antcixio.  Arrfi.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  v. 
].i  ii.  114-17.  Sergt  Aiiastasio  Canillo  sent  by  Cant.  Gucrra  to  proclaim 
1 1 ;c  new  order  in  the  missions  of  the  Sta  Bdrbara  district,  as  he  did  at  S. 
rcriiando  on  Sept.  20tli  and  at  S.  Buenaventura  on  Sept.  29th.  Doc.  Hist. 
'■  /.,  MS.,  iv.  7S9-92.  Here  tlie  Indian  was  authorized,  should  tlic  cabo  do 
•'  colta  and  padre  refuse  to  act  in  presenting  his  application  for  license,  to 
li;:ivc  the  mission  without  pcnnission  and  apply  in  person  to  the  comandantc. 
^'all(•j(),  HlM.  VaL,  MS.,  iv.  22,  quotes  the  order  of  July  2Jth. 

'".June  20,  1&28,  gov.  to  comandautes  and  prefect.  Dei}t.  Jiec,  MS.,  vi. 
C". 


a 


.* 


104 


ECHEANDiA  AND  THE  PADRES. 


o;<wcrnmcnt.  Respecting  the  result,  wo  have  no  sat- 
isfactory information.  I  find  no  record  of  the  number 
of  neophytes  who  under  the  order  obtained  their  free- 
dom, nor  of  the  manner  in  which  they  used  their  hb- 
erty.  Beechey,  the  English  navigator,  tells  us  that 
the  governor  was  induced  by  the  padres  to  modify 
his  plans,  and  to  try  experiments  with  a  few  neo- 
phytes,wlio,as  might  have  been  expected,  fell  soon  into 
excesses,  gambled  away  all  their  property,  and  were 
compelled  to  beg  or  steal.*^ 

While  the  governor  doubtless  used  his  influence  to 
imbue  the  neophytes  with  ideas  of  independence  and 
civil  libcrtv,  not  conducive  to  contentment  with  mission 
life,^'  no  definite  progress  was  made,  except  in  the 
preparation  of  plans,  in  -o  years  1827-9.  In  July  1827 
the  [)refect  was  ordered  to  see  to  it  that  a  primary 
school  was  supported  at  each  mission,  and  compliance 
was  promised.^''  In  October  of  the  same  year,  Eche- 
andia  called  for  a  detailed  report  on  the  lands  held 
by  each  mission  to  be  rendered  before  the  end  of  the 
year.  I  find  no  such  report  in  the  records,  thougli 
the  local  reports  for  the  next  year  did,  in  several 
instances,    contain    a   list   of  the  mission  ranches.** 

^'' Beechej/'s  Voyarje,  ii.  12-13,  320.  A  few  doc.  bearing  on  indiviiliml  cases 
of  applioation  for  license.  Dfpt.  St.  Pap.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ivii.  23-4;  /)c/>^ 
Her.,  iMS.,  v.  05;  viii.  34.  April  27,  1827,  gov.  says  to  coin,  of  S.  Diego  that 
aa  the  Indians  of  S.  Juan  neglect  tlieir  work  and  make  a  wrong  application 
of  tlicir  [)rivileges,  they  arc  to  be  udnionishcd  seriously  that  those  who  beliave 
thcmsolvos  properly  will  obtain  their  full  freedom  when  his  plans  arc  jjer- 
focted,  while  others  will  be  punished.  Dept.  liec,  MS.,  v.  44.  May  20,  1S27, 
Martinez  is  to  inform  the  Indians  that  in  a  few  days  E.  will  issue  an  order  for 
them  to  bo  treated  the  same  as  gento  do  razon.  /(/.,  v.  40.  Dec.  0,  1820,  E. 
to  .sup.  govt.  Speaks  of  the  monopoly  by  the  friars  of  all  the  land,  labdr, 
and  products  of  the  territory;  of  their  hatred  for  the  present  system  of  gov- 
ernment; and  of  the  desirability  of  making  at  least  a  partial  distribution  of 
mission  property  among  tlio  best  of  the  neophytes.  Id.,  v.  1,32-3.  Oct.  20, 
1S28,  E.  to  niin.  of  war,  says  the  Ind.  at  most  missions  are  clamoring  to  uo 
fanned  into  pueblos.  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  x.  39-40. 

^^Mrs  Ord,  Ocnrreiicias,  MS.,  .'52-4,  says  that  the  ideas  instilled  mto  the 
minds  of  the  neophytes  by  the  gefo  politico  made  a  great  change  in  tl.ein. 
They  were  not  as  contented  nor  as  obedient  as  before.  Osio,  Hid.  CuL,  MS., 
110-20,  takes  the  same  view  of  the  mattci. 

^^Arch.  Anob.,  MS.,  v.  pt  i.  35;  Dcpt.  liec,  MS.,  v.  54;  Lcj.  liec,  MS.,  i. 
79-80. 

^'Oct.  7th.  Echcandia'rt  bando  in  Ohrni,  Doc,  MS.,  1.  Xamos  of  nussiim 
raucho3  in  ine  liouth.    Prov.  St.  P"^).,  Prv.dd.,  MS.,  i.  97-!>.     Uuudini,  iu  a 


THE  GOVERNOR'S  ACTS. 


105 


avo  no  sat- 
;ho  number 
I  their  froe- 
id  their  lib- 
ills  us  that 
i  to  modify 
a,  few  neo- 
3II  soon  into 
y,  and  were 

influence  to 
Midence  and 
vith  mission 
cept  in  the 
n  July  1827 
t  a  primary 
[  compliance 
year,  Eche- 
;  lands  held 
end  of  the 
rds,  thougli 
in  severnl 
ranches.*^ 


imliviilual  cases 
Ivii.  23-4;  Drpf. 
of  8.  Diego  that 
ong  application 
hose  who  beliavo 
lis  plans  arc  jjcv- 
MiiySO,  1S27. 
ssuc  an  order  for 
Dec.  0,  18-2G,  K. 
the  land,  labr.r, 
system  of  gov- 
1  distribution  of 
132-3.  Oct.  20, 
clamoring  to  bo 

nstilled  into  the 
change  in  tl.cm. 
nid.  (,'«;.,  MS., 

ej.  7?fc.,MS.,  i. 

ramos  of  niissum 
Baudiui,  in  u 


The  order  brouglit  out,  however,  from  the  padres 
of  San  Juan  Capistrano,  a  defence  of  the  Indian  title 
to  the  lands  in  California  running  back  to  tlie  time 
Avlieii,  according  to  Ezra  the  prophet,  the  Jews  wan- 
deied  across  Bering  Strait  to  people  America,*^ 

III  a  communication  of  1833  Echeandia,  after  al- 
luding to  his  instructions,  by  which,  as  we  have  seen, 
iiHU'li  was  left  to  his  own  judgment,  explained  his  acts 
ill  these  years  as  follows:  "Intrusted  with  the  task 
of  arranging  the  system  of  both  Californias,  supplying 
as  best  I  could  in  indispensable  cases  the  lack  of  ad- 
ministration of  justice,  busied  in  regulating  the  treas- 
iiiy  branches  since  the  coinisario  abused  his  trust, 
lacking  the  necessar}"-  supplies  for  the  troops,  at  the 
end  of  my  resources  for  other  expenses,  struggling  to 
])ut  in  good  order  the  necessarily  tolerated  traffic  with 
loicign  vessels,  anxious  to  establish  regular  and  secure 
coininunication  with  Sonora  via  the  Colorado,  combat- 
ing the  general  addiction  to  the  Spani.sli  government 
and  the  tlespotic  system,  encountering  the  abuses  in- 
troduced in  all  branches  by  the  revohition  and  enor- 
mously propagated  by  the  total  neglect  of  the  viceregal 
g(  )vernment  during  the  war  of  independence — occupied, 
J  say,  with  so  many  cares,  without  aid  in  the  civil  or 
military  administration,  and  finally  having  no  Mexican 
]»ricsts  to  take  the  place  of  the  malecontent  Spaniards 
in  divine  worship,  if  they  should  abandon  it  as  hap- 
jiiMied  at  Santa  Bilrbara  and  San  Buenaventura,  or 
should  be  expelled  as  insufferable  royalists,  as  some  of 
them  are,  and  as  was  he  of  San  Luis  Obispo,  avIio 
favored  the  Solis  revolt  for  Spain — which,  though  I 
had  the  good  fortune  to  suppress  it,  interfered  with 
the  jn'ogress  of  good  government — some  of  the  mis- 
sionaries mismanaging  the  property  of  their  subjects, 
and  others  refusinir  to  remain  under  the  federal  liov- 


littcr  to  Barron,  1828,  says  the  missions  have  seized  upon  ncarlj'  all  the  land 
i'l  the  territory,  so  as  to  e.xclndo  private  persons.   DmrJlni,  jVor.,  MS..  S, 

^^ Zalridcaaitd  llaruim,  I'ctkioiial  Gi'j'a Politico d favor de  lonliidio-i,  IS?7, 

MS. 


103 


ECHEANDiA  AND  THE  PADRES. 


I 


eminent  if  the  missions  were  reformed;  compromised 
thus  in  different  ways,  seeing  that  in  the  missions  there 
remained  ahnost  illusory  my  repeated  orders  and  pro- 
visions that  the  converts  should  be  relieved  from  the 
cruel  and  infamous  punishments  which  were  arbi- 
trarily applied  to  them,  and  enjoy  a  little  their  per- 
sonal liberty  and  the  fruit  of  their  toil,  and  receive  in 
their  schools  the  elements  of  a  Christian  and  civil  ed- 
ucation ;  when  by  my  own  observations  and  intercourse 
with  missionaries  and  neophytes — in  spite  of  the  flat- 
teries and  obstacles  urged  that  I  might  not  remove 
the  yoke  from  those  miserable  conquistados — I  had 
formed  a  definite  conception  of  my  duty,  I  completed 
a  plan  reglamentario  to  take  from  the  missionaries  the 
tenij)oral  administration,  which  I  sent  to  the  govern- 
ment secretly,  if  I  remember  aright,  in  1829,  explain- 
ing the  necessity  of  proper  persons  to  make  surveys, 
and  to  establish  in  due  form  the  new  settlements."^' 
At  the  session  of  July  20, 1830,  Echeandia  brought 
his  secularization  plan  before  the  diputacion,  by  whicli 
body,  after  much  discussion  and  some  slight  modifica- 
tions, it  was  approved  in  the  sessions  from  July  29th 
to  August  3d.  This  plan  provided  for  the  gradual 
transformation  of  the  missions  into  pueblos,  begin- 
ning with  those  nearest  the  presidios  and  pueblos,  o[ 
which  one  or  two  were  to  bo  secularized  within  a  year, 
and  the  rest  as  rapidly  as  experience  might  show  to  bo 
practicable.  Each  neophyte  was  to  have  a  share  of 
the  mission  lands  and  other  property.  The  friars 
might  remain  as  curates,  or  establish  a  new  line  of 
missions  on  the  gentile  frontier  as  they  should  chodse. 
The  details  of  the  twenty-one  articles  constituting  the 
document,  chiefly  devoted  to  the  distribution  of  prop- 
erty and  the  local  management  of  the  new  towns,  it 
seems  best  to  notice,  so  far  as  any  notice  may  be  re- 
quired, in  a  subsequent  chapter,  in  connection  witli 

"March  19,  183.3,  E.  to  Figueroa  in  St.  Pap.,  Mhn.  nnl  Col,  IMS.,  ii. 
42-4.  Strange  na  it  may  suom,  E.  makes  n  full  stop  in  his  sentence  as  above. 
He  then  goes  on  to  explain  his  policy  in  1831,  of  wuiich  I  shall  speak  later. 


PLAN  APPROVED  BY  THE  DIPUTACION. 


107 


the  decree  by  which  it  was  attempted  to  carry  the 
pl.in  into  effect.**  It  was  not  intended  to  enforce  this 
measure  without  the  approval  of  the  supreme  govern- 
ment, to  which  the  plan  was  forwarded  the  7th  of 
September/*  There  were  also  sent  at  the  same  time 
six  supplementary  articles,  approved  by  the  diputacion 
August  13th,  providing  for  the  establishment  of  two 
Franciscan  convents  at  Santa  Clara  and  San  Gabriel, 
for  which  twenty  or  more  friars  were  to  be  sent  from 
jMcxico  at  the  expense  of  the  pious  fund,  and  to  which 
the  Spanish  padres  allowed  to  remain  might  also  at- 
tach themselves.  These  convents  were  intended  to 
supply  in  the  future  missionaries,  curates,  and  chap- 
lains.*'' 

Thus  it  is  seen  that  the  governor  in  his  policy 
toward  the  padres,  down  to  the  end  of  1830,  M'as  by 
m)  means  arbitrary,  unjust,  or  even  hasty;*"  neither 
was  there  so  bitter  a  controversy  between  him  and  the 
iriars  as  would  be  inferred  from  the  general  tone  of 
\vliat  has  been  written  on  the  subject.*^  In  these  last 
years  of  the  decade  we  have  from  the  padres  no  spe- 


^^Ei-lieandia,  Plan  para  convertiren  pueblos  las  mmones  de  la  Attn  California, 
3S.^0-3O,  MS.  Vallcjo,  Jli.^t.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  105-9,  and  Alvarado,  Jlist.  Cal., 
}■[>>.,  ii.  159-00,  mention  tho  action  o£  tho  dipiit.icion,  and  give  tlio  substance 
v.(  ill!  introductory  message  or  argument  presented  by  Eclieandia  on  tho  ad- 
vantages of  secularization. 

^'Scpt.  7,  18.30,  E.  to  min.  of  rel.  Dept.  Rhc,  MS.,  viii.  79. 

'■'Leg.  Jiec,  MS.,  i.  163-G;  Ouerra,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  15-17;  Dept.  liec,  MS., 
viii.  79. 

^''Duhaut-Cilly,  Viarjgio,  i.  283-5,  notes  that  E.  used  gentle  measures,  as 
lie  was  obliged  to  do,  whilo  tho  padres  were  less  careful  alx»ut  tho  prosperity 
of  tlic  missions  than  they  had  formerly  been.  f'ihcix,Cat/iolic  Missions,  109-12, 
rfpiesents  E.'s  rule  as  a  succession  of  arbitrary  and  oppressive  acts  figainst  tho 
fii.irs.  Fernandez,  Cokos  de  Cal.,  MS.,  45,  saya  that  E.  had  few  scruples  and 
Jiiiiii'd  only  to  enrich  himself  by  despoiling  the  missions.  Spenee,  according 
111  Taylors  Dixcov.  and  Founders,  ii.  24,  says  that  E.  had  taken  some  rash 
.sti'iis  toward  tho  padres,  and  they  retaliated  by  subjecting  him  to  every  in- 
<■  invcnience.  Dr  Marsh,  Letter  to  Com.  Jones,  MS.,  2,  tells  us  tiiat  E.  're- 
Ica-^ed  some  of  tho  Indians  from  the  missions  that  his  own  particular  friends 
might  appropriate  their  services  to  their  own  use.' 

"  Vallejo,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  53-4,  and  Alvarado,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  89- 
90,  tell  U3  that  about  1820  the  padres  not  only  refused  to  furnish  any  n>oro 
suiiplies  for  tho  troops,  but  had  a  largo  part  of  tho  mission  cattle  slaughtered 
tur  their  hides  and  tallow,  with  a  view  to  run  away  with  as  much  as  jtossiblo  of 
llu'  mission  wealth.  I  think,  however,  that  these  writers,  like  others,  exaggerate 
llie  (juarrel,  and  tliat  there  was  no  such  slaughter  of  cattle  until  several  years 
laLv-T. 


103 


ECHEANDtA  AND  THE  PADRES. 


cial  protest  against  the  plan  of  secularization  that  was 
being  prepared.  This  was  partly  because  they  be- 
lieved that  protests  and  arguments  addressed  to  the 
territorial  authorities  would  be  without  effect,  partly 
because  they  still  thought  that  secularization  could 
not  be  effected  for  want  of  curates;  but  largely  also,  I 
suppose,  because  they  had  hopes  of  benefits  to  be  de- 
rived from  the  struggle  going  on  in  Mexico.  Busta- 
mante's  revolution  against  Guerrero  was  understood 
to  be  in  the  interest  of  a  more  conservative  church 
and  njission  policy.  There  is  no  proof  that  the  Cal- 
ifornia padres  were  at  the  beginning  in  direct  under- 
standing with  the  promoters  of  the  movement,  but 
such  is  not  unlikely  to  have  been  the  case  ;*^  and  there 
certainly  was  such  an  understanding  directly  after 
Bustamante's  accession.  At  any  rate,  their  hopes  of 
aid  from  the  new  executive  proved  to  be  well  founded, 
as  we  shall  see.  Meanwhile  the  national  authorities 
were  even  more  dilatory  and  inactive  than  those  of  the 
territory.  Nothing  whatever  was  done  in  the  mat- 
ter. The  famous  junta  de  fomento  seems  to  have 
made  some  kind  of  a  report  on  secularization  before  it 
ceased  to  exist.  Congress  took  it  up  in  1830,  but 
decided  to  leave  the  missions  alone  at  least  until  the 


**In  the  famous  Fitch  trial,  Fitch,  Cmisa  Criminal,  MS.,  etc.,  339-40, 
rrcsiJcnt  Sanchez,  urged  to  arrest  Echeaudia  for  trial  before  an  ecclesiastical 
court,  declined  to  do  so  on  account  of  the  tumult  it  would  cause,  the  prospect 
of  an  early  change  of  governors,  and  the  recommendations  of  Bustamantc  in 
his  'nioEt  esteemed  private  letter  of  April  llth,'  which  is  quoted  as  follows: 
•Your  ;;cal  should  not  rest  a  moment  in  a  matter  of  so  great  interest;  you  will 
understand  at  once  tlie  rectitude  of  my  intentions.  Therefore  I  promise  my- 
self that  you  will  not  only  aid  by  your  influence  and  by  every  means  in  your 
power  the  success  of  my  plans,  but  also  take  the  greatest  pains  to  recstabliah 
public  tranquillity,  which  to  my  great  sorrow  is  disturbed,  and  to  bruig  about 
perfect  peace  and  harmony  among  the  people.  This  is  my  business,  which  I 
recommend  veiy  particularly  to  the  prudence  of  your  paternity,  on  whose  aid 
I  count  for  the  accomplishment  of  my  desires.'  The  president  also  uses,  re- 
specting the  new  governor,  the  following  play  uiion  words:  '  Habiendo  lograd:) 
ya  esta  dcsgraciaila  provincia  su  Victoria,  seguramento  so  debo  csperar  quo 
csta  jurisdiccion  eclesiastica  usurpada,  y  oprimida,  tambien  consoguini  su 
vic/oria.'  Vallejo,  Jlisl.  Cat.,  MS.,  ii.  109- 10,  says  that  the  padres  learned 
of  Bustamante's  pronuneiamiento  just  after  the  action  of  the  diputacion,  and 
that  they  immediately  signed  a  petition  to  the  govt  against  Echcandia, 
though  prctcuding  to  the  latter  at  the  same  time  to  be  anxious  to  give  up  the 
mission  temporalities. 


•  Ii  '■: 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


109 


on  that  was 
se  they  be- 
)ssed  to  the 
[Feet,  partly 
ation  could 
gely  also,  I 
ts  to  be  de- 
co.     Busta- 

understood 
tive  church 
lat  the  Cal- 
irect  under- 
tT^ement,  but 
;*^  and  there 
rectly  after 
eir  hopes  of 
I' ell  founded, 

authorities 
those  of  the 
I  in  the  mat- 
ms  to  have 
ion  before  it 
1830,  but 
ist  until  the 


_  etc.,  330-40, 
an  ecclesiastical 
uae,  the  prospect 
f  Bustainantc  in 
noted  .13  follows: 
nterest;  you  will 
re  I  promise  my- 
'y  means  in  your 
ins  to  rcestablisih 
1(1  to  bruig  about 
)iisiness,  which  I 
ty,  on  whoso  aid 
cnt  also  uses,  rc- 
[abiendo  lograd;) 
ebc  espcrar  quo 
n  consoguini  su 
padres  learned 
diputacion,  and 
nst  Echeandia, 
3  to  give  up  the 


arrival  of  the  deputy  from  California;  and  finally  the 
minister  of  relations  approved  Echeandia's  plan  and 
loeonnnended  it  with  the  report  of  the  junta  to  con- 
gress nt  the  beginning  of  1831.*'' 

There  are  a  few  items  of  Indian  affairs  in  the 
annals  of  these  years  that  may  as  well  be  recorded 
here  as  elsewhere,  none  of  them  requiring  more  than 
a  brief  notice.  In  April  1826  Alferez  Ibarra  had 
n[)[)arently  two  fights  at  or  near  Santa  Isabel,  in  the 
San  Diego  district,  perhaps  with  Indians  who  came 
from  the  Colorado  region.  In  one  case  eighteen,  and 
in  the  other  twenty,  pairs  of  ears  taken  from  the 
slain — a  new  kind  of  trophy  for  California  warfare — 
\vcre  sent  to  the  comandante  general.  Three  soldiers 
of  the  Mazatlan  squadron  had  been  murdered  just 
hoforo,  which  deed  was  probably  the  provocation  for 
the  slaughter,  but  the  records  are   unsatisfactory.''" 

Another  event  of  the  same  year  was  an  expedition 
under  Alferez  Sanchez,  in  November,  against  the  Co- 
somcnes,  or  Cosumnes,  across  the  San  Joaquin  Valley. 
Those  Indians  had  either  attacked  or  been  attacked 
by  a  party  of  neophytes  from  Mission  San  Jose,  who 
Mere  making  a  holiday  trip  with  their  alcalde,  and 
twenty  or  thirty  of  whom  were  killed,  or  at  least 
iiLVor  returned.  Sanchez  was  absent  a  week,  and 
though  he  had  to  retreat  and  leave  the  gentiles  mas- 
teis  of  the  field,  he  had  destroyed  a  rancheria,  killed 
about  forty  Indians,  and  brought  in  as  many  captives.''^ 

*^  ^fexico,  Mem.  Relaciones,  1831,  p.  33.  Cdrlos  Carrillo,  writinj?  from 
Ti'pic,  April  2,  1831,  referred  to  information  obtained  from  Navarro,  tlio 
member  from  Lower  California,  that  most  of  the  congressmen  had  opposed 
niiy  change  in  the  status  of  the  missions.  Giierra,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  200.  Va- 
Ik'jo,  I/ist.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  259,  says  a  report  was  presented  to  congress  on  April 
<i,  18:25,  by  J.  J.  Espinosa  de  los  Rios,  C.  M.  Bustainantc,  P.  V.  Sola,  Toniua 
Suti'a,  Tomds  Salgado,  Mariano  Dominguez,  J.  M.  Almanza,  Manuel  Gonza- 
k'z  do  Ibarra,  J.  J.  Ormaehea,  and  F.  do  P.  Tamariz  (tiio  report  of  the  junta 
iilhuled  to  by  the  minister?),  in  favor  of  including  the  mission  lands  in  the 
I  iiluiiization  law  of  1824.  Jan.  15,  1831,  Alaman  to  governor.  The  plan  of 
founding  two  convents  has  been  referred  to  the  minister  of  justice.  Sup.  Govt 
.SV. /VmMS.,  vii.  1. 

'"Dvpt.  St.  Pap.  MS.,  i.  130-7;  Id.  Ben.,  Pre/,  y  Juzg.,  iii.  81-3;  S. 
J>'«yo,  Lib.  Mision,  MS.,  96. 

•'^Sanchez,  Journal  of  the  enterprise  against  the  Coaemenet;  1S20.    'Written 


no 


ECHEANDf  A  AND  THE  PADRES. 


In  1829  took  place  the  somewhat  famous  campaigns 
against  the  native  chieftain  Estanislao,  who  has  given 
his  name  to  the  Stanislaus  river  and  county.  Estan- 
islao was  a  neophyte  of  more  than  ordinary  ability, 
educated  at  Mission  San  Josd,  of  which  establishment 
he  was  at  one  time  alcalde.  He  ran  away  probably 
in  1827  or  early  in  1828,  took  refuge  with  a  band  of 
ex-ncophytes  and  gentiles  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley, 
and  with  his  chief  associate,  Cipriano,  soon  made  him- 
self famous  by  his  daring.  In  November  1828  he 
was  believed  by  the  padres  of  San  Josd  and  Santa 
Clara  to  be  instigating  a  general  rising  among  the 
neophytes,  and  Comandante  Martinez  was  induced  to 
send  a  force  of  twenty  men  against  him."'^  The  expe- 
dition was  not  ready  to  start  till  May  1829,  Estanis- 
lao in  the  mean  time  continuing  his  onslaughts  and 
insulting  challenges  to  the  soldiers.^' 

with  gunpowder  on  the  field  of  battle !'  in  Beechei/'s  Voyage,  ii.  24-31.  Tlio 
expedition  lasted  from  N'  v.  19th  to  Nov.  27th.  The  mission  of  S.  Jqs6  had 
defrayed  the  expenses,  the  padre  deeming  it  necessary  to  avenge  the  outrage 
on  his  neophytes;  but  he  thought  the  40  new  converts  too  dearly  bought, 
feared  a  new  attack  from  the  Cosemenes,  and  begged  Capt.  Beechey  for  some 
fireworks  with  which  to  frighten  the  foe  in  case  of  necessity.  In  the  diary 
the  Cosemenes,  the  original  form  of  the  later  Cosumnes,  lived  on  or  near  the 
Rio  San  Francisco.  On  the  way  thither  the  army  passed  Las  Positas,  Rio 
San  Joaquin,  and  Rio  Yachicum^.  One  soldier,  Jos6  Maria  Gomez,  was  killed 
by  the  bursting  of  his  own  musket.  Duhaut-Cilly,  Viaggio,  ii.  85-6,  says 
Sanchez  could  not  get  at  the  Indian  warriors,  but  killed  30  women  and 
children,  and  with  this  shameful  glory  returned,  bringing  2  children  and  an 
old  woman  captives.  He  says  the  neophyte  victims  belonged  to  San  Francisco 
Solano.  Elliot  gives  the  substance  of  Sanchez's  diary  in  Overland  Monthly, 
iv.  341-2.  Huish,  Narrative,  427-30,  takes  the  account  from  Decchey. 
Bojorges,  Recverdos,  MS.,  4-7,  describes  the  campaign  with  some  embellish- 
ments from  his  fancy.  Nov.  .3d,  Bernal  to  Martinez.  Says  that  21  Christian 
Indians  have  been  killed,  and  calls  for  aid.  The  people  are  much  excited. 
Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  135.  May  20,  1820,  Capt.  Argttcllo leaves  S.  Francisco 
on  a  34  days  tour  of  inspection  eastward.  St.  Pap.,  Sae.,  MS.,  xi.  5.  Jan.  22(1, 
corporal  of  S.  Juan  Capistrano  announces  rising  of  the  Indians,  who.  have 
insulted  him  and  want  to  put  the  padre  in  the  stocks.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i. 
134-5.  April  1827,  complaints  of  robberies  at  the  same  mission.  Id.,  ii.  1-. 
Feb.  1827,  trouble  at  S.  Luis  Rey,  where  a  neophyte  used  some  very  violent  and 
vile  language  against  the  Mexican  govt  and  its  Cal.  representatives.  Dept.  St. 
Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Iviii.  2;  Beechey's  Voyage,  ii.  36.  Nov.  1827,  allusion  to 
troubles  with  gentiles  at  Sta  Clara.  Dept.  liec,  MS.,  v.  115.  Oct.  23,  182.S, 
Tt:  nnn  children  from  the  Tulares,  that  had  been  given  to  residents  of  Montc- 
-c  "'lercd  to  bo  restored  to  their  parents.  St.  Pap.,  Mifs.  and  Col.,  MS., 
i,  I'ec,  two  men  killed  by  Indians  near  S.  Josd.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Pnt'. 
jfl-.-MS.,  i.  20. 

N'^".  0,  1828,  PP.  Duran  and  Viader  to  Martinez.     Nov.  20th,  Mai- 
tinc;  tu  i"-ch(.':iudia.    Arch.  Arr.oh.,  MS.,  v.  pt  i.  08-70. 

••'  iusiibly,  lijwever,  the  fcrcc  of  20  men  v.as  sent  out  in  1828  as  planned, 


EXPEDITION  AGAINST  ESTANISLAO. 


Ill 


9  campaigns 

10  lias  given 
ty.  Estan- 
lary  ability, 
tablishmcnt 
ay  probably 
1  a  band  of 
pin  Valley, 
a  made  liini- 
ler  1828  he 
)  and  Santa 
;  among  the 
s  induced  to 

The  cxpe- 
J29,  Estaiiis- 
ilauffhts  and 


e,  ii.  24-31.     The 
ion  of  S.  JostS  had 
venge  tho  outrage 
|oo  dearly  bought, 
Beechey  for  some 
ty.     In  the  diary 
ed  on  or  near  the 
Las  Positas,  Kio 
Gomez,  was  killed 
]oio,  ii.  85-6,  says 
id  30  women  and 
children  and  an 
.  to  San  Francisco 
verland  Monthly, 
it  from  Becchcy. 
some  embellish- 
that  21  Christian 
.re  much  excited. 
[eaves  S.  Francisco 
„xi.6.  Jan.  2'2d, 
dians,  who.  have 
5<.  Pap.,  MS.,  i. 
ission.  Id.,  ii.  1-. 
le  very  violent  and 
;atives.   Dcpt.  St. 
1827,  allusion  to 
..     Oct.  23,  1828, 
jidents  of  Montc- 
fi.  and  Col.,  MS., 
Pap.,  Ben.  Pre/. 

I  Nov.  20th,  Mai- 

1828  as  planned, 


On  May  5th  Alferez  Sanchez  left  San  Francisco 
with  about  forty  men  and  a  swivel-gun.  On  the 
iiiorning  of  the  7th,  his  force  having  been  increased  at 
San  Jos(5  by  the  addition  of  vecinos  and  Indian  aux- 
iliaries, he  reached  the  spot  where  the  foe  was  posted 
ill  a  thick  wood  on  the  river  of  the  Laquisimes.  The 
fight,  opened  by  the  enemy,  raged  all  day,  muskets 
being  used  on  one  side  and  arrows  with  a  few  muskets 
on  the  other.  The  swivel-gun  proved  to  be  damaged 
and  ineffective,  while  the  muskets  of  the  foe  were 
loaded  with  powder  only.  No  advantage  was  gained, 
and  at  sunset  Sanchez  withdrew  his  men  to  a  short 
distance.  Next  morning  he  divided  his  force  into  six 
])arties  of  six  men  each.  He  stationed  one  to  guard 
the  horses  and  amnlunition,  and  two  others  to  protect 
the  flanks  and  prevent  the  escape  of  the  foe,  while 
Avilh  the  other  three,  under  corporals  Piiia,  Berroyesa, 
and  Soto,  he  marched  up  to  the  edge  of  the  wood. 
Ah  before,  the  fight  lasted  all  day,  and  as  before,  noth- 
ing was  effected;  though  two  of  Piiia's  men,  who  were 
m  rash  as  to  enter  the  wood,  were  killed.  Ammuni- 
tion being  exhausted,  the  men  tired  out,  and  the 
weather  excessively  hot,  the  siege  was  abandoned,  and 
Estanislao  left  unconquered.  Two  soldiers  had  been 
killed  and  eight  wounded,  while  eleven  of  the  Indian 
allies  were  also  wounded,  one  of  them  mortally. 
About  the  losses  of  the  foe  nothing  was  known.^* 

accomplishing  nothing,  Osio,  Hist,  Cal.,  MS.,  12G-.30,  describes  such  an  ex- 
pedition under  Sergt  Soto,  during  which  there  was  a  fight;  while  Boior^cs, 
l'('ciierdo-9,  MS.,  l£-17,  says  it  was  under  Corp.  Pacheco  and  returned  with- 
out a  fight,  as  did  the  second  expedition  according  to  Osio.  In  any  case,  it  is 
(evident  that  both  writers  confound  this  cntrada  more  or  less  with  later  ones, 
ilarch  1,  1829,  P.  Duran  to  Martinez,  complaining  of  a  new  attack  l)y  Es- 
tani.slao  on  the  mission  Indians.  A  rch.  Arzoh. ,  MS. ,  v.  pt  i.  53-4.  April  20th, 
Martinez  to  alcalde  of  S.  Jos6,  asking  for  supplies  and  men  for  an  expedition 
ti)  start  next  Sunday.  The  conduct  of  the  Indians  is  shameful,  especially  tlio 
challenges  of  Estanislao.  S.  Joi^^,  Arch.,  MS.,  vi.  10.  May  0th  (probably  an 
11  lor  in  date),  gov.  orders  Martinez  to  send  Alf.  Sanchez  with  as  many  sol- 
diers as  possible,  the  S.  Jos6  militia,  and  a  swivel-gun  on  a  raid  against  the 
Indians.   Dcpt.  Bee,  MS.,  vii.  149. 

'''Samhez,  Compafi.a  contra  Estanislao  y  sus  Indios  sublevados,  1829,  MS. 
Dated  at  S.  Jos^  on  May  10th.  Great  praise  was  awarded  to  the  troops  for 
gallantry,  and  especially  to  Corp.  Soto  and  privates  Manuel  Pena  and  Lorenzo 
lachcco.    ilay  5th,  departure  of  Sanchez  from  S.  Francisco.    Dept.  Bee, 


112 


ECHEANDlA  AND  THE  PADRES. 


II 


"P\ 


A  now  expedition  was  prepared,  for  which  the 
troops  of  San  Francisco  under  Sanchez  were  joined  to 
those  of  Monterey  under  Alferez  Mariano  G.  Vallejo, 
who  was  also,  by  virtue  of  his  superior  rank,  comman- 
der in  chief  of  the  army,  now  numbering  one  hundred 
and  seven  armed  men.  Vallejo  had  not  yethad  much  ex- 
perience as  an  Indian-fighter,  but  he  had  just  returned 
from  a  campaign  in  the  Tulares,  in  which  with  thirty- 
five  men  he  had  slain  forty-eight  Indians  and  suffered 
no  casualties.®"  Having  crossed  the  San  Joaquin 
River  by  means  of  rafts  on  May  29th,  the  army  ar- 
rived next  day  at  tlie  scene  of  the  former  battle,  where 
it  was  met  as  before  by  a  cloud  of  arrows.  The  wood 
was  found  to  be  absolutely  impenetrable,  and  Vallejo 
at  once  caused  it  to  be  set  on  fire,  stationing  his  troops 
and  his  three-pounder  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the 
river.  The  fire  brought  the  Indians  to  the  edge  of 
the  thicket,  where  some  of  them  were  killed.  At  5 
p.  M.  Sanchez  was  sent  with  twenty -five  men  to  attack 
the  foe,  and  fought  over  two  hours  in  the  burning 
wood,  retiring  at  dusk  with  three  men  wounded. 

Next  morning  at  9  o'clock  Vallejo  with  thirty-seven 
men  again  entered  the  wood.  He  found  a  series  of 
pits  and  ditches  arranged  with  considerable  skill,  and 
protected  by  barricades  of  trees  and  brush.  Evidently 
the  Indians  could  never  have  been  dislodged  from  such 
a  stronghold  except  by  the  agency  that  had  been  em- 
ployed. Traces  of  blood  were  found  everywhere,  and 
there  were  also  discovered  the  bodies  of  the  two  sol- 
diers killed  in  the  previous  battle.     The  enemy,  how- 

MS.,  vii.  20.  Oslo,  Hist.  CaL,  MS.,  129-30,  gives  some  particulars  about  the 
loss  of  the  two  men,  and  says  that  Soto  died  of  his  wounds  a  little  later  at  S. 
Josd.  Alvarado,  JJist.  CaL,  MS.,  ii.  57-00,  gives  an  absurdly  exaggerated  a'.'- 
count  of  the  battle  and  of  the  enemy's  fortifications.  Oalindo,  Apuntcs,  MS. , 
22-4,  has  a  quite  accurate  narrative  from  memory,  recalling  even  the  name  of 
the  Kio  Laquisimes,  which  may  have  been  that  now  called  the  Stanislaus, 
though  it  is  not  certain. 

^^ Dept.  liec,  MS.,  vii.  20.  According  to  a  document  in  Vallejo,  Doc, 
MS.,  XX.  280,  Vallejo  had  been  in  two  accionea  dc  guerra  as  commander,  ono 
in  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  S.  Miguel,  and  the  other  in  the  Tularea,  where  lio 
liad  one  man  killed  and  15  wounded.  May  10, 1820,  Martinez  orders  Vallejo 
to  march  with  Sanchez  to  chastise  the  rebels  of  Sta  Clara  and  S.  JoS(5  as- 
sembled at  Los  Rios.    Vallejo,  Doc.,  MS.,  i.  174. 


VALLEJO'S  CAMPAIGN. 


113 


over,  had  taken  advantage  of  the  darkness  of  night 
and  liad  fled.  Vallejo  started  in  pursuit.  He  en- 
camped that  night  on  the  Rio  Laquisimes,  and  next 
morning  surrounded  a  part  of  the  fugitives  in  another 
thicket  near  their  rancherla  on  the  Arroyo  Seco. 
Here  there  were  some  negotiations,  but  the  Indians 
declared  they  would  die  rather  than  surrender,  and 
lat"  in  the  afternoon  the  attack  was  begun.  A  road 
^vas  cut  through  the  chaparral  with  axes,  along  which 
I  ho  field-piece  and  muskets  were  pressed  forward  and 
continually  discharged.  The  foe  retired  slowly  to 
their  ditches  and  embankments  in  the  centre,  wound- 
ing eight  of  the  advancing  soldiers.  When  the  can- 
non was  close  to  the  trenches  the  ammunition  gave 
out,  which  fact,  and  the  heat  of  the  burning  thicket, 
forced  the  men  to  retreat.  During  the  night  the  be- 
sieged Indians  tried  to  escape  one  by  one,  some  suc- 
ceeding, but  many  being  killed.  Next  morning 
nothing  was  found  but  dead  bodies  and  three  living 
women.  That  day,  June  1st,  at  noon,  provisions 
being  exhausted,  Vallejo  started  for  San  Jose,  where 
he  arrived  on  the  fourth."* 


•''''  VaUejo,  Campaila  contra  EKtanislao  y  mm  Tndtos  suhlevado-^,  1S20,  MS. 
This  is  tho  coiniiiuiuler's  official  report  dated  at  S.  Jose  June  4th.  Piila, 
JJkirio  de  la  Expedicion  al  Valle  de  San  Josf,  1S20.  This  is  a  diary  kept  l)y 
Corp.  Ldzaro  Pii'ia  of  the  artillery,  who  accompanied  the  expedition.  It 
extends  from  May  19th.  the  date  of  departure  from  Monterey,  to  Juno  l.'Jtii, 
wlien  they  returned  to  Monterey.  The  details,  beyond  the  limits  of  the 
actual  campaign  as  given  in  my  text,  are  unimportant.  The  original  MS.  was 
given  me  by  (ion.  Vallejo.  June  5th,  Martinez  congratulates  Vallejo  on  his 
defeat  of  the  rebels  at  Los  Rios.  Regrets  that  he  could  not  follow  up  t!ie 
advantage  gained.  Orders  him  to  S.  Francisco  to  plan  further  operations. 
\'a'hjo,Doc.,  MS.,  i.  175.  Dec.  31st,  Martinez  states  in  the  Aq/'is  </<' wrikios 
of  Vallejo  and  Sanchez  that  no  decisive  results  were  obtained,  though  4  men 
were  killed  (?)  and  11  wounded.  Id.,  i.  204;  xx.  142.  Oct.  7th,  Echeandia 
piudons  neophytes  who  had  been  in  rebellion.  Dept.  /fee,  MS.,  vii.  230.  Al- 
varado's  narrative  of  this  campaign,  Il'tst.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  57-08,  drawn  cvi- 
deiitly  from  his  imagination,  is  so  wonderfully  inaccurate  that  no  condensation 
can  do  it  justice,  and  I  have  no  space  "to  reproduce  it  in  full.  Osio  Ilisf. 
Cnl.,  M8.,  133-8,  gives  an  account  considerably  more  accur.ate  than  tiuit  of 
Alvarado,  which  is  not  saying  much  in  its  favor.  Ho  speaks  of  but  ono  bat- 
tle, ill  which  the  barricades  of  timber  were  broken  down  by  the  artillery,  the 
oi'der  of  'no  quarter'  was  given  by  Vallejo,  the  infuriated  auxiliaries  wrought 
a  torriljlc  carnage  among  the  foe,  and  the  pits  dug  for  defences  were  utilized 
as  graves.  Galindo,  Apunte.f,  MS.,  22-C,  names  two  soldiers,  Espinosa  and 
Soto,  as  fatally  wounded,  and  pays  that  Estanislao  was  captured.  Bojorgcs, 
liisciitrdoa,  MS.,  14-22,  who  confounds  the  tliree  expeditious,  names  Pena 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vox..  Ill,    8 


114 


ECHEANDf  A  AND  THE  PADRES. 


One  phase  of  this  campaign  demands  further  notice. 
One  of  the  contemporary  narratives,  the  diary  of  Pina, 
represents  that  at  least  six  of  the  captives,  inckiding 
three  or  four  women  found  aHve  in  the  second  thicket, 
were  put  to  death,  most  of  them  by  the  order  or  with 
the  consent  of  the  commander.  Osio  in  his  history 
tells  us  that  some  captured  leaders  were  shot  or 
hanged  to  trees,  and  Padre  Duran  made  a  complaint, 
to  wliich  no  attention  was  paid.  Vallejo  in  his  official 
report  says  nothing  respecting  the  death  of  the  cap- 
tives. At  the  time,  however,  Vallejo  was  accused  by 
Padre  Duran,  but  claimed  to  be  innocent."  Echeaii- 
di'a  ordered  an  investigation  of  the  charge  that  three 
men  and  three  women,  not  taken  in  battle,  had  been 
shot  and  then  hanged;'*  and  the  investigation  was 
made.  From  the  testimony  the  fiscal  decided  that 
only  one  man  and  one  woman  had  been  killed,  the 
latter  unjustifiably  by  the  soldier  Joaquin  Alvarado, 
whose  punishment  was  recommended.*"  There  is  no 
doubt  that  in  those,  as  in  later  times,  to  the  Spaniards, 
as  to  other  so-called  civilized  races,  the  life  of  an  Indian 
was  a  slight  affair,  and  in  nearly  all  the  expeditions 
outrages  were  committed ;  but  it  would  require  strong- 
er evidence  than  exists  in  this  case  to  justify  any  spe- 
cial blame  to  a  particular  officer.^" 


60 


In  June  1827  orders  were  sent  to  Echeandia  from 
Mexico  to  found  a  fort  on  the  northern  frontier  in  the 
region  of  San  Rafael  or  San  Francisco  Solano.     The 

and  Pachcco  as  the  two  killed  under  Sanchez,  and  says  that  Antonio  Soto 
(lied  of  his  wounds  at  S.  Jos^. 

6'  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  xii.  178. 

«8Aug.  7,  1829.  Dept.  JRec,  MS.,  vii.  213. 

'"^  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixx.  13.  Lieut  Martinez  was  the  fiscal 
to  whom  the  case  was  intrusted. 

^"A  few  items  of  Indian  affairs  for  1830:  April,  sergeants  Salazar  and 
Rico  sent  with  a  force  to  prevent  trouble  at  Sta  lu^s.  Quiet  restored  in  3  days. 
Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxxviii.  1,  4.  July-Sept.,  a  grand  paseo 
marltimo  proposed  by  P.  Duran,  in  which  the  vecinos  of  S.  Jos6  were  invited 
to  join.  The  object  was  to  visit  the  rivers  and  Tulares,  and  inspire  respect 
among  the  gentiles  by  peaceable  methods.  The  mission  would  pay  the  expense. 
S.  Joist,  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  38-9.  Dec,  Arrival  of  suspicious  Indians  at  S.  Fer- 
uando.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Angeles,  MS.,  i.  95. 


THE  SEASONS,  1826-30. 


115 


lat  Antonio  Soto 


pez  was  the  fiscal 


object  was  not  only  to  protect  those  establishments 
atniinst  gentile  tribes,  but  also  and  perhaps  chiefly  to 
prevent  a  further  extension  of  Russian  power.  The 
missions  were  to  be  called  upon  to  furnish  the  required 
aid  in  laborers,  implements,  and  food,  the  correspond- 
ing^ instructions  being  also  sent  through  the  guardian 
to  the  president.  Echeandia's  reply  was  to  the  effect 
tiiat  there  were  no  means  to  build  a  fort,  but  he  would 
try  to  construct  quarters  near  San  Rafael  for  a  military 
guard,  and  he  did  in  March  1828  order  Romualdo 
Pacheco  to  go  to  the  north  and  select  a  suitable  site, 
which  is  the  last  I  hear  of  the  matter.*^ 

Respecting  the  seasons  from  1826  to  1830,  I  find 
nothing  or  next  to  nothing  in  the  records ;  but  I  sup- 
pose that  the  winter  of  1827-8  was  a  wet  one,  and 
the  next  of  1828-9  one  of  unprecedented  drought. 
The  flood  is  mentioned  in  various  newspaper  items,  on 
the  authority  of  Vallejo  and  other  old  Californians, 
and  of  trappers  said  to  have  been  in  the  Sacramento 
Valley;  it  is  confirmed  by  one  letter  of  the  time,  Jan- 
uary 1828,  which  speaks  of  the  flood  at  Monterey  as 
something  hke  that  of  1 824-5.*^  The  drought  of  1 829 
is  shown  by  the  failure  of  the  crops,  the  total  harvest 
being  24,000  fanegas,  the  smallest  from  1796  to  1834, 
and  less  than  half  the  average  for  this  decade;  thoufjh 
strangely  I  find  no  correspondence  on  the  subject  save 
two  slight  items,  one  from  San  Rafael  and  the  other 
from  San  Diego.*' 

*'June  6,  1827,  min.  of  war  to  Echeandia.  St.  Pap.,  Mm.  and  C'nL, 
MS.,ii.  310;  June  13th,  guardian  to  president.  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  xii.  170- 
7;  Jan.  8th,  1828,  E.'s  reply.  Dept.  Bee,  MS.,  vi.  23;  Mar.  25th,  E.  to  Pache- 
10,  ordering  him  to  Nopalillos.  I)ept,  Rec,  MS.,  vi.  196. 

«»  Vallejo,  Doc.,  MS.,  xxix.  190. 

'^Dcpt.  Rec,  MS.,  vii.  364;  Arch.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  xii.  181. 


CHAPTER  V. 

echeandIa's  rule— maritime  and  commercial  affairs. 

1820-30. 

Vessels  of  1820 — Revenck  Rules— Hartnkll's  Bpsiness— Hawaiian' 
Flao — Cooper  and  the  •  Rover' — Lawsuit  with  Arglello— Bke- 
chey's  Visit  in  the  '  Blossom  '—Books  RESULiiNo- Trading  Fleet 
or  1827 — Reolamentos  on  Liquors  and  Live-stock- Embarrassment 
of  McCclloch,  Hartnell  &  Co.— CuNNiNoiiAM  AT  Santa  Catalina— 
Visit  of  Duhaut-Cilly  and  Botta— Maritime  Affairs  of  1828— 
Restrictions — Smuoglino — Affair  of  the  'Franklin'  —  Cannon- 
balls — Affair  of  the  'Karimoko' — Vessels  of  1829  —  Custom- 
house— Arrival  of  the  'Brookline'  —  Gale's  Correspondence- 
Raising  THE  Stars  and  Stripes— Land  at  San  Diego- The  *  Santa 
Barbara'  Built  in  California — Ships  and  Trade  of  1830 — List  of 
Vessels,  1823-30. 

The  vessels  of  1826  were  forty-four  in  number,  in- 
cluding a  few  doubtfully  recorded.  There  were  twenty- 
two  American,  eight  English,  five  Mexican,  four 
Russian,  three  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  one  Cali- 
fornian,  though  the  latter  carried  the  American  flag. 
Eleven  were  whalers  seeking  supplies;  one  was  on  a 
scientific  and  exploring  expedition;  and  the  rest,  so  far 
as  the  records  show,  were  engaged  more  ov  ]e'>s  exclu- 
sively in  trade.  Ten  or  twelve  were  include'i  in  the 
list  of  the  preceding  year,  having  either  rG;ii.iined  over 
from  December  to  January  or  repeating  their  trip.^ 


*  The  vessels  of  the  year,  for  more  particulars  about  which  see  list  at  end 
of  this  chapter,  were  the  Adam,  Alliance,  Argomf,  Baikal,  JilosHom,  Charlfi^, 
Courier,  Cyrus,  Elena,  Eliza,  Franklin,  Oeneral  Bravo,  Harhimjer,  Jnca,  Inorf, 
Jdven  Anr/ustias,  Kiahkta,  Maria  Ester,  Maria  Teresa,  Mercury  (2),  Mero, 
Moor,  Olive  Branch,  Paragon,  Peruvian,  Pizarro,  Bover,  Sachem,  Santa 
Apolonia,  Sirena,  Solitnde,  Speed i/.  Spy,  Thomas  Nowlan,  Timorelan,  Triton, 
Washington  (3),  Waverly,  Whaleman,  Young  Tartar,  Zamora. 

(116) 


TRADE  REGULATIONS. 


117 


AL  AFFAIRS. 


Vessels  were  not  allowed  to  trade  at  way-ports, 
such  as  Santa  Cruz,  San  Luis,  Refugio,  and  San  Juan 
Cai)istrano,  without  permission  from  the  governor, 
which  was  easily  obtained  unless  there  was  es|)ecial 
cause  for  suspicion.  In  Juno,  Herrera,  following 
instructions  from  his  superior  in  Sonora,  ordered  that 
no  vessel  be  allowed  to  load  or  unload  in  any  other 
]K)rt  than  Monterey.  He  admitted  that  such  a  rule 
was  ruinous  to  the  territorial  commerce,  and  said  he 
had  protested  against  it,  but  could  not  disobey  orders. 
Echeandia,  however,  countermanded  the  rule  provi- 
sionally, and  it  did  not  go  into  effect;  but  at  the  same 
time  an  internacion  duty  of  fifteen  per  cent  and  an 
uveria  duty  of  two  and  a  half  per  cent  were  added  to 
the  former  import  duty  of  twenty-five  per  cent,  mak- 
ing a  total  of  42^  per  cent,  besides  an  anchorage  tax 
of  $10  for  each  vessel  and  a  tonnage  rate  of  $2.50  per 
ton.'^  Naturally  these  exactions  displeased  both  the 
traders  and  the  consumers  of  foreign  goods;  but  they 
sought  relief,  not  in  written  petitions,  but  in  various 
smuggling  expedients,  in  which  they  were  rarely 
detected,  and  which  therefore  for  this  year  at  least 
find  no  place  in  the  records. 

For  Monterey,  the  chief  port  of  entry,  I  have  no 
revenue  statistics  for  the  year.  At  Santa  Bdrbara, 
where  accounts  are  complete,  the  revenue  from  customs 
was  $7,446.^     At  San  Francisco  the  recorded  amount 

^  June  2Sth,  Herrera  to  habilitados  of  S.  Francisco,  Sta  Bdrbara,  anil  S. 
Diego,  closing  those  ports.  Dept.  St..  Pap.,  Ben.  Com.  and  IVeas.,  MS.,  i.  10. 
July  5th,  Id.,  insisting  on  internacion  duty  according  to  decree  of  Aug.  (i, 
1824.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.,  MS.,  i.  G7-8.  July  11th,  Id.  to  gov.,  insisting  on  tha 
rcfonnation  of  abuses,  though  said  abuses  were  necessary.  Dept.  St.  Pap., 
Ben.  Com.  and  Treas.,  MS.,  i.  42-7.  July  22d,  Id.  to  habilitados.  Countcr- 
inauJs  order  of  June  isth  until  govt  decides,  but  not  that  of  July  5th.  /(/., 
i.  .")l-'2.  Bccchey,  Voyaije,  ii.  10,  G9,  refers  to  the  excessive  duties.  Jan. 
'Jitli,  revised  tariff  of  prices  for  products.  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  x.  90-1.  May 
10th,  decree  of  Mex.  govt.  AH  exports  free  of  duty.  Sup.  Govt  St.  Pap., 
lis.,  xix.  38.  Sept.  2(»th,  import  duties  as  given  in  the  text.  Dept.  St.  Pap., 
Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ix.  2.  July  17th,  habilit^doof  Sta  Bdrbara  understands  that 
by  the  decree  of  Fob.  12,  1825,  inteinacion  duty  is  payable  only  on  goods 
taken  from  the  custom-house  for  other  ports,  foreign  vessels  having  to  pay 
only  the  25  per  cent  and  Mexican  the  15  per  cent  of  import  duties.  Dept.  St. 
Pap.,  Ben.  Com.  and  Trea-.,  MS.,  i.  48. 

"Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Com.  and  Treas.,  MS.,  i.  Co.  Partial  statistics  for 
each  vcascl  arc  gi%'en  in  the  list  at  the  end  of  this  chapter. 


lis 


MARITIME  AND  COMMEllCLUi  AFFAIRS. 


■  I 


'1 
11: 


was  64,360;*  and  at  San  Diego,  $1,666.  If  the  total 
of  $13,;'i00  were  doubled,  it  is  evident  that  the 
amount  would  be  but  a  small  part  of  the  percentage 
due  on  imports.  Only  a  few  years  later  there  were 
complaints  that  no  accounts  had  been  rendered  by 
llerrera  and  his  successors,'^  so  that  it  is  not  strange 
1  have  been  unable  to  find  complete  figures. 

All  seems  to  have  been  couleur  de  rose  in  Hartnell's 
business  this  year.  Echeandia  granted  a  general 
license  for  his  vessels  to  touch  at  all  the  ports.  Mc- 
Cullough  from  Callao,  and  the  Brothertons  from 
Liverpool,  wrote  most  enthusiastically  of  the  prospects 
for  high  prices,  urging  extraordinary  efforts  to  buy 
more  hides  and  tallow,  and  expressing  fears  only  of 
rivalry  from  other  firms,  while  four  brigs,  the  Inca, 
Speedy,  Eliza,  and  Pizarro,  were  successfully  loaded 
with  Californian  produce."  Gale's  Sachem  and  the 
other  Boston  ships  must  have  interfered  seriously 
with  Hartnell's  purchases,  but  we  have  no  information 
beyond  their  names  and  presence  on  the  coast.  Juan 
Ignacio  Mancisidor  also  did  a  large  business,  selling 
the  cargoes  of  the  Noivlan  and  Olive  Branch,  and 
taking  away  large  quantities  of  mission  produce, 
though  for  him,  as  a  Spaniard,  trouble  was  in  store. 
The  Waverli/  and  her  two  consorts  introduced  the 
Hawaiian  flag  to  Californian  waters,  opened  a  new 
branch  of  territorial  trade,  and  brought  to  the  country 
William  G.  Dana,  with  others  afterward  prominent 
among  resident  traders. 

*  Habilitados'  accounts  in  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  passim;  Dept.  St.  Pap., 
Ben.  Mil.,  MS..  Ix.  1-4. 

^Figueroat'j  Mcx.  govt  in  1834.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  209-10. 

"Eclicandia's  pennit  of  Juno  18  and  Aug.  20,  1820,  to  ILartnell's  vessels. 
Dcpf.  liec,  MS.,  iv.  4S;  Vallcjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxix.  iil.  Letters  of  McCuUoch, 
IJegg  &  Co.,  Brothertons,  for  the  year,  in  Id.,  MS.,  xxix.  noa.  4,  0,  12-15, 
21,  40,  43,  52,  05.  Somo  beef  was  acceptablo  where  hides  and  tallow  were 
not  fortlicoiniug.  The  Eliza  appears  to  have  cleared  at  Callao  for  Costa  Rioa 
to  deceive  rivals.  The  Either,  sent  to  England  with  liides,  had  not  been 
heard  of.  T)»e  tallow  from  each  mission  must  bo  marked  'so  that  the  peculiar 
tricks  of  each  padre  may  bo  found  out. '  Cash  is  sent  and  more  promised. 
Anderson's  competition  in  Peru  was  especially  feared.  War  Ijetween  Buenos 
Aires  and  Brazil  made  prospects  better.  Yet  P.  Uria,  from  Soledad,  protests 
on  June  11th  against  being  obliged  to  sell  exclusively  to  Hortuell,  and  will  in 
future  accept  the  best  offers. 


IS. 


CAPTAIN  COOPER'S  VOYAGES. 


119 


If  the  total 
it  that  the 
percentage 
there  were 
'endered  by 
not  strange 

3S. 

n  Hartnell's 

I   a  general 

ports.     Mc- 

3rtons   from 

lie  prospects 

brts  to  buy 

)ars  only  of 

s,  the  Inca, 

fully  loaded 

em  and  the 

3d  seriously 

information 

oast.     Juan 

ness,  selling 

ranch,  and 

n    produce, 

as  in  store. 

oduced  the 

ned  a  new 

lie  country 

prominent 

Dept.  St.  Pap., 

1 200-10. 
irtnell's  vessels. 
h  of  McCuUoch, 
lios.  4,  f),  12-15, 
|nd  tallow  were 

for  Costa  Ri^a 

had  not  been 

|hat  the  peculiar 

lore  promised. 

etween  Buenos 

oledad,  protests 

Inell,  ouu  will  in 


Captain  Cooper,  in  the  Rover,  came  back  from  China 
in  April  182G.  The  voyage  had  been  made  under  a 
contract  of  1824  with  the  government,'  which  had 
entitled  the  schooner  to  $10,000  for  freight  out  and 
back,  and  the  privilege  of  introducing  $10,000  in 
goods  free  of  duties.  Besides  some  trading  done  by 
Cooper  on  his  own  account,  he  sold  at  Canton  375 
otter  skins  for  $7,000,  investing  the  proceeds  in 
ciFects  for  the  Californian  troops.  Most  of  these 
effects  were  delivered  after  some  delay  to  the  habili- 
tcnU)  of  San  Diogo.  The  delay,  and  much  subsequent 
trouble,  was  caused  by  dissatisfaction  on  the  part  of 
tlie  governor  at  the  prices  received  and  paid  in  China, 
ami  by  personal  difficulties  in  settling  their  accounts 
between  Cooper  and  Luis  Arguello,  as  master  and 
owner  of  the  vessel.*  This  last  phase  of  the  quarrel 
lasted  until  1829,  involving  a  lawsuit  and  various  refer- 
ences to  arbitrators.  ArgUello's  side  of  the  quarrel  is 
not  rej)resented  in  the  records;  Cooper's  letters  are  nu- 
merous, containing  a  great  variety  of  uncomplimentary 
e|  itliets  for  Don  Luis.  Arbitrators  seem  to  have 
decided  the  case  in  Cooper's  favor  in  the  amount  of 
(s),000,  "which,"  writes  the  captain,  "the  damned  rascal 
Arguello  will  never  pay  while  California  remains  in  its 
]>resent  condition."^  To  return  to  the  Rover:  the  only 
incident  of  her  voyage  that  is  known  was  the  throwing 
away  of  all  Spanish  papers  on  board,  including  invoices 
and  the  bill  of  sale  to  Arguello,  and  even  of  tlu  Mexican 
Ihig,  on  account  of  revelations  by  a  drunke;.  sailor  to 
the  effect  that  the  schooner  was  not  American  as 
l)ietended,  but  Mexican.     This  occurred  at  the  Phil- 

'  See  vol.  ii.  p.  52p. 

''Aniviil  of  the  Rover,  and  trouble  about  the  landing  of  the  cargo.  Dr/>f. 
.'V.  I'ap.,  Ben.  Mil,  MS.,  Ixxxvii.  68;  Id.,  Den.  Cud.-II.,  i.  18-20,  yO;  Si. 
I'll})..  Ben.,  MS.,  i.  71;  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  xi.  1. 

"Cooper's  letters  of  1820-9,  in  V'"J''-jo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxix.,  nos.  M,  113,  108, 
117,  128,  200,  210,  2.34,  2.35,  2r  .4,  .387,  with  many  more  in  the  mine 
V  lUime,  relating  to  details  of  C.'s  business  in  those  years,  beiny  of  no  special 
iiiiportjince.  It  appears  that  Kierolf  &  Co.,  in  China,  had  sent  sonu  goods  by 
C.  to  Cal.  on  sale,  and  that  by  reason  of  his  troubles  with  ArgiioUo,  lie  was 
iiiialjlo  to  settle  with  that  lirui  for  several  years.     J.  1'.  Sturgis  was  Coopers 


correspondent  at  Canton. 


120 


MARITIME  AND  COMMERCIAL  AFFAIRS. 


' 


ippine  Islands/*'  On  December  17,  1826,  she  sailed 
for  San  Diego,  in  quest  of  documents  by  which  she 
inifjht  raise  the  Mexican  flajf.  Jos(5  Cilrdenas  wai^  to 
be  master."  Nothing  more  is  known  of  the  San 
Rafael,  as  it  was  proposed  to  call  her,  from  contem- 
porary documents;  but  two  Californians  tell  us  that 
she  was  sent  with  a  cargo  to  San  Bias,  and  not  allowed 
to  return  by  the  Mexican  authorities,  who  did  not 
like  the  idea  of  California  having  a  vessel  of  her  own." 
The  visit  of  Captain  Frederick  William  Beechey, 
R.  N.,  in  H.  M.  S.  Blossom,  deserves  notice  as  a  prom 
inent  event,  by  reason  of  the  books  to  the  publication 
of  which  it  gave  rise,  and  the  information  they  con- 
tained aboutCalifornia."  Beechey  had  sailed  from  Eng- 
land in  May  1825,  despatched  to  Bering  Strait,  there 
to  await  the  arrival  of  Franklin  and  Parrv  of  the  arc- 
tic  expeditions."     Sailing  by  Cape  Horn,  Valparaiso, 

'"Cooper's  deposition  of  Dec.  23th,  in  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil,  MS.,  Ixiii. 
9.  The  loss  of  the  papers  complicated  the  quarrel  with  Argviello.  July  27tli, 
gov.  ordered  the  sale  of  the  vessel  to  Argiiello,  and  the  manner  of  her  nation- 
alization  to  be  investigated.  St.  Pup.,  Sac,  MS.,  xii.  14. 

^^Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Gmt.-II.,  MS.,  i.  25. 

^'^ Fernandez,  Cosas  de  Cat.,  MS.,  37-0;  Alrarado,  Illxt.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  84-('>. 

^^  Beechey,  Narrative  of  a  Voyage  to  tlie  Pacijicand  Beerinf/.i  Strait,  to  Co- 
operate with  the  Polar  Expeditions,  performed  in  Ilii  MiijeMifsShip  Blossom, 
vuder  the  command  of  Captain  F.  \V.  Beechey,  li.  N.,  F.  U.S.,  etc.,  in  the  years 
ISJo,  ;.'0,  27, 2S.  Published  by  authority  tf  the  Lords  Commissioners  of  the  A  d- 
miralty.  A  new  Edition.  London,  1831*  8vo,  2  volumes,  maps  and  plates. 
This  edition  is  not  mentioned  by  Sabiu,  being  published  by  Colburu  ana  Bent- 
ley.  The  original  in  4to  form,  2  vols.,  had  the  same  title,  date,  and  pub- 
lishers. There  were  published  in  1832,  according  to  8abin,  an  American  edi- 
titin  and  a  German  translation.  In  the  edition  used  by  mc  the  California 
matter  is  found  in  vol.  i.  p.  471-2;  vol.  ii.  p.  1-88,  319-21,403;  with  descrip- 
tions of  8.  Francisco  and  Monterey  harbors  on  p.  422-9;  and  observations  of 
latitude  and  longitude  on  p.  443.  Only  one  plate  relates  to  California,  hat 
of  '  Californian  throwing  the  lasso.'  In  Ifiiish,  A  Narrative  of  the  Voyni/es  ami 
Travels  of  Cajjt.  Beechey,  etc.,  London,  1836,  the  California  matter  is  given  on 
p.  415-GO,  somewhat  condensed,  and  a  portrait  of  Beechey  forms  the  frontis- 
piece. I/ooker  awd  Arnott,  The  Botany  of  Captain  Bcechey's  Voyaye;  compris- 
ing an  account  of  the  plants  collected  by  Messrs.  Lay  and  Collie,  etc.  London, 
1841.  4to,  plates.  Thomatterisarrangedgeographicallyinorderof  thecouii- 
trics  visited;  and  California  occupies  p.  134-05,  with  one  plate  so  far  as  Bce- 
chey's voyage  is  concerned;  but  on  p.  315-409 is  given  a  more  important  dil- 
ifornia  Supplement,  made  up  chiefly  of  a  description  of  specimens  collected  liy 
Douglas  later,  with  23  jdates.  7?«</i«n/,'ioH  and  others,  '1  he  Zoology  of  Captahi 
Dcechefs  Voyage;  compiledfrom  the  collections  and  notes  na^le  by  Captain  Ba- 
chry,  f/ieo£icer.i  find  itatitraiisf,  etc.  London,  1839.  4to.  The  matter  on  Cal- 
ifornia is  scattered  through  the  volume.  The  plates  arc  splendidly  colored. 
Fi-om  p.  )(iO  there  is  a  chapter  on  geology,  M'hicli  contains  a  '  geological  plan' 
and  drscri]>tion  of  the  port  of  S.  Francisco,  Vthicli  I  copy  elsewhere. 

"  The  hloisoiu  luuuuted  10  guns.     The  chief  Uiiicors  under  Beechey  wore: 


BEECHEY'S  VISIT  AND  BOOK. 


121 


she  sailed 
which  she 
;nas  wai^  to 
if  the  San 
>m  contein- 
tell  us  that 
not  allowed 
ho  did  not 
f  her  own." 
n  Beech ey, 
}  as  a  prom 
publication 
n  they  con- 
d  from  Eng- 
itrait,  there 
y  of  the  arc- 
Valparaiso, 

.  iI/i7.,MS.,lxiii. 
icUo.  July  27th, 
ler  of  her  nation- 


and  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  he  arrived  in  Kotzebue 
Sound  in  July  1826,  remaining  in  the  far  north  until 
October,  when  he  was  obliged  by  the  closing-in  of 
winter  and  by  want  of  supplies  to  sail  for  the  south. 
Ho  anchored  at  San  Francisco  November  Gth,^^  and 
was  hospitably  received  by  Comandante  Martinez  and 
Padre  Tomds  Estenega.  Supplies  were,  however,  less 
i)lcntiful  than  had  been  expected,  and  a  party  consist- 
ing of  Collie,  Marsh,  and  Evans  was  sent  overland  to 
Monterey.  This  party  was  absent  from  the  9th  to 
the  lith,^"  during  which  time  and  subsequently  Bee- 
chcy  and  his  men  were  occupied  in  making  a  survey 
(if  San  Fra^^cisco  Bay  and  scientific  observations  about 
its  short*.  ^].  obstacles  were  thrown  in  his  way,  the 
authorities  .isi  uig  only  for  a  copy  of  the  resulting 
chart,  wliicli  was  given."  The  Englishmen  amused 
themselves  chieflv  bv  excursions  on  horseback  over 
the  peninsula,  and  especially  from  the  presidio  to  the 
mission,  the  inhabitants  gaining  an  extraordinary  rev- 
enue from  the  hire  and  sale  of  horses.  The  navigators 
also  visited  Mission  San  Jos^  late  in  November.  One 
man  was  drowned  and  buried  at  San  Francisco. 

"By  Christmas  day  we  had  alj  remained  sufficiently 
long  in  the  harbor  to  contemplate  our  departure  with- 
out regret;  the  ej'^e  had  become  familiar  to  the  pic- 
turesque scenery  of  the  bay,  the  pleasure  of  the  chase 


lieutenants  Geo.  PearJ,  Edw.i  '1.   E..' 
Tliomas  Elson;  surgeon aixl  r.  sisisiu^, 
(ifo.  Marsh;  mates,  Wm.  Si  vh  -I'l.' 


ler,  and  John  Wainwriglit;  master, 

If  \.  Collie  and  Thomas  Nei  !sou ;  purser, 

13  W  life;  midshipmen,  John  llendall 


iind  Uichurd  B.  Beocliey  cUrkc,  ''jiui  )'A-uua  and  (;has.  II.  Osmer.  The 
win  lie  force  was  100  men. 

'■'Announcement  of  arrival  dated  xVj>.  7vh,  in  Dept.  St.  Pap  ,  Ben,  Cunt.- 
If.,  MS.,  i.  24. 

"Collio'.s  party,  with  an  escort  of  Californian  soldiers,  travelled  by  way  of 
Sierra  do  S.  Uruno,  Rio  do  S.  Bruno,  Biirri  Burri,  over  tho  plain  of  Las  Sal- 
inas, with  Estrecho  do  S.  JosiSon  tho  left,  and  Sierra  del  Suron  right,  S.  Ma- 
Ili),  Ijaa  I'ulgas,  San+a  Clara,  S.  JosC,  Ojo  del  Cooho  (?),  plain  of  Las  Llagas, 
Tiauclio  (le  Las  Animas,  llio  do  Piijaro,  plain  of  S.  Juan,  S.  Jiian  Biiutiata, 
Llano  del  Rey,  liancho  Las  Salinas,  Monterey,  and  returned  by  tlie  same 
route.  They  were  kindly  treated  by  Capt.  Gonzalez  and  Mr  Hartnell.  Tlio 
diary  of  this  trip  furnished  R  ochey  a  large  part  of  the  information  publislied 
uljoul  California. 

"Jan.  25,  1S27,  gov.  t  la  tincz.  Presumes  that  Bccchey  laid  before 
him  tile  necessary  permit  of  (i..  ;.  govt  to  nuiko  a  plan  of  tlie  harbor.  Or- 
ilcrs  him  to  forward  the  plan  tvj    ,  biaj^c.  JJciit.  7?co.,  M.S.,  v.  ID. 


122 


MARITIME  AND  COMMERCIAL  AFFAIRS. 


U    i 


had  lost  its  fascination,  and  the  roads  to  the  mission 
and  presidio  were  grown  tedious  and  insipid.  There 
was  no  society  to  enhven  the  hours,  no  incidents  to 
vary  one  day  from  the  other,  and,  to  use  the  expres- 
sion of  Donna  Gonzalez,  California  appeared  to  be  as 
much  out  of  the  world  as  Kamchatka."  The  Enjj- 
lishmen  sailed  on  December  28th  for  Monterey.  Here 
they  remained  five  days,  cutting  spars,  and  obtaining 
supplies  from  missions  and  from  vessels  in  port, 
largely  by  the  aid  of  Hartnell.^^  The  supplies  obtain- 
able in  California  were,  however,  inadequate  to  the 
needs  of  the  expedition;  a:.  '  ou  ^he  5th  of  January 
the  Blossom  sailed  for  the  Sai  U  Islands.     After 

another  trip  to  the  Arctic,  unsui  jsful  like  the  first, 
so  far  as  meeting  the  ill-fated  Franklin  was  con- 
cerned, Beechey  returned  to  Monterey  October  29, 
1827,^" remaining  until  December  17th,  when  ho  went 
attain  to  San  Francisco  for  water,  finallv  sailing  on 

-fc  ^  *'  •  ^ 

January  3d  for  San  Bias,  and  thence  home  via  Capo 
Horn  and  Brazil,  reaching  England  in  October  1828. 
It  is  thus  seen  that  Beechey 's  visit  was  in  itself  an 
event  of  slight  importance ;  but  the  observations  pub- 
lished in  the  voyager's  narrative  were  perhaps  more 
evenly  accurate  and  satisfactory  than  those  of  any 
preceding  navigator.  Beechey  and  his  companions 
confined  their  remarks  closely  to  actual  observations. 
They  were  less  ambitious  than  some  of  their  prede- 
cessors to  talk  of  things  they  did  not  understand,  and 
thus  avoided  ridiculous  blunders.  It  is  not,  however, 
necessary  to  notice  their  remarks  at  length  here,  for 
the  following  reasons :  A  large  part  is  naturally  do- 
voted  to  local  and  personal  matters,  or  to  other  topics 
treated  in  other  chapters;  notes  of  the  scientific  cori)s 


**Jan.  4,  1827,  Beechey  writes  from  Monterey  to  the  British  consul  in 
Mexico,  recommending  the  appointment  of  HaitncU  us  vice-consul  in  Cnl.,  i'l 
consequence  of  the  increasing  importance  of  English  trade  on  the  Puciliu 
coast.  Valkjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxix.  102. 

'"Notice  of  presence  of  the  /Woisom  and  3  whalers  on  the  coast  in  Novetii- 
bcr.  Valkjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxix.  1G8.  Called  the  UlondcK,  at  Monterey  Nov. 
8th.  Dept.  /S7.  Pap.,  MS.,  li.  47.  Mention  of  visit  in  Soulti's  AniiaU  o/S.  F., 
1U3-4. 


BEECHEY'S  OBSERVATIONS. 


12?. 


on  botany,  zoology,  and  other  branches,  though  of 
great  value,  can  of  course  receive  in  a  work  like  this 
no  further  attention  than  mere  mention;'"  and  what 
remains  of  general  description,  respecting  the  country 
and  its  institutions,  on  account  of  its  very  accuracy, 
would  be  but  vain  repetition  here.  Had  the  visitor 
been  less  careful  and  made  more  blunders,  he  would 
receive  more  attention  from  me.  Such  is  fame,  and 
the  reward  of  painstaking. 

The  missions  and  the  Indians  claimed  a  larije  share 
of  Beechey's  attention,  as  in  the  case  of  earlier  visit- 
ors, and  hd  was  not  blind  to  either  \.he  faults  or  ex- 
cellences of  the  system  or  of  the  friars  who  had  it  in 
chargo.'^^  Respecting  the  result  of  Echeandia's  ex- 
periment at  partial  emancipation  of  neophytes,  this 
author  happens  to  be  wellnigh  the  only  authority; 
and  he  also  translates  an  interesting  diary  of  an  ex- 
})edition  against  !:he  gentiles  under  Alfdrez  Sanchez, 
as  noted  in  the  preceding  chapter.     He  gives  consid- 


■"'  Sec  note  13  of  this  chapter. 

*'  '  Though  the  system  they  pnrsue  is  not  calculated  to  raise  the  colony  to 
any  great  prosperity,  yet  the  neglect  of  the  missions  would  not  long  precede 
the  ruin  of  the  presidios  and  of  the  whole  of  the  district.'  Vol.  ii.  p.  15. 
'  As  to  the  various  methods  employed  for  tlie  purpose  of  bringing  proselytes 
t )  the  miasions,  there  are  several  reports,  of  whiuli  some  were  not  very  cred- 
ihiljlc  to  the  institution;  nevertheless,  on  tlie  wliole,  I  am  of  opinion  tliatthe 
priests  are  innocent,  from  a  conviction  that  they  are  ignorant  of  the  means 
employed  hy  those  who  are  under  them.  Whatever  may  be  the  system, . . . 
the  chan;;c  according  to  our  ideas  of  happiness  would  seem  advantageous  to 
thoin,  as  they  lead  a  far  better  life  in  the  missions  than  in  their  forests.'  p.  17. 
'Tlio  produce  of  the  land  and  of  the  labor  of  the  Indiana  is  appropriated 
to  the  support  of  the  mission,  and  the  overplus  to  amass  a  fund  which  is 
entirely  at  the  disposal  of  the  padres.  In  some  of  the  establishments  this 
iiuist  be  very  large,  although  the  padres  will  not  admit  it,  and  always  plead 
poverty.  The  government  has  lately  demanded  a  part  of  this  profit,  but  the 
priests,  who,  it  i 3  said,  think  the  Indians  are  more  entitled  to  it  than  the 
government,  make  small  donations  to  them,  and  thus  evade  the  tax  by  tak- 
ing care  there  shall  bo  no  overplus.'  p.  19-20.  'Though  there  may  be  occa- 
8i(jnal  acts  of  tyranny,  yet  the  general  character  of  the  padres  is  kind  and 
benevolent,  and  in  some  missions  the  converts  are  so  much  attached  to  them 
tlint  I  have  heard  them  declare  they  would  go  with  them  if  they  were 
ohliged  to  quit  the  country.  It  is  greatly  to  be  regretted  that,  with  the 
iulhicneo  these  men  have  over  their  pupils,  and  the  regard  those  pupils  seem 
to  have  for  their  masters,  the  priests  do  not  interest  themselves  a  little  more 
in  the  education  of  their  converts.'  'The  Indiana  are,  in  general,  well  clothi'd 
a!id  fed.'  p.  21-2.  '  Nothing  could  exceed  the  kindness  and  conbidcration  of 
t!u  so  excellent  men  to  their  guests  and  to  travellers;'  but  they  'were  very 
bigoted  men,  and  invariably  introduced  the  subject  of  religion.'  p.  33-4. 


124 


MARITIME  AND  COMMERCIAL  AFFAIRS. 


erable  attention  to  commerce,  presenting  a  clear  state- 
ment on  this  subject.""  Like  others,  the  English 
navigator  was  enthusiastic  in  praise  of  California's  cli- 
mate and  other  natural  advantages;  but  like  others, 
he  wondered  at  and  deplored  the  prevalent  lack  of 
enterprise  on  the  part  of  Mexican  government  and 
Californian  people,  predicting  an  inevitable  change  of 
owners  should  no  change  of  policy  occur.^     His  geo- 

'*  I  may  quote  at  some  length  on  this  topic,  as  being  the  subject  proper  of 
this  chapter.  '  Tho  trade  consists  in  the  exportation  of  hides,  tallow,  inan- 
tcca,  horses  to  the  Sandwich  Islands,  grain  for  tho  Russian  establishments, 
and  in  tho  disposal  of  provisions  to  whale-ships, ..  .and  perhaps  a  few  furs 
and  dollars  arc  sent  to  China.  Tho  importations  are  dry  goods,  furniture, 
■wearing  apparel,  agricultural  implements,  deal  boards,  and  salt;  and  silks 
and  fireworks  from  China  for  tho  decoration  of  churches  and  celebration  of 
saints'  days.  In  1827  almost  all  these  articles  bore  high  prices:  the  for- 
mer  in  consequence  of  tho  increased  demand;  and  the  latter  partly  from  the 
necessity  of  meeting  the  expenses  o£  the  purchase  of  a  return  cargo,  and 
partly  on  account  of  the  uavi^;ation.'  Great  complaint  of  high  prices,  'not 
considering  tliat  tho  fault  was  in  great  measure  their  own,  and  that  they  were 
purchasing  some  articles  brought  Svjveral  ll.ousand  miles,  when  tliey  might 
have  procured  them  in  their  own  countiy  with  moderate  labor  only,  for  ex- 
ample, salt  and  deal  boards  and  carts.  '  With  similar  disregard  for  their 
interests,  they  were  purchasing  sea-otter  skins  at  §20  apiece,  wliilst  the 
animals  were  swimming  about  unmolested  in  their  own  harbors;  and  this 
from  tho  Russians,  who  arc  intruders  on  their  coast,  and  are  depriving  them 
of  a  lucrative  trade.  With  this  want  of  commercial  enterprise,  they  are  not 
much  entitled  to  commiseration.  With  more  justice  mi"ht  they  have  com- 
plained of  the  navigation  laws,  which,  though  no  doubt  beneficial  to  inhab- 
itants on  the  eastern  coast  of  Mexico,  where  there  arc  vessels  to  conduct  the 
coasting  trade,  are  extremely  disadvantageov  to  the  Californians,  who  h.av- 
ing  no  vessels  are  often  obliged  to  pay  tho  duties  on  goods  introduced  in  foi - 
eign  bottoms. '  17%  higher  than  on  Mexican  vessels.  Not  only  this,  'but 
as  a  foreign  vessel  cannot  break  stowage  without  landing  the  whole  of  her 
cargo,  they  must  in  addition  incur  tho  expenses  attending  that  whicli  will 
in  general  fall  upon  a  few  goods  only.  The  imprudent  nature  of  these  lawu 
as  regards  California  appears  to  have  been  considered  by  tho  authorities,  as 
they  overlook  tho  introductioii  of  goods  into  the  towns  by  indirect  channels, 
except  in  cases  of  a  gross  and  palpable  nature.  In  this  manner  sever.)! 
American  vessels  have  contrived  to  dispose  of  their  cargoes,  and  the  inlial)- 
itants  have  been  supplied  with  goods  of  which  they  were  much  in  need.'  p. 
08-70. 

'^  '  Possessing  all  these  advantages,  an  industrious  population  alone  seenin 
requisite  to  withdraw  it  from  tho  obscurity  in  which  it  has  so  long  slept 
under  tho  indolence  of  the  people  and  tho  jealous  policy  of  tho  Spanish  gov- 
ernment. Indeed,  it  struck  us  as  lamentable  to  see  such  an  extent  of  habit- 
able country  lying  almost  desolate  and  useless  to  mankind,  whilst  other  na- 
tions aie  groaning  under  the  burden  of  tlieir  population.  It  is  evident  from 
the  natural  course  of  events,  and  from  the  rapidity  with  which  observation 
has  recently  been  extended  to  the  hitherto  most  obscure  parts  of  tho  globo, 
that  this  iiidiflference  cannot  continue;  for  either  it  must  disappear  under  the 
present  authorities,  or  tho  country  will  fall  into  other  hands,  as  from  its  sit- 
uation with  regard  to  other  powers  upon  tho  new  continent,  and  to  the  com- 
merce of  the  Pacific,  it  is  of  too  much  importance  to  bo  permitted  to  remain 
longer  in  its  present  neglected  state.     Already  luivc  the  Russians  encroached 


VESSELS  OF  1827. 


125 


lear  state - 
e  English 
brnia's  cli- 
ike  others, 
nt  lack  of 
timent  and 
!  change  of 
His  geo- 

ibject  proper  of 
09,  tallow,  inuu- 
cstablialimcnts, 
hap3  a  few  furs 
;oo(l9,  furniture, 
'  salt;  and  silks 
cl  celebration  «f 
prices:   the  for- 
partly  from  the 
turn  cargo,  aiul 
ligh  prices,  '  not 
id  that  they  were 
■hen  they  might 
lor  only,  for  cx- 
sregard  for  their 
)icce,  whilst  tlic 
[arbors;  and  this 
depriving  tiieiu 
|ise,  they  are  not 
they  have  com- 
leficial  to  inhab- 
Is  to  conduct  tlic 
•nians,  who  hav- 
Itroduced  in  for- 
only  this,  '  but 
lio  whole  of  her 
that  which  will 
•e  of  these  la\v:i 
ic  authorities,  an 
[direct  channel^, 
manner  several 
and  the  inhaU- 
iich  in  need.'  p. 

lion  alone  seems 
Is  so  long  slept 
Ihe  Spanish  gov- 
Ijxtent  of  habit- 
A-hilst  other  iia- 
J  is  evident  from 
lich  observation 
fta  of  the  globe, 
bpear  under  tlio 
1  as  from  its  sit- 
knd  to  the  com- 
mitted to  remain 
ftans  encroached 


graphical  information  is  usually  accurate  and  valuable; 
l)ut  a  curious  item  is  the  idea,  drawn  from  the  Califor- 
nians,  that  the  great  rivers  running  into  San  Fran- 
cisco bay  were  three  in  number — the  Jesus  Maria, 
passing  at  the  back  of  Bodega  in  a  southerly  course 
from  beyond  Cape  Mendocino;  the  Sacramento,  trend- 
ing to  the  south-west,  and  said  to  rise  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  near  the  source  of  the  Columbia;  and  the 
San  Joachin,  stretching  from  the  southward  through 
the  country  of  the  Bolbones. 

The  vessels  of  1827  numbered  thirty-three,  of 
which  two  or  three  arrivals  depend  on  doubtful  rec- 
ords. Fourteen  were  the  same  that  had  visited  Cali- 
fornia the  preceding  year,  some  having  wintered  on 
the  coast.  Only  four  were  whalers.  The  trading 
fleet  proper  was  of  about  twenty  craft.  Of  the  wliolo 
number  twelve  were  American,  ten  English,  three 
]\Iexican,  three  Russian,  two  each  French  and  Ha- 
waiian, and  one  perhaps  German.^*  Revenue  receipts 
from  fragmentary  records,  which  are  virtually  no 
records  at  all,  foot  up  about  $14,000  for  the  year.'"' 
As  the  reader  will  remember,  it  was  in  this  year  that 
Ilerrera  resigned,  and  the  revenue  branches  were,  if 
possible,  in  worse  confusion  than  ever. 

An  attempt  was  made  to  remove  some  of  the  re- 
strictions on  the  importation  of  foreign  goods,  deemed 
disadvantageous  to  Californian  interests.  The  re- 
forms desired  were  the  free  entry  of  foreign  vessc^ls 
into  all  the  ports  and  embarcaderos,  the  subdivision 

ii|ion  the  territory  by  possessing  themselves  of  the  Farallones  and  some  isl- 
iiiiils  of  Santa  Barbara;  and  their  new  settlement  at  Rossi  is  so  near  upon  the 
boundary  (no  Englishman  could  admit  it  to  bo  within  California — auihor)  as 
to  bo  the  cause  of  much  jealous  feeling — not  without  reason,  it  would  appear.' 
p.  GG-7. 

"See  list  at  end  of  this  chapter..  Vessels  of  1827:  Avdea{%  Baikal,  Blmsom, 
Cadbiiro,  Carimactr  (?),  Comite,  Courier,  Favorite,  Franklin,  Fidham,  Golov- 
hiii,  Ilarhinqer,  lliros,  Ilitaacar,  Isabella,  Magdalena,  Maria  Enter,  JUasta- 
vliitsetfii,  Oliphant  (?),  Olive  Branch,  Okhotnk,  Orion,  Parai.w,  Sachem,  Solitude, 
Spy,  Tamaahmaah,  2\nieya,  Thomas  Nowlan,  Tomasa,  Washimjton,  Wavcrly, 
Youii'j  Tartar. 

"Net  revenue  at  S.  R,  ^,304.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  Ixii.  8-11.  See 
also  figures  in  the  list  of  vcsaela  at  end  of  this  chapter. 


128 


MARITIME  AND  COMMERCIAL  AFFAIRS. 


of  cargoes  for  convenience  of  sale  and  transportation, 
and  the  reduction  of  duties  to  at  most  the  original 
twenty-five  per  cent  by  the  removal  of  the  internacion 
and  averla  taxes,  and  even  the  tonnage  dues.  The 
two  first  had  already  been  accomplished  practically, 
since  the  authorities  admitted  that  they  had  rarely 
refused  permission  to  engage  in  coast  trade;  and  as 
to  the  third,  both  governor  and  comisario  were  op- 
posed to  the  high  rates,  and  had  been  as  careless  as 
they  dared,  and  their  subordinates  even  less  careful. 
The  diputacion  considered  the  matter  in  June  and 
July,  and  by  the  decision  of  that  body  and  the  re- 
sulting decrees,  coast  trade  was  legalized,  subject  to 
the  decision  of  the  supreme  government.  The  re- 
moval of  the  duties  was  recommended,  the  internacion 
tax  was  restricted  to  goods  carried  inland  more  than 
four  leagues,  while  the  missions  were  allowed  to  give 
bonds  for  the  tax  pending  the  result  in   Mexico.'" 


''Jan.  22,  and  Aug.  6, 1827,  Herreraregulates  the  details  of  trade  between 
private  persons  and  foreign  vessels,  to  prevent  abuses  of  the  illegal  privileges 
allowed  of  coast  trade  and  division  of  cargoes.  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Com.  and 
Trens.,  MS.,  i.  82-6.  June  23d,  July  24th,  sessions  of  the  diputacion.  Ban- 
dini  took  a  leading  part  in  urging  the  reforms.  Leg.  Bee,  MS.,  i.  52-4,  G4- 
72.  July  20th,  gov.  announces  that  foreign  vessels  may  touch  at  Sta  Craz, 
S.  Luis,  Purlsima,  Refugio,  and  S.  Juan,  by  applying  to  the  nearest  coinan- 
dante  with  a  statement  from  the  missionary  that  such  visit  is  necessary.  Dept. 
liec,  MS.,  V.  68;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  144.  Aug.  10th,  com.  of  Sta  Bar- 
bara on  same  subject.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ivii.  12-13.  Aug.  7th, 
Herrera  announces  the  change  respecting  the  internacion  duty.  Dept.  St.  Pap. , 
Ben.  Com.  and  Treas.,  MS.,  i.  86-7.  Aug.  22d,  gov.  to  sup.  govt,  an- 
nouncing the  act  of  the  dip.;  also  asking  for  one  or  two  gunboats  and 
for  a  naval  station  at  S.  Francisco.  Dept.  Pec,  MS.,  v.  128-9.  June  1st, 
min.  of  war  to  E.,  announcing  the  president's  permission  for  foreign  vessels 
to  touch  at  the  way-porta  already  named  in  this  note  and  in  the  text.  Dept. 
liec,  MS.,  vi.  i76.  Vallejo,  Espoaicion,  6,  cites  in  1837  alawof  Nov.  16, 1827, 
forbidding  comercio  de  escala  by  foreign  vessels.  The  tariflf  law  of  Nov.  ICtli, 
Merino,  Arancel  Gen.,  1827,  p.  5,  allowed  foreign  goods  to  be  introduced  into 
Cal.  for  three  fifths  the  duties  required  elsewhere  except  in  Yucatan;  but  if 
reexported,  the  other  two  fifths  must  be  paid.  Miscellaneous  items  on  com- 
merce for  1827:  Rates  of  duties — import,  25%  on  value;  averfa,  2^%  on  do.; 
internacion,  15%  on  do.;  tonnage,  $2.50  per  ton  (Mexican  measurement);  an- 
chorage, $10  per  vessel;  collectors'  compensation,  3%.  Dtfit.  St.  Pap.,  Ben. 
il/i7.,  MS.,  Ixii,  5-10.  Jan.,  national  products  free  from  export  duty,  ex- 
cept gold  and  silver.  Drpt.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Com,  and  Treas.,  MS.,  i.  71. 
Jan.  31st,  gov.  says  Sandwich-Island  traders  may  touch  at  ports;  l3ut  not 
war-vessels,  until  it  be  proved  that  they  sail  under  a  proper  flag  and  due 
authority.  Dept.  Bee,  MS.,  v.  19.  July  20th,  Capt.  Guerra  says  the 
Mexicans  in  Cal.  will  probably  abandon  trade  to  the  foreigners,  who  spec- 
ulate in  everything,  and  with  whom  they  cannot  compete.   Doc  Iliat.  Cal., 


HARTNELL  AND  COMPANY. 


127 


]\feaiiwhile  there  came  an  order  from  Mexico,  dated 
before  the  action  of  the  diputacion,  and  permitting 
foreign  vessels  to  touch  at  Santa  Cruz,  San  Luis 
Obispo,  Purisima,  Refugio,  and  San  Juan  Capistrano. 
In  its  dehberations  on  revenue  matters,  the  diputacion 
gave  special  attention  to  the  duties  on  liquors,  per- 
fecting an  elaborate  reglamento,  which  was  duly  pub- 
lished by  the  governor.  The  proceeds  of  the  liquor 
trade  were  devoted  to  the  public  schools.^^  Another 
prominent  commercial  topic,  since  hides  and  tallow 
were  the  chief  articles  of  export,  was  that  of  live- 
stock regulations,  to  which  the  diputacion  also  directed 
its  wisdom.  The  result  was  a  series  of  twenty  ar- 
ticles, in  which  the  branding  and  slaughter  of  cattle, 
with  other  kindred  points,  were  somewhat  minutely 
regulated.^ 

The  prosperity  of  182G  in  the  business  of  Hartnell 
&  Co.  was  followed  by  trouble  and  financial  embar- 
rassment in  1827—9.  The  exact  nature  of  the  reverses 
it  is  difficult  to  learn  from  the  fragmentary  correspond- 
ence; but  I  judge  that  John  Begg  &  Co.  failed,  in- 
volving McCulloch,  Hartnell  &  Co.  to  such  an  ex- 
tent that  the  firm  was  obliged  to  delay  its  payments 
and  to  close  the  copartnership.  Hartnell,  however, 
paid  all  debts  in  California,  and  continued  his  business 
both  for  himself,  with  the  aid  of  Captain  Guerra,  and 
as  agent  for  foreign  houses  who  sent  vessels  to  the 


MS.,  iv.  84.  Grain  raised  only  for  home  consumption,  also  wool;  horse-hair 
somewliat  sought  i>y  the  French;  padres  unwilling  to  take  money;  exports 
amount  to  what  4  vessels  of  300  tons  can  carry;  47^  profit  may  lie  counted 
on;  the  export  of  tallow  averages  1  arroba  for  each  hide.  Duhaiit-CUly,  Viw/- 
gio,\.  232-3,  253;  ii.  143-7,  150. 

•''  Eeglamtnto  de  Contribuciones  sohre  Licores,  1S27,  MS. ,  approved  at  sessions 
of  June2Cth,  28th,  30th,  July  2d,  7th.  Gov.'s  decree  of  July  12th,  in  Drpt.  St. 
Pap.,  S.  Josi,  MS.,  iv.  40-7.  The  tax  was  §3  per  barrel  of  100  quarts  for 
brandy  and  $2.50  for  wine  in  Monterey  and  S.  Francisco  jurisdictions;  in  the 
south  §10  and  85  respectively,  payable  by  all  buyers  and  by  the  producer  wlio 
might  retail  the  liquor.  This  for  native  liquors.  Foreign  brandy  and  wine 
paid  $20  and  $10  per  barrel.  The  regulations  for  the  collection  of  this  tax 
are  somewhat  complicated,  and  need  not  be  given.  Aug.  6th,  Herrera  an- 
nounces that  by  superior  orders  a  duty  of  80%  on  foreign  liquors  and  70% 
on  wines  is  to  be  exacted,  besides  the  15%  of  intemacion.  Lept.  St.  Pap., 
Ben.  Com.  and  Treaa.,  MS.,  i.  87-8. 

^^  litglamento  sohre  Oanados,  aprobadopor  la  Diputacion,  1S27,  MS. 


128 


MARITIME  AND  COMMERCIAL  AFFAIRS. 


coast.  Tho  correspondence  would  indicate  that  \w 
went  on  loading  vessels  and  trading  with  tho  padres 
much  as  before.  David  Spence  also  went  into  busi- 
ness for  himself.  In  connection  with  the  financial 
troubles,  Hartnell  made  a  trip  to  Lima,  sailing  at  tho 
end  of  1827,  probably  in  the  Iluascar,  and  returning 
in  that  vessel  in  July  of  the  following  year.'''' 

Captain  Cunningham  of  the  Courier,  in  conjunction 
probably  with  the  masters  of  other  American  vessels, 
thought  to  improve  the  facilities  for  coast  trade  l)y 
erecting  certain  buildings  and  establishing  a  kind  of 

•  •  •  1 

trading  station  on  Santa  Catalina  Island.  Cunnin*?- 
ham  was  ordered  by  Echeandia  to  remove  the  build- 
ings and  promised  to  do  so.^ 

Auguste  Duhaut-Cillv,  commanding  the  Frencli 
ship  Le  Heroic,  362  tons,  32  men,  and  12  guns,  sailed 
from  Havre  in  April  1826,  sent  out  by  Lafitte  &  Co. 
on  a  trading  voyage  round  the  world.  He  was  accom- 
panied by  Dr  Paolo  Emilio  Botta,  afterward  famous 
as  an  archaeologist  and  writer.  This  young  scientist's 
notes  on  the  inhabitants  of  the  Sandwich  Islands  and 


"Mrs  Hai'tnell,  Nai-ratlva,  MS.,  2-3,  says  that  the  rivalry  of  Coopor, 
favored  by  tho  government,  and  of  Spenco  soon  obliged  tho  iirm  of  McC,  11. 
&  Co.  to  liquidate.  Alvai-ado,  J  lint.  Cat, ,  MS. ,  iv.  145,  says  that  H.  paid  nil  tlio 
debts  of  Bcgg  &  Co.  in  Cal.  April,  McCulloch  advises  ll.  to  propose  to  Bugy 
&  Co.  a  reform  in  the  Cal.  establishment,  including  a  small  vessel  on  the 
coast  under  Mexican  flag.  Salting  hides  won't  pay,  nor  will  soap  and  candles. 
Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxix.  125.  July  Ist,  P.  Viader  toll.  Speaksof  Begg's  fail- 
ure, which  ho  lias  expected  for  some  time.  /(/.,  135.  Fears  for  success  of  hide 
business.  Id.,  141.  Aug.  Gth,  Begg  &  Co.  say  the  prospect  is  bad.  Mcn- 
doza  (?)  tallow  better  and  cheaper  than  that  of  Cal.  Id.,  148.  Nov.  6th,  P. 
Sarria  speaks  of  H.'s  voyage,  and  sends  letters  of  recommendation  to  friends 
in  Lima,  /d.,  107.  Jan.  5,  1828,  Spence  at  Monterey  to  H.  at  Lima.  Id.,  190. 
May  1st,  circular  of  Begg,  Macala,  and  Hartnell  to  tho  padres  of  California, 
announcing  the  dissolution  of  the  iirm  of  McC. ,  H.  &  Co. ,  and  that  H.  will  settle 
all  accounts  and  continue  the  business  for  himself.  Warm  thanks  are  rendered 
for  past  courtesies,  and  H.  is  strongly  recommended  by  the  former  associates. 
Id.,  224.  July  14th,  H.  arrived  by  the  Iluascar.  Dept.  Ree.,  MS.,  vi.  .SO. 
July  IGth,  Cunningham  speaks  of  a  protested  bill.  Vallejo,  Doc. ,  MS. ,  xix.  257. 
McCulloch  continues  his  letters  to  H.  Aug.  1st,  gov.  regrets  Begg's  want  of 
confidence  in  Mexican  commerce.  Id. ,  265.  Aug.  28th,  balance  sheet  of  ^5,097 
between  Begg  &  Co.  and  H.  Id.,  272.  More  accounts  in  October.  Id.,  282. 
Oct.  18th,  certificate  tliat  H.  furnished  §14,397  in  tallow,  as  ho  agreed  in  Lima. 
Id.,  283.  The  correspondence  of  1829  is  unimportant,  but  shows  that  II.  still 
owed  considerable  money  in  Lima,  and  that  his  creditors  were  pressing.  Id. , 
passim. 

^'>Dept.  liec,  MS.,  v.  19;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  22. 


VISIT  OF  DUIIAUT-CILLY, 


129 


Ciilirornia  wore  atklod  to  nn  Italian  translation  of  the 
vova^ei'.s  narrative,  nmtlc  by  lii.s  lather,  Carlo  IJotta, 
also  lanioua  as  a  poet  and  historian.  Lieutenant  Ecl- 
nioiid  lie  Netrel  also  wrote  a  journal,  a  largo  part  of 
-which  has  been  published."' 

On  January  27,  1827,  the  Ileroa,  coming  from 
]\razatlan,  anchored  at  Yerba  Buena.  It  vet  lacked 
several  months  of  the  proper  tunc  for  ol)taining  hides 
and  tallow,  but  the  time  could  bo  employed  in  arrang- 
ing bargains  with  the  padres;  and  while  the  captain 

remained  at  the  port  his  supercargo,  'il  Signor  R ,' 

visited  the  missions  of  the  district  with  samples  of 
goods  to  be  sold.  After  a  month's  sta^^  marked  by 
adventures  with  grizzly  bears  and  an  earthquake,  the 
traders  sailed  south  March  7th,  carrying  three  Indian 
prisoners  condemned  to  confinement  at  San  Diego. 
Touching  at  Santa  Cruz,  Monterey,  Santa  Barbara, 
and  San  Pedro,  they  reached  San  Diego  April 
IStli.  Here  the  supercargo  was  left,  while  Duhaut- 
Cilly  made  a  trip  to  Mazatlan  and  back  before  June 

nth.      'II  Signor  R '   proceeded    northward    to 

San  Francisco  by  land,  while  the  captain,  having  ex- 
perienced an  earthquake,  and  made  a  tour  to  San  Luis 
liey,  anchored  at  Santa  Barbara  on  the  29th,  and  at 
San  Francisco  on  July  I7th.  During  this  visit  the 
Frenchman  made  excursions  to  Santa  Clara,  San 
Jose,  and  San  Francisco  Solano.     In  August  they 

^^  Duhmit-CUly,  Voyarje  autour  du  momlc,  prhidpakment  d  la  Cali/ornie  H 
flux  hlcK  Saiitlwich  pemlant  k>i  annce.s  lS2tJ,  lS.:i7,  ISJS,  ft  IS.i'J.  Par  A. 
Ihdmut-CiUji.  I'aris,  1835.  Svo.  428  p.  plate.  Of  tlii.s  original  French  ciH- 
tion  1  have  only  a  fragment  in  my  collection,  and  my  references  arc  tIicrcfi>;o 
t(j  tlic  following:  Duhaitt-CUly,  Viaiiqlo  intorno  al  liloho,  prhicipnlmi'iife  nlla 
CaHjlinihi  ed  alle  isole  Sandwich,  wyll  muii  1S2G,  IS27.  1S,.'S,  e  ISJO,  di  A. 
Duhintt-l'dlji,  caintano  di  litugo  corw,  cni'.  dclla  Lcjioii  d'Ono/r,  ec.  Con, 
I'iiijij'.iuita  dclle  o^sercazioni  svg'i  ahitaiili  di  qiici  paesi  di  Paolo  IJini'io  Dot'a. 
Tnuluzioncdalfrancene  neU'ilidianodeCi'rloPofta.  Turin,  1H41.  8vo.  2  vol. 
xvi.  '2'M  p.  I  1. ;  392  p.  plates.  The  portion  added  to  this  translation,  JSottn, 
(if-i  rmz'oui  suijH  abitanti  deUe  ''sole  Sandwich  e.  dclla  CaVfornia  de  /'aolo 
I'liiVto  Bolta.  Fatte  v<i  suo  viaggio  iidor»o  id  glolio  col  (.'ajntano  Dtihaut- 
('('III.  occupies  p.  339-92 of  vol.  ii. ;  that  part  relating  to  C:il.  is  found  on  p. 
•'W7-78.  lliesc  notes  had  originally  appeared  aaliatln,  Ob'^erv'ttiovs  .vir  Irs 
li't'iiiaiis  dc  la  Cali/ornie,  in  Noiiv.  Annates  den  Voya'jes,  lii.  I.IO-CO.  Le.  Nrlrcl, 
I  ','/";/<-'  aiitoiirda  Monde,  etc.  Extrait  du  journal  de  M.  L'dmond  Le  Xctrel, 
I.i<"'inunl  ti  bord  de  ce  vaisseau  (Le  Ileros),  in  Nouvelles  Annaleadea  Voyages, 
xiv.  129-82. 

UisT.  Cal.,  Vol.  III.    0 


130 


MARITIME  AND  COMMERCIAL  AFFAIRS. 


saili'd  for  Santa  Cruz  and  Monterey.  Here  Duliaut- 
Cilly  found  the  French  .sliip  Coincti;  wliieli  had  coino 
over  from  the  Ishmds,  as  ho  claims,  at  the  instigation 

of  the  mysterious  and  treacherous  Signor  R ,  and 

to  s[)oil  the  trade  of  the  Jleros,  which  venture  was  a 
faihire,  as  the  autlior  is  dehglited  to  observe.  In 
Septemljer  they  wore  at  Santa  Biirbara,  having- 
anchored  on  the  way  at  El  Cojo  to  receive  tallow 
from  Purisima.  From  San  Pedro,  about  the  22(1, 
tlie  captain,  with  Botta  and  a  guide,  visited  Los 
Atigclesand  San  Gabriel,  to  feel  another  earthquake. 
October  20th,  after  having  broken  his  colhir-bone  by 
a  fcill  from  a  California  hrorco,  Duhaut-Cilly  sailiMl 
again  for  Callao,  again  leaving  il  Signor  R to  con- 
tinue his  operations  on  board  the  Waverhj.  He  canio 
back  to  Monterey  May  3,  1828,  made  a  visit  to  Bo- 
dega and  Ross  in  Juno,  wa;?;  at  Santa  Barbara  and 
San  Pedro  before  the  end  of  tliat  month,  revisited  Los 
An<>\']es  and  San  Gabriel,  and  reached  San  Die'jfo  on 
the  3d  of  July.    Finally  the  Ileros  sailed  August  27tli 

for  the  Islands.     The  Signor  R had  in  the  mean 

time  run  away  to  Mexico. 

From  the  preceding  outline  of  the  French  tradei's 
movements,  it  is  seen  that  his  opportunities  for  ob- 
servation were  more  extensive  than  those  of  any  foi- 
eign  visitor  who  had  preceded  him.  No  other  navi- 
gator had  visited  so  many  of  the  Californian  estal)- 
lishments.  His  narrative  fills  about  three  hundred 
|>ages  devoted  to  California,  and  is  one  of  the  most 
interesting  ever  written  on  the  subject.  Duhaut-Cilly 
was  an  educated  man,  a  close  observer,  and  a  good 
writer.  Few  things  respecting  the  country  or  its 
people  or  its  institutions  escaped  his  notice.  His 
relations  with  the  Californians,  and  especially  tlio 
friars,  were  always  friendly,  and  he  has  nothing  but 
kind  words  for  all.  The  treachery  of  his  supercargo 
caused  his  commercial  venture  to  be  less  profitable 
than  the  prospects  had  seemed  to  warrant. ^^     I  ha\  o 

'-  Morineau,  Notice  anr  la  Californk,  151-2,  says  that  both  the  lliros  and 


TRADING  FLEET  OF  1828. 


181 


liad,  and  shall  have,  occasion  to  cite  this  author  fre- 
quently Oil  local  and  other  to|)lcs,  mid  it  is  witli  regret 
tliat  1  leave  the  book  here  without  long  (juotations.*' 

I  find  notice  of  thirty-six  vessels  on  the  coast  in 
the  year  1828,  sixteen  of  which  were  included  in  the 
licet  of  the  preceding  year,  and  several  others  had 
visited  California  before.  Six  were  whalers."^  A 
few  meagre  items  of  revenue  amount  to  less  than 
.^(1,000  at  San  Francisco  and  $34,000  at  San  Diego. 
Ill  January  Echeandi'a issued  an  order  closing  the  way- 
ports,  or  embarcaderos,  except  San  Pedro,  to  I'or- 
sels."'     This  was  in  accordance  with  orders 


ei<ni   ves 


IVoni  Mexico,  and  was  enforced  so  far  as  possible. 
Ill  July  San  Pedro  was  also  closed  by  an  order 
wliicli  declared  that  all  coasting  trade  must  be  done 
ill  Mexican  bottoms,  that  Monterey  and  Loreto  were 
the  only  ports  open  to  foreign  trade,  but  that  in  cases 
()''  necessity  trade  might  be  permitted  at  the  otiier 
idial  ports.^**  In  September  San  Francisco  and 
..ti  Bilrbara  were  closed  provisionally;  though  ves- 


tlie  Comite  brought  cargoes,  which,  besides  being  too  large,  were  ill-aasortL'd 
lunl  fliil  not  sell  well. 

'^Mention  of  the  Iliros  in  Dept.  Rec. , MS.,  vi.  32;  Dept.  Si.  Pap. ,  Bm.  Mil , 
MS.,  Ixiii.  2;  /(/.,  Ben.  Pre/,  y  Jvzj.,  MS.,  i.  2.  Taylor,  in  Browu'n  L.  Cat., 
43,  iiiuntions  this  voyage. 

^'8cc  list  at  end  of  this  chapter.  Vessels  of  182S:  the  Andes,  Arab  (\\\\- 
(lor  a  Russian  name),  Z/a/i'ti/,  Be  eke  I  (t),  BriUanle  (t),  Clio,  i'mtrier,  EniJ/i/, 
l\'iiix,  Franklin,  Fulhim,  Funehal,  General  Sucre,  (iriffon,  Gnihalc  (?),  Ilnr- 
liimjer,  Jliros,  JIuascar,  Karimoko,  Kiahkta,  Layerhi  (''.),  Maijdalena,  }far(a 
Kn'cr,  Minerva,  Okhotsk,  Pocahontna,  I'ancow,  Solitude,  Tc'emncliiis,  Thomas 
Xt)iHan.  Times,  Vcrale^'i),  Vulture,  Wanhington,  Wavcrhj,  Wilmanlic.  I  have 
tiagments  of  the  IFifrwerZ//'*  original  log  for  1828-0.  Tlie  author  di^scribcs,  p. 
li>,  a  celebration  of  St  Nicholas  day  on  the  Russian  vessels  at  Monterey  Ik'c. 
17th;  also  a  fandango  on  shore.  Pcircc's /^our/A  Sketch,  MS.,  and  J/cmom/j- 
dam,  MS.,  describe  the  Griffon's  voyage  as  rcnicnibercd  by  the  autlior,  who 
wii.s  ou  the  vessel.  Six  vessels  at  S.  F.  in  January  are  not  named,  but  do- 
surihed  by  Morineau  as  a  Russian  frigate;  a  Russian  brig  of  200  tons  loaded 
with  grain  for  Sitka;  an  English  schooner  from  New  Albion ;  an  American 
lirig  of  150  tons  from  Manila;  a  Hawaiian  brig  of  140  tons  manned  by  kana- 
kas; and  a  Mexican  schooner  of  100  tons  from  Sandwich  Islands.  El  Uri- 
Itiinle  was  at  S.  Diego  from  S.  Bias,  according  to  this  author. 

='^Jan.  29,  1828,  St.  Pap.,  Sac.,  MS.,  x.  104.  March  .^il,  EchcanJia  to 
com.  gen.  Has  been  obliged  to  keep  open  the  four  presidial  porta  and  S. 
Pedro.  Dept.  Rec.,  MS.,  vi.  7. 

^'Jiily  8,  1828,  gov.'s  order.  Dept.  Rec,  MS.,  vi.  03,  77;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  S. 
Jo.sJ,  MS.,  iv.  53-4. 


-!■ 


" 


llR  ! 
i 


1  ■' 


132 


MARITIME  AND  COMMERCIAL  AFFAIKS. 


sols  after  discharging  their  cargoes  at  Monterey  or 
San  Diego  might  visit  the  other  ports  to  take  away 
produce,  except  money  and  breeding  cattle,  returning 
to  settle  accounts.^'  I  find  no  evidence,  however,  that 
this  order  was  obeyed  this  year.  In  the  viorrespond- 
cnco  on  revenue  the  only  item  worth  notice  was  the 
reduction  of  the  internacion  tax  to  ten  per  cent,  pre- 


sumably in  response  to  the  petition  of  1821 


33 


T] 


le 
Russians  were  pernjitted  to  take  otter  on  a  small  scale 
for  joint  account  of  the  company  and  the  govern- 
ment. American  vessels  sought  hides  chiefly;  those 
from  Mexico  and  Peru  gave  more  attention  to  tallow, 
while  the  Hawaiian  buyers  took  away  by  preference 
skins  and  horses.^' 

The  traders  were  not  pleased  at  the  restrictions 
which  the  Californian  authorities  could  not  well  help 
enforcing  to  a  certain  extent;  and  they  redoubled 
their  efforts  at  smuggling.  In  most  ca^cs  thoy  were 
successful,  not  much  to  the  displeasure  of  any  one  ni 
California,  and  without  leaving  any  trace  of  their 
movements  in  the  records;  but  occasionally  by  their 
insolent  disregard  of  appearances  even,  they  came  into 
conflict  with  Echeandia.  Two  such  instances  in  par- 
ticular are  recorded,  that  of  the  Franklin  and  that  of 

''  Sept.  30,  lS-28,  gov.'sordcr  in  Dept.  lice,  MS.,  vi.  103-3;  Dept.  St.  Pap., 
S.  Joxi',  -MS.,  iv.  7--3.  Nov.  20th,  gov.  permits  foreign  vessel.-;,  nftcr  dis- 
chiirgiiig  their  inward  cai-goes,  to  carry  hunbcr  from  Monterey  to  Sta  Dai'j.Tr.i. 
JJejjt.  Ji'ic,  MS.,  vi.  14,>.  Nov.  ."lOtli,  E.  to  min.  of  war,  asking  tliatS.  Die-o 
1)0  opened  formally  and  fully  to  foreign  commerce.  /(/.,  vi.  52;  JJept.  SI.  Pap., 
MS.,  iii.  208. 

^•^  March  29,  1828,  com.  gen.  sends  decree  of  congress  reducing  the  duty  (> 
8%  (on  the  goods  for  which  bonds  had  been  given?)  if  paid  within  1.5  (by -t 
nJicr  publication  of  this  order.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  lien.  Com.  and  Trenn.,  MS.,  i. 
!)").  Ikit  in  August  Echeandia  says  the  tax  is  10%.  Dept.  ller,,  MS.,  vi.  Mi. 
Feb.  1st,  woollen  nnd  silk  of  Mexican  manufacture  free  of  duties.  Dept.  Si. 
Pap.,  Motit.,  MS.,  i.  20.  (ioods  still  received  as  duties.  Vatlcjo,  Doc,  MS., 
xvii.  0,  et  passim,  (consignees  must  declare  tonnage  of  ves.sels  on  presenting 
manifest  of  cargo.  Dept.  St.  Pap  ,  />•».  Com.  nud  Trean  ,  MS.,  i.  93.  Juiu- 
20th,  revenue  from  maritime  duties  lielongs  to  the  nation;  taxes  on  retiiil 
trade  to  the  municipality.  Dept.  lire,  AIS.,  vi.  .'iS.  Sept.  30th,  tonn!ii;v 
?.M2.i  per  ^on.  Id.,  vi.  103.  Avcria  duties  from  Ju!y  1828  to  Juno  ISJ'l, 
J2.10.  Mv.iico,  Mem.  Hacienda,  1829,  tloc.  29.  Duties  wiro  computed  by 
^lartinez  nt  S.  Francisco,  by  taking  three  fifths  of  the  value,  and  the  tonna^o 
was  reckoned  at  .S2. 12 J  per  ton,  less  two  fifths,  a  <led;iction  for  which  he  was 
blamed  by  the  governor.   Valltjo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  157,  1C2. 

'*Sp(iice's  hid.  Notes,  MS.,  13. 


THE  SMUGGLEllS. 


133 


rmtcrcy  or 
take  away 
,  rcturninjjf 
wcver,  that 
•orrespond- 
icc  was  the 
'  cent,  pre- 
!27.»'  Tlic 
small  scale 
he  govcrn- 
cfly;  those 
n  to  tallow, 
preferenco 

restrictions 

jt  well  help 

r  redoubled 

s  thoy  were 

any  one  ni 

ice  of  their 

Uy  by  their 

ycanie  into 

jces  in  par- 

aud  that  of 

Dcpt.  St.  Pap., 
[csseio,  after  ilis- 
^toStaBiiiKiia. 
iiif^thatS.  Dic^o 
IjJcpt.Sl.Pap., 


(lie  Ivirlmolo.  Captain  John  Bradsliaw  of  the  former 
liad  been  granted  all  possible  })rivileges,  his  supercargo, 
liufus  Perkins,  being  permitted  to  travel  by  land 
I'loin  mission  to  mission;*'  but  finally  in  July,  at  San 
IJiego,  he  was  ordered  to  deposit  his  cargo  in  the 
warrliouso  as  security  for  duties,  and  pending  the  in- 
^  cstiufation  of  charges.  He  was  accused  of  notorious 
siimggling  on  the  Lower  Californian  coast;*'  of  having 
illegally  transferred  the  cargo  of  another  vessel  to  his 
own;  of  having  touched  at  Santa  Catalina  in  defiance 
of  special  orders;  of  having  refused  to  show  his  in- 
voices or  make  a  declaration;  and  of  insolence  to  the 
governor.  Bradshaw  and  Perkins,  being  on  shore, 
promised  obedience  to  the  order;  but  asketl  permission 
to  go  on  board  to  make  the  necessary  pre[)arations, 
and  when  there  refused  to  leave  the  vessel,  laughed 
in  the  face  of  the  Californlans  sent  to  convey  and 
enforce — so  far  as  possible  by  threats — Echeandia's 
"^  order,  and  on  July  11th  clianged  anchorage  to  a  point 
near  tlio  entrance  of  the  harbor.  The  governor  circu- 
lat(.d  a  warning  to  the  padres  and  others  to  deliver  no 
goods  to  the  Franhlin  should  she  escape,"  as  seemed 
likely  to  happen,  though  Bradshaw  still  pronjised  sub- 
mission to  legal  proceedings.  Meanwhile  Echeandfa 
iiivpared  to  put  a  guard  on  the  vessel,  and  apidied  to 
Dnhant-Cilly  for  a  boat.  The  French  captain  could 
not  refuse,  but  warned  Bradshaw  and  interposed  lie- 
lavs.  On  the  morning  of  the  10th  the  Franklin  cut 
licr  cable  and  ran  out  of  the  port,  the  officers  and 
(rcw  shouting  their  derision  of  the  Mexican  flag  as 
lliey  passed  the  fort.  Forty  cannon-balls  were  sent 
iifter  the  flying  craft,  with  no  a[)parent  effect;    but 

«''May  7,  1S2S.  Dept.  Pec,  MS.,  vi.  200. 

*'  .\  warning  liad  conio  from  Loreto  iu  -May.  Dfpf,  lice,  ^IS.,  vi.  '20.'>  Du- 
liaiit-Cilly,  Viajijio,  ii.  10t-'J0l»,  who  was  at  S.  Dicjo  ut  tliij  time,  ilono'iiicoa 
line  Will  Simpson,  a  man  whom  lirailsliaw  had  Ijcfrionddl,  for  liaving  trcaciior- 
tiiisly  txposeil  the  Yankee  captaiu'.s  eriincs.  He  nays  there  waa  .some  trouble 
iili  Hit  a  deposit  of  cargo  to  secure  duties,  but  that  it  would  have  been  amiea- 
I'y  arrangc.l  but  for  (Simpson's  act. 

'-.lidy  12,  1828,  gov.  to  comandantes,  alcaldes,  and  padres.  The  FnriiJ;- 
I'll  i  ■  to  1)G  detained,  if  possible,  should  she  dure  to  cuter  auy  port.  Dvpl.  St. 
I'lp;  -M^.,  ii.  00-00. 


134 


JIARITIME  AND  COMMERCIAL  AFF.\IRS. 


icitif  'B' 


Duliaut-Cilly  mot  her  a  little  later  at  tlio  Islands,  and 
learned  that  two  balls  had  entered  the  hull,  two  had 
(lamaijed  the  ritj'jrin'j^,  and  that  Bradshaw  had  been 
wounded/' 

The  affair  of  the  Hawaiian  brij^  Knrimol'o  occurred 
also  at  San  Diei^o  late  in  the  autumn.  John  Law- 
It  )r,  or  Lawless,  as  it  is  often  written,  was  master 
of  the  vessel.  He  it  M'as  who,  after  having  employed 
Domingo  Carrillo  to  teach  him  Spanish,  presented 
himself  to  Echeandia  to  ask  for  a  passport  in  the 
following  terms:  "Buenos  dias,  Scfior  General;  mi 
quiero  to  vo}'  to  the  missions  y  comprar  cueros  y 
grease  con  goods ;  please  mi  dar  permission.  Si  quieres, 
quicres ;  y  si  no,  dejalo.      Adios,  Scuor  General."** 

"June  14th,  IStli,  July  9th,  11th,  12th,  1.1th,  1 1th,  10th,  23(1,  gov.'s  com- 
inunications  on  the  subject.  Drpf.  lice,  MS. ,  vi.  2S,  :)2,  "){»,  01 ,  C:i-8,  72-;j.  JJn- 
hmtl-CiUji,  VicKjgio.,  ii.  l[)t-200.  Fui'tlicr  records  dateil  in  Dccinnbcrreaipcctiii,!,' 
t!ie  credits,  etc.,  left  behind  by  Bradshaw.  Dcijt.  Jlcc,  MS.,  vi.  T)!^,  !.")()- 1.  1(12. 
I:i  1841  a  claim  for  damages  wa3  pending  before  the  mixed  commission  in^Va::ll■ 
iiigton.  Vallrjo,  Doc,  MS.,  x.  131.  On  this  a.ffuirof  the  Fran /,li  a,  as  iu  ncvcr.-d 
other  matters,  the  testimony  of  J.imesO.  Piittic,  wlio  was  at  8.  Diego  iit  the  tiniv, 
has  to  be  noticed  scpar-ately,  since  his  statements  are  of  sucli  a  peculiar  <:liar- 
acter  that  they  can  neither  bo  omitted  nor  used  with  otiier  evidence  iu  IjuiM- 
iiig  up  my  narrative.  (Sec  next  chapter  for  notice  of  Puttie's  book. )  Bradshaw 
luul  Perkins  were  at  vS.  Diego  in  March  and  April,  ami  tried  to  aid  P.-ittio, 
purtly  as  a  countryman,  and  partly  in  the  hope  to  get  some  furs  which  t'lo 
trappers  had  left  on  the  Colorado.  Bradshaw  cmploj'od  Pattie  as  a  translator, 
securing  his  occasional  release  for  that  purpose.  In  April  or  May  ho  made  a 
trip  in  his  vessel  to  Monterey.  June  27th,  his  vessel  was  .seizi'd  for  siun^- 
j.rling.  In  the  following  examination  of  otlicers  and  crew  Pattie  served  !i;i  in- 
terpreter ('Dice  el  Americano  James  Ohio  Pettis,  (jue  sirvio  do  interpret'! 
li  dicho  capitan,  dice  quo  supo  teni.i.  cste  el  jiropusito  do  largarsc  furtivamcMt : 
y  dc  hacer  fuego  sobro  la  guarnicion  si  impedia  su  .salida.'  J)rjif.  Hic..  MS., 
vi.  73),  and  was  requested  by  Capt.  B.  'to  make  the  testimonies  of  his  civw 
us  nearly  correspond  and  substantiate  each  other  as  possible;  for  .some  of  t!ie;ii 
were  angry  with  him,  and  would  Etrivc  to  give  testimony  calculated  to  eon- 
ilemn  him.  I  assured  him  I  would  do  anything  to  servo  him  that  I  could  in 
honor'!  Tlio  taking  of  depositions  was  completed  .Inly  2Sth  (Bi.adshaw.had 
really  sailed  on  July  lOtli).  Capt.  B.  told  Pattie  of  his  intention  to  run  out 
if  the  vessel  were  condemned,  and  olFi'red  him  a  p:issagc  on  tbo  Fraul-Hii.  la 
September  Bradshaw  was  ordered  to  land  his  cargo,  but  refused.  Pattio  was 
again  employed  as  interpreter;  and  warned  the  captain  and  superc;ir;ro  nii 
8  'pt.  1 1th  of  a  plan  ho  had  overlioard  to  arrest  them,  tluis  enabling  tliem  to 
c  .cape  on  board.  A  few  days  later  he  slip[ied  anchor  and  ran  out  of  the  pnrt 
under  a  heavy  shower  of  cannon-balls  from  the  fort.  'When  ho  catnc  <ip]iii- 
Bite  it  ho  hove  to  and  gave  thorn  a  liroad.iidc  in  return,  wliioh  fri',dite'ied  ill" 
p:ior  engineers  away  from  their  guns.  Ilia  escape  wai  ma<lo  without  fiullerin,' 
any  serious  injury.  Their  (three?)  shots  en  tend  the  lu'U  of  the  vc^.^el,  and  t'lu 
sails  were  considerably  cut  up  by  tlio  grape.'  Paf>ii-'n  Xurr.,  17!>,  IS.j,  IbD- 
201. 

<'  Vrdfejo,  nut.  fftl.,  .MS.,  ii.  00-1.  It  is  s.'-id  to  have  been  Lawloi'.t 
practice  to  hide  about  seven  eighths  of  his  cargo  at  some  out-of-the-way  spot  o.i 


LAWLOR'S  ADVENTUUES. 


133 


On  this  occasion  he  liad  anchored  at  San  Pe(h\)  and 
(k'parted  without  paying  $1,000  of  duties.  He  had, 
ill  spite  of  repeated  warnings,  touched  at  Santa  Cata- 
liua  Island,  and  had  even  deposited  goods  there, 
h-'sides  breeding  animals,  the  exportation  of  which  was 
miitra  haiido.  The  sails  of  the  Kurimoko  were  seized, 
and  then  Lawlor  was  ordered  to  go  with  part  of  his 
flow  to  bring  over  the  island  goods  and  live-stock, 
which  were  to  secure  the  payment  of  the  duties  in 
arrears.  He  made  all  manner  of  excuses  and  pleas, 
iiu'luding  the  suggestion  that  he  could  not  make  the 
trip  without  sails,  and  that  his  men  on  the  island 
would  starve  if  not  relieved  soon.  The  Mar'ut  Ester 
was  emploj'ed  to  carry  Santiago  Arguello  as  investi- 
gating officer  to  Santa  Catalina,  and  perhaps  to  bring 
over  (he  effects;  at  any  rate,  Lawlor  got  a  document 
ill  J)ecembcr  certifying  that  all  his  duties  had  been 
paid;  but  in  January  of  the  next  year  he  was  again 
warned  to  quit  the  island  of  Santa  Catalina  within 
twenty-four  hours.*^ 


There  were  twenty-three  vessels  on  the  Californian 
coast  in  1829,  besides  f(»ur  doubtful  English  craft  in 
Spunee's  list,  eleven  belonging  to  the  ileet  of  1828, 
(iiily  six  appoari.ig  for  the  first  time  in  these  waters, 
and  one  beinir  built  in  California.*''   Records  of  revenue 


tlio  (?nast  or  islands,  and  come  to  port  with  one  cightli  to  get  permission  to 
triiili'. 

'U)et.  28,  Nov.  5,  1828,  gov.  to  Arglipl'"  De,,t.  nee,  MS.,  vi.  l-_'l-2,  I'Jt. 
Ndv.  (illi.  Id.  to  Virinoud,  to  charter  .lie  Mnria  LMcr.  I<1.,  12'J,  Dec.  1st, 
M.  to  Liiwlor.  Id.,  147.  Dec.  l.'Jth  (3d?),  Id.  to  Id.,  ordering  liiiu  to  i^y 
ilutics  iind  break  up  the  island  cstal)lishment.  Id.,  xix.  l.")7.  I)oo.  oth,  Id. 
to  111. .  arguing  the  case,  with  substance  of  Lawlor's  coinmunicatioii.  It  seems 
th.it  Lawlor  pretended  not  to  have  been  captain  at  the  time  of  the  S.  I'edro 
tr;.iisai:tion.  7,/.,  vi.  14'J.  Dec.  9th,  receipt  in  full  for  duties.  /</.,  ir)4.  Jan. 
hih.  l.Si'O,  gov.  warns  Lawlor  to  quit  the  coast.  /</.,  vit.  r»4. 

*'Sce  list  at  cn<l  of  this  chapter.  The  vessels  of  1829  were  the  Alvlm  (m, 
-I/," /•;>•((«(?),  /!;((/('.■),  Ann  {'!),  liakd,  Jirnokliin',  JUiniiHi;  FraiikHi),  Fnnch-d, 
I  ili'di  {':),  JamvH  (.'('h'jnaii  (':),  Juveii.  Amjusthoi,  Kiahhia,  Mdrin  L'-itir,  ok- 
li  ■/'!:.  I'liDiif,  J'omliri,Sl(i  Jiurb(trn,Sn.iiina{h,  T^imauhmuah,  T/ioukii  Xdw- 
I'lii,  J'riili  til,  Voluiitccr,  I'td/iitr,  Warren,  ]Va-i!tiii;/toii,  ]\'(iv<rti,  Wihiiimj/oii  ; 


a  Hawaiian  schooner  not  named,  Wni  Aralou  masiter,  at  S.    Vvtlv.) 


HI 


Si';.tciiil)or.     According  to  tiic  Jloirdidn  Frleid.  ii.  49-.")!),  4  vca.uds  had  ar- 
ii\cd  fiuni  Cal.  ill  lyj;,  o  in  1828,  but  nouo  in  1821);  2  iu  1830. 


186 


MARITIME  AND  COMMERCIxVL  AFFAIRS. 


receipts  are  still  more  mca;^re  than  for  preceding 
years/^  There  was  little  or  no  change  in  commercial 
reofulations;  but  the  governor  showed  a  disposition  to 
enforce  the  orders  of  1828  making  Monterey  and — 
provisionally — San  Diego  the  only  ports  free  to  for- 
eign vessels;  and  allowing  such  vessels  to  trade  at  the 
other  ports  only  by  special  license  and  under  strict 
precautions;  that  is,  in  a  few  instances  a  trader  might 
carry  goods  duly  examined  and  listed  at  Monterey  or 
San  Diego  to  other  ports  for  sale  by  paying  the  ex- 
pense of  a  guard  to  remain  on  board  and  watch  each 
transaction.*^  Something  very  like  a  custom-houso 
was  therefore  maintained  at  ]\Ionterey  and  San  Diego, 
each  under  a  comisario  subalterno,  Osio  and  later 
Jimeno  Casarin  at  the  capital,  and  Juan  Bandini  in 
the  south,*^  A  treaty  between  Mexico  and  England, 
by  which  English  and  Mexican  vessels  wore  put  upon 
terms  of  equality  in  respect  of  duties,  was  forwarded 
from  San  Bias  in  July;  but  I  find  no  evidence  that 
the  document  had  any  effect  in  California/" 


i:i 


M 


^'Custom-houso  reconis  seem  to  make  tlio  total  receipts  at  S.  Dici^o 
$117, '207  lor  tho  year.  Dciit.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Cud. -I I.,  M.S.,  i.  pa.sdim.  lot.il 
revenue  at  S.  Francisco  to  May  31st,  81,177;  at  San  Diego,  .?2,000.  In  De- 
cember for  S.  F.,  $1,'2«4;  for  S.  Diego  in  August,  .«!S20.  Dept.  St.  Pup.,  Bni. 
Mil.,  Ixix.  27-0.  Oalc  states  in  a  letter  to  Cooper,  of  May  lOtli,  that  the 
duties  on  tho  Brookline's  cargo  were  §31 ,000,  of  which  .^20,000  have  been  paid. 
Vailejo,  Doc,  xxix.  3.>4. 

^•'Oov.'s  instructions  of  various  dates.  Dept.  Roc,  !MS.,  A-ii.  14,  81,  lOO-I, 
11 G;  Dept.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  ii.  !)4-.'>.  July  29tli,  niin.  of  hacienda  on  tlic  details 
of  clearing  national  vessels  for  tho  coasting  trade.  Vallfjo,  Doc.  Hist.  Cat., 
MS.,  i.  ISO. 

*'^St.  P((p.,  Sar.,  M.S.,  xix.  40-7.  Blither  strangely,  Gen.  Vailejo,  not  only 
in  his  /list.  <Jal.,  but  tas early  a;i  1837,  Ejcponicioii,  MS.,  .")-();  Doc.  Hint.  ('<d., 
M.S.,  iv.  2!)!),  represents  the  regular  custoni-liouae  as  having  l)ecn  establi.shed 
at  .S.  Diego,  and  not  at  Monterey;  but  there  is  abundant  evidence  to  the  c.on- 
trary  in  contemporary  documents.  April  4,  182!),  sup.  govt  nlU)W3  state 
autliovities  to  appoint  customs  visitadorcs  at  $4.riO  per  day  on  federal  account. 
Airilkiua,  Itcrop.,  J820,  50-7.  July  29th,  Mex.  custom-house  regulation-^. 
/(/.,  1833,  ."j02-0.  Sept.  2!)th,  regulations  on  ships'  manifests,  etc.  Iil.,  182I", 
2-1.')-!).  Sept.  30th,  decree  ordering  tho  establishment  of  a  maritime  custom- 
liouse  in  .\lta  California,  under  a  visitador,  subject  to  tho  com.  gen.  de  Oeei- 
dentc.  Tho  president  has  appointed  Rafael  Gonzalez  administrator;  Jimeno 
Cas);>nn  as  contador;  Francisco  Paclieco,  comandantc  of  tho  guard;  and  M.in- 
rieio<ionzalez,  guarda,  at  salaries  of  .?1_,000,  .«!800,  and  .S4oO.  /(/.,  1S2!I,  24',t- 
51;  Doblau  aud  Lozano,  Lnj.  Mvx.,  ii.  \~o-Q;  Mexico,  Mem.  Ifw:,  1831,  annex 
0,  p.  48. 

'"'July  17,  1820,  Josr''  Maria  Lista,  S.  Bias,  to  captain  of  the  port  of  Mon- 
terey. DqA.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  ii.  04. 


J 


m 


GALE  AND  ROBINSON. 


3kl(>st  notable  among  the  vessels  of  the  year  was 
the  Brooldine,  the  successor  of  the  Sachem,  brought 
out  by  Wni  A.  Gale  for  Bryant,  Sturgis,  &  Co.,  of 
Boston,  and  bringing  probably  the  largest  and  best- 
assorted  cargo  of  miscellaneous  goods  that  had  ever 
hocn  offered  to  the  Californians.     Sailing  from  Boston 
ill  July  1828,  she  arrived  at  Monterey  in  February 
1829.     Alfred  Robinson,  who  published  a  narrative  of 
Ills  voyage  and  life  in  California,  in  1885  a  resident  of 
San  Francisco,  and  probably  the  oldest  American  pio- 
neer of  Canfornia  at  this  date  living,  came  in  the  Brook- 
line  as  supercargo's  clerk.    Gale  was  disappointed  at  the 
restrictions  that  had  been  imposed  on  foreign  com- 
iiiLrcc  since  he  left  the  coast,  and  which  bade  fair  to 
interfere  with  the  success  of  his  trip;  but  his  wares, 
and  liis  prospective  duties  of  $30,000,  were  a  tempting 
bait;  and  without  much  difficulty  he  concluded  an 
arrangement  with  Echeandia,  by  which  he  acquired 
})ractically  all  the  privileges  of  old,  was  allowed  to 
visit  all  the  ports,  and  to  pay  his  duties  in  goods."^ 
Josu  Estudillo  was  put  on  board  with  two  or  three 
soldiers,  at  Gale's  expense,  to  watch  proceedings,  and 
prev(3nt  irregularities  at  Santa  Bilrbara,  San  Pedro, 
and  San  Fr;^ncisco.     It  would  perhaps  be  uncharita- 
l)le  to  suggest,  in  the  absence  of  proof,  that  tliese 
employees  may  have  served  Gale  more  faithfully  than 
they  did  the  revenue  officers.°'^     Gale  was  not  satis- 
liod  witli  the  manner  in  which  he  was  treated,  form- 
ing an  unfavorable  opinion  of  Echeandia's  abilities  and 
honesty,  and  suspecting  favoritism  toward  his  business 

■'''  Iiril/lnnoH''<  statement,  MS.,  2-0.  in  which  the  writer  gives  many  intcrcst- 
iiii^  itiiiisahout  the  methods  of  trailo  in  those  days.  l'iibiiimii\'i  l.i/c  in  Cali- 
loruid,  7-14,  where  the  author  speaks  of  the  ail'air  of  the  FrniiUia  na  havini^ 
couipiicated  matters  by  exasperating  the  authorities.  Mention  of  arrival  and 
iiiovt'iiii'nts  (if  the  lirookUne,  permission  to  trade,  etc.,  in  Deyt.  liec,  M.S.,  vii. 
loit,  11(1,  l.vS,  ini;  Vullejo,  i>oe.,MS.,i.  170;  xxix.  31G;  Dept.iit.  l'ap.,Ben. 
Pnf.jl.lirji.,  ]MS.,  i.  22;   Waver/;/,  Voy.,  MS. 

''"AinirjS,  1829,  EchcandiVa  instructions  to  Estudillo  and  the  guard.  All 
tnidiiii,' was  to  bo  done  on  board.  Ediidillo,  Doe.,  MS.,  i.  240;  7>/'^  /.Vc., 
Mi.  I.'!S-!).  July  \'.M\\,  E.  to  com.  of  Monterey,  on  the  privileges  granted  to 
(liilciind  the  precautions  taken.  Dept.  ,St.  I'op.,  MS.,  ii.  'J.j-O.  Sept.  12th, 
(i  il  •  allinvc'd  to  cut  wood.  Va/hjo,  Due.,  MS.,  xxix.  412.  Mar,  2Sth,  Gale 
Uiiuuiiutes  tlic  plan  to  Cooper.  /(/. ,  330. 


1S8 


MARITIME  AND  COMMERCIAL  AFFAIRS. 


It)  I 


rival,  HartncU;  yet  lie  seems  to  have  done  this  year 
and  the  next  a  larger  business  than  any  other  trader."^' 
An  interesting  circumstance  connected  with  the 
Bt'ooklhies  visit  was  tlio  raising  of  an  American  flau' 
at  San  Diego,  noticed  in  the  newspapers  on  the  au- 
thority of  Captain  James  P.  Arther. "  He  had  visited 
California  before  in  the  Ilarhinger,  was  mate  of  the 
Brooldine,  and,  like  George  W.  Greene,  one  of  his 
companions,  was  stiii  living  in  Massachusetts  in  1872. 
"Arthur  and  his  little  party  were  sent  ashore  at  San 
Diego  to  cure  hides.  They  had  a  barn-like  structure 
of  wood,  provided  by  tlie  shij)'s  carpenter,  which  an- 
swered the  purposes  of  storehouse,  curing-shop,  and 
residence.  The  life  was  lonesome  enough.  Upon 
the  wide  expanse  of  the  Pacific  they  occasionally  dis- 
cerned a  distant  ship.  Sometimes  a  vessel  sailed 
near  the  lower  offing.  It  was  thus  that  the  idea  of 
preparing  and  raising  a  flag,  for  the  purp<3se  of  at- 
tracting attention,  occurred  to  them.  The  flag  was 
manufactured  from  some  shirts,  and  Captain  Arthui- 
writes,  with  the  just  accuracy  of  a  historian,  that  Mi- 
Greene's  calico  shirt  furnished  the  blue,  while  he  fur- 
nished the  red  and  white.     *It  was  completed  and 

"■'Gale's  letters,  chiefly  to  Cooper,  in  VuUijo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxix.  .3'25,  .3;]1, 
Xiti,  3o3,  354,  .383,  400,  41-2,  434.  444.  Feb.  -lid,  will  begin  to  kill  buUo.ks 
to-morrow.  Wishes  Cooper  to  sec  Holmes  ami  learn  the  particulars  of  the 
/'mHW(;(  affair.  March  13th,  comisario  entrapped  him  into  jjaying  §800  tmi- 
niigc.  The  go\'eruor"8  license  to  trade  is  'opening  the  door  just  enough  to 
civtch  my  fingers  and  jamb  them.'  March  28th,  wishes  his  intention  to 
rcmjiin  trading  on  the  coast  to  be  made  public.  May  8th,  speaks  of  Ilartneiri 
protested  bills.  May  10th,  ia  doing  a  good  business.  The  whalers  by  smu;:- 
gling  injure  legitimate  trade.  S.  iJiego  is  the  'centre  of  hell  for  strangers;' 
suspects  underhand  work  in  his  duties.  Will  bring  no  more  American  cottoiin 
to  Cal.  Is  not  allowed  to  toucli  at  Sta  Catalina,  and  is  drinking  Monterey 
water.  Complains  of  Echeandia.  July  10th,  hopes  Cooper  will  not  lose  \m 
head  in  the  revolution.  Sept.  12th,  trade  dull.  Oct.  Gth,  will  despatch  the 
Jlrooki'me  sooner  than  he  anticipated.  Will  pay  §25  for  largo  otter  skins. 
Oct.  .'Mst,  can  undersell  Hartnell,  even  if  he  can  pay  duties  in  his  own  way. 
The  /'/•«/(/.•//■«  business  will  do  harm.  Speaks  of  H.'s  protested  bills.  IXics 
not  believe  11.  honor.able  enough  to  pay,  or  that  justice  can  be  got  under  tlio 
present  imbecile  government.  His  .suspicions  of  underhand  work  in  appraise- 
ment are  confirmed.  Has  raised  tho  anchor  left  by  the  Franklin,  but  had  to 
give  it  up  to  prevent  trouble.     Hopes  a  new  gov.  will  come  soon. 

*'  Capt.  Arther  in  a  note  dated  Souili  liraintrce,  Mass.,  Sept.  24,  1872,  iu 
which  he  regrets  his  inability  to  write  his  recollections  of  tho  affair,  encloses 
a  clipping  from  tho  lioslon  Advertiser  of  Jan.  8th.  See  also  mention  iu  H.  F. 
Call,  July  8,  1877. 


LANG  THE  SMUGGLER. 


139 


I  this  j'-oar 
or  trader.'^' 
.  with  the 
erican  flag 
)n  the  au- 
had  visited 
late  of  the 
one  of  his 
ts  in  1872. 
ore  at  San 
G  structure 
which  an- 
^-shop,  and 
^li.      Upon 
lionally  dis- 
.'ssel   sailed 
tlio  idea  of 
■pose  of  at- 


I,  xxix.  323,  331, 
to  kill  buUoiks 
rticulars  of  the 
paying  §800  teui- 

just  enough  to 
[lis  intention  to 
[vksof  IlartneU's 
halcrs  by  smu;,'- 

for  strangers;' 

inerican  cottons 
[iking  Montcrt'y 
Ivill  not  lose  his 

ill  despatch  the 
Irgc  otter  skin.-;. 
lU  his  own  way. 

,ctl  l)ill3.     Dots 
pot  under  tlio 

ovk  in  appraisi  ■ 

:lin,  but  liad  t) 

lon. 

ipt.  24,  1872,  ill 
affair,  encloses 

icntiou  iu  6'.  F, 


'  -  V 


laised  on  a  Sunday,  on  the  occasion  of  the  arrival  of 
the  schooner  Washington,  Captain  Thompson,  of  the 
Sandwich  Islands,  but  sailing  under  the  American 
Hag.'  So  writes  honest  Captain  Arthur.  He  further 
states  that  the  same  flag  was  afterwards  frequently 
raised  at  Santa  Btlrbara,  whenever  in  f\ict  there  was 
a  vessel  coming  into  port.  These  men  raised  our 
national  ensign,  not  in  bravado,  nor  for  war  and  con- 
( I  nest,  but  as  honest  men,  to  show  that  they  were 
American  citizens  and  wanted  company.  And  while 
the  act  cannot  be  regarded  as  in  the  light  of  a  claim 
to  sovereignty,  it  is  still  interesting  as  a  fact,  and  as 
an  unconscious  indication  of  manifest  destiny."" 

Cliarles  Lang,  an  American,  with  two  sailors  and 
two  kanakas,  was  found  in  a  boat  near  Todos  Santos 
and  arrested.  He  said  he  had  come  from  the  Sand- 
wich Islands  in  the  Alabama,  with  the  intention  of 
si'ttling  somewhere  in  California.  The  captives  were 
hi(Ui'Tht  to  San  Diego;  and  as  Lanur's  effects,  includ- 
ing  a  barrel-organ  and  two  trunks  of  dry  goods, 
seemed  better  adapted  to  smuggling  than  to  coloniza- 
tion, they  were  confiscated,^"  and  sold  in  June.  The 
case  went  to  Mexico,  and  afterward  to  the  district 
judge  at  Guaymas,  with  results  that  are  not  apparent. 

Among  the  vessels  named  as  making  up  the  fleet 
of  1829,  there  was  one  built  at  Santa  Bdrbara,  and 
named  the  Santa  Barbara.     This  was  a  schooner  of 

'•'■'  JioMon  Adrertlser,  It  is  well  enough  to  regard  this  as  the  first  raising 
of  tlic  stars  and  stripes,  in  the  absence  cif  delinitc  evidence  to  the  contrary; 
tlmugli  such  an  event  is  by  no  means  unlikely  to  have  occuiTcd  before. 

^Tel).  182D,  investigation  by  Lieut.  lUirra  at  Echeandia'.s  order.  Depf. 
Sf.  P(,p.,  llpii.  Mil.,  M.S.,  Ixix.  10-13,  2J;  liii.  90.  Tlic  niin.  of  war  sent 
till'  ease  back  on  June  13th  to  be  referred  to  the  Guaymas  judge.  June  1st, 
r>aniUiii  ordered  to  sell  the  goods.  Gov.  says:  'After  deducting  the  duties 
mill  10  /'  due  mc  as  judge,  you  will  allow  me  one  half  as  dcxnilmihir  and 
j'r:)ni'iviilor,  and  one  half  of  the  rest  as  npri heitsor;  the  remainder  j'ou  will 
t.iko  f(ir  having  assisted  at  the  taking'!  Drpf.  lire,  M.S.,  vii.  100.  L;ing 
(.'■inis  to  have  gone  to  Mazatlan  on  the  Wfuthiiiiitoii.  Vallijo,  Doc,  M.S.,  xxix. 
'X'd.  Lang  was  at  S.  Diego  secretly  on  Dee.  24,  1S28,  where  he  met  I'attio 
tliu  trapper,  and  told  him  of  his  snmggling  and  otter-hunting  purposes.  He 
K:iid  ho  had  a  V)oat  down  the  coast,  and  his  brig  had  gone  to  tlio  Galipago.s 
t'i>r  tortoiae-shell.  Pattie  concluded  to  join  Lung,  but  on  going  down  to 
T"(lns  Santos  a  few  days  later,  found  that  he  had  been  arrested  Puttie's  2s\trr., 
208-10. 


il 


I  !      ■ 


140 


MARITIME  AND  COMMERCIAL  AFFAIRS. 


thirty-three  tons,  built  for  Cdrlos  Carrillo  and  Will- 
iam G.  Dana  for  the  coasting  trade  and  for  otter- 
catching.  After  certain  delays  and  formalities,  Eche- 
andi'a  granted  the  desired  license  for  trade  in  August. 
Jose  Carrillo  was  to  be  the  captain,  and  the  crew 
six  men,  more  than  half  of  whom  must  be  Mexicans. 
Little  is  known  respecting  the  career  of  this  early — 
probably  earliest — product  of  Californian  sliip-yards 


07 


Herd  may  introduce  the  romantic  episode  of  Henry 
Fitch's  marriage  to  a  'daughter  of  California,'  a  lady 
still  living  in  ]  880.  The  young  American  sailor  had 
first  arrived  in  182G,  and  had  soon  surrendered  to 
the  charms  of  Doila  Josefa,  daughter  of  Joaquin 
Carrillo  of  San  Diego,  who  in  turn  was  won,  as  she 
states  in  a  narrative  written  fifty  years  later,"  by  the 
handsome  person  and  dashing  manners  of  the  captain. 
In  1827  he  gave  her  a  written  promise  of  marriage. 
There  were  legal  impediments  on  account  of  tlie  fact 
that  Fitch  was  a  foreigner;  but  the  young  lady's  par- 
ents approved  the  match,  and  a  Dominican  friar  con- 
sented to  perform  the  ceremony.  It  was  hoped  there 
would  be  no  interference  by  either  civil  or  ecclesias- 
tical authorities,  yet  a  degree  of  secrecy  was  observed. 

5'  May  8,  1820,  Echeandia  orders  the  construction  stopped  until  a  proper 
permit  is  obtained.  JJejif.  Jtec,  3IS.,  vii.  100.  May  20tli,  f,'ivc3  the  permit, 
llegister  must  bo  obtained  through  tlie  com.  of  Stu  IJdrbara.  Id.,  vii.  KiO. 
Aug.  r2th,  grants  license  for  trading  for  one  year.  JiL,  vii.  215-10.  May 
13th,  E.  had  written  to  Mex.  on  the  subject.  Id.,  vii.  10.  Micliael  White, 
Californki,  MS.,  p.  14-15,  says  that  he  built  the  scliooncr,  with  the  aid  of 
his  cousin  Henry  Paine,  for  Capt.  Guerra  in  18.30,  out  of  materials  saved  from 
the  wreok  of  the  Danube;  and  that  Thomas  Robbins  commanded  her.  After 
finishing  this  vessel,  they  built  another  of  90  tons  for  S.  Gabriel,  named  tlic 
Giiadaliijie.  A  note  in  HohhiiiH'  Diary,  MS.,  mentions  the  building  of  the 
Santa  Bdrhara  in  1830,  for  Carrillo  and  Dana  at  La  Goleta,  or  Hill's  Ranclio. 
The  Danube  appears  not  to  have  been  wrecked  until  the  spring  of  183t),  but 
tiiis  is  not  quite  certain.  In  Carrillo  [J.),  Doc,  MS.,  25,  27,  32,  it  is  sUtcd 
that  '  Jos6  el  Americano '  (Chapman)  was  at  work  on  a  schooner  for  P. 
Sanchez  of  S.  Gabriel  in  Sept.  IS.'IO;  and  that  Guerra  resolved  to  build* 
another  from  the  wreck  of  the  Danube,  but  gave  up  the  idea  at  the  end  of 
the  year. 

^'Fi/ch,  Xarraclon  de  InSra  viiida  del  Cajnfan Enrique D.  Fitch,  MS.,  dic- 
tated in  1875  by  the  lady  at  Heah'sburg  for  my  use.  Some  oriyinal  papi'is 
relating  to  the  marriage  are  annexed,  including  an  authenticated'copy  of  the 
marriage  certiticatc. 


THE  FITCH  ROMANCE. 


141 


As  an  essential  preliminary,  Padre  Menondez  baptized 
the  American,  April  14,  1829,  at  the  presidial  chapel 
of  San  Diego/'  The  friar  promised  to  marry  the 
conplo  the  next  day;  preparations  were  made,  and  a 
few  friends  assembled  late  in  the  evening  at  the  house 
of  tlie  Carrillos/'  At  the  last  moment,  however, 
Domingo  Carrillo,  uncle  of  the  bride,  refused  to  servo 
as  witness;  the  friar's  courage  failed  him,  and  the 
ceremony  could  not  proceed."*  Neither  the  argu- 
inoiits  and  angry  ravings  of  the  Yankee  novio  nor  the 
tears  and  entreaties  of  the  novia  could  overcome  the 
padre's  fears  and  scruples;  but  he  reminded  Fitch  that 
tlieie  were  other  countries  where  the  laws  were  less 
stringent,  and  even  offered  to  go  in  person  and  marry 
liini  anywhere  beyond  the  limits  of  California.  "Why 
don't  you  carry  me  off,  Don  Enrique?"  naively  sug- 
gested Dona  Josefa.  Captain  Barry  approved  the 
sclienic,  and  so  did  Pio  Pico,  cousin  of  the  lady. 
The  parents  were  not  consulted.  Fitch,  though  some- 
what cautious  on  account  of  his  business  relations  and 
])iospects  on  the  coast,  was  not  a  man  to  require  urg- 
ing. Next  night  Pio  Pico,  mounted  on  his  best  steed, 
took  his  cousin  Josefa  up  on  the  saddle  and  carried 
lier  swiftly  to  a  spot  on  the  bay-shore  where  a  boat 
was  waitino;;  the  lovers  were  soon  re-united  on  board 
the   Vulture;^^  and  before  morning  were  far  out  on 

'■^Arch.  Sl't  D.,  MS.,  xii.  345.  Enrique  Domingo  Fitch,  Domingo  being 
sulistitutod  for  Delano  at  baptism,  was  a  son  of  Bcriah  and  Sarah  Fitch  of 
Xtw  156dford.     Alf.  Domingo  Canillo  was  godfather. 

"Besides  tiie  immediate  family,  there  were  present  Domingo  Carrillo, 
Ciipt.  Richard  Barry,  Pio  Pico,  and  Maximo  Beristain.  Fitch,  Causa  Crim- 
inal, M.S.,  345. 

"  This  is  the  version  given  by  Fitch  and  his  wife  in  their  testimony  of  the 
next  yc.ir.  There  is  another  version  authorized  by  the  lady  herself,  Fttrh, 
AVnwf/oH,  MS.,  4,  and  given  by  Vallejo,  //int.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  117-22;  Vallcjo 
(r.  .T,),  nemhihrencias,m.^.,  10.3-7;  and  Pico,  lli»t.  Cal.,  MS.,  ?l-4,  to  the 
•  fleet  that  when  all  was  ready  and  the  padre  had  begun  the  service,  Alf. 
I'oiningo  Carrillo,  aid  to  the  governor,  appeared  and  forbade  the  maniagc  in 
lu'lRiiiidia's  name.  It  is  also  more  than  hinted  that  Echeandia's  motive  was 
ji'iilimsy,  since  the  fair  Josefa  had  not  shown  duo  appreciation  of  his  own 
•attcntidiis. 

' '  r»i)th  ihe  Vulture  and  the  Marta  EMcr,  the  latter  under  command  of 
Fiti  li,  were  on  the  coast  at  the  time  and  apparently  at  S.  Diego,  for  it  was 
tlic  jii'oto  of  the  Maria  Ester  who  took  the  lady  in  his  boat.  Why  Fitch  did 
ii'Jt  iiil  in  Ilia  own  vessel  does  not  appear;  but  Mrs  Fitch  says  they  went  in 


« 


1^ 


II 


us 


MARITIME  AND  COMMERCIAL  AFFAIRS. 


il 


:!:■ 


tlio  Pacific.  They  were  inarriccl  on  tho  cvcninir  of 
July  3cl  at  Valparaiso,  by  the  curate  Orrego,  Capt. 
Barry  being  one  of  the  witnesses.  Subsequently 
they  returned  to  Callao  and  Lima. 

The  elopement  of*  Senorita  Carrillo  was  naturally 
much  talked  of  in  California;  rumors  were  current 
that  she  had  been  forcibly  abducted  from  her  home, 
and  the  ecclesiastical  authorities  were  greatly  scan- 
dalized. Next  year,  however.  Fitch  made  his  appear- 
ance in  command  of  the  Lconor,  having  on  board  al:s(» 
his  wife  and  infant  son.  He  touched  at  San  Diego  in 
July  1830,  and  thence  came  up  to  San  Pedro.  Hero 
he  received  a  summons  from  Padre  Sanchez  at  San 
Gabriel,  vicar  and  ecclesiastical  judge  of  tho  territoiy, 
to  present  himself  for  trial  on  most  serious  charges;  but 
he  merely  sent  his  marriage  certificate  by  Virmond  tor 
the  vicar's  inspection,  and  sailed  up  the  coast  for  Santa 
Barbara  and  Monterey.  Sanchez  at  once  sent  an  order 
to  Monterey  that  Fitch  be  arrested  and  sent  to  San 
Gabriel  for  trial,  Dona  Josefa  being  'deposited'  in  sonio 
respectable  house  at  the  capital.  This  order  was  ex- 
ecuted by  Echeandia  at  the  end  of  August  on  the  ar- 
rival of  the  Leonor.^  The  lady  was  sent  to  Captain 
Cooper's  house,  and  the  husband  was  placed  under 
arrest.  He  claimed,  however,  to  be  unable  to  travel 
by  land.  He  protested  against  imprisonment  as  ruin- 
ous to  his  business,  complained  that  the  trial  had 
not  been  begun  at  San  Diego,  and  asked  that  at  least 
he  might  be  allowed  to  travel  by  sea.  Jose  Palo- 
mares,  to  whom  as  fiscal  Padre  Sanchez  submitted  this 
request,  gave  a  radical  report  against  Fitch  Septem- 
ber I7th,  declaring  him  entitled  to  no  concessions,  his 
offences  being  most  heinous,  and  his  intention  beini,^ 
evidently  to  run  away  again.  Yet  Sanchez  concluded 
to   permi*^^  the   trip   by  sea,  on  Virmond  becoming 

tho  Vvlture,  and  the  part  taken  by  Capt.  Richard  Barry  in  the  matter  con- 
firms her  statement. 

("Aug.  29,  1830,  £.'s  order  to  Alf.  Nieto  to  arrest  Fitch.  Dept.  Jicc,  M-^-, 
viii.  98. 


A  RUNAWAY  MATCH. 


148 


Loiulsman  for  the  culprit's  presentment  in  clue  time; 
and  on  December  8tli  Fitch  arrived  at  San  Gabriel, 
and  was  made  a  prisoner  in  one  of  the  mission  rooms. 

Meanwhile  Mrs  Fitch  petitioned  Echeandia  at  the 
end  of  October  for  release,  and  permission  to  go  south 
by  sea.  The  governor  consented,  and  Dona  Josefa 
sailed  on  the  Ayacucho  for  Santa  Bdrbara,  whence 
slio  proceeded  on  the  Pocahontas  to  San  Pedro,  arriv- 
in<]f  at  San  Gabriel  on  November  24th,  where  she 
was  committed  to  the  care  of  Eulalia  Perez  of  later 
centenarian  fame.  When  her  husband  came,  the  house 
of  Doiia  Eulalia  was  deemed  too  near  his  prison,  and 
Josefa  was  transferred  to  the  care  of  Mrs  William  A. 
llichardson.  The  fiscal  pronounced  Echeandia's  act  a 
gross  infringement  on  ecclesiastical  authority,  declared 
liiui  a  culprit  before  God's  tribunal,  and  urged  that 
ho  be  arrested  and  brought  to  trial.  But  Vicar 
Sanchez,  though  taking  a  smiilar  view  of  Echeandia's 
conduct,  thought  it  best,  in  view  of  the  critical  con- 
dition of  affairs  and  the  nearness  of  the  time  when 
Victoria  was  to  take  command,  not  to  attempt  the 
governor's  arrest. 

In  December,  Fitch  and  his  wife  were  repeatedly 
interrogated  before  the  ecclesiastical  court,  and  Fiscal 
Palomares  for  a  third  time  ventilated  his  legal  learning. 
He  now  admitted  his  belief  that  the  motives  of  the 
accused  had  been  honest  and  pure,  also  that  the  affair 
might  be  settled  without  referring  it  to  the  bishop, 
but  still  maintaining  the  nullity  of  the  marriage.*^* 
Fitch  presented  in  his  own  behalf  an  elaborate  argu- 
ment against  the  views  of  the  fiscal,  complaining  of 
his  business  losses,  and  of  the  threatened  illegitimacy 
of  his  son,  but  for  which  he  would  be  glad  to  have  the 
marriage   declared   null   and   to   marry   over   again. 

"^  The  objections  to  the  marriage  certificate — of  wliich  I  have  the  authen- 
ticated copy  made  at  this  trial — were  that  it  was  slightly  torn  and  blotted; 
tliat  it  included  no  statement  of  tlio  city  or  church  where  the  ceremony  was 
pt'iformed ;  that  the  paper  was  neither  legalized  before  3  escribanos,  nor  vistd 
II y  the  Chilian  minister  of  foreign  afiairs.  Moreover,  P.  Orrego.  not  being  the 
canito  of  the  parties,  could  not  marry  them  without  a  dispensation  from  the 
Lisliop. 


144 


MARITIME  AND  COMMERCIAL  AFFAIRS. 


i  :h 


Ijl 


Manv  witnesses  were  examined,  both  at  San  Gabriel 
and  San  Diego.  On  the  28tli  of  December  the  vicar 
rendered  his  decision,  Christi  nomine  invocato,  that  the 
fiscal  had  not  substantiated  his  accusations;  that  the 
marriage  at  Valparaiso,  though  not  legitimate,  was 
not  null,  but  valid;  that  the  parties  be  set  at  liberty, 
the  wife  being  given  up  to  the  husband;  and  that  they 
be  velndos  the  next  Sunday,  receiving  the  sacraments 
that  ought  to  have  jireceded  the  marriage  cere- 
mony. "Yet,  considering  the  great  scandal  which 
Don  Enrique  has  caused  in  this  province,  I  condenni 
him  to  give  as  a  penance  and  reparation  a  bell  of  at 
least  fifty  pounds  in  weight  for  the  church  at  Los 
Angeles,  which  barely  has  a  borrowed  one."  More- 
over, the  couple  must  present  themselves  in  churcji 
with  liglited  candles  in  their  hands  to  hear  high  mass 
for  three  diets  Jestivos,  and  recite  together  for  thirty 
days  one  third  of  the  rosary  of  the  holy  virgin.  Let 
us  hope  that  these  acts  of  penance  were  devoutly  per- 
i'ormed.  The  vicar  did  not  fail  to  order  an  investiga- 
tion of  the  charges  against  Padre  Menendez,  w  ho  had 
acted  irregularly  in  advising  the  parties  to  leave  the 
country ;  but  nothing  is  recorded  of  the  result." 

Onlv  seventeen  vessels  are  named  in  the  records  of 
1830,  besides  four  that  rest  on  doubtful  authority;  so 
that  commercial  industry  would  seem  to  show  dimin- 
ished prosperity ;  yet  the  records  of  this  final  year  of  the 
decade  are  less  complete  than  before.*^  A  Mexican 
report  makes  the  revenue  receipts  at  San  Diego  for 

^  Filch,  Causa  Crimiral  seguida,  en  el  Jimjado  Eclesidstico  y  Vicaria  Ford- 
nea  ih  la  Alta  California,  contra  Don  Enrique  Domingo  Fitch,  Anglo-Anvri- 
enno,  por  d  matrimonio  nulo  contraido  con  Doha  Jowfa  Cai-rillo,  natural  do 
San  Dic'jo.  Aiiode  1830,  MS.  This  most  iutercsting  collection  of  o\cr  33 
documents,  of  which  I  have  given  a  brief  r(?sum(5,  is  the  original  authority  on 
the  wJiole  matter.  Jan.  9,  1S31,  Fitch  writes  from  San  Gabriel  to  C'apt. 
Cooper,  denying  the  rumors  current  at  Sta  Biirbara  that  he  was  doing  penancr; 
says  P.  Sancliez  treated  him  very  well,  and  seemed  anxious  to  let  nim  off  as 
easy  as  possible.  Ho  lias  had  trouble  M'ith  the  parents  of  Dofla  Josefa,  who 
abused  her,  and  ho  will  not  leave  his  wife  with  them.  Vallcjo,  Doc,  MS., 
XXX.  171. 

*•  See  list  at  end  of  this  chapter.  The  vessels  of  18.30  were  the  Ayanirho, 
Brookline,  CatidinaC!),  Chalcedony  (1),  Convoy,  Cyrus.  Danube,  Dryad,  Emily, 


TRADE  IN  1830. 


143 


the  year  $22,432,  while  the  custom-house  records 
sciin  tt)  make  tl.c  amount  $3(5,875.°''  No  vessel  of  the 
viiir  seems  to  require  special  notice,  iieither  Nvere 
thi're  any  important  modifications  in  trade  or  revenue 
icijrulations.  Commercial  and  maritime  annals  of  1830 
iiw.  thus  wellnigh  a  blank."*  I  append  an  uiphabet- 
itiil  list  of  all  tho  vessels,  about  100  in  number,  be- 
sides doubtful  records,  touching  on  the  coast  in  182.'5- 
;;o,  with  such  items  about  each  as  are  accessible 
and  apparently  worth  preserving.  I  might  add  the 
(lutes  at  which  all  the  vessels,  or  most  of  them, 
touched  at  the  different  ports  on  their  successive 
trips;  but  the  information  would  bo  of  great  bulk 
and  little  real  value.*" 


FiiDchaf,  Olohe,  Jura,  Leonor,  Marta  Enter,  Planet,  Pocahontas,  Seriiigapa- 
<««(''.  ThomoH  Xowlan,  Volunteer,  WmihinijIonC'.),   Whuli'inaii. 

"■  Uimieta,  Informe,  1820,  doo.  0.  De^.  St.  Pup.,  JJeii.  Cmt.-IL,  MS.,  i. 
passim. 

''"A  few  miscellaneous  notes  of  minor  importance  arc  as  follows:  Feb.  19, 
1830,  onu  sixth  of  duties  deducted  in  case  of  national  vcsseU  from  foreign 
jiorts.  Dcjit.  /iV"  ,  MS.,  viii.  22.,  April  23d,  agreement  between  . I.  C.Jones, 
•Ir.,  and  Couixr  by  which  tho  former  is  to  furnish  a  vessel  under  Mexican 
lliig.  for  I  -"istii,  trade,  collecting  furs,  otter-hunting,  etc.,  to  bo  carrried  on 
by  tliu  two  in  partnership.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  xxx.  45.  Nov.  24th,  gov. 
Kiys  tiie  vice-president  complains  that  inany  vessels  becoming  nationalized  do 
iiut  comply  with  the  laws  rccmiring  oflicers  and  one  third  of  tho  crew  to  Ikj 
Mexicans — a  necessary  formality  to  reduce  tho  duties.  Dejit.  llee.,  MS.,  viii. 
1J.">.  An;,'.  17th,  action  of  tho  dip.  regulating  the  duties  on  timber  exported — 
tlic  proci.'cda  belonging  ioi\\c: proplosy (trbUriosiwixCi.  Lej.  liec,  MS.,  i.  lG(i-7. 
Mar.  .'Ust,  Mex.  law  on  seizure  of  contraliand  goods.  Arr'dUKjn,  liecop.,  IS.'U, 
'J-'7-.'t3.  Aug.  24,  law  on  consumption  duty  on  foieign  goods.  Id. ,  18.31 ,  p.  23U- 
(!,  Mi'Nicans  engaged  in  taking  otter  have  no  duties  to  pay  to  national  treas- 
ury. Two  citizens  of  Sta  lii'trbara  were  engaged  in  the  business  at  tho  islands. 
Jiipt.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxxviii.  4.  Juno  30th,  .J.  B.  Lopez  allowed 
tn  tiike  otter,  paying  from  ?1  to  §3  per  skin  to  the  territorial  trca.suiy.  J)e/>t. 
Ji'ic,  viii.  52,  130.  In  Juno  Mancisidor  writes  to  Guen-a  very  discouraginj^ly 
respecting  the  prospects  of  tho  trade  in  Cal.  hides  and  tallow.  This  state 
(if  things  was  largely  due  to  tho  inferior  quality  of  the  Cal.  products,  resulting 
from  the  carelessness  of  excessive  speculation.  All  dealers  suft'er,  and  .some 
V  ill  Ite  ruined.  Cal.  hides  bring  less  than  those  of  Lucnos  Aires,  being  too 
dry  and  too  much  stretched.  Ouerm,  Doc.,  1114.  Cat.,  MS.,  vi.  140-1. 

"List  of  vessels  in  Californian  ports,  182.V30: 

Adam,  Amcr.  ship,  20G  tons;  Daniel  Fallon,  master;  at  S.  Francisco  in 
Oa.  1820. 

A  Uiance,  Amer.  ship;  doubtfully  recorded  as  liaving  arrived  at  Monterey 
ill  Oct.  1820. 

Alvhi*,  doubtful  whaler  of  1829. 

A  nierica,  doubtful  whaler  of  1 829. 

Aiidffi,  Anier.  brig,  122  or  172  tons;  Seth  Rogers,  master;  on  coast  from 
spring  of  1828  (perhaps  autunni  of  1827)  to  spring  of  182'J;  paid  SiiiU  at 
But.  C^.,  Vol.  III.    10 


140 


MARITIME  AND  COMMERCIAL  AFFAIRS. 


Mont. ,  and  was  in  soino  troul>Ic  about  duties  at  S.  Diego,  where  she  loaded 
salt  meat. 

Ann,  Engl,  ship;  Burnic,  master;  inSpence's  list  for  18'29. 

Apollo,  wlialcr;  at  Sta  Cruz,  1825. 

Aqiiihn,  Span,  man-of-war;  I'edro  iVngulo,  com.;  at  Sta  B.  in  May  1825. 
(Sec  text.) 

Arnh,  Aincr.  brig.  My  fragment  of  her  original  log  ends  Jan.  5,  1825,  nt 
Pt  I'iiio.s.  8ho  re-appeared  under  a  Russian  namu  in  1828,  having  been  sold 
to  tlic  Russ.  Co. 

Anjoxji,  Russ.  brig,  140  tons;  Inestrumo,  master;  at  Monterey  and  Bodega 
ill  lS2(i,  from  Sitka. 

Aula,  Span,  ship  of  war,  70  guns,  400  men;  Jos6  Martiiicz,  com.;  surrcu- 
dcred  at  Jlont.,  1825;  also  called  iS'au  Oerdnimo.     (Sec  text.) 

A'/ucncho,  Engl.  brig.  2.12  tons;  Joseph  Snook,  master;  art.  Mont,  from 
Honolulu  in  Oct.  1830.     (See  later  lists. ) 

liaikal,  Russ.  brig,  202  tons;  up  and  down  the  coast  from  Ross  to  S. 
Diego  each  year  from  182(5  to  1830;  jicuseman  master,  and  Khk-bnikof  iniper- 
carLjo,  in  1820;  paid  $1,216  at  S.  Diego;  Etholin,  m:wtcr  in  1828;  brouglit 
vaccine  matter  in  1829. 

Bei-kct,  Hiimburg  brig;  doubtfully  recorded  as  having  trouble  about  smug- 
gling at  S.  Diego  in  1828. 

Bentjal,  Engl,  sliip;  in  Spcnce's  list  for  1825. 

BlosHoni,  Engl,  cxplor.  ship;  Becchcy,  com.;  at  S.  Fran,  and  Mont,  iu 
autumn  of  1820  and  1827.     (Sue  text.) 

Bnllnnli',  perhaps  at  S.  Diego  from  S.  Bias  in  Jan.  1828. 

Brookline,  Amer.  ship,  37(i  or  417  tons,  from  lioston;  Jas  O.  Locke, 
master;  Wm  A.  (tale,  siip. ;  Alf.  Robinson,  clerk;  Arther,  mate;  Bryant  cV 
Sturgis,  owners;  nrr.  Mont.  Feb.  1821);  paid  §31,000  at  S.  Diego;  wintered 
on  the  coast  until  18.'{0.     (See  text.) 

t'wlhoro,  lingl.  schr,  71  tons;  Simpson,  master;  at  S.  Fran,  from  Colum- 
bia Riv.  Dec.  1827. 

Cotalina,  Mcx.  brig;  C  Cristen,  master;  Eulogio  Celis,  sup.;  doubtful 
record  in  Ila^ytv;'  list,  i8,30. 

Chrikt'donif,  bark;  Jos  Steel,  master;  doubtful  record  of  1830. 

Charles,  Anier.  whaler,  301  tons,  21  men;   S.  Fraa.  1820. 

Clio,  Amer.  brig,  170  tons;  Aaron  W.  Williams,  master;  came  in  1828 
to  load  with  tallow  for  Chili. 

Canute,  French  ship,  500  tons,  43  men;  Antoino  Placiat,  master;  came  in 
1827  as  a  rival  to  the  //eron;  tonnage  atMazatlan;  duties,  §1,048  at  Sta  15. 

Conxtante,  Span,  man-of-war;  surren<lcred  with  the  Asia  at  Mont,  iu  182."). 

Convoy,  brig;  at  S.  Fran,  in  Oct.  1830,  paying.§.321. 

Conrur,  Amer.  ship,  200  or  203  tons;  Wm  Cunningham,  master;  Tims 
Shaw,  sup.;  lieo.  W.  Vincent  on  board;  on  the  coast  from  1820  (pos.sil)l3' 
1825)  to  1828,  paying  .?937.  SI, 580,  and  .§180  in  duties  on  difleront  occasions. 

Ci/rii.%  Amor,  whaler,  320  tons,  22  men;  Da  v.  Harriens,  master;  at  S.  !■'. 
in  182(i;  also  at  Sta  B.  Dec.  1830,  with  1,500  bbls  oil,  to  be  coopered  at  S. 
Diego. 

JJunuhe,  Amer.  ship  from  N.  Y. ;  Sam.  Cook,  master;  an*,  early  in 
1830,  and  was  soon  wrecked  at  S.  Pedro;  hull  sold  for  $1,701  and  caigo  fur 
§3,;iI(J  in  Feb.  to  Dana  and  (Juerra. 

JJhtiiilti'  (or  JMfi/i'),  Amer.  l)rig;  Wm  Warden,  master;  pi  Mont.  July 
1820,  from  Honolulu;  carried  47  horses  to  the  Islands. 

Jhn,  whaler;  at  Sta  B.  1825. 

Driind,  Engl,  brig,  from  Columbia  River;  aiT.  Mont.  Dec.  22,  1830. 

Kaijle,  Amer.  schr;  at  Sta  11.  Jan.  1825  (re-named  Sla  Apolonia,  q.  v.) 

Elena,  Rusa.  brig;  Mor.aviof,  master;  10  guns,  40  men,  lOoliicers;  Kiiil 
von  Schmidt  and  Xicolai  Molvisto,  passengci-s-  wintered  at  S.  Fran.  182.")  ('. 

Kli:u,  Engl,  brig;  .1.  Morphew  (or  Murph  /,  master;  1825-0;  §9,500  it 
cloth  to  .Mc( '.,  H.  &  Co. ;  paid  §1,112  duties  atSfci  B. 

ICmihi  Mnr.-ham;  nt  Sta  B.  Sept.  1828,  from  Sandw.  Isl.;  took  prisoueis 
from  Sta  B.  in  Feb.  I83D;  perhaps  had  returned  in  autunui  of  1829. 


MARINE  LIST  182o-30. 


147 


kcre  she  loadcil 


.  in  May  1825. 


ble  about  smug- 


1.  and  Mont,  in 


p.t  Mont.  July 


Fa-tor,  Amer.  whaler;  John  Alcxy,  master;  at  S.  Fran.  1825. 

Fd'orite,  Kiigl.  whaler,  377  tons,  35  men;  John  Fort  (Ford?),  master;  at 
Sta  !>.,  from  London,  Oct.  1827. 

l-'ciu;  whaler,  300  tons;  Wm  Ratiguende  (?),   naster,  1828. 

Fi-anklin,  Amor,  whaler,  294  tons;   Wm  Collin,  master;  at  S.  Fran.  1820. 

FraiiLiiii,  Amer.  ship,  333  tons;  John  Bradshaw,  nia:)ter;  Rufus  I'erUins, 
niid  liter  J.  A.  C.  Holmes,  sup.;  on  the  coast  from  1827  to  1829.  (See  text 
fur  her  troubles  at  S.  Diego  in  1 828. ) 

Fiilftam,  Kngl.  brig;  V  innoud,  owner;  came  for  hides  and  tallow,  add  win- 
tered 1827-8. 

Ftinrhal,  Engl,  brig,  190  tons;  Stephen  Anderson,  ma.ster,  owner,  and 
sup.;  on  the  coast  from  autunm  of  1828  to  Feb.  1830,  sailing  from  S.  Pedro 
with  10, -100  hides. 

llciieral  Dravo,  Mex.  brig,  100  or  180  tons;  \'elendez,  master;  at  Mont. 
Oct.  Dec.  1820,  with  tobacco. 

Odicral  Sacn;  Amer.  brig;  Car'ios  Pitnak,  o-  Pitnes  (?),  master;  left  a 
deserters.  Diego,  1828. 

Gluhc,  Amer.  brig,  190  tons;  Moore,  master;  at  Monterey  1830,  for  Guay- 
nia.i. 

(iuloniiii,  Riiss.  brig;  at  Mont.  Dec.  1327. 

ilriffoii,  Amer.  brig,  from  Honoluln;  Peii'co,  master,  182S. 

(luUiule  (or  Gaibalc!'),  Ainer.  sehr,  121  tons;  Thos  Robbins,  master;  at 
Sta  11.  April  1828. 

Jlar!iii»jir,  Amer.  brig,  180  tons;  Jos  Steel,  master  and  consignee;  Thoa 
r>.  Park,  sup.;  two  tri])S  from  the  Islands  in  1820-8;  jjaid  $150,  §570,  $1,250; 
carried  away  two  fugitive  friars  in  Jan.  1828. 

tldrcHnn,  doubtful  whaler  of  1829.     (See  later  lists.) 

//.  .'OX,  French  ship,  250  tons;  Augusto  Duhaut-Cilly,  master;  trading  on 
the  cjast  1827-8.     (Sec  text.) 

HiKixcar,  I'^ngl.  brig  under  Periivian  flag,  249  tons;  Scott,  Alex.  Skee,  or 
J  M.  Oyagiie,  master;  Ui.rtnell,  passenger;  cons,  to  McC. ,  H.,  &  Co.,  1S27-8; 
paid  6;jlOat  S.  Fran. 

Iid-d,  Engl,  brig,  170  tons,  11  guns:  Wm  Prouse  (or  Prause),  master; 
from  C'allao  to  McC.,  H.,  &  Co.  in  1820  (possibly  arr.  in  1825);  then  to 
Liverpool  in  128  days. 

Indian,  Engl,  ship;  in  Spencc's  list  of  1829. 

I IV. re,  Hawaiian  brig,  l.')5ton8,  LS20. 

Imlilla  (or  Sarah  and  Elizahcth),  Engl,  whaler,  250  tons,  28  men;  Ed- 
ward David,  master;  Mrs  Hartuell,  iiassonger;  at  Sta  B.,  from  Mont.  Oct. 
1.S27. 

James  C.demnn,  Engl.;  Hcnnet,  master;  in  Spence's  list  for  1829. 

Jureii  Atujmt'tas,  Mex.  schr;  at  Sta  B.  Sept.  1829;  also  doubtful  record 
of  1S2>1. 

Jiiaii  liattey,  doubtful  name  of  1825;  John  Burton,  master. 

,/iiiiiits,  I'^ngl.  brig;  t.'arter,  master;  at  Mont,  in  1825,  paying §3,003  duties. 

Jura,  Engl,  brig;  at  StiiB.,  from  Mazatlan,  May  I.S.IO. 

Karimoko  (or  C'arimacii),  Hawaiian  brig,  12S  tons;  John  Lawlor,  master; 
W'M  Watts  (?).  sup.;  on  the  coast  1827-8,  pjiyiug  §14  and  §314.  (Sue  te\t 
U>v  sniu;,'gliii';  advcntii-es.) 

I\i:il-iii(i,  ituss.  briLt,  built  in  Cal.,  runnint;  between  Rdss  and  S.  Fran.; 
wi'.Uicd  at  S.  Fran.  1825-0  and  1828-9;  paid  !j;)5  and  .sl,.')4S. 

Lain  ria  (or  Lajudii;//),  Russ.  brig;  doubtful  reconl  of  Nov.  1S2S. 

LcDimr,  Mex.  ship,  207  tons;  23  men;  Henry  D.  Fitch,  master;  brought 
coiivii  ts  ill  1830.     (See  text  for  Fitch's  runaway  marriage.) 

Ma jdakita  (or  Victoria),  Mex.  schr,  90  tons;  Ramon  Sanchez,  master;  on 
coiist  winter  of  1827-8. 

Maria  KMrr,  Mex.  brig,  170 or  93  tons;  owned  by  Henry  Virmond,  who 
w:is  ou  board  in  1828;  camo  from  Liuia  or  Mox.  porti  every  year  fnnii 
iN-'.Mo  1S30;  Davi.s,  master  in  1825;  to  McC,  H,  &Co.;  p!iid$:)OS;  Fitch,  ma  !- 
tir  ISJO  1);  brought  artillery  in  I82S;  John  A.  C.  Holuies,  master  in  1830; 
hrijiylit  coavicis.     Possibly  2  vessels  of  same  name. 


148 


MARITIME  AND  COMMERCIAL  AFFAIRS. 


Maria  Theresa,  Anier.  wlialer,  291  tons;  Wm  Guilcost,  master;  at  S.  Fran. 
1820. 

Mansachmetts,  Amer.  whaler,  343  tons,  21  men;  Seth  Calheart  (?),  master; 
at  S.  Fran.  Oct.  1827. 

Mercury,  Amer.  whaler,  340  tons;  Wm  Austin,  master;  at  Sta  B.  Nov. 
182(5. 

Mero,  Amer.  ship,  300  tons;  Barcelo  Juain  {?),  master;  doubtful  reconl 
atStali.  Nov.  1S20. 

Mcrope,  Engl,  ship  from  Calcutta  and  China;  Espcleta,  sup. ;  at  S.  Fran. 
Sept.  1823. 

Mhierva,  Amer.  whaler,  160  tons;  D,  Cornelio,  master;  at  Sta  B.  Oct. 
1828. 

Moor,  whaler  of  1826. 

J/orf/o8  (formerly  (S.  Curios),  Mex.  transport;  Flaminio  Agazini,  com.;  at 
Mont,  and  S.  Fran.  1825. 

XUe,  Amer.  brig;  Robert  Forbes,  master;  trouble  about  §600  duties  in 
182.5. 

Okhotsk,  Russ.  brig,  150  tons;  Dionisio  iJarembo,  master;  on  the  coast 
1S27-8-9;  paid  $55  and  §179;  in  trouble  for  having  transferred  cargo  to 
Kiakhta. 

Otifihant,  brig;  doubtful  record  as  having  loaded  at  Callao  for  Cal.  in  1827. 

Olloe  Branch,  Engl,  brig,  204  tons,  lit  men:  Wni  Honderson,  master; 
.las  Scott,  sup.;  eons,  to  Mancisidor  from  Callao  for  hides  and  tallow;  win- 
tered 1826-7,  paying  $510. 

Orion,  Amer.  Waaler,  350  tons,  22  men;  Alfon  Alfe  (?),  master;  at  Sta 
B.  Oct.,  1827,  from  Sandw.  Isl. 

Parwjon,  Amer.  whaler,  309  tons,  23  men;  Dav.  Edwards,  master;  at  S. 
Fran.  1820. 

I'araiso  [or  Paradise),  Hamburg  schr,  123  tons,  11  men;  Henry  Adams, 
master;  cons,  to  Mancisidor  in  1827;  paid  §3,007  and  .§031. 

Permian,  Amer.  whaler,  331  tons,  22 men;  Alex.  Macy,  master;  at  S.  Fran. 
1826. 

Pizarro,  Engl,  brig,  1825-6;  cons,  probably  to  McC,  H.,  &  Co.;  paid 
§1,712,  and  §523. 

Planet  (or  Plant),  Amer.  ship,  208  tons,  20  men;  Jos  Steel  and  John 
R  utter,  masters,  182i»-30. 

Plowboy,  Amer.  wl  "Icr,  Chadwick,  master;  at  S.  Fran.  1825. 

Pocahontas,  whaler,  30!)  tons,  in  1828. 

Pocahontas,  Amer.  ship,  21  men;  Jolui  Bradshaw,  master;  Tlios  Shaw, 
sup.;  autumn  of  1830. 

llascoxo,  whaler,  302  tons;  Geo.  Reed,  master,  1828. 

Rccorerii,  Engl,  whaler;  Wm  Fisiier,  manter;  nt  S.  Fran.  1S25. 

liosalla,  Amer.  ship,  323  tons;  Bruno  Colespcdriguez  (?),  master;  at  S. 
Pedro,  Oct.   1829. 

Hover,  Cal.  scliooner,  83  tons:  Cooper,  master;  Argiicllo,  owner;  mmli! 
a  trip  to  Cliina  and  back  182.V0,  and  then  sailed  for  Mex.  ports;  paid  §t)iJ; 
left  y5, 250  in  goods  at  S.  Diego.     (See  text.) 

Sachem,  Amer.  ship,  Bryant  &  Stu.gis,  owners;  Wm  A.  Oale,  sup.;  on 
t'.ic  coast  from  1825  to  Jan.  1827,  when  she  sailrd  for  Boston;  duties  ;is 
recorded  §48!),  §2,003,  §232. 

Santa  Apolonia  (formerly  Eagle),  Mex.  schr;  Manuel  Bates,  master; 
r.amon  Sanchez,  sup.;  Urbano  Sanchez,  owner;  loaded  witli  tallow  at  S. 
Luis  Obispo  in  Aug.  1820. 

Santa  Bdrhara,  schr.  built  in  Cal.  1829  for  otter-hunting  and  coast  tradi'. 

Sta  Jiosfi,  doubtfid  name  of  1825. 

Ser'inijapatan,  East  lud.  ship,  grounded  on  Blossom  Rock  in  1830  (per- 
haps an  eiTor  in  date)- 

Sirena,  vaguely  mentioned  as  having  brought  mjney  to  Cnl.  in  1826. 

Sniiu;  doubtful  record  of  1S25. 

StilitiKi-'.  Amer.  ship,  or  Engl,  brig;  Jaa  or  Chas  Anderson,  muster, 
1820-8. 


MARINE  LIST  1825-30. 


•149 


Spmhj,  F.Bg\.  brig,  to  McC,  H.  &  Co.,  182G;  carrictl  $20,907  of  tillow 
to  C'iillao. 

Sjii/,  Amet  sclir,  75  tons,  accompanying  the  Snchi'm  and  offeretl  for  saU-; 
(ieo.  8tnitli,  n. aster;  on  the  coast  1825-7;   also  callcil  in  some  records  tiiu 

Siimna,  En{  1.  sliip;  Swain,  master;  in  Spence's  list  for  1829. 

Tamaahmach,  Hawaiian  brig,  180  tons;  llobt  J.  Elwell,  niasU  .r  sup. 
ill  1827;  John  Jleek  in  1829. 

Tartar,  A'ner.  schr;  Benj.  Mon-ell,  master;  on  the  coast  1825.  (Sci! 
tixt  for  -^np tain's  adventures  and  book.) 

Telemachiis,  Anier.  brig;  Jas  Gillespie,  master;  from  the  Isl.  in  1828  for 
trade  and  repairs;  accused  of  smuggling. 

Tniioya,  Amer.  brig    r  ud  §2.32  at  Sta  B.  1827. 

Thomns  NowJan,  Engl,  ship,  201  or  301  tons;  Wm  Clark,  master,  182G- 
7;  cons,  to  Mancisidor;  paid  $2,185  and  $2, 199;  Jolui  Wilson,  master,  1828- 
;K);  paid  §858. 

Tkmechmach  (?),  Amer.  brig  from  N.  Y.;  John  Miclii  (Meek?),  master, 
1S2.-). 

TimcH,  Engl,  whaler,  407  tons;  Wm  Ross,  master;  at  Sta  B.  Oct.  1828. 

Tinwrdan,  Haw.  brig,  ICO  tons,  seal-hunter;  at  Sta  1$.  Sept.  1820. 

Titmana,  at  Sta  B.  1827,  paying  §1,570;  also  doubtful  record  of  1825. 

Trident,  Amer.  ship,  450  tons;  Felix  Estirten  (':),  master;  at  S.  Pedro  Oct. 
1829. 

Trllon,  whaler,  300  tons,  1825-C;  Jean  Opham,  or  Ibre  AlVjct  (?),  masters. 
Perhaps  two  vessels. 

Vcrale,  Amer.  schr,  140  tons;  Wm  Deny,  master,   1828. 

Volunteer,  Amer.  bark,  120  or  22C  tons;  Wm  S.  Hinkley,  master;  .Tohn 
r.  .Tones,  owner;  from  Sandw.  Isl.  1829-.'?0;  carried  Solis  and  otluT  prison- 
ers to  S.  Bias  in  1830;  paid  §4.054  at  S.  Fran. 

Vulture  (or  Biiitre),  Engl,  brig,  101  tons;  Rich.  Bairy,  master;  Virnuuid, 
owner;  from  Callao  1828-9;  paid  §1,130. 

Warren,  Amer.  whaler;  Wm  Rice,  master,  1820;  also  Amer.  ship,  per- 
liaps  tlie  same,  at  Mont.  Dec.  1829. 

Wa.'ihinfiton,  Amer.  schr,  52  or  140  tons;  Robt  Elwell,  master  from  1S2S; 
A.  B.  Thompson,  sup.;  from  Sandw.  Isl.  1825-0-7  8^-9  and  perhaps  \i<iJ; 
paid  .?49,  §232,  §93;  carried  horses  to  Honolulu. 

I(  rtiA!«(/<o»,  whaler,  317  tons;  Wm  Kelley,  master,  1820. 

Waverly,  Haw.  brig,  142  tons,  9  men,  40  kanaka  hnnters;  Wm  G.  Dana, 
master,  1820;  carried  away  1,428 guilders,  2,000  Span,  dollars,  4  bars  silver,  138 
uttiT  .skins,  212  seal  skins;  Robbius,  master,  1827-8;  John  Temple,  passenger, 
1.S27,  from  Islands;  in  1829  carried  horses  to  Honolulu. 

Whaleman,  schr;  at  S.  Fran,  winter  of  1825-0;  pei-jiaps  a  whaler.  Writ- 
ten also  Gueiman. 

Whaleman,  brig,  310  tons;  Jos.  Paddock,  master;  from  Society  Isl.  18.'}0. 

Wllinantir,  Amor,  whaler,  .384  tons;  Juan  Bois,  master,  1828. 

Wihntmjton,  Amer.  ship,  304  tons;  John  Bon,  mast'r;  at  S.  Pedro  Oct. 
1 8i'!).     ( Probably  same  as  preceding. ) 

Ynuiuj  Tartar  (or  J6wn  Tartar),  Engl,  schr,  95  tons;  .John  Brown  (?), 
master,  1820-7  (possibly  1825);  paid  §.180;  cargo  insured  in  l^ondon  1SJ7 
for  (.•  1,000. 

Xani'ira,  Wm  Sumner,  master. 

My  authorities  for  the  items  of  this  list  are  more  than  1,000  in  numlwr, 
chii'lly  in  manuscript  records.  As  each  vessel  would  r('(|uiro  a  mention  of 
fidui  1  to  20  titles,  it  is  not  practicable  to  give  the  references  nei>arately;  and 
ill  a  group  for  all  maritime  affairs  they  would  be  of  little  praetioiil  Mduc; 
tlionforo  I  omit  them,  though  I  have  tho  prepared  list  Ijefore  me.  Tiie  ujost 
imjioitant  have  been  named  in  the  notes  of  this  chapter. 


I 


I 


CHAPTER  VI. 

OVERLAND-SMIXn  AND  PATTIE— FOREIGNERS 

1826-1830. 

TuE  Eastern  Frontier — The  Trappers — First  Visitors  by  the  Over- 
land Route — Jedkdiah  Smith,  1820-8 — Errors  Corrected — Original 
Documents — The  Sierra  Nevada  Crossed  and  Re-crossed— First 
Entry  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company — McLeod  and  Ogden — Pat- 
tie's  Visit  and  Imprisonment,  1828-30— Flint's  Narrat iVr— Truth 
and  Fiction — A  Tour  of  Vaccination— 'Peg-leg'  Smith — Trapping 
License  of  Exteii  and  Wilson — Vaca  from  New  Mexico — Ewiso 
Young  and  his  Hunters  from  New  ^vIexico — Foreign  Residents- 
Annual  Lists  of  New-comeks — Regulations  on  Passports  and  Nat- 
uralization. 

For  forty  years  California  had  been  visited  witli 
increasing  frequency  by  foreigners,  tliat  is,  by  men 
whose  blood  was  neither  Indian  nor  Spanish.  Eng- 
land, the  United  States,  Russia,  and  France  were 
the  nations  chiefly  represented  among  tlie  visitors, 
some  of  whom  came  to  stay,  and  to  all  of  whom  in 
the  order  of  their  coming  I  have  devoted  some  atten- 
tion in  the  annals  of  the  respective  years.  All  had 
come  from  the  south,  or  west,  or  north  by  the  broa<l 
highway  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  bounding  the  territory 
on  the  west  and  leading  to  within  a  few  miles  of  the 
most  inland  Spanish  establishments.  The  inland  boun- 
dary— an  arc  whose  extremities  touch  the  coast  at  SaJi 
Diego  and  at  41i°,  an  arc  for  the  most  part  of  siermx 
nevadas  so  far  as  could  be  seen,  with  a  zone  of  desert 
beyond  as  yet  unknown — had  never  yet  been  crossed 
by  man  of  foreign  race,  nor  trod,  if  we  except  the 

(IN) 


WESTWARD  MOVEMENT. 


151 


I 


southern  seornient  cut  by  a  line  from  San  Gabriel  to 
jMojiive,  by  other  than  aboriginal  feet.^ 

Meanwhile  a  grand  advance  movem(;nt  from  the 
Atlantic  westward  to  the  Mississippi,  to  the  plains,  to 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  into  the  Great  Basin  had 
l)C"n  gradually  made  by  the  fur-hunting  pioneers  of 
the  broad  interior — struggling  onward  from  year  to 
year  against  obstacles  incomparably  greater  than 
those  presented  by  the  gales  and  scurvy  of  the 
Pacitic.  If  I  were  writing  the  history  of  California 
alone,  it  would  be  appropriate  and  probably  necessary 
to  present  here,  en  resume  at  least,  the  general  move- 
ment to  which  I  have  alluded,  embodying  the  annals 
of  the  various  fur  companies.  But  tlie  centre  of  the 
fur  trade  was  much  farther  north,  and  its  annals  can- 
not be  profitably  separated  from  the  history  of  the 
North-west.  For  this  reason — bearing  in  mind  also 
those  portions  of  my  v.oik  relating  locally  to  Idaho, 
j\[ontana,  Nevada,  Utah,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona 
— I  feel  justified  in  referring  the  reader  for  the  gen- 
eral exploration  westward  to  other  chapters  of  other 
volumes,  and  in  confining  my  record  here  to  such 
expeditions  as  directly  affect  Californian  territory. 

These  b  jan  in  182G,  when  the  inland  barrier  of 
mountain  and  desert  was  first  passed,  and  from  that 
date  the  influx  of  foreigners  by  overland  routes  be- 
('(»nies  a  topic  of  ever  growing  importance.  It  is  well, 
liowever,  to  understand  at  the  outset,  that  respecting 
th(^  movements  of  the  trappers  no  record  of  even  tolera- 
Me  con)pleteness  exists,  or  could  be  expected  to  exist. 
After  182G  an  army  of  hunters,  increasing  from  hun- 
(Iretls    to    thou.mnds,    frequented    the    fur-producing 

'  A  fow  English  an<l  American  deserters,  leaving  tlieir  vessels  nt  Todos 
Siintos  or  thereabouts,  had  on  two  or  three  occasions  been  sent  across  tlio 
Inmtiur  to  8.  Diego,  forniinjj  an  exception  of  littlo  importance  to  niy  general 
SiatiMncnt.  Another  exception  of  somewhat  greater  weight  rests  in  tlic  possi- 
bility tliat  trappers  may  have  crossed  the  northern  frontier  before  1S20.  It 
i^  not  iinproljable  that  Hudson's  Bay  Company  men  may  have  done  so  from 
tlio  Willamette  Valley  on  one  or  more  occasions,  though  there  i  no  mora 
<li'l'inite  record  than  the  rumor  of  1820-1,  tliat  foreign  hunters  were  present 
ill  the  north,  and  the  newi^paper  report  of  Molvay's  presence  in  Siskiyou  in 


fl  : 


163  OVERLAND-SMITH  AND  PATTIE— FOREIGNERS. 

streams  of  the  interior,  and  even  the  valleys  of  Cali- 
fornia, flittin<^  hither  and  thither,  individuals  and 
parties  large  or  small  according  to  the  disposition  of 
the  natives,  wandering  without  other  motive  than  tlio 
hope  of  more  abundant  game,  well  acquainted  with  the 
country,  as  is  the  wont  of  trappers,  but  making  no 
maps  and  keeping  no  diaries.  Occasionally  they 
came  in  contact  with  civilization  east  or  west,  and 
left  a  trace  in  the  archives;  sometimes  a  famous  trap- 
per and  Indian-fighter  was  lucky  enough  to  fall  in 
with  a  writer  to  put  his  fame  and  life  in  print;  some 
of  them  lived  later  among  the  border  settlers,  and 
their  tales  of  wild  adventure,  passing  not  without 
modification  through  many  hands,  found  their  way 
into  newspaper  print.  Some  of  them  still  live  to  re- 
late their  memories  to  me  and  others,  sometimes  truly 
and  accurately,  sometimes  confusedly,  and  sometimes 
falsely,  as  is  the  custoji  of  trappers  like  other  men. 
I  make  no  claim  of  ability  to  weave  continuity  from 
fragments,  bring  order  from  chaos,  distinguish  in  every 
instance  truth  irom  falsehood,  or  build  up  a  narrative 
without  data;  nevertheless,  I  proceed  with  confidence 
to  write  in  this  chapter  and  others  of  the  men  who 
came  to  California  overland  from  the  east. 


Jedodiah  8.  Smith  was  the  first  man  who  made  the 
trip.  From  a  post  of  the  fur  company  established  at 
or  near  Great  Salt  Lake  a  year  or  two  earlier,''  Smith 
started  in  August  1820  for  the  south-west  with  fif- 
teen men,  intent  r.ather  on  exj)lorations  for  future 
work  than  on  present  trapping.^    Crossing  Utah  Lake, 

'•^  Smith  was  associatcil  with  Jackson  and  Sublette,  and  the  post  liad  bciii 
estaliHshcd  by  W.  H.  Ashley. 

^  Smith,  Lxrur-no)!  u  I'oiiist  des  Monts  Ruchy.  Exfrait  dUine  httre.  ile  M. 
Jfdidiah  Smith,  emfiloyc  df  la  Comimijim  dru  PclhtcruH,  in  Xoiiv.  Ann.  di" 
\'o;i..  xxxvii.  208-l:J.  Taken  from  an  American  paper.  The  news — pcrhaiis 
the  pa[)er,  but  certainly  not  Sniitli's  letter  as  might  seem  from  the  transla- 
tion— was  dated  St.  Louis  Oct.  11,  18'27.  Tliis  brief  letter,  in  which  very 
likely  wild  work  is  made  with  names  in  tlie  printing  and  translation,  is  iu 
connection  with  the  correspondence  preserved  in  the  archives,  the  best  au- 
thority on  the  subject.  Tlie  general  accounts  extant  are  full  of  errors,  thou^'li 
each  purports  to  correct  errors  previously  made.    Warner,  lleminiscenccx,  MS. , 


ERS. 


JEDEDIAII  SMITH. 


103 


rs  of  Cali- 
iduals  and 
position  of 
e  than  tho 
;d  with  the 
making  no 
nallv  thov 

west,  and 
mous  trap- 
L  to  fall  in 
rint;  some 
ttlors,  an<l 
ot  without 

their  way 

live  to  re- 
times truly 

sometimes 
other  men. 
nuity  from 
sh  in  every 
a  narrative 

:*onfideneo 
men  who 


made  the 
jlished  at 


ler,' 


Smitli 


j  with  fif- 

*or  future 

■  tah  Lake, 

I  post  had  been 

le  httrc  (If  M. 
^011 V.  Ann.  <'"' 
ews — perhaiiii 
n  the  traiislii- 
ill  which  very 
iislation,  is  in 
,  the  best  nu- 
errors,  though 
nwceHCCt,  MfS., 


lie  seems  to  have  passed  in  a  general  south-westerly 
course  to  the  junetion  of  the  Virgin  River  and  Colo- 

'Jl  0.  errs  cliicfly  in  d.ites  and  ordor  of  events.  He  makes  Smith  start  in 
ISJ4  mid  lead  a  party  of  hunters  througli  the  Orecn  River  country,  south  of 
Salt  Lake,  over  the  Sierra  Nevada  near  Walker  Pass,  into  tlie  Tulare  Val- 
ley. In  Juno  18"2o,  le;iving  his  men  on  tho  American  Fork — whence  the 
name-  he  re-crossed  the  sierra  with  two  men.  Starting  back  for  Califomiii 
ill  the  autumn  of  lS'2o  by  a  more  southern  route,  ho  wa.s  attacked  by  the  Mo- 
javes  while  crossing  the  Colorado,  and  lost  all  his  men  but  2  or  3,  witli  whom 
lie  reached  S.  Gabriel  late  in  1820.  Tho  author  of  Cron'me^a  Natural  Wealth 
o/Cttl.,  after  being  at  much  trouble  to  unravel  tho  various  stories,  'gathered 
tiic  follDwing  particulars  from  those  who  knew  Smith  personally,  and  from 
documents  in  the  state  archives:'  'In  the  spring  of  1825,  Smith,  with  a  party 
rif  40  trappers  and  Indians,  left  their  rendezvous  on  Green  River  near  tho 
South  Piiss,  and  pushed  their  way  westward,  crossing  tlic  Sierra  Nevada  into 
tlie  Tulare  Valley,  which  they  reached  in  July  1823.  The  party  trajipcil 
from  tho  Tulare  to  tho  American  fork  of  the  Sacramento,  where  there  was  al- 
reaily  a  camp  of  American  trappers  (?).  Smith  camped  near  tho  site  of  the 
present  town  of  Folsoni,  about  22  miles  north-east  of  the  other  party.  From 
tliij  camp  Smith  sent  out  parties,  which  were  so  successful  that  in  October, 
leaving  all  the  others  in  California,  in  company  with  2  of  the  party,  ho  returned 
to  Ills  rendezvous  on  Green  River  with  several  bales  of  skins.  In  May  1820 
Smith  was  sent  back  with  a  reenforcenient.  On  this  trip  he  led  his  party 
farther  south  than  on  the  former  one,  which  brought  them  into  tho  Mojavcs' 
settlements  on  the  Colorado,  where  all  the  party  except  Smith,  Galbraith,  and 
Turner  were  killed  by  tho  Indians.  These  throe  made  their  way  to  .S.  Ga- 
briel on  Dec.  26,  1820,  where  they  were  arrested,'  etc.  Cronisealso  publishes 
a  translation  of  2  documents  from  tho  archives,  of  which  more  later. 

Thomas  Sprague,  in  a  letter  of  Sept.  18,  1800,  to  Edmund  Randolph,  pub- 
lished in  Iliitchiiif/a'  Mag.,  v.  351-2,  and  also  in  the  S.  F.  Bulletin,  states  that 
Smith,  starting  from  Green  River  in  1825,  reached  and  went  down  tho  Hum- 
boldt River,  which  ho  named  Mary  River  from  his  Indian  wife,  crossed  tho 
mountains  pro1>abIy  near  tho  head  of  tho  Truckee,  and  passed  on  down  tho 
vail'  y  to  S.  Jos<5  and  S.  Diego.  Recruiting  his  men  and  buying  many  horses, 
lie  re-crossed  tho  mountains  near  Walker  Pass,  skirted  the  eastern  base  to 
near  Mono  Lake,  and  on  a  straight  north-east  course  for  Salt  Lake  found 
placer  gold  in  large  quantities.  Ho  was  ordered  to  return  and  prospect  tho 
t'old  fields  on  hia  way  back  from  California,  but  near  the  gold  mines  ho  was 
killed  with  most  of  his  party. 

Roljert  Lyon  furnished  to  Angel,  author  of  tho  Nevada  Hist.,  20  ct  seq., 
a  version  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  Sprague,  including  the  discovery  of 
coarse  placer  gold  near  Mono  Lake.  His  account  seems  to  rest  on  the  te3ti- 
niiiiiy,  in  1800,  of  Rocky  Mountaui  Jack  and  Bill  Reed,  who  claimed  to  have 
lieeii  companions  of  Smith. 

An  'associate  of  tho  daring  pioneer'  eoiTccted  prevailing  errors  as  follows 
ill  the  S.  F.  Times,  Juno  14,  1807:  'He  came  into  California  in  1827,  with 
a  trapping  party  from  the  rendezvous  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Fur  (Company, 
oil  the  Ycllowstono  River.  He  left  his  party  on  tho  American  fork  of  tho 
Sacramento  in  the  summer  of  that  year,  and  with  two  men  returned  to  the 
rendezvous,  where  he  fitted  out  a  new  party  and  returned  in  1828  to  the 
American,  where  the  two  parties  were  combined,  and  moving  northwardly, 
he  reached  the  Umpqua  River,'  etc. 

It  will  )je  noticed  that  all  these  versions  have  the  double  trip  and  some 
other  points  in  common,  and  that  the  confusion  is  largely  removed  by  tlio 
original  authoritirs,  on  which  I  found  my  text.  Randolph,  Oration,  313-14, 
translating  Smith's  letter  to  P.  Duran,  ondTuthill,  JJiet.  Cat.,  124-5,  as  well 
Hs  Frignet,  Lit  Ccli/ornie,  58-00,  mention  Smith's  arrival  in  1820  in  so  gen- 
eral a  manner  as  to  avoid  serious  error.     The  same  may  be  said  of  Douglas, 


1S4 


OVEIILAND— SMITH  AND  PATTIE— FOREIGNERS. 


;|fc 


rado,  down  to  the  Mojave  villages,  and  westward 
across  the  desert  to  San  Gabriel.* 

The  Amajabes  on  the  Colorado  treated  the  party 
well,  furnishing  fresh  provisions,  and  horses  stolen  from 
the  Spaniards,  and  two  wandering  neophytes  guided 
the  sixteen  Americans  over  the  desert  to  the  mission, 
where  they  arrived  in  December.  The  trappers  gave 
up  their  arms,  and  the  leader  was  taken  to  San  Diego, 
where  he  explained  his  object,  and  submitted  to  Gov- 
ernor Echeandia  his  papers,  including  passports  from 
the  U.  S.  government,  and  a  diary.  The  coming  of 
the  strangers  naturally  excited  suspicion  at  first;  but 
this  was  removed  by  Smith's  plea  that  he  had  been 
compelled  to  enter  the  territory  for  want  of  provisions 
and  water,  it  being  impossible  to  return  by  the  same 
route;  and  his  cause  was  still  further  strengthened  by 
a  certificate  of  Dana,  Cunningham,  and  other  Amer- 
icans, that  the  trapper's  papers  were  all  en  regie,  and 
liis  motives  doubtless  pacific  and  iionorablo.'  He  was 
therefore  permitted  to  purchase  supplies,  and  under- 
take his  eastward  march  by  a  new  route;  but  not,  ars 

Private  Paper/i,  MS.,  2tl  scries,  p.  1,  Victor,  Piver  of  the  West,  34,  andllincs, 
Voyuije,  110,  though  tlicso  writers  speak  with  reference  to  later  events  iu 
Orc!{on,  and  derived  their  information  from  distinct  sources.  The  Yolo  Cn. 
J  list.,  S.  Joaq.  Co.  IfM.,  and  other  like  works  descrilKs  Smith's  advcnturi'9, 
in  some  cases  as  accurately  as  was  possibly  from  accessible  data,  still  with 
various  combinations  of  the  errors  alrea<ly  noted. 

*Tho  details  of  the  route  are  worth  preservation  briefly,  though  not  cleiir 
in  all  respects.  Started  Aug.  22(1  from  Salt  Lake,  crossed  the  little  Utd  L::ho, 
went  up  the  Ashley,  which  flows  into  that  lake  through  the  country  of  the  Sum- 
patch  Indians,  crossed  a  range  of  mountains  extending  s.  E.  to  n.  w.,  cro.ssi'il 
a  river  which  he  named  Adams  for  the  president,  and  which  flowed  S.  W.  Tin 
days'  march  to  the  Adams  again,  which  liad  turned  s.  e.  (This  is  not  ckai ; 
the  text  says,  'h  dix  journ<5e3  do  marche  I'Adams  River  tourne  an  8.  e.,  il  y  ;i 
Ih,  nne  caveme,'  etc.  Query — Did  Smith  pass  from  the  Sevier  to  the  Virgin, 
and  Bupposo  them  to  be  one  stream  ?)  Two  days  down  the  Adams  to  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Seeds- Keedcr,  a  river  with  many  shallows  and  rapids,  and  liav- 
inga  sterile  country  on  the  south;  farther  to  a  fertile  wooded  valley  inhaliitcil 
by  the  Ammuchceb6s  (Ainajal)es,  or  Mojaves),  wliere  he  remained  l.j  do  vs. 
Tliis  was  80  miles  a1)ovc  where  the  Seeds-Keedcr,  under  the  name  of  Rio  C.il- 
orndo,  flowed  into  the  gulf  of  California.  Re-crossing  the  Seeds-Keeder,  ho 
went  15  days  west  into  a  desert  country,  and  across  a  salt  plain  8  by  20  milis. 
Here  the  details  cease  abruptly,  and  lie  next  speaks  of  his  arrival  in  Upi"  i' 
Califoniia. 

»  Dated  at  S.  Diego  Dec.  20,  1826,  and  signed  by  Wm  G.  Dana,  Wm  IF. 
Cunningham,  Wm  Henderson,  Diego  Scott,  Thomas  M.  Robbins,  and  Thoin  is 
Shaw,  in  Vept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  10-20.  An  English  translation  bos  be.n 
published  in  several  works. 


fERS. 

,  westward 

the  party 
stolen  from 
,'tes  guidcid 
he  mission, 
ippers  gave 
Sail  Diego, 
bed  to  Gov- 
sports  from 
?  coming  of 
it  first;  but 
e  had  been 
f  provisions 
ly  the  same 
ixthened  hy 
ther  Amcr- 
n  regie,  and 
).'  Ho  was 
and  undcr- 

but  not,  as 

ft,  34,  and  Ilincs, 

later  events  in 

The  Yolo  Co. 

Itli's  adventures, 
data,  still  with 

Ihongh  not  clear 
little  UtA  L;;hc, 
ntryofthoiSuin- 
\o  N.  w.,  crofi.ic'il 
jwed s.  w.  Tia 
ihis  is  not  clear; 
|e  ail  8.  E.,  il  y  a 
to  the  Virijin, 
fains  to  its  juiic- 
:apida,  and  liav- 
k-alley  inhabiti'il 
Liained  15  days. 
lame  of  Rio  ('i)l- 
jeds-Keeder,  lio 
In  8  by  20  inilos. 
IrrivaJ  in  Upi»  r 

I  Dana,  Wm  II. 
IB,  and Tlioniis 
ution  bos  be.n 


SMITH  IN  CALIFORNIA. 


158 


ho  wished,  to  follow  the  coast  up  to  the  Columbia  via 
]^()(U'ga.« 

The  Californians  supposed  for  a  month  that  they 
Av<  re  rid  of  their  overland  guests;  but  at  the  begin- 
iiiu'j^  of  February  1827  some  of  them  were  seen  at 
(lilUront  places,  particularly  near  San  Bernardino, 
wlu^ro  Smith  appeared  on  the  2d  of  February.  There 
lie  left  a  sick  man,  and  thence  he  seems  to  have  sent 
a  Kittor  to  Padre  Sanchez  by  one  of  his  men.  The 
letter,  as  translated  at  the  time,  stated  as  the  reason 
lor  return  that  the  trappers  in  crossing  a  stream  had 
been  attacked  by  Indians,  who  killed  eight  of  their 
number  and  stripped  them  of  everything  but  their 
clothes — a  statement  that  would  seem  to  be  false, 
though  Smith  bore  the  reputation  of  truthfulness.'^ 
At  any  rate,  the  trappers  had  tried  without  success 
to  cross  the  Sierra,  and  were  reported  to  be  in  a  desti- 
tute condition.  The  two  men  to  whom  I  have  ro- 
i'erred  were,  I  suppose,  Isaac  Galbraith  and  Joaquin 
l^owman,  who  were  detained  at  the  time  for  examina- 
tion, and  who  remained  in  the  territory.  Orders  were 
issued  to  detain  the  whole  party,  but  Smith  had  loft 
Sun  Bernardino  before  the  orders  could  be  executed.** 

•Dec.  30,  1826.  Echeand  fa  reports  Smith's  arrival  with  14  companions, 
40  lienor  skins,  and  many  traps;  also  his  visit  to  S.  Diego  and  his  apparent 
jiooil  faith.  iSV.  Pap.,  Site,  MS.,  xix.  .37-8.  Ho  enclosed  Smith's  diary  to  tiie 
minister  of  Mar,  and  it  may  come  to  light  some  day.  Smith  himself,  L'xcur- 
tion,  210,  says:  '  Mon  arrivt^e  dans  la  Haute-Califomie  cxcita  les  souppons  du 
poiiveniour,  qui  demeurait  h  San  Diego.  II  me  fit  conduire  devaiit  lui;  mais 
phisieurs  citoyens  des  Etats-Unis,  notammcnt  M.  Cunningham,  capitaino  du 
Conrrii'r  do  lioston,  ayant  r^pondu  de  inoi,  j'obtins  la  ])ermission  de  rctour- 
jicr  avec  ma  suite,  ct  d'acheter  des  provisions;  mais  le  gouvemeur  refusa  <le 
me  laisser  cOtoyer  la  mer  en  allant  vers  la  Bodega.* 

'  The  letter  is  not  extant,  and  its  purport  only  is  given  in  one  of  Argflcllo'ij 
letters  to  the  governor.  It  is  possible  that  there  is  an  error  somewhere,  and 
tliat  Smith  in  the  original  letter  spoke  of  a  fight  in  which  he  killed  8  Indians, 
ei'peeiaUyas2  womenare  also  said  to  have  been  killed.  Smith  himself,  Excur- 
i-hii,  ]).  211,  gives  no  details  nor  even  mention  of  having  come  in  contact  with 
ti)i-  Spaniards  at  this  time.  He  says,  in  continuation  of  quotation  of  note  (\, 
'I  inarched  therefore  E.  and  then  N.  E.  (from  S.  Gabriel  or  S.  Diego),  keeping 
at  11  ilistincc  of  150  to  200  miles  from  the  coast.  I  went  nearly  30O  miles  in 
tliat  direction,'  through  some  fertile  regions  peopled  by  many  naked  Indians, 
nnil  'having  reached  a  river  whic'i  I  named -Kimmel-ch6  from  the  tribe  livins 
on  its  banks.  I  found  beavers,  etc.  Here  I  remained  some  days;  I  intended 
to  return  to  Salt  Lake  by  crossing  Mount  Joseph;  but  the  snow  was  so  deep 
on  tlio  heights  that  my  horses,  5  of  which  had  died  of  hunger,  could  not  ad- 
vance.    I  was  therefore  obliged  to  re-descend  into  the  valley.' 

'Letters  of  Santiago  Argilello  to  comandante  of  S.  Diego  and  to  gov.,  with 


IM 


OVKRLAND-SMITH  AND  PATTIE-FOREKiNERS. 


When  next  heard  of  in  May,  Smith  liad  moved 
iiorthvvard  and  was  encanij)ed  iii  tlio  country  of  tlu' 
Moquolumnes  and  Cosunines.  Padre  Duran,  nf 
Mission  San  Josd,  accused  the  Aaiericans  of  haviiii,' 
enticed  his  neophytes  to  desert,  but  ConiandaiitL' 
]\Iartinez  pronounced  the  charge  groundless.'  Niw 
communications  and  orders  to  investigate  passed  Itc- 
tween  the  authorities;  and  a  letter  came  to  Padio 
Duran  from  Smith  himself,  bearing  date  of  May  lOtli. 
It  was  a  frank  statement  of  his  identity  and  situation, 
of  his  failures  to  cross  the  mountains,  and  of  the  ne- 
cessity of  waiting  for  the  snow  to  melt.  He  was  far 
from  home,  destitute  of  clothing  and  all  the  neces- 
saries of  life,  save  only  game  for  food.  He  was  par- 
ticularly in  need  of  horses;  in  fact,  he  was  veiy 
disagreeably  situated,  but  yet,  "though  a  foreigiur 
unknown  to  you,  Reverend  Father,  your  true  frieml 
and  Christian  brother,  J.  S.  Smith." ^"^ 

The  next  day  after  writing  this  letter  Smith  started 


references  to  replies  and  other  communications,  i.i  Dept.  St.  Pap,,  MS.,  ii. 
3ii-7.  Mention  of  Galbraith  (Oil  Brest)  and  the  'sick  man'  in  Dejit.  I!"'., 
MS.,  V.  80,  115,  also  of  Galbraith  in  Dfpt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  10-17.  V.nw- 
man  is  nicutioncd  a$'  one  of  Smith's  men  in  Lou  Annclvn,  Hint.,  19,  by  Mr 
Warner,  and  there  may  bo  some  mistake.  Tiio  sick  man  may  possibly  Ikivc 
been  John  Wilson,  who  was  in  custody  in  May  as  one  of  Smith's  men.  7''/''. 
Jlec,  MS.,  V.  45;  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  v.  pt  i.  2!),  33.  Croniso  calls  (ial- 
bruith's  companion  Turner. 

•May  10, 1827,  Duran  to  com.  of  S.  Francisco.  400  neophytes  have  been  in- 
duced to  run  away.  Arch.  Arzub.,  MS.,  v.  pt  i.  27.  May  18th,  gov.  onlers  Mar- 
tinez not  to  rely  wholly  on  reports  of  the  Indians,  but  to  send  out  scouts  to  k  am 
wlio  are  the  strangers  and  wnat  their  business;  also  to  demand  their  passports 
and  detain  tliem  until  further  orders.  Dept.  Jlec,  MS.,  v.  45.  On  s.aniL'  ilatc 
Koclia  is  ordered  to  institute  proceedings  against  John  Wilson,  and  tuko  iKpo- 
sitiou  of  Daniel  Ferguson,  with  a  view  to  tind  out  the  aims  of  the  straii:.'!  rs. 
III.  May  2l8t,  Martinez  from  S.  Jos^  to  gov.  The  Americans  had  notliiiig 
to  do  with  the  flight  of  the  neophytes.  Sergt  Soto  has  been  ordered  to  in\  ^■•^ti• 
gate,  find  out  what  rjente  it  is,  not  allow  them  to  approach  the  missions,  ticat 
them  courteously,  etc.  A  letter  has  been  received  from  Smith  to  Diiriin, 
which  the  latter  would  not  receive,  but  which  Martinez  had  had  translatccl 
and  sent  to  Monterey  for  HartncU  to  retranslate.  The  Indians  say  that  tlicro 
are  12  of  the  strangers,  the  same  who  were  at  S.  Gabriel,  and  they  had  killdl 
5  Moc|uelumnes  in  a  fight.  John  Wibou,  a  prisoner  at  Monterey,  has  appar- 
ently not  been  missed,  and  he  says  something  of  the  party  liaving  come  tVom 
Boston  in  18  months  to  make  surveys  and  buy  lands  of  the  natives  (?).  .Irrh. 
Arzob.,  MS.,  v.  pt  i.  28-33. 

"•May  19,  1827,  Spanish  translation  of  Smith's  letter,  in  Dept.  St.  Pap., 
MS.,  ii.  18-19.  English  version,  in  liandolph's  Oration,  313-14;  and  other 
works.    French  version,  in  Frigrul,  La  Cal.,  58-00. 


[INERS. 


FIRST  CROSSING  OF  THE  SIERRA  IN  1827. 


ir.7 


had  inovtMl 
untry  ot*  tln' 

Duran,  nf 
IS  of  liaviii'4 
Conmndaiitij 
ilcss."  Nrvv 
;o  passed  Ih-- 
nc  to  Pad  10 
[)f  May  V.)i\\. 
md  situation, 
id  of  the  110- 

Hc  was  far 
,11  the  neccs- 
He  was  [)ur- 
\\e  was  very 
1  a  f(i)rei;jjiur 
ir  true  friend 

Smith  started 


St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii. 
inn'  in  Dejif.  l!"\, 
xix.  10-17.  li""- 
,  IIM.,  19,  !)>■  Mr 
may  possibly  liiivo 
initli'a  men.  J><  /''. 
Croniao  calls  (!al- 

Ihyteshave  btitn  in- 

Ih,  gov.  orders  M.ii- 

out  scouts  to  lc;ii  n 

land  their  pussiiorts 

145.     On  saino  date 

»n,  and  tuko  (Upo- 

.  of  the  straii;.;!  rs. 

•icans  had  notliiiK,' 

ordered  to  in\  tsti- 

[the  missions,  treat 

Smith  to  Diiiiin, 

lad  had  translated 

iians say  that  tlure 

[nd  they  had  Uillcil 

)nterey,  has  apjiar- 

having  come  fi mii 

natives  (?).  -I'-'*- 

lin  Dfpt.  St.  /•«/>., 
J13-14;  and  utlicr 


linuunvard  with  hut  two  companions.  Tiiis  was  the 
li  ,4  croHsin^Tf  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  the  traveller's 
1,  Illative,  though  hrief  and  meagre,  must  be  presented 
ill  his  own  words.  "On  May  20,  1827,"  ho  writes, 
"with  two  men,  seven  horses,  and  two  mules  laden 
witli  hay  and  food,  I  started  from  the  valley.  In 
ci^lit  days  we  crossed  Mount  Joseph,  losing  on  this 
])assat;'e  two  horses  and  one  mule.  At  the  summit  of 
the  mountain  thu  snow  was  from  four  to  eight  feet 
deep,  and  so  hard  tliat  the  horses  sank  only  a  few 
inches.  After  a  inarch  of  twenty  days  eastward  from 
Mount  Joseph,  I  reached  the  south-west  corner  of 
the  Great  Salt  Lake.  The  country  separating  it  from 
the  mountains  is  arid  and  without  game.  Often  we 
liad  no  water  for  two  days  at  a  time;  wo  saw  but  a 
l»lain  without  the  slightest  trace  of  vegetation.  Farther 
(»n  I  found  rocky  hills  with  springs,  then  hordes  of 
Indians,  who  seemed  to  us  the  most  miserable  beings 
imaginable.  When  we  reached  the  Great  Salt  Lake 
we  had  left  only  one  horse  and  one  mule,  so  exhausted 
that  they  could  hardly  carry  our  slight  luggage.  We 
had  been  forced  toeat  the  horses  that  had  succumbed."" 
There  are  no  means  of  knowing  anything  about  his 
route;  but  I  think  he  is  as  likely  to  have  crossed  the 
mountains  near  the  present  railroad  line  as  elsewhere.^-* 
Smith  returned  from  Salt  Lake  to  California  with 
eight  men,  arriving  probably  in  October  1827,  but 

^^  Smith,  Excunion,  211-12.  With  the  quotation  given,  the  letter  ends 
alti'uiitly. 

'-  Still  it  IS  not  impossible  or  unlikely  that  in  this  trip  or  on  the  return 
Smith  went  through  Walker  P.iss,  as  Warner  and  others  say,  or  foll(5WC(l  the 
HuMiliiililt  or  Mary,  as  Sprague  tells  us;  but  the  gold  discovery  on  the  wayna 
ri'lated  by  Sprague  merits  no  consideration,  in  the  absence  of  other  evidence 
mi'l  the  presence  of  evident  absurdities.  It  is  to  be  noticed  that  Warner  de- 
seiiijei  tins  crossing  of  the  sierra  by  Smith  and  two  men  accurately  enough, 
except  in  date;  and  I  think  it  probable  th.at  he  has  revci-sed  the  order  of  the 
tw.i  entries  to  California,  the  first  being  by  Mojavo  in  182(i,  and  the  second 
'ly  W.'.lkcr  Pass  in  1827.  On  Wilkes'  map  of  1841,  reproduced  in  vol.  iv.  oi 
tills  work,  Smith's  route  is  iiidicated,  on  what  authority  is  not  stated,  by  a 
line  I  xtcnding  s.  w.  from  Salt  Lake,  and  approaching  the  sierra  on  the  30th 
jwiiillcl,  with  a  lake  on  the  line  in  long.  Ill)",  and  three  streams  running  x. 
bet \\  ecu  the  lake  and  mountains.  A  peak  in  the  sierra  just  N.  of  3t)^  is  called 
-Mt  Smith;  and  Mt  Joseph  is  at  the  northern  end  of  the  range  in  lat.  41°. 
Tlii.i  may  all  rest  on  accurate  reports. 


I 


■ 


;A'1  ■! 


a 


1S8 


OVERLAND-SMITH  AND  PATTIE-FOnEIONKUS. 


about  the  routo  followed  or  incidents  of  Iho  trip  noth- 
inj^  is  known.  The  Callfornians  apparently  kn»'\v 
nothing  of  the  loader's  separation  from  his  (!(>in[)an\ , 
thou'jrii  the  record  »)f  what  occurred  durinyf  his  absenco 
is  nieajj^re.  On  May  23d  Echeandia  issued  instruc- 
tions, by  virtue  of  which  the  fur-hunter  was  to  ho 
infornjed  that  his  actions  had  become  suspicious,  and 
that  he  must  cither.stait  homeward  at  once,  come  to 
San  Josd  to  enjoy  the  hospitality  of  California  under 
surveillance  until  the  supreme  government  could  di;- 
cide,  or  sail  on  the  first  vessel  that  could  carry  him 
beyond  latitude  42"."  According  to  fragmentaiy 
records  in  the  archives,  it  was  supposed  early  in 
August  that  the  strangers  had  gone.  In  September 
it  was  known  that  they  were  still  present,  and  in 
October  several  orders  were  issued  that  they  bo 
brought  to  San  Jose.  It  is  not  clear  that  any  woro 
thus  brought  in,"  but  it  would  seem  that  on  Smith's 
return  from  tlie  east  late  it!  October,  ho  soon  c.iiiie, 
voluntarily  or  otherwise,  to  San  Jose  and  Monterey 
with  seventeen  or  eighteen  companions.** 

The  12th  of  November  Captain  Cooper  at  Mon- 
terey signed  a  bond  in  favor  of  his  countryma!i.  As 
the  agent  of  Stool,  Park,  and  others,  and  in  the  name 
of  the  United  States,  Cooper  became  responsible  with 
his  person  and  property  for  the  good  behavior  of  Jcd- 

"  May  23,  1827,  Echeandia  to  Martinez.  Dept.  Rcc,  MS.,  v.  48. 

"G(jv.'a  onlers  of  Aug.  3d,  Sept.  14tli,  Oct.  lat.  Kith,  iu  J)ei>t.  /.'cc,  MS., 
V.  "I'A,  88,  94,  1()2.  Bojorgoa,  Ilccitenlo^,  MS.,  12-14,  the  only  one  of  my  Ciili- 
foniiau  writers  who  mentions  this  nflfnir  at  all,  says  that  Soto  was  sent  out 
with  40  men  to  the  Ilio  Kstanislao,  and  hrought  in  uU  the  trai'pers  ti>  S. 
Francisco.  As  such  orders  had  been  issued,  tliis  is  likely  enough  to  be  .true, 
though  perhaps  it  took  place  after  Smith's  return.  Oct.  8th,  Isaac  Galhi-iitli 
asks  for  an  interview  with  Echeandia,  wishing  a  license  either  to  remain  in 
the  country  or  to  rejoin  his  leader,  lie  also  corrects  an  impression  that  Stnitli 
is  a  captain  of  troops,  stating  that  he  is  hut  a  hunter  of  the  company  of  Sniiiii, 
Jackson,  and  Sublette.  JJept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  3(i-7. 

'■■The  Spanish  records  make  the  number  17,  which  is  prolmbly  accurato, 
though  records  of  a  later  event  in  Oregon  speak  i>f  18.  Morincau,  Xoflrf,  MS., 
ld3-4,  says  that  in  October  1827  a  caravan  of  17  voyageurs  arrived  at  S. 
Francisco  from  New  Orleans.  They  sold  some  furs  to  a  Russian  v-ss.  I, 
bought  horses,  and  returned  by  the  same  way  they  came.  Carrillo,  Aj/"  i- 
cioii,  MS.,  9,  says  that  in  1827  one  of  the  hunters  passed  through  the  count ly 
with  GO  men,  reached  the  house  of  the  comandante  general,  made  plans,  cW., 
and  went  away  unmolested ! 


Ens. 


DEPARTURE  OF  THE  TRAIU'ERS. 


i:>o 


otliah  Smith  in  all  that  concerned  his  return  to  Salt 
Lala'.  In  the  tlocunusnt  it  wuh  set  forth  that  Smith 
and  liis  men,  as  Jionorable  citizens  of  tiie  United  States, 
were  to  be  treated  as  friends,  ;\nd  furnished  at  i'air 
J  trices  with  the  aid  in  arnjs,  horses,  and  provisions 
iiccfssary  fur  the  return  march  by  way  of  Alission  Sau 
Jose,  Strait  of  Carquines,  and  Bodega;  but  there  was 
to  he  no  unnecessary  delay  en  route,  and  in  future  they 
must  not  visit  the  coast  south  of  latitude  42",  nor  ex- 
tend their  inland  operations  farther  than  speeifically 
allowed  \)y  the  latest  treaties.  To  this  bond  Eehe- 
andia  attached  his  written  pennission  for  Smith  and  his 
n»in[)any  to  return,  with  one  hundred  mules,  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  horses,  a  j^un  for  each  man,  and  divers 
bales  of  provisions  and  other  effects  which  are  named.*" 
Eiiieandia  issued  orders  for  a  guard  of  ten  men  to 
escort  the  trappers  to  a  point  a  little  beyond  San 
Francisco  Solano,  starting  from  San  Jose;*"  but  a 
slight  (;hangc  u  ust  have  been  made  in  the  plan,  for 
ou  the  18th  the  whole  company  arrived  at  San  Fran- 
cisco on  the  Franklin  from  Monterey."  .  This  is  really 
the  last  that  is  known  of  Smith  in  California,  where 
four  and  perhaps  five  men  of  his  party  remained,  be- 
sides Turner  who  came  back  later.  I  have  accredited 
these  men  to  tiie  year  182G,  though  some  of  them 
proliably  came  in  the  second  party  of  1827.  Tho 
jiarty  doubtless  left  San  Francisco  at  the  end  of  tho 
year  or  early  in  1828,  and  proceeded  somewhat  lei- 
surely northward,  probably  by  a  coast  route  as  in- 
tended,*'* and  not  without  some  now  misconduct,  or 
what  was  vaguely  alluded  to  as  such  by  the  authori- 

"■'1  have,  in  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxix.  171,  tlio  orginal  of  this  interesting: 
iloLiinifnt  kept  by  Cooper.  Three  copies  were  made,  one  sent  to  Mexico,  ono 
liopt  in  the  archives,  and  one  given  to  Smith.  It  is  written  on  paper  provi- 
siuiially  'habilitated' by  tho  autographs  of  Herreraand  Kclieandia.  bears  a 
ceitilicatu  of  Jos(5  Estrada,  is  signed  John  B»  R.  Cooper.  Tlien  follows  the 
aiitogiaph  of  tho  hunter.  'I  acknowledge  this  bond,  Jedcdiah  S.  Smith,' 
ami  closes  with  Echcoudia's  pass. 

''Nov.  l.lth,  E.  to  com.  of  S.  Francisco.  Dept.  ^cc.,MS.  v.  107.  Louis 
rdiiiljoit,  a  French  Canadian,  left  Smith's  party  about  this  time  and  remained 
ill  tliu  country.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  2.5-8. 

'\Vif;iiello  to  gov.  Dept.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  4.'5. 

'■•  liojoigcs,  Itecuerdos,  MS.,  14,  says  he  left  S.  Francisco  by  water  on  an 


ICO 


OVERLAND— SMITH  AND  PATTIE-FOREIGNERS. 


ties.*'  While  attempting  to  ford  the  Umpqua  Bivcr 
lie  vas  attacked  bv  Indians,  who  killed  fifteen  of  the 
company  and  took  all  their  property.  Smith,  Tur- 
ner, and  two  others'^^  escaped  to  Fort  Vancouver. 
]\IcLoughlin  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  sent  back 
a  party  with  one  of  the  survivors  to  recover  the  lost 
cfi'ects,  in  which  they  are  said  to  have  been  success- 
ful. Jedediah  Smith  returned  eastward  by  a  north- 
jrn  route  in  1821),  and  two  years  later  he  was  killed 
by  the  Indians  in  New  Mexico.  I  append  part  of  a 
map  of  182G  purporting  to  show  'all  the  recent  geo- 
graphical discoveries'  to  that  date. 


An  important  topic,  perhaps  connootcd  indirectly 
with  Jedediah  Smith's  visit,  is  the  first  operations  of 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company's  trappers  in  California. 
Respecting  these  operations  befcjre  1830,  I  have  no 
original  and  definite  information,  exccj)t  that  con- 
tained in  the  statement  of  J.  J.  Warner,  himself  an  old 
trapper,  still  living  in  1884,  and  an  excellent  autiiority 
on  all  connected  with  the  earliest  American  piom;e!s, 
although  he  did  not  himself  roach  California  until 
the  bcLjiiniiiiiX  of  the  next  decade."     Warner  states 

AiiKTican  vessel.  It  is  pos8il)lc,  Imt  not  I  tliink  probable,  that  such  was  tlio 
f.i'«#',  (iiie  of  the  vessels  lieint;  chartered  to  take  him  up  the  coasst  to  orbi  V"ii.l 
llii  U';.,'a.  Warner  say.s  Smith  started  uj)  the  interior  valh'y,  but  on  sw- 
•  oiint  of  ditlicultiei  in  the  way,  turned  to  the  coast  •J(K)  r/.ies  above  lJn>.s. 
'I'he  ini'ii  who  remained,  liesidea  Galbraitli  aud  iiowmuu,  were  Bolbeda,  I'liiii- 
b«  rt,  a::  I  pr()l)ably  Wilson. 

-"  I'V'b.  1,  liS'J8,  gov.  to  Martinez.  Allude.;  to  the  abuses  committed  l.y 
Smith,  pint.  /iV<'.,  AIS.,  vi.  \~H.  I'robalily  lie  had  stopped  on  the  w,iy  to 
hunt  iind  trap.  Jui  u  'Jtith,  ('o)])er  was  tiianki'il  by  .1.  Lennox  Kennedy.  ['. 
N.  consul  at  .Slazati.'in,  for  his  sn-vicea  in  Smitii's  behalf;  will  send  docuiiii  nts 
to  V.  S.  min.  at  Mexico.  Vnlliji,  Dor.,  .MS.,  xxix.  -J.'K).  ButMayO,  bSi.".».  ho 
was  ordered  as  •■■mdsman  Vy  gov,  t<j  i)ay.S17<i  due  from  Smitli.  D'lif.'ll  '., 
MS.,  vi.  J4H.  .Fuiie  1]."),  IH-Ji(.  E.  re[)orts  to  th<.'  min.  of  rel.  a  rumor  that  tin' 
Anieiieans  intend  to  take  S.  Frijaieisco,  a  pluu  whioh  he  ascribes  to  the  advrut 
of  Smith.  I<l..  vii.  '2."i.  T, 

■'There  is  a  discrepancy  of  one  man  in  totals,  but  there  is  nlso  a  c'lii- 
])cn^<atin','  uncertainty  about  one  of  the  men  ■,vho  remained  in  Cal.  Cmiii-c, 
^\V(/.  \\'((ilih  iif  (id.,  4_',  ernmeously  nnnica  two  of  the  three  surviw.rs 
LauLThlinand  Trior.  Victor,  Itlm'rnf  the  Went,  ;r)-<»,  names  Turner  and  \\h\\i. 
'iliH  particulars  of  the  L'mpqua  fi};ht  Indoiig  to  other  parts  of  tliis  Heiir-i. 
See  //(.s^  dr.  and  ll'ml.  \orfliW(.it  Cou.it.  The  map  jjiven  herewith  iscnj  ul 
fiom  one  in  Wiinrii'^  Jft'iii.  In  l\ir.  It.  II.  Rejit*,  xi.  [m.  iii.,  being  a  rediKii'iii 
from  A.  Kiid^y's  map  of  X.  America,  |mblished  at  I'hiliulelplda  in  |S2il. 

"  Wariitr's  Jkiiiinlnctnccii  of  Eiirti/  (.'ulij'uniiu,  MS.,  -7-33.     The  author 


IS. 


McLEOD'S  TRAPPERS. 


IGl 


aa  Bivcr 
311  of  the 
ith,  Tur- 
incouver. 
sent  back 
r  the  li)st 
success- 
a  iiorth- 
ra.fi  killed 
part  of  a 
cent  geo- 

indirectly 
orations  of 
ualifoniia. 
[  have  no 
that  coi!- 
iselt'  antild 
,  authority 
])ioiu;ei's, 

>rnia  until 
ner  states 


t  such  was  tlio 
it  to  orlK  y.'H'l 
l)ut  on  IK'- 

S    illlOVt!    It"''*- 

Bolbo>la,  T'lm- 


coinmittcil  ly 
on  the  w:iy  to 
:  Jvenncily.  I  • 

11(1  ilocuiii'  lit'* 
Iay(»,  ISi;;*.  lio 

h.  l)'i>':i!  ■; 

uiuor  that  liio 
to  the  aih  I  lit 

is  rtlso  a  I' 'III- 
I'al.  Croui-i', 
irou  surviMii'^t 
lioranil  Ulii'  iJ. 
[.f   this  wii'  ■'• 

lig  IV  iTihuii"" 
'in  IS'Jti. 

The  author 


that  the  party  sent  back  from  Fort  Vancouver  to 
iivnige  Smith's  disasters  was  under  the  command  of 
^.FcLeod,  and  after  recovering  the  stolen  furs,  traps, 
and  horses,  was  guided  by  Turner  down  into  the  Sac- 
lanieiito  Valley  in  1828,  where  he  made  a  successful 
hunt.  Returning  northward,  however,  he  was  over- 
taken by  a  snow-storm  in  the  Pit  River  country,  which 
he  was  the  first  to  traverse.^^  He  lost  his  aniii.als, 
and  was  compelled  to  leave  his  furs,  which  wcr'> 
spoiled  by  melting  snow  before  they  could  be  moved. 


Map  ok  1826 

^.IcLcod  waiL  discharged  for  his  im]>rudence  or  forliis 
i):i(lhK'k.  M 'anwhilc  the  company  had  hastoiie«;f  to 
•  Kspatch  Ogdeh  with  anoth(.r  party  of  hunters  up  the 
Ci'iuinl  la  and  S-iake,  to  proceed  thence  southward 
to  Smith's  trail,-'  by  which  he  was  to  enter  Califoi- 

ri  pre  lilts  tlio  manager  <  '  iho  company  as  luving  driven  a  slucewd  bargain 
wi;h  Smith,  and  <lurivt'd  trueh  pi-otit  from  hia  disastiT. 

■^  Thu  McLood  Rivei    geuorally  writtea  MuCluiid,  was  uodxied  by  or  in 
iiuiimnf  tliis  hunter. 

'  iluit  is  ono  of  Smitli's  trails,  probably  the  nuMst  uorthcily,  though  War- 
iiu-  iiialvi.'s  it  the  earliest. 

Hi8T.  Cal.,  Vol.  IU.    11 


102 


OVERLAND— SMITH  AND  PATTIE— FOREIONERS. 


ni'a,  and  thus  get  the  start  of  any  Aniorican  ti'aj)p(M's 
that  might  be  sent  as  a  result  of  Smith's  reports. 
Oixdcn  was  successful  in  this  movement,  and  entered 
tlie  great  valley  about  the  same  time  that  McLeod 
left  it.'-'*  He  also  obtained  a  rich  harvest  of  skin-; 
during  his  stav  of  cij^ht  months,  and  carried  his  furs 
to  the  north  bv  McLeod's  trail.  These  were  tli.' 
only   visits  of   Hudson  Bay  trappers    before  183l!.-' 

The  visit  of  the  Patties  to  California  in  1828-10 
is  the  topic  next  demanding  attention.  Sylvestc  r 
Pattie,  a  Kentuckian,  lieutenant  of  rangers  .against 
the  Indians  in  1812-13,  and  later  a  lumberman  in 
]\Iissouri,  joined  a  trapping  and  trading  expedition  in 
New  Mexico  in  1824,  with  his  son  James  Ohio  Pnt- 
tie.  The  father  was  about  forty  years  of  age,  ami 
the  son  a  school-boy  of  perhaps  fifteen.  With  tluii- 
adventures  in  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  for  the  next 
three  years  I  am  not  concerned  here.  More  than 
once  they  visited  the  Gila,  and  in  September  1SJ7 
the  elder  Pattie  was  made  captain  of  a  company  of 
thirty  trappers,  organized  at  Santa  Fe  to  operate  tui 
the  Colorado.'*'  They  reached  the  Colorado  and  (j!i!;i 
junction  December  1st,  or  at  least  the  Patties  nuA 
six  men  did  so,  the  rest  having  left  the  Gila,  strikiii,' 
northward  some  two  weeks  earlier.  The  eight  (f 
Pattie's  party  were  in  a  desperate  strait.  They  un- 
derstood from  the  Yumas  that  there  were  Christiiui^ 
down  the  river,  and  started  to  find  them,  floating  on 
canoe  rafts,  trapping  successfully  as  they  went,  and 

'"  It  seems  rather  unlikely  that  this  could  have  been  Jiccomplishcd  so  ;■<><>» 
ns  tiin  nutuinn  of  18'28.  Either  it  was  in  18i29,  or  Smith  lind  reached  !•  it 
Vaiu'ouver  early  in  18'J8,  instead  of  in  the  autumn  as  has  been  supiwsed. 

'■"'  ^Similar  versions  of  McLeod's  and  Ogdeu's  expeditions,  oiigiuatin!,'  pi"l)- 
ably  indirectly  from  Warner,  but  perhaps  nlso  from  tho  recollections  of  ol  In  f 
old  trappers,  are  given  in  tho  county  histories,  newspaper  articles,  and  dtlui' 
recent  publications.  See  also  /liM.  N.  W.  CoaM,  i.,  this  series.  Croniso,  A'"'. 
WcnI/h,  41,  says  that  French  Camp,  near  Stocktcm,  was  located  by  a  party  of 
theso  trappers  who  encamped  hero  from  18'2H  to  18.18.  In  t/itmphrr;/.i'  Li'i-r 
to  Uirin,  lS5ii,  p.  T),  it  is  stated  that  Richard  Camplxill  of  Sta  Fe  came  vitli 
pack-mules  from  N.  Orleans  to  S.  Diego  in  18'27.  I  find  nothing  more  on  tlio 
BubjcLt. 

"'  1  attic,  Narr,,  133,  translates  the  passport  given  them. 


PATTIE'S  VISIT. 


IG3 


reaching  tide-water  the  18th  of  January,  1828. 
Tlioy  soon  started  back  up  the  river,  making  Httle 
progress,  and  February  IGth,  having  buried  their 
furs  and  traps,  they  started  westward  across  tlic 
desert.  After  terrible  suffering  they  reached  Santa 
Catahna  .Mission  in  Lower  Cahfornia  the  r2th  of 
]\Iarch.  Ten  days  hiter,  by  Echeanth'a's  order,^**  tiny 
started  under  a  guard  for  San  Diego,  where  they 
arrived  the  27th.  The  company  included,  besides  the 
Patties,  Nathaniel  Pryor,  Richard  Laughlin,  Will- 
iam Pope,  Isaac  Slover,  Jesse  Ferguson,  and  James 
Piiter,'^^  most  of  whom  sooner  or  later  became  per- 
manent residents  of  California. 

Tlie  narrative  of  James  O.  Pattie  was  subsequently 
piinted;  from  it  I  have  drawn  the  preceding  resume, 
and  I  have  now  to  present  in  substance  that  part  of 
it  relatiuix  to  California,  introducino'  occasional  notes 
from  other  ;•  -uives,  and  reservhig  connnent  until  the 
eud.''^     On  io/iival  at  San  Dieiro  the  stranirers  were 


"  March  22,  1828,  E.  to  com.  of  S.  Diego.  Eight  amied  men  have  np- 
r&ircMl  at  a  frontier  post  with  n  f/iila  of  the  N.  Mcx.  custom-house  as  :i 
livssiiort.  Arrest  them  ami  seize  their  arms.  Dcjil.  Jive,  MS.,  vi.  1!)4;  I'allii  'a' 
Xmr.,  170. 

-'■•  All  tiio  names  appear  in  the  archives,  in  one  phice  or  another,  tliou;;li 
F( f;;i»><iin  is  not  clearly  .^fcited  to  have  belonged  to  this  company.  Josepli 
Yi)i;,'L'iis  is  named,  perliaps  a  corruption  of  Ferguson's  name,  since  W.ir- 
inr  speaks  of  Ferguson,  whom  he  must  have  known.  I'uter  is  mentimied 
only  oiieo,  anil  tliero  may  be  some  error  about  his  niimo.  I'attic  himself 
Bti'.iiigely  iiaiiics  only  Slover  in  Ilia  narrative,  speaking  also  of  a  Dutchman; 
and  on  tlie  other  hand,  I'attie's  own  name  appears  only  once  in  the  arehivt's. 

''"  J'at'ii',  Tin'.  Personal  Xdi-ral'ire  ofjamen  O.  Pdffic,  nf  K<  iititcky,  (li(ri,ij 
an  rxjii'  liliiiiifroin  .S7  fjoulu  tliroiiijh  thf  Vii.i(  rcjiniin  hrlwcrii.  that  pkicp.  and  the 
rnr'iiic  Orcnn,  and  thence  Jiack  thrnuijh  the  eilynf  Me.i'no  to  Vera  C'riir.,  ibiriinj 
j  I  urn  I  iji  1)1 1  !^  of  Hi. c  yearn;  In  irhleh  he  and  his  father,  who  aicumjianied  him,  ■■•n/'- 
f  If  I  V iilivanl -of  hardshipH  and  daii'jers,  had  various coiijlidH  vith  the  liidiai.s, 
ami  iri  re  in  ule  ea/itinen,  in  whieh  eajitivitif  his  father  dhd;  tmiithir  vith  a  d'- 
s  lijilitin  if  the  eimntry,  and  the  I'arions  milions  thromjh  which  they  passed.  /.'./- 
}'"! Ii:/ Tiniiilhy  Fiiiit.  Cincinnati,  ISo.'l.  8vo.  IJlM)  jip.  The  editor,  a  some- 
\v!i;it,  Vdliiiiiiuous  writer  of  works  largely  fictitious,  claims  not  to  have  drawn 
('11  his  imagination,  but  to  have  changed  the  aiithors  statement — apparently 
wii.iiii — (inly  in  orthogi'aphy  and  by  an  occasional  abridgment. 

TJ(e  llnntem  of  Kentiich/;  or  the  trials  and  toils  of  traders  and  trapiiera, 
il'iei  '■!  an  erpedition  to  the  Itoeky  Mountains,  Xew  Mexien,  and  California,  hy 
J!.  J'.il.wn,  New  York,  1847,  8vo,  100  pp.,  is  called  by  T.  W.  Field,  hcc  Suliin's 
J'li'nii'iry,  viii.  509-70,  'a  reproduction  of  Patties  narrative,  which  the 
I'linry  of  the  thieving  writer's  imagination  has  not  empowered  him  to 
tl'.  he  with  new  language,  or  interleave  with  new  incidents;'  yet  this  rejirint 
i.i  iiiuili  less  rare  tlian  the  original,  and  has  been  much  more  widely  read. 
I'lom  it  at  the  time  of  publication  many  people  formed  their  ideas  about  tho 


164 


OVERLAND— SMITH  AND  PATTIE— FOREIGXERS. 


l»rought  before  Echeandia  and  questioned,  the  younger 
]\ittie,  who  had  learned  a  httlc  Spanish  in  New 
!Mexic(),  serving  as  spokesman,  and  expressing  his  ideas 
Avitli  great  freedom  on  this  as  on  every  other  occa- 
sion when  he  came  into  contact  witli  the  Spaniards. 
The  governor  beheved  nothing  of  their  story,  accused 
them  of  being  spies  for  Spain — worse  than  thieves  and 
nmrderers — tore  up  their  passport  as  a  forgery,  cut 
short  their  expkinations,  and  remanded  them  to  prison. 
On  the  way  they  resolved  to  redress  their  wrongs  by 
force  or  tlie  in  the  attempt;  but  their  arms  iiad  been 
removed,"*  and  they  were  locked  up  in  separate  cells. 
The  father  was  cruelly  torn  from  the  son,  and  died  a 
month  later  without  being  permitted  again  to  see  him. 
The  cells  were  eiglit  or  ten  feet  square,  with  iron 
doors,  and  walls  and  floor  of  stone.  Young  Pattie's 
experience  alone  is  recorded,  as  no  conununicatiou 
was  allowed.  Nauseating  food  and  continued  insults 
and  taunts  were  added  to  the  horrors  of  .solitary  coii- 
rinement.  From  his  grated  door  Pattic  could  set; 
Echeandia  at  his  house  opposite.  "Ah!  that  I  had 
had  but  my  trusty  rifle  well  charged  to  my  ('alv  ! 
Could  I  but  have  had  the  pleasure  of  that  single  shot. 


Snnnish  Califominns.  In  TTitrptr'n  Ma'jar.'mf,  xxi.  80-94,  J.  T.  IlcaiUcy 
It'll'!  the  story  of  I'attic's  BuHbrings,  taken  fi-om  one  of  tlic  preceding  works, 
ciiil  erroneously  called  the  iirst  overland  expedition  to  California.  CnmiM', 
,V(''.  WcnIlhofCfi!.,  45,  siiys,  'the  partieuhirs  of  l*attie'.s  journey  were  p'i!>- 
lijilied  with  I'rcsidcnt  Jackson's  mcssajjc  to  congress  in  1830.'  The  suliject  is 
v,\;.'ucly  and  incorrectly  mentioned  in  (i'ri'('iihow\H  J/ht.  O'jn,  ',]&];  and  Cujiron'i 
Hist.  Cal.,  .'<7.  Warner,  who  knew  personally  most  of  I'attie's  ^onlpanioll^', 
gives  a  valuable  account  in  his  Rtfiniiiinceiiceti,  MS.,  .3H-7.  The  archive  rco- 
rvds  are  nnicli  less  satisfactory  than  in  the  case  of  Jcdcdiah  Smith;  but  I 
slinll  have  occasion  to  refer  to  thcnj  on  special  points. 

•"  l)v  Marsh,  LetUr  to  Com.  Joiir.^,  MS.,  1S4'2,  p.  3,  says  they  came  to  S, 
I)ie£,'o  on  a  friendly  visit,  'were 'well  received  at  Iirst,  and  shown  into  ccm- 
f  irtalilc  lodgings,  where  they  deposited  their  arms  and  baggage.  They  wtie 
shortly  after  invited  into  another  apartment  to  partake  of  sonie  rcfi'eshnieiit, 
nud  wlien  they  returned  found  that  their  arms  had  been  removed,  and  that 
tlicy  wei-c  prisoners.  I  mention  this  incident,  trivial  as  it  is,  because  I  con- 
pider  it  as  a  characteristic  trait  of  the  whole  Mexican  people.  Oen.  Eclieun- 
d(a  in  his  own  capital,  with  nil  his  troops,  could  not  take  hve  American  hunt- 
ers without  resorting  to  an  nrtitice  which  would  have  been  disdained  by  tKc 
most  barbarous  tribe  of  Indians  on  the  whole  continent.  These  poor  lufu 
Wire  kept  in  close  confinement  a  long  time. .  .Two  or  three  of  the  nundjeriue 
still  in  the  country.'  Where  Marsh  got  this  version,  which  leaves  oven  Pattio 
ia  the  shade,  does  uot  appear. 


THE  HUXTEll'S  TALE. 


165 


younger 
in    New 
his  ideas 
icr  occa- 
paniarcls. 
',  accused 
loves  and 
■gery,  cut 
to  prison. 
Tongs  l)y 
iiad  been 
rate  cells. 
nd  died  a 
1  see  liini. 
with  iron 
g  Pattie's 
lunicatiou 
ed  insults 
[itary  con- 
could   set! 
hat  I  had 
my  iaee! 
ingle  shot, 

T.  Ilca.lliy 
Ict'iUng  worlw, 
Ilia.  Ci'oiii.-t'. 
hey  wcvo  ivili- 
The  Buliject  h 
ami  ('«;'*•().'''■ 
ronipanioiis 
archive  ivc- 
ISmith;  but  I 

ly  came  to  S. 

Wu  into  coin- 
.  They  wwi 
I  rcfrcslinieiit, 
Ivcd,  and  thit 
lecause  I  l'iu- 
Gen.  Echi'aii- 
Incvican  liimt- 
llaiiicd  by  tl'« 
\m  poor  luoii 
lo  iminbor;ivu 
I3  even  PalUo 


I  think  I  would  have  been  willing  to  have  purchased 
it  with  my  life,"  writes  the  captive,  and  this  before 
his  lather  died  alone.  No  attention  was  paid  to  pleas 
ior  justice  or  pity.  Yet  a  sergeant  showed  much 
kindness,  and  his  beautiful  sister  came  often  to  the 
ii'll  with  sympathy  and  food,  and  even  enabled  the 
prisoner  to  get  a  glimpse  of  his  father's  coffin  as  it 
was  hastily  covered  with  earth.^" 

Captain  Bradshaw  of  the  FnuMui  soon  got  Pattio 
out  of  jail  for  a  day  by  the  'innocent  stratagem'  of 
pretending  to  need  his  services  as  an  interpreter;  and 
with  an  eye  to  business,  he  made  an  effort  to  get  per- 
mission for  the  hunters  to  go  to  the  Colorado  and 
bring  the  buried  furs,  but  in  vain.     In  the  proceed- 

iuirs  a'jfainst  Bradshaw  for  smuggling,  Pattio  served 

111  ■  • 

as  interpreter;  and  later,  by  reportmg  certam  ordei^ 

wliicli  he  had  overheard,  he  claims  to  have  prevented 
Biadshaw's  arrest,  and  thus  to  have  contributed  ti< 
tile  escape  of  the  Fninldtn.^^  Seth  Bogers,  A.  \\  . 
AVillianis,  and  W.  H.  Cunningham  are  named  as 
ether  American  masters  of  vessels  who  befriended  the 
}uuiig  prisoner,  and  gave  him  money. 

Echeandia  himself  also  employed  Pattie  as  an  iu- 
tti'preter,  and  at  times  assumed  a  friendly  tone.  The 
( aptiv  e  took  advantage  of  this  to  plead  his  cause  anew, 
to  discuss  questions  of  international  law,  and  to  sug- 
gt'st  that  there  was  money  to  be  made  by  sending 
alter  the  buried  furs.  At  the  first  he  had  known  that 
evi-ry  word  of  kindness  pronounced  by  Eeiieandi'a 
"was  a  vile  and  deceitful  lie,"  and  after  re[)eated  inter- 
views he  perceived  "that,  like  most  arbitrary  and 
cnul  men,  he  was  fickle  and  infirm  of  purpose,"  and 

'-  llo  calls  the  young  lady  Miss  Teaks,  and  tho  cduplo  nmy  have  bccu 
.'^(-■iL't  I 'ico  luid  his  sister.  A  certain  (V(/((7rtrt  (/c  o/'»i(/<  is  also  mentioned  in 
(if  a  liii'udly  disposition,  thonf^h  he  did  not  dare  to  bravo  the  tyrant's  ra'_!i'. 
The  icferenco  may  be  to  I'cn'tilla  or  Ruiz.  It  is  remarkable  that  Tattie  oamo 
tn  ot'trn  into  contact  with  tlio  governor,  and  not  at  all  with  the  coinanihinte. 

'"'Sic  preceding  chapter  for  allair  of  tlio  Fi-aiik'iii.  l':\ttie"a  BtateinenN 
tliat  r.radshaw's  trial  wua  concluded  July  •JStii,  that  the  FrduLliii  ran  out  <if 
till.'  hiii  bor  in  Sept.,  and  that  she  lired  a  l>roadHide  at  the  fort,  aic  so  positive, 
n>  I  riiiiieous,  and  yet  so  closely  connected  witli  details  of  his  own  aliiurH,  ad 
tu  leave  a  doubt  us  to  the  accuracy  of  those  details. 


ICG 


OVERLAND -SMITH  AND  PATTIE- FOREIGNERS. 


'.I  • 


thereupon  proceeded  to  "  tease  him  with  importuni- 
ties;" but  under  this  treatment  the  general  became 
surly.  "How  earnestly  I  wished  that  he  and  I  had 
been  together  in  the  wild  woods,  and  I  armed  witli 
my  rifle!"  writes  Pattie.  This  could  not  be,  but  ho 
refused  to  translate  any  more  letters,  and  the  gov- 
ernor, striking  him  on  the  head  with  the  flat  of  his 
sword,  had  him  dragged  again  to  prison  to  lie  and  rot. 
Th<^  suggestion  of  profit  from  the  furs  had,  however, 
taken  root;  and  early  in  September  the  prisoners  were 
released,  allowed  once  more  to  see  each  other,  and 
j)romised  permission  to  go  to  the  Colorado,  greatly  to 
Iheir  delight.  "I  was  convinced  that  Mexico  could 
not  array  force  enough  to  bring  us  back  alive.  I  fore- 
saw that  the  general  would  send  no  more  than  ten  or 
twelve  soldiers  with  us.  I  knew  that  it  would  be  no 
more  than  an  amusement  to  rise  upon  them,  take  their 
horses  for  our  own  riding,  flea  some  of  them  of  their 
skins  to  show  that  we  know  how  to  inflict  tortun^ 
and  send  the  rest  back  to  the  general  on  foot."  Pat'  ii> 
was  allowed  to  ijo  to  the  mission  to  hire  horses  i'u' 
the  trip;  but  at  the  last  moment  Echeandia  remarked 
that  he  could  spare  no  soldiers  to  go  with  them,  it 
did  not  matter,  they  said,  though  it  spoiled  their  plan 
of  vengeance.  ]5nt  the  governor  added  that  one  must 
remain  as  a  hostago  for  the  return  of  the  rest,  and 
Pattie  was  the  man  selected.  "At  this  horrible  sen- 
tence, breaking  upon  us  in  the  sanguine  rapture  of 
confidence,  we  all  gazed  at  each  other  in  the  conster- 
nation of  despair';"  but  Pattie  urged  them  to  go  and 
foHow  their  inclinations  ab'iut  coming  back.  Th(  y 
eame  back  at  tiie  end  of  September.  The  furs  had 
all  been  spoiled  b}'  the  overflow  of  the  river,  and  the 
tiaps  were  sold  to  'my  the  mule-hire.  Two  of  the  six, 
liowuver,  failed  to  return,  having  loft  their  coni[)an- 
ions  on  the  Colorado  and  started  for  New  Mexico.'* 


'*  Tlieae  two  were  pi-olvilily  Slovor  and  Poi)o,  wnce  these  ;ire  the  only  one  <  not 
rci'ordeil  ii»  Imiiig  iii*(';ilif('nii:i  in  1S2!>.  Wjinicr  nays  SI<iV(>r  and  rope  {w  i;li 
Uco.  C  Yoiint,  wJioni  nobody  else  connects  with  this  expcditiou  at  all)  slui\Ld 


SAVED  BY  SMALL  POX. 


167 


In  tlio  absence  of  his  companions,  Pattio,  by  ailvice 
of  Uradshaw  and  Perkins,^^  had  written  a  letter  to 
Jones,  consul  of  the  United  States  at  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  impUiring  intervention  in  his  own  behalf,  and 
tlu'ii  he  lay  in  his  cell,  harassed  by  continual  throats 
of  beins^  shot  at  as  a  target,  hanged,  or  burned  alive. 
Soon  came  news  from  the  north  that  the  small-pox  was 
raffing  in  the  missions.  Fortunately  Pattio  had  a 
small  quantity  of  vaccine  matter,  and  he  resolved  to 
niako  the  best  possible  use  of  his  advantage.  Xego- 
tiations  followed,  which  gave  the  young  trapper  many 
o[)[)ortanities  to  show  what  could  be  done  by  the 
toiigiiu  of  a  free  American  citizen.  In  return  for  the 
lii>(_rty  of  himself  and  companions,  he  offered  to  vacci- 
nate  everybody  in  the  territory;  refusing  his  own  lil> 
crty,  refusing  to  vaccinate  the  governor  himself, 
though  trembling  in  fear  of  death,  refusing  even  to 
operate  on  the  arm  of  his  beautiful  guardian  angel,  the 
Stnorita  Pico,  unless  his  proposition  were  acce[)ted. 
TJitre  were  many  stormy  scenes,  and  Pattie  was  ol'ten 
iiinanded  to  prison  with  a  curse  from  Echeandia,  who 
t;il;l  him  he  might  die  for  his  obstinacy.  But  at  last 
llu'  governor  had  to  yield.  Certain  old  black  pai)ers 
ill  [)os.sessi()n  of  the  tra[)pers,  as  interpreted  by  Pattie, 
wvw  acce[)ted  as  certilicates  of  American  citizenshi[), 
and  in  December  all  were  freed  for  a  week  as  an  ex.- 
iviinient.^'^ 

fiijiii  Xi'w  Muxico  with  the  comp.aiiy,  but  returned  from  the  Colorado  without 
c  imiiij.'ti)  ('ill.  There  must  ho  nn  orror  in  Puttio'a  version  of  the  th'parture 
vi  tlit'si.' two  men;  for  I  lind  tlint  ou  Nov.  11,  IH'IS,  Kcheandiii  iuformt'd  tiio 
I'lin.  iit  Altar  tliat  hu  has  issued  passports  to  I'opo  and  Siover,  who  tslartud 
fidiii  N.  Mexico  for  Souor.a,  but  lost  their  w.ay  and  entered  Cal.  Driif.  Iti<\, 
Ms. .  vi.  \X  I'opc  came  back  some  years  later,  and  has  left  hia  uamu  to  I'ope 
VHliey,  Napa  county,  wliere  he  lived  and  died.  May  1,  IS'JS,  E.  Iiad  writttn 
ti)  the  com.  of  Altar  about  the  8  Americans  detaineil  at  S.  Die^'o,  wliom  ho 
thDnu'lit  it  expedie?it  to  send  i)ack  to  the  (Joloi'ado  under  a  guar.!,  that  tliey 
iiii-'lit  go  to  Soiiora  according  to  their  custom-houst!  permit.  Ilej''.  /.Vc.,  MS., 
yi.  !>.  July  oth,  the  gov.  of  .Soiiora  writes  to  the  alcalde  of  Aliai-  on  the  ,sul>- 
jict,  and  presumes  that  the  com.  gon.  has  already  issued  the  prnper  instruo- 
tiniis.  'Hie  captives  ai-e  alluded  to  aa  suspicious  charactor.s.  Piiiart,  Col.  Doc, 
a^n..  MS,,  43. 

'-' Ih-adsliaw  had  really  been  gone  over  amontli  at  the  time  when  these  in- 
terviews arc  said  to  have  taken  place. 

''  It  is  implied  by  the  wi  .'".er  that  \  accination  was  a  great  inysteiy  to  the 
Ciiliiuruiaus,  aud  cvcu  to  ttie  liuisiaus,  whicli  is  uhsunily  inaccurate,  and 


11 


-:   ,  - 


w 

: 
1 

j'-tl 

1               :  ;   ^  ^ 

I       ; 

i        ^      ,., 

1 ,  ^ 

\\%  : 

1   ll 

k 

ICS 


OVERLAXD-SMITn  AND  PATTIE-FOREIGNERS. 


It  was  tUicniod  best  to  take  no  risks.  By  a  fals(3 
proiuiso  to  tlieir  fVioiul,  the  capitan  tic  annas,  they  i^ot 
their  rifles  and  j)!stols  on  pretence  of  cleaning  them, 
and  refiiscd  to  return  the  weapons,  which  were  cou- 
ceaU'd  in  the  tliicket.  Charles  Lang,  the  smuggler, 
now  made  his  appearance  secretly,^'  and  the  tra[)pers 
determined  to  join  him.  Pattie  with  one  companion 
leil  San  Diego  Christmas  night,  and  went  down  to 
Todos  Santos;  hut  learning  that  Lani^  had  been  ar- 
rested,  they  returned.  Their  comrades  were  still  at 
liberty;  no  trouble  was  made  by  Echoandia  about 
their  absence  or  the  recovery  of  their  arms;  and  in 
January  and  February  1829,  Pattie  vaccinated  every- 
body at  the  jiresidio  and  mission.  On  February  28t!i 
a  [)a])er  was  issued  to  each,  granting  liberty  for  a  year 
on  [)arole;^*  and  Pattie  obtained  also  a  letter  lo  tlu! 
[)adi'es,  who  were  instructed  to  furnish  supplies  an. I 
horses  for  the  journey,  and  "indenniify  nje  for  my 
services  as  far  as  they  thought  [)ro|)er." 

Pattie  started  innnediately  on  his  trip  northwar.l, 
called  at  mission,  presidio,  and  pueblo,  and  arrived  ;it 
San  Francisco  the  20th  of  June.     He  had  vaccinat    I 

forms  a  weak  point  in  the  narrative.  It  is  not  certain,  however,  that  tin  y 
hiul  any  vat'uiiii!  matter  in  tlieir  possession  in  IS'28,  nor  is  it  evident  tliiit  i'.t,- 
tie  coulil  have  kept  tliat  whichlie  had  from  being  taken.  I  suppose  th:it  nil  is 
cxag^'crated  for  eirect,  hut  that  Pattie  may  liave  liecn  really  employed  to  v.io 
einate.  Early  in  18'Ji)  a  Russian  vessel  brought  vaccine  matter,  and  W.  A. 
llicliai'dson  was  employed  liiat  year  to  vaccinate  at  the  missions;  and  iu  l-'-'I 
the  liusbians  had  vaccinated  Ctl  persons  at  Monterey. 

^'iSeop.  1.S9,  this  volume,  for  Land's  adventures. 

'8 1'attie's  carta  tie  uri/iiriditd  of  Feb.  28th  is  presei'ved  in  Depl.  I'cc,  M"^., 
vii.  89.  It  is  as  follows:  'Whereas,  Santiago  Ohio  Pattie,  who  came  into  tl;:3 
territoiy  hunting  beaver  in  company  with  other  foreigners,  without  .'my 
license  wliatcver,  in  March  of  the  past  year,  appears  to  be  a  North  Ameiicnu 
according  to  a  custom-liouse  permit  given  in  New  Mexico;  and  whereas,  llio 
comandante  of  this  place  reports  him  not  to  be  vicious  but  of  regular  conduct, 
in  tlic  petition  presented  by  Pattie  on  tlio  27th  of  this  month  for  permis.iiou 
to  travel  and  I'cniain  in  the  country,  tliero  being  no  consul  nor  mercantile 
agent  of  liis  nati(»n,  nor  any  Mexican  bondsman,  tiiereforo  I  have  detenniii'  1 
to  grant  iiiin  provisionally  tiiis  letter  of  security,  that  homayremainandtrnM  1 
in  tiiis  tcrrit<M-y  for  one  year,'  in  accordance,  so  far  as  possible,  with  the  hiwd 
of  May  1  and  Mar.  12,  1828. 

1  Iiave  notfouu('  the  papei's  of  the  other  men  under  this  date,  but  inali-;t 
of  Felt.  Utii,  J>epl.  S'.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  44,  I'ryor,  Puter,  and  Yor^cns  ii:e 
named,  Pryor  being  already  at  S.  I.uis  Itey.  He  received  .-i,  carta  desc^jiirhlwl 
April  ."i2tli.  /(/.,  xix.  18-19.  It  is  doubtful  if  any  of  them  were  kept  in  prioua 
after  their  return  from  the  Colorado. 


A  TOUR  OF  VACCINATION. 


1G9 


in  all  22,000  persons/'  rcccivini^  from  the  padres  cor- 
iilicates  by  which  the  value  of  his  services  was  to  bo 
iiiially  estimated  by  a  'high  dij^nitary'  iit  the  north. 
After  a  week's  visit  to  Ross,  where  everything  pleased 
llio  American,  and  where  he  received  $100  for  hi.i 
iiK'dical  services,^"  he  returned  and  presented  his  cer- 
titicatos  to  the  padre  at  San  Francisco.  On  July 
Stli  John  Cabortes,  presumably  Padre  Juan  Cabot, 
j)resonte(l  the  amateur  physician  a  paper,  by  which 
lie  gave  him  500  cattle  and  500  mules,  with  land  on 
wliiih  to  pasture  the  same — to  be  delivered  when  he 
had  bocouie  a  Catholic  and  a  Mexican  citizen.  "  When 
I  had  read  this,"  says  Pattie,  "I  was  stru(.'k  dumb, 
^ly  anger  choked  me."  But  he  soon  recovered  his 
speech  sufficiently  to  give  the  padre  his  opinion  in 
the  matter,  to  say  that  he  came  from  a  country  where 
ilie  laws  compelled  a  man  to  pay  another  what  he 
justly  owed  him  without  condition  of  submission  to 
"any  of  his  whimsical  desires;"  that  as  a  protestant 
Ik!  would  not  change  his  opinions  for  all  the  money 
the  mission  was  worth,  and  that  as  an  American, 
"  father  than  consent  to  be  adopted  into  the  society  and 
rniiipanionship  of  such  a  band  of  murderers  and  rob- 
bers," he  would  suffer  death.  For  this  "honest  and 
j)laiu  utterance"  of  his  feelings,  he  was  ordered  to 
leave  the  house;  and,  keeping  his  rifle  ready  for  any 
Olio  the  priest  might  send  after  him,  he  bought  a 
horse  for  three  dollars,  and  started  for  Monte  El  Key! 
At  the  capital  Pattie  shipped  on  an  American  ves- 
sel, and  for  several  months  ploughed  the  Pacilie, 
toucliing  at  various  ports.  He  does  not  name  the 
vessel,  and  he  gives  no  particulars  of  his  voyage,  save 


''"  Strangoly  enough  tlicre  is  no  record  in  the  archives  respecting  the  ravages 
(if  siiiiill-]iox  or  Puttie's  professional  tour;  yet  his  statement  is  confirmed  iiy 
the  l:ut  lluit  tJie  statistical  tables  show  an  extraordinary  number  of  deaths 
this  year  among  tlio  Indians  of  all  the  northern  missions.  (See  note  .30.)  Sta 
(  tu;',  S.  Josi^',  and  Sta  Clara  do  not  appear  to  have  been  visited  at  all.  Hero 
ill  the  extreme  north  oidy  the  few  who  had  not  hail  the  small-pox  were  vac- 
ciniitcil. 

*''  lie  had  seen  Don  Sereldo,  as  lie  calls  the  Russian  manager,  at  S,  Diego, 
ttuJ  had  been  implored  to  come  to  Bodega  and  administer  his  remedy. 


no 


OVERLAND-SMITH  AND  rATTIE-FOREIONERS. 


of  tlio  first  week's  terrible  sc.i-sickiuHs.  Back  at  ^lon- 
torey,"  ho  took  a  more  or  lesa  active  part,  on  both 
Bides,  in  the  Solis  revolt,  to  which  event  considerable 
s])ace  is  devoted  in  his  narrative.*'  At  first  the  tra]*- 
l>er  had  contributed  in  a  small  way  to  the  rebellion  Auk  I, 
iwid  had  with  difficulty  been  dissuaded  from  joining,' 
the  army  of  Solis  in  the  hope  of  getting  a  shot  at 
]']cheandia;  but  in  the  end  he  had  become  an  ally  of 
his  old  foe,  who  on  his  coming  to  Mcmterey  received 
l*attie  allably,  and  even  listened  with  some  paticiu'o 
to  a  repetition  of  his  long-winded  arguments  and  com- 
plaints. Yet  notwithstanding  the  portentous  aspect 
of  a  document  which  Pattio  had  prepared  by  the  ad- 
vi<;e  of  the  Hawaiian  consul,  Jones,^^  f(jr  presentation 
to  the  American  minister  at  Mexico,  Echeandi'a  ven- 
tured to  doubt  that  his  wrongs  would  be  redressed, 
though  he  granted  a  passport  that  he  might  go  to 
]^[cxic()  and  try.  Si3ending  three  days  de  fiesta  at  San 
Carlos  in  company  with  Captain  William  Hinckley, 
hunting  otter  profitably  for  ten  days  on  the  coast, 
])resenting  his  rille  to  Captain  Cooper,  and  writing  a 
letter  of  farewell  to  his  former  companions  in  the 
south,  Pattio  sailed  on  the  Volunteer  May  9th,  in 
company  with  Solis  and  his  fellow-[)risoncrs,  for  San 
]»las.  At  Mexico  in  June, at  the  office  of  Butkr, 
American  charge  d'affaires,  he  saw  a  comnmnicatiou 
of  President  Andrew  Jackson  in  his  behalf.  He  was 
honored  by  an  interview  with  President  Guerrero, 
and  had  the  pleasure  of  learning  that  Echeandia  had 
been  recalled.  I  have  his  original  letter  of  June  14, 
1830,  to  friends  in  California,  naming  Lothlin  (Laugh- 

*'  IIo  says  it  wns  Jan.  6,  18.10;  but  if  tlicro  is  any  foundation  of  truth  in 
that  part  of  tho  narrative  wliich  follow"  it  must  have  been  about  2  nioiitlis 
earlior. 

*-Scc  chapter  iii.,  this  volume,  on  the  Solis  revolt,  and  especially  Pattic's 
Version  of  that  affair.  His  dates  are  all  MTong;  there  are  many  absurd  iiuic- 
ciuiicies  built  on  ii  substratum  of  truth;  and  there  is  apparently  deliberate 
falsehood  respecting  his  personal  exploitsj  in  tlie  capture  of  Solis. 

■"  I'attie  says  that  this  consul,  John  W.  Jones,  to  whom  he  had  written 
fi'om  S.  Diego,  arrived  at  Monterey  April  "JOth  in  his  own  brig  from  the 
Islands.  Tlie  reference  is  to  John  C.  Jones,  Jr.,  owner  of  the  Yolunktr, 
vhich  arrived  at  about  tiiia  time. 


TATTIK'S  BOOK. 


171 


liii),  rryor,  and  Cooper,  in  which  ho  explains  that 
'iuiiial'  Ihitlei'  had  been  able  to  give  no  satisfaction, 
hut  had  advised  him  to  seek  redress  from  the  Presi- 
(Kiit  of  the  United  States.  The  adventurer  reached 
New  Orleans  in  August,  and  proceeding  lip  the  jMis- 
sisslp[)i,  was  soon  introduced  to  Rev.  Timothy  Flint, 
wild  was  to  make  his  nauic  and  fame  more  or  less  im- 
iiinrtal.''* 

1  have  thus  presented,  with  fairness  I  think,  the  sub- 
stance and  spirit  of  Pattie's  narrative,  though  obliged 
ti)  (Miiit  many  details,  making  no  pretension  to  point 
out  minor  errors,  and  perhaps  failing  to  give  a  full  idea 
of  the  writer's  bitter  feelings  toward  his  oppressors. 
The  subject  is  entitled  to  the  space  I  have  given  it,  on 
account  of  the  extraordinary  nature  of  the  adventures 
recounted,  the  early  date  of  the  visit  to  Califoi'nia,  the 
cxtc'it  of  the  author's  travels  in  the  territory,  the  fame 
of  his  book,  and  the  accuracy  of  many  of  his  statements. 
Yi't  from  the  sj)irit  of  the  narrative,  from  the  numer- 
ous erroneous  statements,  and  from  my  knowledge  of 
Echoandia's  character,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  pro- 
niiiiiicing  Pattie's  complaints  of  ill  treatment  grossly 
(■\ai;L;'e rated.  This  opinion  is  confirmed  by  those  of 
the  (Dnqjany  who  remained  in  the  country.  Enter- 
in;;-  the  territory  without  passports,  the  hunters  were, 
according  to  the  unwise  policy  of  Mexican  laws,  liable 
to  aiiest.  Presidio  fare,  and  especially  prison  fare, 
ill  California  at  that  time,  was  even  less  congenial  to 
Aim  rican  hunters  than  was  the  narrow  sjiirit  of  Span- 
ish |)olicy.  Naturally  they  were  disa{)pointed  at  their 
rt  ci'[)tion,  and  disgusted  with  their  situation,  but  tliey 
Were  not  probably  made  the  victims  of  any  special 
oppression.  James  O.  Pattie  was,  however,  a  self- 
conceited  and  quick-tempered  boy,  with  a  freedom  of 


^'Letter  in  Vulhjo,  Ijoc,  xxx.  83.  In  188.1  a  man  whose  name  I  cannot 
rcwiU,  apparently  trustwortliy,  while  visiting  my  Library,  stated  that  his  wife 
w:is  11  niece  of  Pattie,  and  tliat  the  latter  had  spent  some  time  at  her  residence 
ill  Sim  l)ie;;o  in  late  years,  or  at  least  since  1850.  The  man  promised  to  ob- 
t.iiu  fi'iiii  his  wife  a  more  definite  statement  ou  the  subject,  uut  I  have  not 
rceuivcil  it. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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23  WEST  MAIN  VTttEET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  ;4S30 

(716)  872-4503 


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172 


OVERLAND-SMITII  AND  PATTIE— FOREIGXERS. 


speech  often  amounting  to  insolence,  and  unlimited 
ability  to  make  himself  disagreeable.  How  far  these 
peculiarities,  and  the  young  man's  connection  with 
the  smuggling  operations  of  Bradshaw  and  Lang, 
may  have  provoked  Echeandia  to  the  infliction  of 
special  penalties,  I  cannot  say. 

Thomas  L.  Smith,  commonly  called  'Peg-leg'  Smith 
— a  well  known  character  in  many  parts  of  California, 
but  chiefly  in  later  times,  who  died  in  a  San  Francisco 
hospital  in  18G6 — was  one  of  the  famous  trappers  and 
Indian-fighters  of  this  early  epoch.  He  was  at  tinico 
a  companion  of  Jedediah  Smith,  and  was  the  hero  of 
many  wild  adventures  in  various  parts  of  the  great 
interior;  but  very  few  of  his  early  exploits  have  ever 
been  recorded  with  even  approximate  accuracy  of  time 
or  place.  He  owes  his  position  on  this  page  to  a  re- 
port that  he  came  to  California  in  1829,  a  report  that 
I  have  not  been  able  to  trace  to  any  reliable  source.^' 
Engaged  in  trapping  in  the  Utah  regions,  he  came  to 
California  to  dispose  of  his  furs.  He  was  ordered  out 
of  the  country,  and  departed,  he  and  his  companion 
taking  with  them,  however,  a  band  of  three  or  four 
hundred  horses,  in  spite  of  efforts  of  i  aliforniaiii 
to  prevent  the  act.  Some  accounts  say  laat  be  visited 
the  country  repeatedly  in  those  earl}'  years,  and  wo 
shall  find  archive  evidence  of  his  presence  a  little  later, 
acting  with  the  horse-tliieves  of  the  Tulares,  and 
known  as  'El  Cojo  Smit.'*" 

In  the  spring  of  1828  the  Mexican  government 
granted  to  Richard  Exter  and  Julian  Wilson*^  a  pro- 

**The  story  ia  told  in  many  newspaper  biographical  sketches  published  .it 
the  time  of  Smith's  dcatli.  I  have  before  mc  tlio  S,  F.  Dulklin,  Oct.  20,  lS(iJ; 
Nevada  Daily  Gazette,  Oct.  23,  1800;  and  otliers  in  Hayes'  Scraps,  Cat.  Xotc, 
ii.  309-12. 

*^  As  an  item  which  I  am  unable  to  connect  with  any  of  the  expeditions 
particularly  accredited  to  this  period,  I  may  notice  a  record  of  Nov.  0,  IS-'.I, 
tliat  five  deserters  from  Upper  Califoruia  were  captured  on  the  frontier  of  the 
peninsula,  one  of  whom,  an  Englishman,  stabbed  a  neopliyte,  and  was  shot  by 
another.  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  xiv.  10-11. 

"  E.\ter,  of  Exter,  Graves,  &  Co.,  Mexico,  was  connected  with  the  General 


EXTER  AND  WILSON. 


173 


visional  license  to  hunt  and  trap  in  New  Mexico  and 
California,  as  well  as  on  the  coasts  for  sea-otter.  They 
luul  asked  for  an  exclusive  privilege,  which  proposition 
Awas  reserved  for  consideration  by  congress.  The  ob- 
ject in  view  was  to  derive  a  revenue  from  the  territo- 
rial wealth  of  furs,  and  by  a  contract  with  these  for- 
eigners to  prevent  the  constantly  increasing  clandestine 
()[)erations  of  other  foreigners,  whom  no  revenue  laws 
could  control.  The  idea  was  a  good  one.  Such  a  con- 
tract with  a  responsible  and  powerful  company  was 
|)erliaps  the  only  means  by  which  Mexico  could  par- 
tially protect  her  interests  in  this  direction;  but  there 
may  be  some  doubt  whether  Exter  and  Wilson  pos- 
f-cssed  the  requisite  qualifications,  since  little  is  known 
al)out  them.  It  does  not  appear  that  the  exclusive 
privilege  was  ever  conceded,*^  and  nothing  was  ever 
done  under  the  provisional  permit.  Vallejo  and  Alva- 
lado  say  that  there  was  a  strong  feeling  in  California 
a'^ainst  the  scheme,  and  that  when  the  two  men  came 
to  the  country  in  1829,  strutting  up  and  down  as  if 
they  owned  it,  Echeandia  refused  to  recognize  their 
authority,  and  they  went  away  in  disgust.*** 


lu  January  1830  a  small  party — of  Mexicans  ap- 
parently— came  from  New  Mexico  to  Los  Angeles 
under  the  leadership  of  Jose  Antonio  Vaca;  but  of 
their  purposes  and  adventures  we  know  nothing  from 
the  fragmentary  records.^"   A  somewhat  better  known 


I'ciii  1  anil  Coral  Fishing  Association  of  London,  and  there  arc  several  letters 
fiiiin  liim  to  Hartnell,  dated  1827,  and  not  referring  to  the  fur  business,  in 
VuUi-Jo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxix.  153-4,  103. 

'"Ajiiil  28,  1828,  provisional  license  granted.  Hunting  parties  must  bo 
iiiiul(>  up  of  at  least  two  thirds  Mexican  citizens.  Mexico,  Mem.  liel.,  1829,  p, 
li.  Aug,  7th,  the  comisario  communicates  tlie  concession  to  Herrera.  Iwact 
accounts  must  bo  kept  of  number,  size,  and  quality  of  skins.  Dept.  St.  Pap., 
Ben.  Cum.  and  l^reas.,  MS.,  i.  106.  Dec.  23,  1828,  gov.  announces  the  license 
in  t'iil.,  and  says  tliat  the  parties  will  be  allowed  to  catch  otter.  Dept.  liec, 
MS.,  vi.  102. 

*"  Vallr'jo,  nist.  Cat.,  MS.,  ii.  124-5;  Alvarado,  Hist.  C<il.,  MS.,  ii.  128-9. 
ri'inauik'z,  Cosu-s  de  Cat,  MS.,  58-9,  mentions  their  failure  to  get  an  exclusive 
pii\  ilo^j'c,  but  says  nothing  of  their  having  come  to  Cal. 


MS.,  i.  31 


'.  Ike,  MS.,  viii.  14,  18,  69;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben,  Pref.  y  Juzg., 


174 


OVERLAND  -SMITH  AXD  PATTIE-FOREIGXERS. 


:h:h 


1,  •;•;•,'' 


!.!£ 


expedition  is  that  of  Ewing  Young,  the  Tennessecaii, 
or  Joaquin  Joven  as  he  was  often  called,  who  entered 
the  territory  later  in  the  same  year  from  New  Mexico 
with  a  company  of  beaver-hunters  of  various  nation- 
alities. Warner  says  this  party  came  by  Jedediali 
Smith's  old  trail,  and  found  Ogden's  Hudson  Bay 
trappers  on  the  Sacramento.^^  After  trapping  for  a 
short  time  in  the  Tulares,  Young  moved  north  antl 
met  the  Indian  alcalde  of  San  Jose  mission  out  on  a 
hunt  for  runaway  neophytes  by  order  of  the  padre. 
The  fugitives  allied  with  the  gentiles  showed  fight, 
but  eleven  of  the  trappers  aided  the  alcalde  to  defeat 
tlie  foe.  Taking  advantage  of  this  service  rendered. 
Young,  with  three  of  his  men,  came  to  the  mission 
July  11th,  showed  his  passports,  explained  his  need 
of  horses,  and  departed  after  promising  to  return  in  a 
week  with  furs  to  sell  or  to  exchange  for  supplies.'- 

There  is  no  record  that  the  hunters  returned  to 
San  Jose,  though  they  may  have  done  so;  but  at  tlic 
end  of  July  three  Frenchmen  came  to  Monterey, 
announcing  their  intention  to  return  to  New  Mexico, 
having  left  the  company.^  In  October  the  hunters 
were  in  the  vicinity  of  Los  Angeles,  where  the  leader 
had  great  difficulty  in  controlling  them,  and  where  one 
man  was  killed.®*  It  had  been  the  intention  to  return 
from  the  Colorado  in  December  to  sell  furs  and  buy 

"  Warner's  Reminis.,  MS.,  .37-9.  In  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  ii.  84,  113,  is  Young's 
passport  of  1820  signed  by  Henry  Clay. 

'^-July  15,  1830,  report  of  Jos6  Berreyesa.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  l.TVO. 
One  of  Young's  passports  was  vistSd  at  Washington,  JIarch  20,  1828,  by  tho 
Mex.  minister.     It  pcnnitted  the  bearer  to  go  into  the  interior. 

^'Tlieso  men  were  Francjois  Turcote,  Jean  Vaillant,  and  Anastase  Curler. 
Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Oust.- 1 1.,  MS.,ii.  4-5.  In  a  letter  to  Capt.  Cooper  of  Oct. 
10th,  Young  says  that  the  Frenchmen,  who  owed  Iiim  money,  had  mutijiiuJ, 
ftnd  determined  to  stay  in  tho  country;  but  they  had  been  forced  to  return 
witli  tho  party.  He  also  speaks  of  the  fight  with  Indians,  but  indicates  that 
it  was  to  recover  stolen  liorses  mther  than  to  aid  the  neophytes.  Vallejo,  D"<:, 
MS.,  XXX.  135.  Dec.  23d,  Echeandfa  to  alcalde  of  S.  Joa6.  Speaks  of  4 
Americans  who  had  come  to  tho  rancho  of  S.  Pablo  and  must  depart  at  once. 
There  may  bo  an  error  in  this  date.  Dept.  Bee,  MS.,  viii.  134. 

^*  Warner  says  that  James  Hijjgins  killed  an  Irishman  known  as  Big  Jim. 
Joso  Antonio  Pico  reports  tho  killing  on  Oct.  7th.  IIo  had  orders  to  detain 
Yonng,  but  his  force  was  too  small.  l)ept,  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Pre/.  yJuzg.,  MS., 
i.  97.  Juan  Higgins,  probably  the  same,  remained  in  Cal.  for  5  or  6  years  .it 
least.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  US.,  iv.  15G,  159. 


.ihi  r?: 


MERS. 


FOREIGN  RESIDENTS. 


175 


onnessecaii, 
fho  eiitcreil 
few  Mexico 
ious  nation- 
y  Jedcdiah 
Hudson  Bay 
ipping  for  a 
1  north  and 
)n  out  on  a 

the  padre, 
lowed  fight, 
de  to  defeat 
ce  rendered, 
the  missu)U 
ed  his  need 
)  return  in  a 
supplies.'^ 

returned  to 
>;  but  at  the 
►  Monterey, 

ew  Mexico, 
Ithe  hunters 
■e  the  leader 

d  where  one 
Ion  to  return 

urs  and  buy 

113,  is  Young's 

[.,  MS.,  ii.  13.'.-9. 
20,  1S28,  by  tho 
lor. 

lAnastase  C.urier. 
)t.  Cooper  of  Oct. 
!,  had  mutiiiinl, 
forced  to  return 
^ut  indicates  that 
33.  Valh'jo,  D«<:, 
id.  Speaka  of  4 
It  depart  at  once. 
14. 

lown  as  Big  Jnn- 
.  orders  to  detain 
nf.  yJuzfj.,  MS-> 
)r  5  or  6  years  at 


nudes;  but  Young  had  lost  confidence  in  his  men,  and 
thouglit  he  would  be  fortunate  to  get  safely  home  with 
his  company  by  the  aid  of  the  Americans.  He  in- 
tended, however,  to  come  back  the  following  year.'^' 
There  are  several  men  named  as  being  in  California 
from  New  Mexico  this  year,  some  of  whom  may  have 
belonged  to  this  party;  but  Young  and  Higgins  are  the 
only  ones  known  here  later,  unless  Kit  Carson  may 
have  made  his  first  visit  at  this  time. 

Of  the  foreign  residents  who  came  to  California  be- 
fore 182G,  about  fifty  are  mentioned  in  the  records 
of  182G-30,  a  dozen  or  more  having  died  or  left 
tlio  country.  Some  of  the  more  prominent,  like  Hart- 
nell,  Spence,  Cooper,  and  Gale,  have  been  noticed  in 
connection  with  commercial  and  maritime  topics  in 
the  preceding  chapter.  All,  including  new-comers, 
were  in  this  period  as  a  class  law-abiding  citizens  of 
considerable  influence  in  their  new  home.  Many  were 
baptized,  married,  and  naturalized.  Space  does  not 
permit  the  introduction  of  personal  experiences  and 
achievements  here,  but  the  reader  is  referred  to  the 
biographic  sketches  presented  elsewhere  in  this  work."^ 

In  respect  of  general  policy  toward  foreigners,^' 
there  was  little  or  no  tendency  in  California  to  exclu- 
siveness  or  oppression  in  1826,  as  has  been  seen  from 
the  commercial  record,  and  especially  from  the  privi- 
leges allowed  to  Captain  Beechey,  in  contrast  with 
the  treatment  of  Vancouver  at  an  earlier  date  and 
under  another  regime.  Yet  the  Mexican  laws  were 
strict  in  requiring  foreigners  to  show  passports,  and 
submit  to  surveillance;  hence  the  precautions  taken 
in  the  case  of  Jedediah  Smith  and  his  company; 
lience  certain  orders  for  the  arrest  of  deserting  sailors. 

^' Yoxing  to  Cooper.   Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxx.  135. 

•'''  See  nlpliabetical  register  of  pioneers  at  end  of  vol.  ii.-v.  Also  a  list  of  pio- 
neers who  camo  before  1830,  at  the  end  of  vol.  ii.  of  this  work. 

'•''  Aug. ,  Dec.  182G,  orders  of  suj^  govt  against  admission  of  foreigners 
without  passports  circulated  by  gov.  and  comandantes.  S.  Jos(,  Arch,,  MS., 
vi.  To;  Dept.  Bee,  MS.,  iv.  2o. 


170 


OVERLAND-SMITH  AND  PATTIE-FOREIGNERS. 


n        M 


;■  il 


Of  new-coraers  for  1826,  about  sixty  are  named.  It  is 
not  easy  to  decide  exactly  which  of  these  are  entitled 
to  the  name  of  pioneers,  nor  is  it  necessary,  because  I 
shall  mention  them  all  elsewhere.  Here  I  name  only 
such  as  remained  in  the  country  several  years  at  least, 
traders  who  came  often  during  a  series  of  years  and 
became  well  known  to  the  people,  men  who  thougli 
visitors  now  became  permanent  residents  later,  and 
men  who  died  in  California.  Such  for  this  year 
number  twenty-five.*'^  The  most  prominent  names 
are  those  of  Dana,  Fitch,  and  Wilson;  but  ten  or 
twelve  lived  long  in  the  country  and  were  well 
known. 

In  1827  the  general  orders  from  Mexico  promul- 
gated by  Echeandia,  and  more  or  less  fully  enforced, 
were  to  insist  on  passports,  to  keep  a  strict  watch, 
render  a  monthly  account  of  new  arrivals,  grant  no 
lands  to  foreigners,  and  by  no  means  to  allow  them  to 
form  settlements  on  coast  or  islands.'^''  On  the  inter- 
cession of  the  English  charge  d'affaires  in  Mexico,  tlie 
local  authorities  were  empowered  to  extend  the  pass- 
ports of  English  residents  for  one  year,  while  the 
papers  of  other  foreigners  might  be  extended  so  as  to 
allow  them  time  to  make  a  regular  application  for  re- 
newal.*' My  list  of  newly  arrived  pioneers  for  the 
year  contains  twelve  names,  the  total  number,  includ- 
ing visitors,  being  about  thirty.*^     John  Temple  and 

^^  For  complete  lists  see  Pioneer  Register  at  end  of  these  volumes.  The 
pioneers  of  18"2(5  were  the  following:  Louis  Bolheda,  Joaquin  Bowman,  Micliial 
Charles,  Wm  H.  Cunningliam,  Wm  G.  Dana,  Henry  D.  Fitch,  Gny  F.  Fliiii,', 
Benj.  Foxen,  Isaac  Galbraith,  Cornelius  A.  Johnson,  John  Littleton,  AViii 
Logan,  Thomaa  B.  Park,  Joaquin  Pereira,  Louis  Pombert,  John  Read  (?),  f  Jl o. 
J.  Rice,  James  Scott,  Josepli  Steele,  Wm  Trcvethan,  John  S.  Turner,  Go, 
W.  Vincent,  John  Wilson,  John  Wilson  (trapper),  and  John  H.  Wilson  tlio 
negro. 

^'^Siip.  Govt  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  1;  Dejit.  Bee,  MS.,  v.  19,  53,  95;  Drpt. 
St.  Pa/i.,  S.  Joiii,  MS.,  V.  12. 

«»/S^  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  xvi.  1-3;  Dept.  Pec,  MS.,  vi.  175.  Barron  and 
Forbes  at  Topic  were  at  this  time  pumping  Bandiniand  Hartnell  for  infoiiiiii- 
tion  about  California,  and  projecting  a  visit.  Oct.  17,  1827,  Eustacio  Bar- 
ron to  Bandini.  Bamlini,  Doc,  MS.,  7. 

*'  Seo  Pioneer  Register  at  end  of  these  volumes.  Pioneers  of  1827:  ^liguil 
Allen  (bom  in  Cal.),  John  Bradshaw,  Geo.  Coleman,  Nicolas  Dodero,  Robt  I. 
Elwell,  John  A.  C.  Holmes,  Giovanni  Glandc,  Joseph  Jackson,  John  B. 
Leandry,  Jean  B.  Mutrel,  William  Smith,  and  John  Temple. 


REGULATIONS  OF  1828. 


177 


Iiobert  J.  Elwell  became  most  j)rominent  in  California; 
though  Braclshaw,  Holmes,  and  Leandry  were  also 
well  known  men.  It  was  during  this  year  that  the 
Caliturnians  were  excited  at  the  presence  and  actions  of 
Jedoiliali  Smith's  trappers,  their  first  American  visit- 
ors hv  the  overland  route.  As  Sniith  arrived  in  Do- 
ceniher  18'2G,  the  names  of  his  ccmipanions  who  set- 
tle;! in  the  country  have  been  included  in  the  list  of 
tluit  year,  though  they  left  the  company  of  hunters, 
and  some  of  them  arrived,  in  1827. 

Oi'ders  of  the  Californian  officials  in  1828  respect- 
ing I'oreigners  were  of  the  same  tenor  as  before;  ap- 
plications for  naturalization  were  frequent;  many 
strangers  wished  to  marry  Californian  wives.  Bands 
of  traj)pers  on  the  frontiers  round  about  excited  some 
a[>[)i'ehensions.  A  few  inunigrants  of  Mexican  blood 
seem  to  have  come  in  from  Sonora,  and  all  was  faith- 
fully reported  to  the  minister  of  relations  in  Mexico."- 
In  accordance  with  the  decree  of  March  12,  1828, 
v.hicli  declared  that  no  foreigner  could  remain  in 
j\Icxican  territory  without  a  passport,  and  regulated 
the  holding  of  jiroperty  by  naturalized  citizens,^^  a 
regiamcnto  was  issued  by  the  president  on  May  1st 
})ivscribing  in  detail  the  methods  to  be  observed  in 
ol)taining,  granting,  and  using  passports  of  various 
kinds.  This  document  was  doubtless  forwarded  to 
California  later  in  the  year."^     I  find  about  sixty  new 


'■^Dept.  Rec,  MS.,  vi.  21,  27,  177,  102,  191;  vii.  25;  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS., 
X.  !IS;  Vallfjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxix.  passim.  Tlic  Ainiiricaus  celebrated  July  4th 
liy  Imniing  much  powder  on  the  vessels  at  S.  Diego. 

'^'^M(xko,  Dcrreto  sohra  PasaportCH  y  modo  (h  adquirh-  propieiladc.t  Ion 
Kr-t raiiiicrof!,  12  de  Marzo  de  ISJS.  12  articles.  In  St'hmidt\t  C'hnl  Law  of 
>'ji(ii:i  and  Mexico,  340-51,  in  Spanish  aiid  English;  Hai/t/i'  Mrx.  Lntrs,  Sl-2. 

'''  Mexico,  lieiilamenfo  para  el  r^nno  de  Pa^iaportes — decrctado  por  el  Pre4- 
(Ifiiie  fii  1  de  Mayo  1S2S.  Printed  copy  in  Pinto,  Doc,  i.  3.  25  articles, 
imiiiljcrcd  as  22.  Also  in  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Avgekn,  MS.,  ix.  30-0;  and  part  of 
it  ill  Vidlejo,  Doc,  MS.  Omitting  minor  details,  this  regulation  w.as  in 
siilistiincc  as  follows:  The  master  of  a  ship,  on  arrival,  must  furnish  a  report 
of  liis  foreign  passengers,  and  each  passenger  a  report  of  hia  name,  business, 
etc.,  1 1  the  customs  officer,  who  will  grant  a  bokto  de  disemharco  to  such  as 
aiL'  not  Spaniards,  and  have  a  passport  from  tho  general  government,  or  from 
duly  jiccroilitcd  Mexican  agents  abroad,  or  a  bond  from  the  consul  or  agent 
of  llicir  nation  at  the  port  of  landing,  or  of  a  Mexican  citizen.  The  iotoo, 
wiLuout  \\  liich  no  foreigner  could  leave  the  vessel,  must  bo  presented  within 
Uisi.  Cal.,  Vol.  III.    12 


173 


OVERLAND-SMITH  AND  PATTIE-FOREIGNERS, 


names  of  foreigners  in  this  year's  records,  several  bc- 
loiif>ing  to  men  whose  presence  is  noted  in  consequence 
of  the  re!L^ulations  just  mentioned,  but  about  whom 
no  more  is  known  than  that  they  were  here  in  1828-9. 
Pioneers  proper  number  eighteen,  as  per  appended 
list."'  Several  of  these  became  in  later  times  lo.ially 
])rominent;  and  one  of  the  number,  Henry  A.  Peircc, 
is  still  living  in  1884,  being  in  a  sense  the  oldest  livin:^' 
pioneer  within  my  knowledge,  though  he  has  by  no 
means  resided  continuously  in  California.  Two  or 
t  iree  detected  attempts  at  smuggling,  together  with 
the  presence  of  Pattie  and  his  trappers  from  New- 
Mexico,  were  the  leading  topics  of  interest  for  182H, 
as  far  as  foreigners  were  concerned. 

In  1829  Echeandia  continued  to  circulate  the  pass- 
port regulations  for  the  benefit  of  foreigners  and  of 
local  officials.  He  still  received  numerous  applica- 
tions for  permits  to  remain,  to  travel,  to  marry,  or  to 
become  naturalized,  and  called  for  full  reports  of  resi- 
dent foreigners.""  It  is  from  these  reports,  and  the 
various  certificates  connected  with  the  applications 
above  referred  to,  that  I  have  obtained  much  of  the 
information  presented  elsewhere  respecting  individ- 
uals; still  the  lists  are  incomplete,  and  have  to  be  per- 
fected from  numerous  scattered  documents."^     Eclio- 

24  hours  to  the  civil  authority  of  the  port,  wlio  will  vise?  the  passport.  'I'o 
travel  in  the  interior  a  cartd  de  sei/nriilad  for  a  year  must  be  obtainc^l. 
Whatever  passports  a  foreigner  might  have,  he  must  present  himself  to  t'lo 
civil  authorities  of  any  place  where  he  intemled  to  remain  over  8  clays,  awl 
on  each  change  of  resilience.  Duo  provision  was  made  for  renewal  of  licciisr-j, 
penalties  for  failure  to  comply  with  the  law,  and  for  full  reports  to  be  seat  to 
tlie  government. 

"■^  Pioneers  of  1823:  Stephen  Anderson,  Louis  Bouchet,  John  Brown  (?), 
John  Davis,  Jesse  Ferguson,  Richard  Laughlin,  Timothy  Murphy,  Sylvester 
Pattie,  Henry  A.  Pcirce,  Wm  Pope,  Nathaniel  Pryor,  Isaac  Slovcr,  \Vm 
Taylor,  James  Thompson,  Wm  Warren  (?)  the  negro,  Edward  Watson,  A\'m 
AVillis,  and  Julian  Wilson.  For  biographical  sketches,  sec  Pioneer  Registor 
at  the  end  of  vol.  ii.-v.,  this  work. 

''OD'pt.  liec,  MS.,  vii.  5!),  80,  105,  176;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  20 -J; 
Si.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  xi.  4;   Vallnjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxix.  310. 

"' Naturalization  records  in  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  passim.  List  of  4S 
names  dated  Feb.  14th,  in  Id.,  xix.  44.  List  of  44  Names  in  ^lontercy  <lis- 
trict  Feb.  IGtli,  in /</.,  ii.  115.  List  of  7  names  in  S.  Josd,  Feb.  oth.  J<1., 
xix.  .1.  List  of  7  at  Los  Angeles  Feb.  14th,  in  Montercti,  Arch.,  MS.,  vii. 
2J-5.  Apparently  2  foreigners  at  S.  F.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  97-8.  Thero 
arc  no  lista  for  Sta  Barbara  or  8.  Diego. 


PIONEERS  OF  1829. 


179 


andia  lieartl  this  year  and  forwarded  to  the  supremo 
jjfovL'rninent  a  rumor  that  the  Americans  were  pluttin^^ 
to  seize  the  port  of  San  Francisco;  while  on  the  otlur 
side  of  the  continent  we  find  a  rumor  from  Mexico, 
hy  way  of  Engkmd,  that  Cahfornia  with  Texas  Wiw 
to  bo  made  over  to  the  United  States  for  a  term  of 
years,  as  security  for  a  large  sum  of  money  to  be  spent 
ill  resisting  Spanish  invasion."^  The  new  arrivals  of 
the  year,  as  named  in  an  appended  list,  were  seven- 
teen,"' or  about  thirty-five  including  visitors,  or  men 
about  whom  nothing  more  is  known  than  their  men- 
tion  in  lists  of  the  year.  Prominent  names  are  those 
of  Captain  Hinckley,  Alfred  Robinson,  and  Abel 
Stearns.  Robinson  still  lives  in  1884,  ^<^itll  none  to 
tlisi)ute  his  title  as  the  oldest  pioneer,  unless  it  bo 
Peirce  of  1828,  as  already  mentioned,  or  Michael 
White,  perhaps  still  alive,  but  about  whose  arrival  in 
18 'J 9  there  is  some  doubt.  The  great  excitement  of 
the  year  was  the  Solis  revolt,  in  which,  as  we  havo 
seen,  the  foreigners,  though  at  first  somewhat  inclined 
to  sympathize  with  the  movement  as  promising  them 
certain  commercial  advantages,  later  took  a  decided 
stand  in  favor  of  the  regular  authorities,  and  contrib- 
uted largely  to  the  restoration  of  the  capital. 

In  February  1830  the  Mexican  government,  in  rcv^ly 
to  re[)orts  respecting  Abel  Stearns  and  others  in  CuW- 
i'oinia  who  were  seeking  lands,  directed  Echeandia  to 
distribute  the  public  lands  in  accordance  with  the  lawii 
to  .siieh  foreigners  as  could  comply  with  all  the  require- 
ments, taking  care,  however,  tliat  the  Russians  and 


«',Tiiiie  2r)th,  E.  to  min.  of  rcl.,  in  Di'pt.  ppr.,  MS.,  vii.  2.I.  iVjVr'.s'  Hcfi., 
xxxvii.  87.  'Hho  John  Bull  iaysi  'The  proposition  of  America  must  not  bo 
quietly  listened  to  or  t.amcly  permitted;  wjiilo  wo  arc  earnest  in  our  endeavors 
tipiit  a  stop  to  the  power  of  Russia,  we  must  not  forget  the  necessity  of 
cliockiiig  the  aggrandizement  of  America.' 

•'■'  I'iuneers  of  1829 — the  '(?)'  indicates  iincertainty  about  the  exact  date  of 
arrival:  James  D.  Arthei',  Jas  Brcck,  Walter  Dnckworth  (?),  James  Flcm- 
miiii-',  Wm  S.  Hinckley  (?),  Geo.  Kinlock  (?),  Lawrence  (born  in  Cal.),  John 
Jlti'.'k,  Manuel  D.  Olivera,  Jordan  Pachcco,  John  Rainsford,  Alfred  Robin- 
fiiMi,  Thos  L.  (Peg-leg)  Smith  (?),  Abel  Stearns,  Clias  A.  Ssvain  (?),  Michael 
\\  liitu  (?),  and  Geo.  Williams.  .See  biog.  sketches  of  them  and  also  of  the 
ywu's'  visitors  in  Pioneer  Register  at  tiio  end  of  these  volumes. 


ISO 


OVEHLAXD-SMITII  AND  PATTIE-FOREIGNEItS. 


'   '  1 


Americans  .should  be  the  least  luiinerous,  and  be  located 
in  the  central  parts.'"  A  little  later,  however,  foreign- 
ers of  adjacent  countries  were  prohibited  from  coloni- 
zation on  the  frontier.'^  It  is  not  certain  that  any 
lesident  foreigner  had  yet  obtained  his  final  and  com- 
])iete  papers  of  naturalization ;  though  a  few  iray  have 
flonc  so,  and  many  had  made  application  and  complied 
with  all  the  ]>relirninary  requirements,  receiving  cei-- 
tiiicatos  which  served  all  practical  purposes.'^  New- 
comers of  this  final  year  of  the  decade  were  fifty,  of 
whom  twenty-four  named  in  a  note  nuiy  be  regarded 
as  pioneers  proper.''"'  The  arrival  of  Kit  Carson  tliis 
year  is  doubtful.  Bee,  Jones,  Nye,  Snook,  and  Young 
were  the  names  best  known  in  the  annals  of  later  yeais. 
Some  details  about  all  the  men  named  in  this  chapter 
and  many  visitors  not  here  named  may  be  found  in 
the  Pioneer  Register  appended  to  the.se  volumes.  That 
register  will  also  serve  as  an  index  through  which  may 
be  found  all  that  is  recorded  of  any  early  Californiau 
in  this  work. 

""Feb.  2, 18.30,  Alaman  to  E.  Sup.  Govt  St.  Pop.,  MS,,  vi.  4. 

"  Law  of  April  0,  1830,  in  llallcch's  Report,  l'Jl-2.  Article  7  of  the  liiw 
of  Aug.  18,  1824,  was  thereby  repealed. 

"The  naturalization  regulations,  probably  of  1828,  arc  given  in  Sfhrti'nU'^ 
dril  Law  o/Spiin  and  Mciico,  ;i53-i),  in  Spanish  and  English.  The  geiicial 
imrport  had  been  circulated  by  Echcandi'aon  June  4,  1821).  Dept.  St.  I'ap., 
MS.,  xix.  20-1.  These  rules  prescribed  in  substance  tliat  any  foreigner  of  two 
years'  residence  miglit,  one  year  after  having  announced  his  intention,  obtain 
a  carta  de  naturuleza  from  the  gov.  by  renouncing  all  allegiance  to  any  foi'ci;,'n 
power,  swearing  to  support  the  constitution  and  laws  of  Mexico,  and  presenting 
P'.oof  in  duo  form  of  Catholic  faitli,  means  of  support,  and  good  conduct.  See 
also,  the  Mex.  passport  regulations  of  Oct.  12,  1830,  in  Arrilkuja,  Hecop.,  ISliO, 
p.  474-99. 

'^Pioneers  of  1830;  Henry  J.  Bee,  John  Burns,  Kit  Carson  (?),  James  Cook, 
Phil.  II.  Devoll,  .Tuun  l^omingo,  *William  Duckworth,  John  Ebbetts,  .Iiiiius 
Harris,  Jolui  Higgins,  .John  (J.  Jones,  *Geo.  D.  Kinloek,  Laure,  Allen  Lewi?, 
liorharn  H  Xyc,  Muan  Pombcrt,  Sam.  Prentice,  John  llice,  John  Uoacli,  VA 
11  )binson  (?\  Jos  F.  Snook,  Sam.  Thompson,  *Franci3  AVatson,  and  E«  hig 
Yoiiug.  Tiiose  whose  names  are  marked  with  a  *  wore  born  iu  Cal.,  tliuir 
tatiiers  being  foreigners. 


:j 


CHAPTER  VII. 


7  of  the  law 


RULE  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  VICTORIA. 

1831. 

Appointment  of  Victoria — ARnrvAt — EciiEANof  a's  Delav— Commant)  Sto- 

liKSDEUKD— BkoINNINO  OF  A  Ql'ARRKI. — GoLPE  HE  EsTADO— ScUEMES 
OF  rAUKES  AND  PaKTY— VicTOIMa's  AdDKESS  TO  TltE  riCOl'LE— ClIAROES 
A(iAINST    TUB    GOVERNOR— ReFI'SAL     TO    CONVOKE    THE     DiPUTACION— 

Memorials  and  Threats — Victoria's  Manifiesto — Replies  of  Ban- 
dim  and  Pico — Adminlstuation  of  Justice— The  Death  Penalty- 
Cask  of  AtANASIO — TlIK  ROHBERS  .\fiIILAR  AND  SaOARRA — ExECCTIOV 

OK  llcBio — Exile  of  Adel  Stearns — Victoria  and  Alcalde  Dhartk 
OF  San  Jose — TisoiBLE  at  Los  Angeles — Exile  of  Jose  A.  Carri- 
llo — losii  ^I.  Padi!ES  Banished— Plots  of  Carrillo,  Bandini,  and 
Pico— Proncnciamiento  of  San  Diego — Echeandia  in  Commant — 
Angeles  Revolts — Fk.iit  near  Cahuenoa — Death  of  Pacheco  an© 
AviLA — Victoria  Sent  to  Sas  Blas — Rodrioo  del  I'uego — Action 
IN  THE  North— Carrillo's  Efforts  in  Congress. 


Lieutenant-colonel  Manuel  Victoria  was  appointed 
]\Iarcli  8,  1830,  to  succeed  Jose  Maria  Echeandia  as 
gcf'o  politico  of  Alta  California,  and  three  days  later 
official  notice  was  sent  to  the  incumbent.^  Victoria 
was  then  at  Loreto,  where  for  several  years  he  had 
boon  coniandante  principal  o^^  Lower  California;  but 
iiothini,^  is  known  of  his  care..  '  on  the  [)eninsula,  nor 
of  his  [)revious  life  beyond  the  current  and  probably 
accurate  belief  in  California  that  he  was  a  native  of 
Acapulco,  and  connnandant  there  in  1825,  who  had 
won  his  rank  by  personal  bravery  in  the  war  of  inde- 
pendence.^     Antonio   Garcia    had    previously   been 

'•'''"//'.  Govt  St..  Pnp.,MS.,  vi.  G-7.     Victoria's  appointment  and  Minis- 
ter Fiicio's  comniuniuation  of  Mar.  11th  to  Echeand'a. 

^  'Cijiu.  at  Acapulco  1SJ5.  Gac.  Mex.,Jm\o  15,  IS'Jij.     In  Juno  1825,  whca 
Victoria  was  about  to  leave  Acapulco  for  Loieto,   Enricpo  Virmond  pro- 

(181) 


IS'] 


RULE  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  VICTORIA. 


iininod  to  succoorl  Eclieandra,  ard  tlie  substitution  of 
A'ictoria  is  believed  to  have  been  duo  to  the  success 
of  Ijiistainantc  in  Mexico,  and  to  Franciscan  inllii- 
cnce  on  the  new  acbnini.itration.  Wliilo  tluro  is  no 
))()sitive  ])root'  of  the  Californian  friars'  intrigues  in 
tlio  matter,  yet  Bustainante's  revobition  was  widely 
ret^arded  as  a  reactionary  movonjont  in  flivf)r  of  the  old 
Spanish  institutions.  The  padres  were  very  bitterly 
opposed  to  the  mission  policy  of  Echeandia,  or  of  the 
administration  that  he  represented,  and  they  openly 
lejoiccd  at  the  new  appointment  as  aglorious  'victory' 
for  their  cause.'' 

Having  notified  Echeandia  of  his  coming,  and 
named  a  day  for  the  transfer  of  office  at  San  Dieg", 
Victoria  started  nortliward  from  Loreto  l)y  land  in 
the  autumn  of  1830,  arriving  at  San  Diego  in  Decem- 
ber, or  possibly  in  November.  Ho  was  disappointed 
at  not  finding  either  the  governor  or  any  mossagt; 
from  him;  but  a  despatch  sent  post-haste  to  the  north 
elicited  from  Echeandia  a  reply,  to  the  effect  that  tlu; 
command  would  be  turned  over  at  Monterey,  th(! 
capital.  A  later  despatch,  however,  named  Santa 
Barbara  as  the  place,  and  thither  Victoria  went, 
arrivinjjf  the  31st  of  December.  Here  he  remained 
;il)out  three  weeks,  engaging  ii^  a  sharp  correspond- 
e'.ico  with  Echeandia,  some  of  v  hose  orders  he  conn- 
lormanded,  though  not  yet  legally  invested  with 
authority;  but  at  last  he  came  to  Monterey,  and  on 
January  31,  1831,  assumed  the  formal  command,  tak- 
ing the  oath  in  presence  of  the  ayuntamiento,  assem- 
bled for  the  purpose.* 


nounccd  him,  in  a  letter  to  Gucrra,  'un  siijcto  do  las  mejores  prerda".' 
(iii>rm,  Doc,  MS.  Osio,  lliM.  CuL,  MS.,  100-2,  says  ho  failed  to  gain  thu 
ci)nfidenco  and  esteem  of  tlio  people  in  L.  Cal.;  but  not  much  importance  u 
to  bo  attached  to  this  statement. 

'  See  p.  108  this  vol.,  with  quotations  from  the  statements  of  President 
Sanchez  on  this  subject. 

*  Robinson,  Life  in  Cut.,  07,  says  V.  arrived  at  Sta  B.  on  Jan.  10th.  The 
rather  meagre  oliicial  correspondence  on  V. 's  arrival  and  assumption  of  tlic 
command  is  as  follows:  Jan.  14,  1831,  V.  toE.,  complaining  of  the  delay  in 
turning  over  the  olfice,  and  of  the  secularization  decree.  St.  Pap.,  il/ws.  ami 
(.'olon.,  MS.,  ii.  35-C;  Jan.  19th,  V.  to  min.  of  rel.,  narrating  all  that  liatl 


A  GDLI'K  Di:  nSTADO. 


1S3 


In  oxplniiatioi)  of  tlio  situation  at  t.lio  timo  of  \'ic'- 
toiiii's  jinival,  of  Ec-hcandia's  straiiLjo  comlact  in  do- 
laviiiL'"  the  trausfor  of  couiuiaiul,  uiid  of  tlie  Kittur 
(•Miiti'oversy  tliat  now  bcj^an  between  the  CulifornianH 
iiiid  their  new  ruler,  I  must  here  refer  hrietly  to  a 
sul'jcct  which  will  recjuiie  full  treatment  in  a  suh.s'.'- 
(|U(iit  <'hai)ter,  that  of  mission  secularization.  The 
iiadcr  is  familiar '^' with  the  Mexican  policy  on  that 
matter,  with  Echeandi'a's  investigation,  ex))eriments, 
and  (lilil(tdtics  in  attemivting  to  carry  out  his  instruc- 
tions, and  with  the  action  of  the  diputaciou  in  the 
siiuinicr  of  18-^0  respecting  a  plan  of  seculariz  i'on 
wliicli  was  suhmitted  to  the  national  government  j<!' 
aiiproval.     Thus   far   proceedings  had    been   strictly 


gain  t!iL' 
jrtam'c  i-s 

President 

Dth.    Tlio 

in  of  tho 

delay  in 

J/w,s.  iiml 

that  liad 


occurred  isince  his  departure  from  Loreto,  ineludinc;  tlic  matter  of  scculariz.i- 
tidii.  >Si'i>.  (Ujvt  St.  I'  'p.,  MS.,  viii.  H-10;  Jan.  I'.Hli,  K.  to  V.,  in  reply  t) 
Ictti'i'of  I4tli,  re.  u  .  ii;  fiill  cx]ilanuti(ins  for  a  p'l'sonal  interview,  l)ii.'.  con- 
plaining  of  V.'h  conduct  in  oj)po.^ing  liis  acts  without  leyal  autlionty,  nnd 
nunoiuii  ■  i;;  his  intention  to  await  his  arrival  at  Mont,  i  .stead  of  marcliini,'  to 
Sta  r>.  as  lie  had  been  ready  to  do.  St.  l'u]>..  Sac,  MS.,  x.  7<)-8.  Jan.  'i'jth 
31st,  summons  to  ayuntamiento,  and  E.'s  announcements  of  having  given  up 
the  couniuind.  Id.,  xiv.  'i.l;  JJriit.  Ike,  ^IS.,  ix.  89;  D^jt.  St.  7'ap. ,  MS.,  iii. 
5(1;  A/.,. v.  Josi,  MS.,  iv.  94. 

On  the  same  topic  a  few  cxtra-oflicial  statements  may  also  ho  noted.  Ban- 
diiii,  IH^t.  CaL,  MS.,  7--H,  tells  us  that  V.  on  his  arrival  impressed  tho  peo- 
|ile  (jf  S,  Diego  as  a  simple,  unostentatious  man  with  benevolent  ideas — liiit 
they  were  soon  undeceived.  Vallejo,  Hiit.  CuL,  MS.,  ii.  1.'17-S;  Osio,  J  list. 
C'll.,  MS.,  lGO-2;  Vallejo,  Rer»i>iiK.,  MS.,  HI;  and  Alvarado,  JIK  Cnl., 
Ms.,  ii,  1()8,  state  that  on  his  way  V.  called  on  P.  Peyri,  at  San  Luis  Key, 
liy  wlumi  he  was  most  hospitably  entertained,  from  whom  ho  Iwrrowcd 
S(i,(HlO  more  or  less,  to  wliom  lie  promised  all  that  the  friars  desired,  and  wlio 
nt  once  wrote  to  Ilia  associates  'yalo  tencmos  en  el  manguillo.'  No  doubt 
relatidua  were  most  frieudly  between  tho  two,  but  the  authors  named  are 
hitteily  prejudiced  against  V.  and  all  his  acts.  Vallejo  and  Alvarado  say  ho 
got  largo  sums  also  at  S.  Juan  and  8.  Gabriel — in  fact,  that  avarice  was  onu 
of  ills  weak  points,  and  that  the  padres  were  willing  to  Iniy  liim.  In  his  diury 
of  iirurrem-'um  Curiosan,  1S30-1,  MS.,  Oucrra  notes  the  presence  of  V.  at 
Sta  J),  on  Jan.  Ttli;  declines  to  make  predictions  about  his  prospective  rule; 
l>ut  s.'iys  he  seems  a  great  friend  of  Pacheco,  has  very  judicious  views  on  tho 
s\dij('et  of  missions;  and  in  stature  and  flesh  bears  some  resemldanco  to 
Kcheimdia.  Vurrillo  {■/.),  Dor.,  MS.,  3.3.  Mrs  Ord  remembers  that  V.,  instead 
fit'  ludLiiiig  as  was  customary  at  the  comandaute'a  house,  went  straight  to 
the  mission.  Here  Ouerra  went  to  call  on  the  new  governor,  showing  him 
every  attention,  and  presenting  his  daughter,  the  writer.  Ord,  Ocurnnrias, 
Ms.,  .".S-41.  Osio,  Hist.  Cal.,  M.S.,  1G2-4,  says  that  V.  arrived  unexpectedly 
at  Muntcrey,  dismounting  before  the  gov.'s  iiouse,  and  demanding,  in  an 
alnuiit  and  otFcnsivc  manner,  an  immediate  surrender  of  the  otHce.  Echean- 
(li:i  pn  liaised  the  transfer  for  9  A.  u.  next  morning,  and  "  went  to  S.  Cdrlos 

to  sleep. 

•'Sec  chap,  iv.,  this  volume. 


R  '  i : 


1S4 


nUL!^.  AND  OVEHTIirtOV,'  OF  VICTvOrjA. 


lo;^al,  and  luarkod  by  no  inipnulcnt  or  liasty  steps. 
Tho  friars,  however  stroni^ly  o[)j)osetl  to  soculariiiu- 
tion  on  general  princi[)les,  had  no  just  cause  for  coni- 
l)laint  against  Echeandia.  There  was  now,  however, 
a  poj)idar  feehng  in  favor  of  the  proposed  changes  far 
in  advance  of  Echcandi'a's  personal  views,  and  largely 
due  to  the  influence  of  Jose  Maria  Padres,  the  newly 
arrived  ayudante  inspector.  Padres  was  a  man  of 
considerable  ability,  personally  n)agnetic,  and  more- 
over a  most  radical  republican.  He  soon  became  a 
leading  spirit  among  the  young  Californians  just  be- 
co'iiing  prominent  in  public  life,  intensified  their  nas- 
cent republicanism,  taught  them  to  theorize  eloquently 
on  the  rights  of  man,  tho  wrongs  of  tho  neophytes, 
and  the  tyranny  of  the  missionaries;  and  if  he  also  held 
up  before  the  eyes  of  the  Carrillos,  Osios,  Vallejos, 
Picos,  Alvarados,  Bandinis,  and  others  bright  visions 
of  rich  estates  to  be  adminlsteretl  by  them  or  their 
friends,  their  young  enthusiasm  should  by  no  means 
be  termed  hypocrisy  or  a  desire  for  plunder. 

But  events  in  Mexico  seemed  to  favor  the  friars, 
and  were  not  encouraging  to  the  views  of  Padres  an  I 
his  disciples.  It  is  not  apparent  whether  or  not  tliu 
success  of  Bustamante  or  its  bearing  on  Californiaii 
matters  was  known  in  July  and  August  1830,  the 
date  of  the  diputacion's  acts;  but  when  tho  day  of 
Victoria's  arrival  drew  near,  and  no  ai)[)roval  of  the 
plan  came  froin  Mexico,  Echeandia  was  persuade!, 
})robably  without  nmch  difficulty,  to  essay  a  (joliie  Je 
cstutlo.  xVccordingly  he  issued,  January  G,  1831,  a 
decree  of  secularization,  which  he  took  innncdiate  stcjis 
to  carr}'  into  execution  before  turning  over  the  com- 
mand to  his  successor.  Victoria  was  known  to  bo 
more  a  soldier  than  a  politician,  and  it  was  hoped  witli 
the  aid  of  the  diputacion  in  some  way  to  sustain  the 
decree  and  reach  a  result  favorable  to  the  anti-missioii 
j)arty.  Echcandi'a's  act  was  wholly  illegal,  uncalled 
for,  and  unwise.     It  was  simply  a  trick,  and  an  absurd 


THE  GOVERNOR'S  ADDRESS. 


185 


one.  The  opponents  of  Victoria  were  thus  in  the 
wnmi;  at  the  hcginniii!^  of  the  qnarrol.*' 

Wliile  at  Santa  Barbara  Victoria  heard  of  tlie  dc- 
croo  of  January  Gtli  and  prevented  its  pubhcation  in 
the  south;  while  he  reported  the  matter  to  the  national 
authorities,  denouncing  Padres,  whom  of  course  ho 
liad  known  well  in  Baja  California,  as  the  real  author 
of  the  trick  and  as  a  man  who  was  very  danijerous  to 
the  best  interests  of  the  territory.^  In  the  north, 
whore  the  decree  had  been  already  published,  the  new 
ruler  took  innnediate  steps  to  prev'ent  its  execution. 
Xothinjjf  more  need  be  said  here  of  secularization,^ 
l)ut  the  wrath  of  the  ayudante  inspector  and  his 
party  may  well  be  imagined  by  the  reader,  and  will 
be  constantly  apparent  in  the  subsequent  record. 

Having  assumed  the  command,  Victoria  issutsd  the 
1st  of  February  an  address  to  the  people,  a  brief 
document,  in  which  the  author  made  known  to  his 
'beloved  fellow-citizens'  his  purpose  to  reform  the 
evils  that  most  afflicted  the  country,  and  his  hope  for 
cordial  support  from  the  inhabitants.  "The  laws 
iiuist  be  executed,  the  government  obeyed,  and  our 
institutions  respected,"  he  writes;  "I  have  to  favor 
honesty  and  to  punish  perversity,  the  first  being  in 
accord  with  my  character,  the  second  demanded  by 
my  lionor  and  conscience.""  All  of  this  officer's  com- 
luunieations,  or  at  least  all  that  have  oeen  preserved, 
were  brief  and  to  the  point,  showing  the  writer  to  bo 
more  of  a  soldier  than  politician,  and  lacking  some- 
tliing  of  the  usual  Mexican  bombast.     Of  his  personal 

*  In  a  letter  to  the  padres  dated  Nov.  18,  1832,  E.  says  that  V.  factiously 
removed  him  from  the  command,  and  that  he  gave  it  up  to  save  tlic  conntry 
ti'iu  distuibanccs  (!),  little  tiiinkiiig  V.  would  'audaciously  ]irevaricat(!  and 
hiwik  his  oath.'  St.  Pup.,  Misx.  and  Colon.,  ^IS,,  ii.  01.  To  Fi^,'ueioa,  on 
-Mar.  IK,  1833,  he  says  that  V.  treat  jd  him  with  tiio  greatest  contoiii|)t  in 
iiiattirs  of  government.  /</. ,  ii.  o.l.  The  only  defence  of  E.  and  iiis  friends 
i.^  till?  justice  of  their  general  views  on  the  mission  cpiestion  and  the  Indians' 
ri.'lits,  which  of  course  has  no  real  bearing  on  the  matter  ut  issue. 

';V»/;.  Govt  St.  Pnp.,  MS.,  viii.  8-10. 

""11 10  subject  is  fully  treated  for  the  years  1E31-5  in  chap,  xi.-xii.,  this 
volniiic,  (J.  V, 

"  \'i'tori(t,  }fani/estacion  del  Oc/e  Politico  de  la  Alta  CaUfornia  d  sus  habi- 
(tiuti<,  i^J2,  MS. 


ISO 


RULE  AND  OVERTHROW  OP  VICTORIA. 


luovements  during  the  nine  months  of  liis  stay  in  the 
north,  we  know  but  little,  except  what  can  be  gathered 
from  the  dates  of  successive  official  documents  to  be 
noticed  incidentally  in  the  record  about  to  be  pre- 
sented. He  is  '^aid  to  have  gone  to  San  Francisco 
soon  after  taking  the  command,  and  subsequently  to 
have  spent  some  time  on  different  occasions  at  Sant;i 
Clara.^"  In  addition  to  his  few  letters  on  special 
topics,  the  governor  made  in  June  a  general  report  on 
the  industrial  condition  of  California,  a  document 
which  presents  no  matter  for  comment. ^^  Echeandia 
retired  to  San  Diego  a  few  days  after  turning  over 
the  office,  but  did  not  yet  leave  the  territory,  as  \vu 
shall  see. 


Tl:  I 
1  I 


The  annals  of  1831,  and  of  Victoria's  rule,  are  con- 
fined to  the  revolutionary  movement  by  which  that  rule 
was  brought  to  an  end,  there  being  nothing  else  wor- 
thy of  notice  in  the  records  of  the  year,  so  far  at  least 
as  general  history  is  concerned.  The  development  of 
the  revolution  may  best  be  explained  by  presenting  r.s 
successive  topics  the  several  charges  against  the  gov- 
cnor,  which  may  be  regarded  as  in  a  certain  sense  tliu 
causes  of  the  popular  feeling  on  the  subject,  though  it 
is  well  to  bear  always  in  mind  the  chief  cause,  under- 
lying all  others  as  already  shown.  I  begin  with  what 
was  in  reality  the  most  serious  and  best  founded  ac- 
cusation. 

'"Vallejo,  Hist.  Cat,  MS.,  ii.  137-40,  speaks  of  a  party  given  in  V.'s 
honor  at  the  liouso  of  Lieut  Martinez,  at  which  politics  was  more  or  loss  ilis- 
cusseil.  Amador,  Mem.,  MS.,  122,  mentions  a  tour  of  inspection  Ijcfure 
settling  at  the  capital.  Apr.  7th,  Josd  J.  Gomez  writes  to  Juan  I^ndini  that 
V.  had  arrived  at  Monterey  (from  Wie  north?)  the  day  before,  and  was  talkiiy 
of  going  soutli  soon.  S.  Diei/o,  Arch.,  MS.,  18.  Alvarado,  Hist.  Cal.,  M.S., 
iii.  7-8,  tells  a  story  to  the  effect  that  V.  attempted  to  prosecute  himself  and 
Jose  Castro  for  the  part  they  had  taken  in  publishing  the  secularization 
decree,  authorizing  Pliego,  their  enemy,  to  commence  criminal  proceedings. 
But  when  summoned— so  says  A. — they  rodo  up  before  Pliego's  olficc  oii 
horseback,  refused  *o  hoar  the  documents  read,  and  dashed  off  to  Sta  Ckiia. 
V.  subse(iuently  treated  them  very  well,  however,  giving  them  a  profitalilc 
license  to  take  otter  at  8.  Francisco. 

"  Victoria,  IiiJ'orme  General  sobre  California,  1S30,  MS.,  f''j,ted  June  Ttli. 
A  general  icport  on  government  with  recommendations  of  reform  may  also 
bo  mentioned  under  date  of  Sept.  2l8t.  Dept.  liec,  MS.,  ix.  140-9. 


REFUSAL  TO  CONVENE  THE  DIPUTACION. 


187 


stay  in  the 
be  gathered 
merits  to  be 

to  be  pre- 
n  Francisco 
equently  to 
IS  at  Santa 

on  special 
•al  report  on 
a  document 

Echeandia 
urning  over 
itory,  as  v.  e 


ule,  are  con- 

ich  that  rule 

no:  else  wor- 

)  far  at  least 

elopinent  of 

•resenting  as 

ist  the  gov- 

in  sense  the 

?t,  though  it 

ausc,  under- 

with  what 

bunded  ac- 


ty  given  in  V.'a 
more  or  less  dii- 
nspection  licfoie 
uan  Bandini  lluit 
and  was  talk  in  j' 
Hist.  Cnl,  JIS., 
cute  himself  iiiul 
lie  secularizatitni 
nal  procccilini-s. 
liego'a  office  mi 
fiF  to  Sta  Clara. 
liem  a  profitable 

f^j,ted  June  "tli. 
reform  may  uUo 
140-9. 


Victoria  neglected  to  convene  the  diputacion,  and 
even  when  urged  to  do  so,  flatly  refused,  greatly  to 
the  disgust  of  the  members  and  their  friends,  the  most 
intkiential  element  of  the  population.  His  conduct 
ill  this  respect  was  doubtless  illegal  as  well  as  impoli- 
tic, and  gave  the  Californians  just  cause  for  complaint. 
He  knew,  however,  that  the  vocales  were  for  the  most 
part  the  followers  of  Padrds  and  the  promoters  of 
Echeandia's  golpe  de  estado,  regarding  their  desire  to 
assemble  as  merely  a  continuation  of  the  trick,  and 
supposing  with  much  reason  that  the  sessions  would 
be  largely  devoted  to  schemes  of  interference  with  his 
own  policy  and  measures.  On  January  29th,  the  day 
of  Victoria's  arrival  at  Monterey,  Echeandia  had  sum- 
moned the  vocales  to  assemble  in  the  interests  of  pub- 
lic tranquillity.^^  I  have  no  doubt  the  plan  was  in 
some  manner  to  insist,  with  the  aid  of  the  diputacion, 
on  the  carrying-out  of  the  secularization  scheme. 
Eftorts  to  convene  that  body  were  continued  all  the 
spring  and  summer.  At  first  the  ayuntamiento  of 
j\Ionterey,  aided  to  some  extent  by  that  of  San  Josc^^ 
v.as  the  medium  of  appeal,  though  the  governor  in 
February  assembled  that  body  to  explain  how  inop- 
l)ortune  had  been  the  petitions  of  Alcalde  Buelna, 
and  warned  the  municipal  authorities  not  to  meddle 
V,  ith  matters  that  did  not  concern  them.^*  The  30th 
of  July  diputados  Vallejo,  Osio,  Ortega,  and  Castro  pe- 
titioned the  governor  directly  to  convoke  the  assembly, 
and  apparently  some  of  the  southern  members  either 
sioncd  this  petition  or  sent  in  another  similar  one; 
but  Victoria  showed  no  signs  of  yielding.^* 

'-'  Jan.  29, 1831,  E.  at  the  request  of  the  ayunt.  of  Monterey  in  extra  session, 
to  Jose  Ortega,  Tiburcio  Castro,  M.  G.  Vallejo,  and  suplente  Francisco 
11:110  in  place  of  A.  M.  Osio.  Dept.  Rec,  MS.,  ix.  88;  Vallejo,  Doc,  M8.,  i. 
"10;  Monterey,  Actoa  del  Ayunt.,  MS.,  30-1.  Probably  a  similar  summons 
was  sent  to  other  members. 

^'Monterey,  Actoa  del  Ayunt.,  MS.,  31-4,  38-40.  Sessions  Jan.  29th; 
Feb.  .'ith,  18th;  Aug.  3d,  4th.  Also  vague  allusions  in  the  proceedings  against 
Dtiaite,  the  alcalde  of  S.  Jos^.  Depf.  Si.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  14-61.  01 
tliu  I  )nnrto  case  I  shall  speak  a  little  later. 

'•The  petition  is  alluded  to  in  Leg.  Rec,  MS.,  i.  30S-9,  332,  but  ro  de- 
tails arc  given.    On  Aug.  24th  V .  writes  to  Alcalde  Sanchez  of  Los  Angeles* 


188 


RULE  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  VICTORIA. 


'|i 


The  northern  members  repeated  their  petition  Sep- 
tember 11th,  urging  that  the  regular  time  for  meet- 
ing was  March  1st,  claiming  that  urgent  business 
required  attention,  and  even  threatening  rather  mys- 
teriously, in  case  their  request  were  denied,  "  to  pro- 
ceed according  to  law."^*  This  brought  out  from 
Victoria  on  the  21st  an  address,  or  manifiesto,  to  the 
public.  In  this  document  he  defined  in  a  very  straight- 
forward manner  his  position,  alluding  to  the  criminal 
motives  and  seditious  plans  of  the  opposing  faction, 
"personal  interests  disguised  in  the  habiliments  of 
philanthropy,"  declaring  his  intention  to  thwart  tlio 
schemes  of  his  predecessor,  and  reminding  good  citi- 
zens that  the  way  to  prosperity  and  happiness  lay  in 
the  direction  of  submission  to  law,  and  not  of  sedition. 
He  stated  that  a  majority  of  the  diputados  had  been 
illegally  elected,  that  he  had  reported  everything  to 
the  national  authorities,  without  whose  orders  ho 
would  not  convoke  the  assembly,  and  that  he  counted 
on  resources  unknown  to  his  enemies."  In  a  report 
bearing  tlie  same  date  Victoria  announced  his  suspcMi- 
sion  of  the  uiputacion,  and  earnestly  recommended  tlic 
abolishment  of  all  elective  ayuntamientos  and  tho 
restoration  of  military  rule,  except  that  certain  judges 
might  be  appointed  for  Los  Angeles  and  San  Josc.'^ 
This  radical  overturning  of  all  civil  authority  seemed 
a  simple  and  effective  measure  to  this  honest  soldier, 
who  felt  that  he  could  preserve  order  more  easily  it' 

'As  you  are  probably  on  good  terms  with  Pico,  persuade  him  to  withthaw 
his  petition  for  convoking  the  dip. .  .It  is  my  privilege  to  convene  tho  assem- 
bly when  I  And  it  necessary;  and  up  to  the  present  time  it  has  not  been  so; 
for  I  have  just  reasons  which  require  mo  to  await  the  decision  of  the  gu]). 
govt  on  my  inquiries.'  Id.,  i.  329-30.  Sept.  7th,  V.  writes  a  very  curt  an  I 
plain  letter  to  Juan  Bandini  in  reply  to  his  of  Aug.  7th.  The  subject  in  «^- 
tcnsibly  financial  matters,  but  it  is  apparent  that  Bandini  was  reckoned  aiiKuig 
the  enemies  of  the  new  gov.  on  general  principles.   Df.pt.  Rec,  ix.  43-5. 

'*  Petition  dated  S.  Francisco,  in  Leg.  Dec,  MS.,  i.  330-2. 

■"  Victoria, Man! firsto  d  los  IJabltantesdeCiil-/ornin.  Side  SHiemhre,  ISJt, 
MS.;  Vullejo.Doc,  MS.,  i.  245;  Pico,  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  3;  Bandini,  Doc,  MS., 
10.  V.  expressed  like  sentiments  in  a  letter  of  Oct.  24th  to  tho  alcalde  of 
Los  Angeles,  copied  in  Leg.  Rec,  MS.,  i.  335-0. 

"Sept.  21,  1831,  V.  to  min.  of  justice,  in  Dept.  Rec,  MS.,  ix.  140-9.  The 
writer  claimed  that  there  were  few  if  ony  persons  fit  for  alcaldes,  and  th..t 
the  offices  were  sought  mainly  for  purposes  of  personal  gain  or  revenge. 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  JUSTICE. 


ISO 


;ition  Scp- 
!  for  iiicct- 
t  business 
ither  mys- 
,  "  to  pro- 
b  out  from 
sto,  to  tho 
y  straigbt- 
le  criminal 
ng  faction, 
iliments  of 
thwart  tlio 
r  good  citi- 
less  lay  in 
of  sedition. 
s  had  been 
ery thing  to 
orders  ho 
he  counted 
In  a  report 
his  suspon- 
nended  tlio 
s  and   tho 
[tain  judges 
lan  Josc.'^ 
ity  seemed 
est  soldier, 
e  easily  if 

to  withdraw 
j-eno  tho  assem- 
las  not  been  so; 
lion  of  the  sui). 
very  curt  au'l 
le  subject  is  <>*>• 
leckoned  anioiig 
I.,  ix.  43-5. 

pptiemhre,  JSlt, 
pni.  Doc,  MS., 
tho  alcalde  of 

Hx.  14G-9.  Tlie 
ildcs,  and  tlu.t 
'  revenge. 


tlio  territory  were  made  a  mere  military  comandancia. 
Small  wonder,  however,  that  the  Californian  republi- 
cans were  unprepared  for  such  a  change!  The  four 
(linutados,  Vallejo,  Ortega,  Oslo,  and  Castro,  sent, 
Soptember  18th,  a  representation  to  Mexico,  complain- 
iiiL,'  of  the  refusal  to  convoke  the  diputacion,  of  his 
evident  hostility  to  the  federal  system,  and  of  several 
arbitrary  acts  to  be  noted  later.  The  7th  of  Novem- 
l)ir  they  sent  another  memorial  in  reply  to  Victoria's 
maiiifiesto,  in  which  they  called  upon  the  supremo 
government  to  protect  the  people  against  the  gov- 
ernor's oppressive  usurpations.^^  Juan  Bandini,  sub- 
stitute congressman  from  California,  also  wrote  a  reply 
t)  Victoria's  proclamation,  dated  at  San  Diego  Octo- 
ber 10th,  in  which  he  refuted  the  charge  of  illegality 
ill  the  elections,  and  argued  very  eloquently  against 
tho  governor's  right  to  deprive  the  country  of  tho 
soivices  of  its  diputacion  on  account  of  mere  su.spicions 
icspecting  the  members.  Pio  Pico,  senior  vocal  of 
the  diputacion,  issued  a  similar  protest. ^'^ 

The  administration  of  justice  was  a  subject  which 
early  claimed  the  new  ruler's  attention.  It  had  been 
iiiueh  neglected  by  the  easy-going  Echeandia,  and 
crime  had  gone  unpunished.  Criminal  proceedings 
liad  been  often  instituted,  as  we  have  seen  in  the  local 
])rcsi(lial  annals  of  the  last  six  years,  but  penalties  had 
been  larely  inflicted  with  fitting  severity.  Victoria 
h;i(l  strict  ideas  of  discipline,  and  no  doubt  of  his 
ability  to  enforce  the  laws.  He  is  said  to  have  boasted 
sodii  after  bis  arrival  at  Monterey  that  before  long  ho 
v.unld  niak  .  safe  for  any  man  to  leave  his  handker- 
chief or  his  watch  lying  in  tho  plaza  until  he  might 

'"Copies  of  these  documents  in  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  21.5,  238, 241. 

'"  lldiiflini,  Contestacion dla  Alocuciondel  Ge^e Politico  D.  Manuel  Victoria, 
].'!■>!,  MH.}  Pico,  Protentaal  Manifesto  de  Don  Maiiutl  Victoria,  1S31,  MS., 
fl'tcd  Oct.  15th.  Oct.  17th,  J.  M.  radr(53  in  n  private  letter  congratuliitcs 
^'idl^•  jo  and  the  other  deputies  on  their  efforts  to  throw  off  tho  tigly  epithet  of 
'seditious'  applied  by  tho  gefo  polftijo.  Ho  thinks  the  southera  deputies 
Iium;  failed  to  do  their  whole  duty.    Vall^o,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  230. 


100 


RULE  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  VICTORIA. 


:i 


¥  i   ^ 


choose  to  come  for  it.  How  he  carried  out  his  ideas 
in  this  direction  will  be  apparent  from  a  few  caums 
celehres  of  the  year. 

The  case  of  Atanasio  was  pending  when  Victoria 
came.  Atanasio  was  an  Indian  boy  less  than  eigh- 
teen years  of  age,  a  servant  in  sub-comisario  Jimenct's 
office,  who  had  in  1830  stolen  from  the  warehouso 
property  to  the  extent  of  something  over  {$200.  The 
prosecution  was  conducted  by  Fernandez  del  Campo, 
Padres,  and  Ibarra  as  fiscales;  and  the  last-named 
demanded,  in  consideration  of  the  vouth  and  iijnorance 
of  the  culprit,  as  well  as  on  account  of  the  carelessness 
with  which  the  goods  had  been  exposed,  a  sentence  of 
only  two  years  in  the  public  works.  The  asesor,  Ila- 
fael  Gomez,  after  having  sent  the  case  back  to  tlio 
fiscal  for  the  correction  of  certain  irregularities,  ren- 
dered an  opinion  April  18th,  in  favor  of  the  deatli 
penalty;  and  by  order  of  the  comandante  general 
Atanasio  was  shot  at  11  a.  m.  on  the  2Gth.-**  Gomez 
was  an  able  lawyer,  and  I  suppose  was  technically 
correct  in  his  advice,  though  the  penalty  seems  a 
severe  one.  Naturally  the  Californians  were  shocked; 
and  though  an  example  of  severity  was  doubtless 
needed,  Victoria  was  not  fortunate  in  his  selection. 
The  circumstance  that  led  to  the  culprit's  detection 
seems  to  have  been  his  using  some  military  buttons 
for  gambling  with  his  comrades;  and  the  popular  ver- 
sion of  the  whole  affair  has  been  that  an  Indian  boy 
was  shot  by  Victoria  for  stealing  a  few  buttons.^^ 

In  May  1831  the  warehouse  at  San  Carlos  was 
robbed  on  three  different  occasions,  perhaps  entered 
three  times  the  same  night,  by  Simon  Aguilar,  a  Mex- 

^'^  Atanasio,  Causa  Criminal  contra  el  India  Atanasio  y  ejecucion  del  ra, 
1S31,  MS. 

'■"  EatdVcan  de  la  Torre,  Jos6  M.  Amador,  Jesus  Pico,  Inocencia  Pico  iln 
Avila,  Jos(5  J.  Vallcjo,  Juan  B.  Alvarado,  and  otliera  civo  substantially  Va'm 
version.  I  b.ivo  no  space  for  minor  variations,  most  ot  which  are  absur  .ly 
inaccurate.  Oslo,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  105-0,  says  that  Gomez  sent  n  dcspatcli  to 
stay  the  execution  an  hour  after  the  boy  had  been  shot;  and  Vallejo,  7/'-/. 
Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  14.3,  that  Atanasio  was  a  servant  of  Pliego,  caused  to  bo  con- 
demned by  his  master  without  the  proper  legal  forms,  and  without  any  speci- 
fication of  the  crime. 


THE  RUBIO  CASE. 


101 


ican  convict  in  the  service  of  Gomez,  and  Eduarcio 
Sa'mrra,  a  native  'of  Lima.  A  neophyte  boy,  An- 
dre's, furnished  the  keys,  which  he  had  managed  to 
steal  from  Padre  Abella,  the  complainant  in  the  case. 
There  was  no  doubt  about  the  guilt  of  the  accused, 
and  the  fiscal,  Rodrigo  del  Pliego,  demanded  for  the 
two  men  tl  e  death  penalty,  and  for  the  boy,  in  con- 
sideration of  his  being  only  thirteen  years  old,  two 
liuiidrcd  blows.  Gomez,  the  asesor,  also  decided  that 
Aguilar  and  Sagarra  should  bo  shot,  and  that  Andres, 
after  witnessing  the  execution,  should  receive  one 
hundred  blows,  and  be  sent  to  the  mission  to  work 
lor  six  months,  wearing  a  corma.  The  sentences 
>ero  approved  by  Victoria,  and  executed  May  28th 
at  the  presidio  of  Monterey.'^ 

The  famous  Rubio  case  dates  back  to  1828.  On 
the  night  of  August  15th  of  that  year,  Ignacio  Olivas 
and  his  wife,  on  returning  from  a  fandango  at  San 
Francisco,  found  their  little  daughter  aged  live  years, 
and  son  of  one  year,  dead  in  their  beds,  the  former 
having  been  outraged  and  both  brutally  treated.  The 
soldier,  Francisco  Rubio,  a  vicious  man  who  had  been 
convicted  of  serious  crimes  while  serving  in  the  mis- 
sion cscoltas  of  Santa  Ines  and  Solano,  was  suspected 
and  arrested.  The  case  was  prosecuted  in  August 
and  September  by  Lieutenant  Martinez,  and  the  testi- 
mony has  been  preserved.  It  was  in  evidence  that 
RiiI)io  had  learned  by  inquiry  that  the  parents  were 
to  attend  the  fandango  without  the  children ;  that  ho 
knew  how  to  open  the  doors;  that  tracks  about  the 
house  agreed  with  his  boot;   that  his  clothing  boro 

"Records  of  the  case  in  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxiii.  8-11.  No- 
tice iif  the  execution  in  Dept.  Bee,  MS.,  ix.  '25;  Giierra,  Doc,  MS.,  v.  10'2. 
Notices  by  P.  Sarri'a  of  spiritual  consolations  and  burial  in  the  presiclial  ccin- 
etciy  of  these  two  men,  and  also  of  Atanasio.  Nos.  2784,  2892-3,  in  the 
register  of  burials  at  Monterey,  copied  in  Torre,  liemiii.,  MS.,  25-0.  I^rios, 
<  'oil  riil.ilunefi,  MS. ,  1 1 ,  witnessed  the  execution  and  the  flogging  administered  to 
tile  l;oy.  So  did  Kafael  Pinto,  Apunt.,  MS.,  G-8,  who  was  a  boy  at  the  time, 
ami  who  received  a  terrible  flogging  from  his  brother-in-law,  in  order  that  ho 
iiii;,'ht  never  forget  the  day  nor  the  solemn  lesson  taught  by  the  event!  Ania- 
ilor,  ,1/iw.,  MS.,  122-6,  tells  ua  that  one  of  the  padres  interceded  most 
earnestly  with  Victoria  for  a  pardon. 


1 


102 


RULE  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  VICTORIA. 


! ;  i(i  I 


I 


blood-stains  at  the  time  of  his  arrest;  that  he  had 
tried  to  sell  his  shirt  during  the  night;  and  that  many 
of  his  actions  had  seemed  strange  and  suspicious  to 
his  companions.  Beyond  his  own  statements  and 
protestations  of  innocence,  there  was  no  evidence  in 
liis  iavor,  or  against  any  other  person.  Though  circum- 
stantial, the  proofs  were  strong;  sufficiently  so,  I 
think,  to  justify  the  severest  penalty.  The  case,  how- 
ever, dragged  its  slow  length  along,  with  no  percepti- 
ble progress,  as  was  usual  in  California,  through  1829 
and  1830.  Rubio  was  nominally  imprisoned,  but 
during  much  of  the  time  seems  to  have  worked  as  a 
servant  about  the  presidio,  with  abundant  opportuni- 
ties for  escape.  When  Victoria  came  he  intrusted 
the  prosecution  to  Jos6  Maria  Padres,  w^ho  began 
active  operations  in  May  1831.  Alferez  Vallcjo, 
wjio  had  declined  to  serve  as  fiscal,  now  made  some 
efforts  in  behalf  of  Rubio;  but  his  testimony  and 
that  of  others  called  in  to  substantiate  it  tended 
merely  to  show  irregularity  in  one  of  the  former  pro- 
ceedings, and  that  another  man,  having  been  charged 
with  similar  crimes  at  San  Francisco,  might  be  guilty 
in  this  instance.  No  new  evidence  was  adduced  in 
Rubio's  favor.  He  was  defended  by  Pliego,  a  friend 
of  Victoria,  who  on  account  of  technical  irregulari- 
ties, and  because  no  one  had  seen  his  client  commit  tlio 
crime,  asked  only  that  some  other  penalty  than  death 
should  be  imposed.  Padrds,  an  enemy  of  Victoria 
and  friend  of  Vallejo,  expressed  no  doubt  gf  Rubio's 
guilt,  but  he  also  urged  that  imprisonment  be  sub- 
stituted for  death.  Rafael  Gomez  reviewed  tho 
testimony  at  some  length,  pronounced  the  accused  to 
be  guilty,  and  recommended  that  he  be  shot  behind 
the  house  of  Olivas.  The  sentence  was  finally  t\\)- 
proved  by  Victoria  and  executed  August  1st,  at  11.30 


A.  M 


23 


The  case  of  Rubio,  as  just  related  from  the  original 


**  Jiubio,  Causa  Criminal por  Asemialoa  y  Esfttpro,  1S2S~31,  MS. 


A  CAUSA  CilLEBPtE. 


103 


records,  would  seem  to  be  a  very  clear  one,  respecting 
which  no  blame  could  be  imputed  to  Victoria;  yet  so 
bitter  was  the  feeling  against  that  official,  that  the 
execution  has  been  almost  uniformly  regarded  by 
Ccallfornians  as  a  judicial  murder,  stamping  Victoria 
as  a  blood-thirsty  monster.  The  only  reason  for  this 
strange  belief,  in  addition  to  the  popular  feeling  fos- 
tered by  Vallejo  and  his  friends,  was  the  generally 
credited  rumor  that  after  Rubio's  death  an  Indian 
confessed  that  he  had  committed  the  crime  for  which 
the  innocent  soldier  had  suffered.  I  am  unable  to 
say  positively  that  this  rumor,  so  confidently  pre- 
sented as  truth  by  dozens  of  witnesses,  was  unfounded ; 
but  it  may  be  noted  that  most  persons  speak  indefi- 
nitely of  the  guilty  Indian;  that  the  few  who  venture 
ou  details  of  name,  place,  and  date  differ  widely  in 
such  particulars;  and  finally  that  the  later  confession, 
if  [)erfectly  authentic,  has  no  possible  bearing  on  Vic- 
toria's action.^* 


Abel  Stearns,  an  American  but  a  naturalized  citi- 
zen of  Mexico,  who  had  been   in  California   since 

'■"  Resides  being  a  partisan  of  Padr(Ss  in  the  general  controversy,  Vallejo 
had  a  peraoiial  grievance,  arising  from  the  fact  tliat  Victoria  liad  condemned 
him  to  8  days'  arrest  for  insubordination  in  refusing  to  servo  as  fiscal  in 
Riiothur  case.  Dept.  Jiec,  MS.,  ix.  18-11).  Vallejo,  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  ii.  140-7, 
says  tliat  he  as  prosecuting  attorney  informed  Victoria  that  the  signatures  of 
tlic  witnesses  against  Rubio  were  forgeries;  that  ho  and  Padres  offei-ed  to  niil 
liubio  to  escape,  but  he  refused;  that  the  execution  was  an  outrage;  and  tliat 
the  real  culprit  confessed  the  crime  in  1833.  Alvarado,  Hint.  Cat.,  MS.,  ii. 
171,  1S3,  iv.  81,  regards  the  prosecution  as  a  conspiracy  against  Rubio;  aud 
hotli  he  and  Vallejo  state  that  groat  reverses  of  fortune  overtook  Lieut  JSlar- 
tinezatthe  tipie  of  Rubio's  death,  and  were  commonly  regarded  as  divine 
punishments.  Osio,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  li}7)-7'2,  gives  some  particulars,  more 
pathetic  than  probable,  of  the  execution,  and  tells  us  th.it  0  or  7  years  later 
^'nlleio  at  Sonoma  learned  that  Roman,  a  neophyte  of  S.  Rafael,  had  committed 
the  ci-ime,  and  sent  Sergt  Pifla  to  shoot  him.  Gabriel  Castro  in  1870  gave 
one  of  my  agents  a  narrative  in  which  I  put  no  contiilence,  with  miiuito  do- 
feii'.s  of  the  arrest  and  confession  of  Roman  at  S.  Francisco,  where  he  died  in 
prison  of  syphilis.  Ignacio  Cibrian  also  gave  a  somewhat  dilForent  version. 
Ill  the  evidence  it  appeared  that  a  little  brother  of  the  victims  said  that  a 
lierco  coyote  had  come  and  killed  tho  children;  and  Amador,  Mem.,  MS., 
122-(i,  implies  that  Rubio's  nickname  of  'Coyote'  was  the  main  ground  of  his 
accusation.  J.  J.  Vallejo,  liemin.,  MS.,  112,  tells  us  that  Victoria  was 
moved  by  the  counsels  of  tho  padres  and  by  his  hatred  of  Padrds,  who  pro- 
tected Rubio.  The  versions  of  Pinto,  Pico,  Weeks,  Torre,  and  Galiudo  need 
no  Kpecial  notice.  None  doubt  that  Rubio  was  the  victim  of  Victoria's  op- 
pression. 

Hist.  Oal.,  Vol.  III.    13 


I 


104 


RULE  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  VICTORIA. 


y.'  I  '\ 


1820,  was  ftp[>arontly  a  sympathizer  with  tho  party  of 
]?a(Wcs  and  Vallojo;  or  at  least  lie  was  so  regarded  hy 
Victoria.  He  had  a  land  f^rant  in  the  San  Joaquin 
Valley  which  required  confirmation  by  the  diputacion, 
and  he  was  therefore  anxious  for  a  meeting  of  that 
boily.  This  was  his  only  offence,  so  far  as  I  can  as- 
certain; but  for  it  Victoria  ordered  him  to  leave  the 
country,  refused  to  give  or  listen  to  any  explanations, 
and  merely  bade  him  present  his  claims  and  com- 
plaints to  the  supreme  government.  The  correspond- 
ence began  in  February.  In  July,  Stearns  was  re- 
fused permission  to  visit  San  Francisco  to  attend  to 
his  business  affairs,  and  on  September  23d  his  pass- 
port was  issued.  He  soon  sailed  from  Monterey, 
but  did  not  go  farther  than  San  Diego,  or  the  fron- 
tier of  Baja  California.'^'  Nothing  can  be  said  in 
defence  of  Victoria's  arbitrary  course  in  thus  exiling 
a  Mexican  citizen  without  trial  or  specification  of 
offence;  but  the  provocation  v/as  I  have  no  doubt 
much  stronger  than  it  appears  in  the  written  recoi\l, 
since  Stearns  was  not  a  man  disposed  to  submit  quict- 
ly  when  his  interests  were  threatened. 

Another  of  Victoria's  arbitrary  proceedings  Avas 
that  against  Mariano  Duarte,  alcalde  of  San  Jose,  in 
August  and  September.  Duarte  had,  after  consulta- 
tion with  Alcalde  Buelna  of  Monterey,  tried  to  in- 
duce the  ayuntaraiento  to  petition  for  the  convoking 
of  the  diputacion.  This  was  his  chief  offence,  "one 
which  has  a  very  strong  bearing  upon  the  present 
political  state  of  the  territory,"  in  Victoria's' eyes;  but 
there  were  others,  brought  forward  by  the  other 
municipal  officers  who  disliked  the  alcalde,  and  in- 
cluded in  the  investigation.     Duarte  had  somewhat 

^'Correspondence  between  V.  and  Steams  in  Leg.  Bee,  MS.,  i.  321-9;  Dept 
Rec,  MS.,  ix.  102,  lOG-7.  S.  had,  however,  since  Oct.  18.30,  a  quarrel  on 
hand  with  Ex-alcaldo  Soberanes,  for  disrespect  to  whom  ho  had  been  impiia- 
oncd,  and  justly  as  the  asesor  decided.  Monterey  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  26-7.  iscjit. 
14,  1831,  V.  to  min.  of  rel.,  accuses  S.  of  pemicioua  conduct,  of  plotting  with 
Padrea  to  have  the  dip.  meet,  of  trying  to  go  to  S.  Francisco  to  jom  llio 
other  plotters,  and  of  being  a  vagabond  depeudent  on  Capt.  Cooper.  D(\l. 
Itec,  MS.,  ix.  145. 


AN  AMOROUS  ALCALDE. 


103 


irregularly  appointed  certain  regidores  to  fill  vacan- 
cies, and  had  taken  from  i;lic  inunieinal  funds  compen- 
witi(ni  i'or  teaching  the  pueblo  school,  whereas  it  had 
hotii  the  understanding  that  he  was  to  teach  for  noth- 
ing— the  estimated  value  of  his  services.  Worse  yet, 
Duarte  allowed  himself  to  be  inveigled  into  a  tra}) 
by  his  foes.  A  woman  with  more  patriotism  than 
modesty  was  induced  to  send  the  alcalde  an  amorous 
invitation,  and  he  was  surprised  at  her  house  by  the 
wateliful  regidores.  Rodrigo  del  Pliego  was  sent  to 
San  Josd  to  prosecute  the  case;  and  a  little  later 
Duarte  was  brought  in  irons  to  Monterey  to  be  tried 
by  a  military  court.  There  was  no  trouble  in  prov- 
ing the  truth  of  the  only  charge  to  which  Victoria 
attached  much  importance,  that  of  laboring  to  secure 
a  meeting  of  the  diputacion,  and  all  went  well  for  the 
governor  until  the  opinion  of  the  asesor  was  rendered 
September  30th.  This  opinion  was  to  the  effect  that 
the  charges  against  Duarte  had  been  substantiated, 
but  that  in  urging  the  ayuntamiento  to  cooperate 
with  others  in  demanding  a  convocation  of  the  assem- 
bly he  had  done  no  criminal  act,  and  that  as  to  the 
other  offences  a  military  court  had  no  jurisdiction, 
and  they  must  be  sent  to  the  supreme  court  in  Mex- 
ico. Victoria  seems  to  have  made  no  effort  to  con- 
tinue the  prosecution  in  defiance  of  law.^^ 

There  was  trouble  likewise  at  Los  Angeles,  though 
the  alcalde  of  that  town,  Vicente  Sanchez,  was  a 
partisan  and  prot^gd  of  Victoria,  being  a  man  more- 
over who  always  had  a  quarrel  on  hand  with  some- 
body. In  January  Echeandia,  acting  on  the  legal 
advice  of  Gomez,  had  declared  Sanchez  as  a  diputado 
not  competent  to  hold  the  place  of  alcalde,  ordering 
that  the  first  regidor  take  the  place  provisionally  and  a 


^*  Diiarfe,  Canm  Criminal  afguida  contra  el  Alcalde  deS.  Jos4,  Mariano 
Duarte,  ISJl,  MS.  Lieut  Ibarra  was  Duarte's  defender,  but  liis  argument 
was  tkvoted  to  showing  his  client  to  be  an  ignoramus.  Tliere  is  notliing  in 
tln^  iiiiiratives  of  Californiana  on  this  affair  that  deserves  notice,  though 
iiiiiny  iiitiition  it  in  their  charges  against  Victoria.  The  decision  of  Gomez 
ou  thu  luguhty  of  the  case  was  subsequently  affirmed  in  Mexico. 


19* 


RULE  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  VICTORIA. 


':i  !f 


now  alcalde  be  choacn.''  There  is  no  record  of  inirnodiato 
action  on  this  order;  but  on  April  18th  the  ayniit.i- 
iiiicnto  deposed  Sanchez,  putting  Regidor  Juan  Alva- 
rado  in  his  place.  At  first  Victoria  did  not  object  to 
the  change,  but  a  few  days  later,  probably  learning 
that  it  had  been  in  some  way  in  the  interest  of  Eclic- 
undia's  party,  he  discovered  that  the  movement  had 
been  a  revolutionary  and  illegal  one.  So  he  wrote  a 
severe  reprimand  to  Alvarado,  ordered  him  to  restore 
Sanchez  to  office,  and  announced  that  he  would  soon 
come  down  to  Los  Angeles  to  make  an  investigation. 
The  order  was  obeyed  and  Sanchez  was  reinstated.-"* 
In  June,  for  reasons  that  do  not  appear,  Victoria  saw 
tit  to  revive  the  matter  by  sending  Lieutenant  Ar- 
giiello  to  make  investigations  and  administer  rebukes. 
The  21st  of  July  he  sent  back  the  sumario  that  Iiad 
Ijeen  formed  by  Arguello,  and  ordered  that  the  rogi- 
dores  Alvarado  and  Perez,  with  six  other  citizens  of 
Los  Angeles,  should  be  put  in  prison.  They  were 
never  released  by  Victoria  s  order.'* 

One  of  Alcalde  Sanchez's  quarrels  was  with  Josd 
Antonio  Carrillo.  The  exact  nature  of  the  trouble  is 
not  explained;  but  in  March  Carrillo  was  taken  into 
custody  as  a  defrauder.  He  escaped,  but  gave  himself 
up  to  the  comandante  of  Santa  Bdrbara  on  March  2 1st, 
nnd  was  kept  in  confinement  there  for  some  fifty  days. 
At  the  end  of  that  time  he  was  sent  down  to  San 
Diego,  and  immediately  banished  to  San  Vicente  on 
the  frontier  by  Victoria's  order.  How  Carrillo  liad 
offended  the  governor  is  not  recc  "ded,  but  it  is  to  bo 


"Dcpt.  i?cc.,  MS      X.  84-5. 

•"  April  21st,  23cl,  ^  to  Alvarado.  Dept.  Rec,  MS.,  ix.  99-102.  The  com.  of 
Sta  B.  reports  having  t  some  alarm  when  ho  first  heard  oi  Sanchez's  removal, 
Imt  soon  learned  that  i  harm  was  intended.  Dent.  Si.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  !)-10. 
April  25th,  Alvarado  i  7.,  saying  that  Sanchez  had  been  reinstated.  April 
20  th,  Sanchez  to  V.,  cc  plaining  of  his  wrongs  at  the  hands  of  foes,  liegi- 
dor  Jos6  Perez  was  arn  :ed,  but  let  out  on  bail.  Dejtt.  St,  Pap.,  Ben.  Pre/, 
y  Juzg.,  MS.,  iii.  .'54-5. 

■^"'U'j.  Pec,  MS.,  i.  .W-S,  M9-nO;  Dfpt.  Per.,  MS.,  ix.  108-10.  Tim  six 
citizens  were  Tomiis  Talamantes,  Francisco  Sepiilveda,  Jo9(S  Maria  AvUfi, 
Miiximo  Alanis,  Peniesio  Domingnez,  and  Jo8^  Maria  Aguilar.  Capt.  Bar- 
roao  took  Argiiello's  place  in  August. 


EXILE  OF  J   M.  PADRtS. 


197 


prosumcd  that  ho  had  taken  a  prominent  part  in  send- 
iiii,'  nieniorials  from  the  south  in  the  interest  of  iho 
(li[>iitacion.  He  protested  earnestly  against  his  exile 
ill  June  and  July,  demanding  an  opportunity  to  re- 
turn, under  bonds,  to  vindicate  his  honor;  but  all  he 
couhl  obtain  was  i)ermission  to  move  about  from  i)lac'e 
to  place  on  the  frontier  without  returning  to  Calii'of- 
nia  while  his  case  was  pending.  Nevertheless  he  did 
return,  as  wo  shall  see.** 

Finally  Josd  Maria  Padrds,  whom  Victoria  justly 
roufurded  as  the  leading  spirit  in  the  opposition  to  his 
measures,  was  summarily  sen^  out  of  the  territoiy 
without  form  of  trial.  In  all  his  communications  the 
governor  had  named  Padrds  as  the  cause  of  the  coun- 
try's ills.^'  Early  in  the  summer  he  had  been  sent  to 
San  Francisco,  where  it  was  thought  he  could  do  less 
harm  than  at  the  capital;  but  he  continued  his  plot- 
tiugs — so  believed  Victoria — in  connection  with  Vu- 
llujo  and  several  young  Californians  who  were  living 
there  ostensibly  engaged  in  hunting  otter.  In  Octo- 
ber the  order  for  his  banishment  was  issued,  and  early 
ill  November  he  was  sent  by  sea  to  San  Blas.^-  Of 
course  Victoria  had  no  authority  for  such  an  act. 

I  have  thus  catalogued  the  acts  of  Victoria's  admin - 

'"  Correspondence  on  Carrillo's  case  from  March  to  Augnst,  in  Vallf,  Dor. 
Ii;>,t.  ('„!.,  MS.,  17;  Leif.  J{cc.,  MS.,  i.  302.3,  .313-20;  Uept.  Rec,  MS.,  ix. 
3-';  l)<i,t.  St.  Pap.,  M.S.,  iii.  14-10,  18;  Ord,  Ocurrcncum,  MS.,  4.3-4.  Al- 
vat;i(to,  J/isl.  Cat.,  MS.,  ii.  109-70,  erroneously  says  Baudiui  w.is  banished 
«itli  Carrillo,  and  the  two  wrote  a  manitiesto,  which  was  sent  north.  Some 
o;io  jnit  a  copy  under  Victoria's  pillow,  and  a  reward  was  offered  for  his  de- 
tection. 

'"  Particularly  in  his  report  to  the  min.  of  rel.  of  Sept.  21st,  in  Dept.  liec, 
MS.,  ix.  140-52. 

'-July  24th.  Padres  at  S.  Francisco  writes  to  Steams,  advising  him  to  go 
to  Mlx.  with  his  complaints  against  V.  Vallijo,  Doc,  MS.,i.  234.  Sopt. 
1  ttli,  V.  to  niin.  of  war.  Says  that  P.  was  sent  to  Bodega  to  make  an  iiisjiec- 
tiuii;  liut  that  he  talked  very  freely  to  the  Russians  against  the  Mex.  and  Cal. 
govt.  J)fpt.  liec,  MS.,  ix.  144.  Oct.  17th,  P.  congratulates  Vallejoonhisoppo- 
siti'.n  to  v.  Vallejo,  Doq.,  MS.,  i.  239.  Oct.  19th,  P.  ia  tosail  on  the  Calullna. 
Iv'ov.  8th,  he  is  to  sail  on  the  schooner  Margarita.  Id. ,  i.  242;  Dtpt.  Rec. ,  MS. , 
ix.  >),\,  01.  FIgueroa,  Manifii^sto,  3-4,  speaks  of  P.'s  influence  in  favor  of  re- 
volt. Alvarado,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  174-5,  says  P.  left  Monterey  Dec.  8th, 
oiul  tiiat  V.  before  exiling  him  ha<l  tried  to  buy  him  off.  Both  this  author  and 
Valkjo,  J  list.  Vat.,  MS.,  ii.  142-7,  say  that  P.  left  Cal.  vowing  to  oust  V., 
and  in  possession  of  news  from  Mex.  that  made  him  think  it  would  not  be 
very  dillicult. 


198 


RULE  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  VICTORIA. 


.i   i '■ 


istration,  and  they  leave  no  doubt  as  to  what  manner 
of  man  ho  was.  Personally  brave,  honest,  energetic, 
(^straightforward,  and  devoted  to  what  he  deemed  the 
best  interests  of  the  territory,  he  was  yet  more  a  co- 
mandante  general  than  a  gefe  politico.  His  idea  of 
his  duty  was  to  preserve  order  and  administer  justice 
l>y  military  methods,  removing  without  regard  to  con- 
stitutional teclmicalities  such  obstacles  as  might  stand 
iu  the  way  of  success  in  carrying  out  his  good  intentions. 
All  the  Californians  in  their  narratives  credit  him  witli 
personal  courage,  but  with  no  other  good  qualit}^  save 
that  a  few  admit  he  paid  better  attention  to  the  com- 
fort as  well  as  the  discipline  of  his  soldiers  than  had 
his  predecessors.  Nearly  all,  after  mentioning  more 
or  less  accurately  some  of  the  acts  which  I  have  chron- 
icled, e>  Tess  the  opinion  that  Victoria  was  a  cruel, 
blood-thirsty  monster,  at  whose  hands  the  lives  of  all 
honest  citizens  were  in  danger,  some  adding  that  he 
was  dishonest  and  avaricious  as  well,  and  others  assert- 
ing that  he  was  a  full-blooded  negro.  So  strong  is 
popular  prejudice,  fostered  by  a  few  influential  men.^^ 
Thei'e  is  a  notable  lack  of  missionary  correspondence 
ill  the  records  of  1831,  and  I  find  only  one  contempo- 
lary  expression  of  the  padres'  opinion  respecting  Vic- 
toria's acts,  except  that  of  course  they  approved  his 
abrogation  of  the  secularization  decree.  Padre  Duran, 
in  the  epilogue  of  his  comments  upon  that  measure, 


"'  I  shall  give  later  references  to  all  the  Californian  WTiters  who  have  tic  itcd 
of  Victoria's  rule.  Their  sentiments  are  so  uniform,  that  it  is  not  necessary 
to  cite  individual  opinions.  In  the  memorial  of  the  diputados  to  the  Mcx. 
govt  of  Sept.  18th,  Vall<jo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  21.5,  238,  the  charges  against  V.  are 
liis  exile  of  ("'arrillo  and  Stearns,  his  arrest  of  Duarte,  his  refusal  to  couvcike 
the  dij^utacion,  his  general  opposition  to  tiio  federal  system,  and  his  insults 
to  diputados  and  inhahitants.  A  very  complete  rdsum(5  of  V.'s  acts  and  trmi- 
hies,  made  up  from  his  despatches  and  tliose  of  Echcandlaand  others,  is  fiuuid 
in  Alamaii,  Siicews  de  Califormn  emi  ailo  de  1S31,  MS  .  the  same  hcin!,'an 
appendix  to  tlio  minister's  instructions  to  Gov.  Fiyiieroa  in  18.S2.  Tlie  ^v!lnlo 
Biihject  is  also  fully  treated  in  Vall'jo  and  Arfjiidlo,  Expvdknte  gohrp  /■'-.■  .!'■• 
Ill raried'idt's  de  Victoria,  MS.,  presented  to  the  dip.  on  Feh.  17,  1832.  To 
the  usual  charges  Bandini,  Apmitcs  Polit'icos,  1S32,  M.S.,  adds  the  sendiii:.'  nf 
sumo  Angelinos  far  among  the  savages  toward  Sonora  to  drive  stock  fur  a 
favorite  padre  of  the  governor's,  tampering  with  the  mails  at  Monterpy.  ami 
aljrogating  the  faculties  of  hacienda  employees  to  the  prejudice  of  the  udiuiu- 
L;tratiou. 


PHEJUDICE  AGAINST  THE  GOVERNOR. 


199 


at  manner 
energetic, 
eemed  the 
11  ore  a  co- 
lis  idea  of 
ber  justice 
ird  to  eon- 
io'ht  stand 
intentions, 
t  him  witli 
lahty,  save 
a  the  coni- 

than  had 
ming  more 
lave  chron- 
as  a  cruel, 
lives  of  ull 
lU  that  ho 
hers  assert- 
0  strong  is 
itial  nien.^^ 
spondenco 
contemixi- 
?cting  Vic- 
proved  his 

reDuran, 
measure, 


after  affirming  that  tlio  leading  Californians  aimed 
solely  at  securing  mission  plunder  and  rejoicing  at 
Victoria's  opportune  arrival  and  sus[)ension  of  the  law, 
Avi'ote:  "Interested  parties,  including  some  vocales  of 
the  dijiutacion,  sure  of  their  prey,  were  disappointed, 
and  disappointment  turned  into  hatred  for  the  equi- 
t:il)le  V^ictoria.  Never  had  they  pardoned  this  just 
chief  for  having  rescued  the  booty  already  within 
their  grasp.  They  began  to  intrigue  and  hold  secret 
meetings,  and  for  ten  months  of  1831  sym[)toins  of 
sedition  liave  not  ceased  to  keep  the  illustrious  chief 
in  constant  tnnible.  They  sought  to  force  him  to 
convene  the  diputacion,  in  order  that  with  a  semblance 
of  legality  they  might  accomplish  their  desires,.  .  .un- 
grateful for  the  sacrifices  of  the  poor  Indians;  but  Vic- 
toria never  consented;  and  in  November  they  pro- 
claimed a  jilan  of  attack."  The  foreign  residents  are 
e(iually  silent,"*  but  I  suspect  that  their  views  were 
more  favoral)le  to  the  go\ernor  than  the}'  cared  t'» 
a'linit  generally  to  the  strong  element  opposing  him. 
The  Californians  have  weakened  their  cause  by  their 
unfounded  and  exaggerated  attacks  on  Victoria's  per- 
sonal character,  for  politically  the  cause  was  a  strong 
one.  Victoria  went  far  beyond  the  authority  of  his 
oliice,  in  refusinsf  to  convoke  the  assembly,  in  tryin^j 
an  alcalde  by  court-martial,  and  in  banishing  Mexican 
citizens  without  forms  of  trial.  He  was  not  in  sym- 
|>athy  with  constitutional  government;  and  his  acts 
\\(  re  not  to  be  defen(l'Xi  by  reason  of  the  reactionary 
character  of  the  administration  that  appointed  him, 
the  trick  that  was  attempted  by  Padres  and  Echeandi'a, 
the  formidable  opposition  which  forced  him  to  a  more 
a rl)itrary  policy  than  he  would  otherwise  have  shown, 
or  the  promptness  and  frankness  with  which  he  sub- 
mitted all  to  the  national  authorities.  Perhaps  his 
}>roceedings  might  even  have  justified  revolt  after  a 


'*  Duran,  Notna  y  Com.,  MS.,  epilogue.  Spence,  Ilht.  Notes,  MS.,  15, 
merely  tiay.i  that  V.  was  ciieryctio  and  made  every  one  respect  order  aud  law, 
wiucli  did  not  please  a  certain  class. 


li- 


200 


EULE  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  VICTORIA. 


failure  to  obtain  relief  from  Mexico.  Under  other 
circumstances,  Victoria  might  have  been  an  excellent 
ruler  for  California. 

Thus  far  San  Francisco  in  the  extreme  north  had 
been  the  centre  of  opposition  to  Victoria,  but  the 
final  revolt  broke  out  in  the  extreme  south  at  San 
Diego.^^  Some  prominent  men  of  the  north  are  of 
opinion  that  the  abajeilos  should  not  have  all  the 
glory,  but  I  fear  there  is  hardly  enough  of  it  to  bear 
division.  Jos(5  Antonio  Carrillo,  supposed  to  be  in  exile 
on  the  frontier,  but  who  came  secretly  to  the  vicinity  <>f 
S'ln  Diego  in  November,  was  the  real  instigator  of  the 
revolt,  seconded  by  Abel  Stearns,  another  exile;  but 
the  active  and  ostensible  leaders  were  Juan  Bandini, 
diputado  suplente  to  congress  and  sub-comisario  of 
hacienda,  and  Pio  Pico,  senior  vocal  of  the  diputacioii. 
Bandini  in  his  history  gives  but  a  general  account  of 
the  affair,  but  Pico  enters  into  some  detail,  both  of  the 
actual  revolt  and  of  preliminary  movements.^^  After 
ten  or  twelve  days  of  preparatory  plotting,  Pico, 
Bandini,  and  Carrillo,  on  November  29th,  drew  up  and 
signed  a  formal  pronunciamiento,  and  that  eveniiiLj 

'^Vallejo,  Hist.  Cnl.,  MS.,  ii.  142-7,  and  Alvarado,  Hist.  Cnl,  MS.,  ii. 
172-3,  state  that  the  former,  a  member  of  the  diputacion,  was  urged  in  letters 
from  leading  men  in  the  south  to  take  the  initiative  in  a  revolution  to  over- 
throw the  tyrant.  Vallcjo  went  to  Monterey  to  consult  with  the  otiier 
northern  vocales,  but  found  them  timid  about  resorting  to  rebellion.  On  liia 
way  back  to  S.  F.  he  met  V.  at  8ta  Clara,  and  was  olVered  by  him  all  kimls 
of  official  favors  if  he  would  abandon  the  party  of  Padrds.  This  was  just 
before  the  exile  of  the  latter,  and  V.  had  received  alarming  news  of  growiiij,' 
uncasinesT  in  the  south. 

^^ Bandini,  Ilia.  Cat.,  MS.,  7.3-5;  Pico,  Hint.  C..'.,  MS.,  24-34.  Pico  savs 
that  in  the  middle  of  Nov.  hiabrother-indaw,  JosdJ.  Ortega,  came  down  fi'om 
Monterey  with  news  that  V.  was  preparing  to  come  south,  and  that  he  in- 
tended to  hang  I'icoand  Bandini  for  their  enorta  in  behalf  of  the  diputacimi. 
Ho  at  once  sent  for  J.  A.  Carrillo — also  his  brother-in-law — who  came  to  Ina 
rancho  of  Jamul;  botli  came  to  S.  Diego  in  the  night  and  had  an  interview 
with  Bandini,  and  the  three  resolved  on  a  pronunciamiento  as  the  only  means 
of  thwarting  V.  's  plans.  It  took  about  two  weeks  to  perfect  their  plans  and 
to  leam  what  men  could  be  relied  on.  During  this  time  Pico  and  Juan  Lo[iez 
made  visits  to  Los  Angeles  to  enlist  the  Angelinos  in  the  cause.  They  found 
that  Alcalde  Sanchez  had  about  70  (some  others  say  .30  or  40)  of  the  citixfna 
in  jail;  but  Avila  and  other  leaders  di.sapproved  of  any  rising  until  V.  shonld 
have  passeil  Angeles,  when  they  would  attack  him  in  the  rear,  and  the  Dic- 
gninos  in  front.  Finally  they  heard  from  Stearns  a  confirmation  of  V.'s 
schemes  as  before  reported. 


PRONUNCIAMIENTO  OF  SAN  DIEGO. 


201 


with  about  a  dozen  companions  started  out  to  take 
possession  of  the  presidio  and  garrison.  Doubtless  by 
a  previous  understanding  with  the  soldiers,  no  resist- 
ance was  made,  though  the  forms  of  a  surprise  wvre 
gone  through,  the  arms  and  barracks  secured,  and  the 
officers  placed  under  arrest."^ 

Next  day  the  soldiers  gave  in  their  adhesion  to  the 
plan  readily  enough,  but  the  officers,  especially  captains 
Portilla  and  Argiiello,  showed  considerable  reluctance. 
They  shared  the  feelings  of  the  rebels  against  Victo- 
ria— so  they  said,  Portilla  perhaps  not  quite  truth- 
fully— but  they  felt  that  for  military  men  in  their 
position  to  engage  in  open  rebellion  against  their 
coniandante  general  was  a  serious  matter.  At  first 
they  declined  to  do  more  than  remain  neutral  under 
arrest;  but  finally  they  were  induced  to  promise 
active  cf)operation  on  condition  that  Echeandia  would 
acce[)t  the  command.  What  part  Echeandia  had 
taken,  if  any,  in  the  previous  plottings  cannot  be 
known;  but  after  much  hesitation,  real  or  pretended,''® 
he  consented  to  head  the  movement.  The  plan, 
sljohtly  amended,  was  now  made  to  embrace  substan- 
tially the  following  points:  the  suspension  of  Victoria, 
the  vesting  by  the  diputacion  of  the  political  and 
military  command  in  separate  persons,  and  the  pro- 
viijjonal  resumption  by  Echeandia  of  both  commands 
until  such  act  of  the  diputacion  or  the  decision  of 
the  national  government.     TRis  pronunciamiento  was 


'"Bandini  snys  there  were  14  men  in  the  first  revolutionary  party.  Pico 
names,  Ijcsides  the  3  signers,  Ignacio,  Jnan,  and  Joa6  Lopez;  Aliel  Steai-ns; 
Juuii  Maria  Marron;  Andrdsand  Antonio  Ibarra;  Ddinaso  and  Gervasio  Ali- 
piis;  Juan  Osuna;  Silverio  Rios;  another  citizen,  and  a  cholo  to  carry  amiiiu- 
nitiou.  Pico  says  he  was  deputed  to  arrest  Capt.  Argiiello,  whom  he  found 
nt  his  house  playing  trcsiilo  with  his  wife  and  Alf.  Valle.  He  begged  pardon 
for  tiic  intrusion,  presented  his  pistols,  and  marched  the  two  olKccrs  away 
to  join  Capt.  Portilla,  who  had  been  arrested  by  Bandini.  Valle,  Lo  Pasndo, 
Ms,,  .'{-5,  like  most  of  the  California  writers,  mentions  the  arrest  of  himself 
and  tlic  rest,  but  gives  no  particulars. 

'I"  E.  was  a  timid  man,  not  inclined  to  revolutionarj'  acts,  and  moreover 
not  in  good  health;  therefore  his  reluctance  to  assume  the  responsibility  of 
such  a  movement;  yet  I  hardly  credit  the  statement  of  the  Vallcjos  and 
otlurs  that  ho  refused  the  command  until  forced  by  Carrillo's  threats  to 
accept  it. 


202 


RULE  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  VICTORIA. 


finally  signed  December  Ist  by  Echeandia,  the  three 
original  signers,  and  all  the  officials,  whose  names  I 
give  with  a  translation  of  the  document.**'    The  reader 


!   :i 


^' Pro7unirinmien(o  tie  San  Dier/o  contra  el  Ge/c  Politico  y  Comandantc  Gen- 
end  ill'  (Ja'-fornin,  Don  Jluiiufl  I'irtoria,  en  SO  di'  Norkmhre  y  1  da  Didnnhn 
dc  ISJl,  MS.  Translation:  'Mexican  citizens  residing  in  the  upper  territory 
of  tlio  Californias.  If  the  enterprise  we  undertake  were  intended  to  violate 
tliu  iirovisioiis  of  the  laws,  if  our  acts  in  venturing  to  oppose  the  scandalous 
acta  of  the  actual  governor,  D.  Manncl  Victoria,  were  guided  by  aims  un- 
worthy of  patriotic  scntinieuts,  tlieu  should  wo  not  only  fear  but  know  the 
fatal  results  to  which  wc  must  be  condemned.  Such,  however,  not  btiii;,' 
the  case,  we,  guided  in  the  path  of  justice,  animated  by  love  of  our  soil,  duly 
respecting  the  laws  dictated  by  our  supreme  legislature,  and  enthusiastic  for 
their  support,  find  ourselves  obliged,  on  account  of  the  criminal  abuse  noted 
in  the  said  chief,  to  adopt  the  measures  here  made  known.  We  know  tlint 
ve  proceed,  not  against  the  sup.  govt  or  its  magistrates,  but,  as  wo  arc  deeply 
convinced,  against  an  individual  who  violates  the  fundamental  bases  of  our 
system,  or  in  truth  against  a  tyrant  who  has  hypocritically  deceived  the 
f  uprcme  powers  so  as  to  reach  the  rank  to  which,  without  deserving  it,  ho 
liaa  been  raised.  The  supremo  being,  master  of  our  hearts,  knows  the  jmre 
sentiments  with  which  wc  set  out:  love  to  country,  respect  for  the  lawn,  to 
obey  them  and  make  them  obeyed,  to  banish  the  almscs  which  with  acceler- 
ated steps  the  actual  ruler  is  committing  agamst  the  liberal  system.  Sueh 
are  the  objects  which  wc  call  pure  sentiments  and  in  accordance  with  public 
light.  Wc  will  maintain  this  before  the  national  sovereignty,  and  time  will 
bear  witness  against  what  the  breaker  of  laws  chooses  to  call  sedition.  I'rom 
the  sentiments  indicated  may  be  clearly  deduced  the  patriotic  spirit  v.liiih 
directs  us  to  the  proceeding  this  day  begun;  and  at  the  thought  that  s'icli 
Bcntiments  are  entertained  by  tlie  people  of  Alta  California,  there  is  gcneriiteil 
within  us  a,  complete  conviction  that  our  indispensable  action  will  lie  sup- 
ported and  therefore  sustainetl  by  all  who  live  in  this  unfortunate  country. 
As  for  the  military  oliiccrs  in  actual  service,  opposition  is  naturally  to  bo  ex- 
pected from  tliem  to  our  plan,  r.nd  wc  must  allow  them  at  first  this  unfavor- 
able opinion  demanded  by  their  profession;  but  not  so  later,  when  they  !ili;ill 
have  fully  learned  the  wise  and  beneficent  intentions  with  which  we  act;  for 
they  also,  as  Mexican  citizens,  are  in  duty  bound  to  maintain  inviohitc  tlie 
code  to  which  Ave  have  all  sworn.  We  believe  that  your  minds  arc  ever 
decided  in  favor  of  the  preservation  of  society,  and  your  aims  to  be  re.-ii]y  in 
the  service  of  whoever  may  assj^re  happiness,  and  in  support  of  the  I:nv9 
v.hich  promulgate  its  representation.  You  are  assured  of  tlio  contrary  sjiirit 
phov.n  by  the  chief  authority  of  this  California,  and  we  begin,  in  manifcting 
Ilia  criminal  acts,  with  tlie  infraction  committed  ;>^ainst  the  territorial  npre- 
Buntation,  which  has  been  suppressed  on  pretexts  which  confirm  his  ub  olii- 
tiwm,  though  you  voted  for  the  members  to  bo  the  areas  of  your  conlideiiee; 
the  total  suppression  of  the  ayuntaniicnto  of  Sta  Barbara;  the  shooting  of 
several  persons  by  his  order  at  Monterey  and  S.  Francisco,  without  the  necea- 
sary  precedent  formalities  prescribed  by  the  laws;  the  expatriation  sulll-red 
by  the  citizens  J036  Antonio  Carrillo  and  Abel  Steams,  without  notiiicaliou 
of  the  reasons  demanding  it;  the  scorn  with  which  ho  has  treated  the  wm-X 
just  demand  which  with  legal  proofs  was  jireseuted  hy  the  very  houoralilo 
pueblo  of  Los  Angeles,  leaving  unpunished  the  public  crimes  of  the  pre  eut 
alcalde;  and,  not  to  weary  you  with  further  reflections  of  this  nature,  p'e.iso 
consider  the  attributes  which  ho  has  assumed  in  tho  department  of  revenues, 
making  himself  its  chief,  with  grave  injury  to  tho  public  funds.  Wo  trust 
that  after  you  know  our  aims  you  will  regard  the  removal  of  all  these  evils  iis 
the  duty  of  every  citizen.  Wc  believe  also  that  the  public  sentiment  <it'  tiio 
territory  will  never  attempt  to  violate  our  rights,  or  still  less  provoke  us  to 


A  WORDY  PLAN. 


203 


who  may  have  the  patience  to  examine  this  state  pa- 
])ci',  Cahfornia's  first  pronunciamiont<^,  if  we  except 
that  of  the  convict  Sohs  in  1829,  will  find  in  it  a  good 


m:ike  a  defence  foreign  to  our  views  ( !).  The  said  ruler  has  not  only  shown  liim- 
Bilf  shamelcs's  in  the  violation  of  law,  bnt  has  at  the  same  time  impciilled  our 
Becurity  and  interests  by  reason  of  his  despotism  and  incapacity.  You  your- 
selves are  experiencing  the  misfortunes  that  have  happened  during  the  short 
time  (if  his  management.  For  all  these  reasons,  and  with  all  obedience  ami 
B'.ibjcction  to  the  laws,  we  have  proposed:  1st,  To  suspend  the  exercise  of  1). 
Manuel  Victoria  in  all  that  relates  to  the  command  which  he  at  present  holds 
ill  tliis  territory  as  comandante  general  and  gefe  politico,  for  infraction  and 
coiisyiiracy  against  our  sacred  institutions,  as  we  shall  show  by  legal  proofs. 
2i\,  Tluit  wlicn  lit  a  fitting  time  the  excelentisima  diputacion  territorial  shall 
liavo  met,  the  military  and  political  command  shall  fall  to  distinct  persons  as 
the  laws  of  both  jurisdictions  provide,  until  the  supreme  resolution.  These 
t\\\>  oljjccts,  so  just  for  the  reasons  given,  are  those  which  demand  attention 
from  the  true  patriot.  Then  let  the  rights  of  the  citizen  bo  Iwrn  anew;  let 
liljci'ty  spring  up  from  the  ashes  of  oppression,  and  perish  the  despotism  that 
lias  Kutfocated  our  security.  Yes,  citizens;  love  to  country  and  oljscrvance  of 
tlif  laws  prescribed  ami  approved  by  our  supremo  powers  are  the  fundamental 
ki  i.j  on  which  wo  travel.  Property  is  respected;  likewise  the  duty  of  each 
citiiion.  Oar  diputacion  territorial  will  work,  and  will  tiike  all  the  steps  con- 
ducive to  the  good  of  society;  but  we  beg  that  body  that  it  make  no  innova- 
tiiiu  whatever  in  the  matter  of  the  missions,  respecting  tlicir  communities 
iiiiil  iiropcrty,  since  our  object  is  confined  solely  to  the  two  articles  us  stated. 
To  the  sup.  govt  belongs  exclusively  the  power  to  dictate  what  it  may  deem 
juMpcr  on  this  subject,  and  it  promises  to  the  padres  to  observe  respect, 
ik'ciirum,  and  security  of  the  property  intrusted  to  their  care.  Thus  wo 
sign  it,  and  wo  hope  for  indulgence  in  consideration  of  our  rights  and  justice. 
I'lvsiilio  of  San  Diego,  Nov.  29,  1831.  Pio  Pico,  Juan  Baudini,  Jos6  Antonio 
Carrillo. 

'  \Vc,  Ca[)t.  Pablo  de  la  PortilLa,  etc.  [see  names  at  end],  acquainted  with 
tlie  preceding  plan  signed  by  [names  as  before,  with  titles],  according  to  wliicli 
t!io  iieo|)lc  of  this  place  surprised  the  small  garrison  of  this  plaza  on  tho  night 
ot'  Nov.  'JOtli,  consider  it  founded  on  our  natural  light,  since  it  is  known  to  us 
i:i  all  evidence  that  tho  gefo  politico  and  comandante  general  of  the  terri- 
tory, Don  Manuel  Victoria,  iiaa  infringed  our  federal  constitution  anil  laws  in 
tli:it  part  relating  to  individual  security  and  pojmlar  representation;  and  wo 
fiiiil  iiursclves  not  in  a  position  to  be  heard  with  the  promptness  our  rights 
(k'liiantl  by  the  supreme  powei-s  of  the  nation,  which  might  order  the  suspen- 
sion which  is  effected  in  tho  plan  if  they  could  see  and  prove  tho  accusations 
V.  liicli  give  rise  to  so  many  complaints.  But  at  the  aania  time,  ia  order  to  .se- 
cure in  tho  enterprise  the  best  order,  and  a  path  which  may  not  lead  ua  a\^•ay 
from  the  only  object  proposed,  wo  choose  and  proclaim  licut-col.  of  engi- 
lu-ers,  citizen  Jos(5  Maria  do  Echcandfa,  to  re-assume  the  command,  political 
1111(1  military,  of  tho  territory,  which  this  very  year  he  gave  up  to  tlio  said  Sr 
\  ictoria— this  until  the  supreme  government  may  resolve  after  tho  pro]ier 
ciirrespondence,  or  until,  the  diputacion  being  assembled,  distinct  jierscus 
may  in  legal  form  take  charge  of  tho  two  commands.  And  the  saitl  ciiief 
I'avlii;,'  appeared  at  our  invitation,  and  l)eing  informed  on  the  subject,  he  de- 
ciiled  to  servo  in  both  capacities  as  stated,  protesting,  however,  that  ho  does  it 
Sillily  in  support  of  publicliberty  according  to  the  system  which  he  has  sworn, 
ciiiij II  ration  for  the  best  order,  and  submission  to  the  supremo  powers  of  the 
III!  t  inn.  Thus,  all  being  said  publicly,  and  tho  proclamation  in  favor  of  Sr 
Kolieandfa  being  general,  he  began  immediately  to  discharge  the  duties  of 
tlie  eoinniand.  And  in  token  thereof  we  sign  together  with  said  chief — both 
the  promoters  of  the  plan  who  signed  it  and  we  who  Lave  seconded  it — to- 


204 


RULE  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  VICTORIA, 


\   i 
i   ) 


many  words.     It  was  apparently  the  production  of 
Juan  Bandiui. 

In  a  day  or  two  the  pronun-  iados,  with  about  fifty 
men  under  Portilla,  set  out  nortliward,  Argiiello  be- 
ing loft  behind  in  command  of  San  Diego.  The  lit- 
tle army  arrived  at  Los  Angeles  December  4th,  learn- 
ing now,  or  perhaps  the  day  before,  that  Victoria  was 
approaching  from  the  north  and  was  not  far  distant. 
Of  occurrences  at  the  pueblo  since  the  imprisonment 
of  eight  citizens  by  Alcalde  Sanchez  at  Victoria's  or- 
der, as  already  related,  we  know  very  little;  but  it 
would  seem  that  there  had  been  further  trouble, 
and  that  more  citizens,  perhaps  many  more,  had  boiii 
added  to  the  eight  in  jail,  Andres  Pico  being  one 
of  the  new  victims.  The  captives  were  at  once  set 
free  by  the  San  Diegans,  and  the  obnoxious  al- 
calde, Vicente  Sanchez,  was  in  turn  put  in  irons. 
The  Angelinos  accepted  the  plan  with  great  cnixxd^i- 
asm,  and  next  morning  the  rebel  army,  probably  num- 
bering about  one  hundred  and  fifty,  inarched  out  to 
meet  Victoria,  who  at  the  same  time  started  with 
about  thirty  men  from  San  Fernando. 

Tiie  date  of  Victoria's  departure  from  Monterey  is 
unknown,  as  are  his  motives,  and  most  details  respect- 
ing his  southward  march.  He  must  have  itarted  bi- 
fore  the  proceedings  of  November  20th  could  ha\(3 
been  known  at  the  capital;  but  he  probably  was 
warned  of  prospective  troubles  by  letters  from  south- 
ern friends.*"     Full  of  confidence  as  usual  in  his  abil- 


tlay  between  11  and  12  o'clock,  on  Dec.  1,  1831.  Jos<5  Marfa  Echeandia,  Pio 
I'ico,  Juan  Bandini,  Josd  Antonio  Carrillo,  Pablo  de  la  Portilla,  Santiago  Ai- 
gflcllo,  Josd  Maria  llamirez,  Ignacio  del  Vallc,  Juan  Josd  Roclia,  and  as  odiii- 
audanto  of  the  artillery  detachment,  Sergt  Andrda  Cervantes.' 

<" David  Speuco,  IJist.  Notes,  MS.,  Robinson,  LSj'c  in  C'al.,  118-21,  iiiul 
Tuthill, //('«<.  Cat.,  1.31-4,  state  that  Portilla  was  the  man  who  warned  Victoiiu, 
urging  liim  to  come  south,  and  promising  the  support  of  his  company,  l)iit 
treacherously  joining  the  rebels  and  leading  them  against  the  man  lie  had 
agreed  to  defend.  I  think  there  was  some  truth  in  tliis  charge.  That  i^ 
Portilla  was  a  Mexican  officer  in  command  of  a  Mexican  company,  and  n;itu- 
rally  a  partisan  of  Victoria  rather  than  of  the  Californians.  He  had  a  ihi- 
feet  right  to  warn  the  comandauto,  and  very  likely  did  so,  intending  to  sup- 
port him;  but  it  would  havo  required  much  more  strength  than  ho  cor 
possessed  to  withstand  the  movement  of  Nov.  2<JtIi;  and  the  indications  aro 


ii 


THE  GOVERNOR  ^lARCHES  AGAINST  THE  REBELS.        205 


Mm 


of 


it  fifty 
llo  be- 
lie lit- 
,  learu- 
[•ia  was 
listaut. 
jumont 
•ia's  or- 
but  it 
:roublo, 
id  been 
no:   oncj 
)nco  sot 
ious  al- 
ii irons. 

)ly  nuin- 
l  out  to 
ed  with 

tercy  is 
respect- 
rtod  bo- 
ld havi3 
Ay  was 
I  soutli- 
lis  abil- 

bandfa,  Vio 
Intiago  Ar- 
Ind  us  I'liin- 

I18-2I,  iiiul 
Id  Victoiia, 
ipany,  I'l't 
Ian  lie  li;ul 
That  i^, 
I  and  natu- 
I  had  a  per- 
Ing  to  sup- 
In  he  ever 
itious  aio 


it y  to  restore  order,  the  governor  set  out  with  Alferez 
IMiej^o  and  ten  or  twenty  men,  leavinsf  Zamorano,  his 
secretary,  in  command  at  Monterey.  Even  on  arrivini^ 
at  Santa  Barbara  he  seems  to  have  got  no  definite  in- 
formation of  the  San  Diego  movement;  but  he  was  with 
some  difficulty  persuaded  by  Guerra  to  increase  his 
little  force  before  going  to  Los  Angeles,  and  was  ac- 
cordingly joined  by  Captain  Romualdo  Pacheco  and 
about  a  dozen  soldiers.*^  His  entire  force  was  now 
not  over  thirty  men,  nearly  all  I  suppose  of  the 
San  Bias  and  Mazatlan  companies.  He  expected  no 
fight;  but  in  case  trouble  should  arise,  he  doubtless 
counted  on  the  aid  of  Portilla  and  his  Mazatecos. 
Before  he  reached  San  Fernando,  however,  messen- 
txers  overtook  him  from  Santa  Bdrbara  with  definite 
news  of  the  open  revolt  at  San  Diego,  in  letters  from 
llie  rebel  leaders  to  the  Carrillo  brothers,  which  by 
advice  of  Guerra  they  had  forwarded  to  put  him  on 
his  guard.*'*  At  San  Fernando  on  December  4th, 
Padre  Ibarra  had  not  heard  of  the  revolt  at  San 
Biego,  and  a  messenger  sent  in  haste  to  the  pueblo 
brought  back  word  from  Alcalde  Sanchez  that  at 
sunset  there  were  no  signs  of  revolution.  Later  in 
the  evening,  however,  when  the  revolutionists  arrived 
from  the  south,  releasing  the  prisoners  and  locking  up 
Sanchez,  a  brother  of  the  latter  is  said  to  have  es- 
caped with  the  news  to  San  Fernando.  And  thus  next 
morning  the  hostile  armies  marched  out  from  the 

that  the  captain  was  put  in  command  on  tho  march  to  Los  Angeles  mainly 
tliat  lie  might  bo  watched.  Several  Californiuns  stato  that  it  was  only  by  tho 
vi:,'il;inco  and  threats  of  J036  Antonio  Carrillo  that  Portilla  was  kept  from 
poing  over  to  tho  foe  at  tho  last.  A  contemptible  weakness,  rather  than  de- 
Filici-ito  treachery,  was  Portilla's  fault;  besides,  as  wo  shall  see,  tho  valiant 
commander  and  his  men  did  no  fighting  when  the  liour  of  battle  arrived. 

^'Tlio  widow  Avila,  Corns  deVcd.,  MS.,  29-30,  states  that  provisions  were 
prep  ucd  at  her  house  for  Victoria's  march,and  that  ho  left  Monterey  at  dawn 
v.itli  about  15  men.  Gonzalez,  Experkncias,  MS.,  29-.30,  and  Ord,  Onirrcn- 
<'''i«,  M.S. ,  48-9,  speak  from  memory  of  Victoria's  arrival  at  Sta  Barbara. 
'i'lio  latter  says  Guerra  warned  Pacheco  to  be  careful.  'Cuidado!  que 
aqucllos  son  tercos;  al  If  est  A  Jos6  Antonio  Carrillo.'  Spence  says  Victoria 
txilc  1)  men  from  Monterey;  Robinson,  that  ho  reached  Sta  Bdrbara  with  20. 

'•I'iro,  Hist.  C'ai.,  MS.,  35-40.  Pico's  narrative  of  tho  whole  nflfair  is 
renin  rkably  accurate  in  every  case  where  its  accuracy  can  be  tested,  and  ia 
therefore  worthy  of  some  credit  where  no  such  test  is  possible. 


Ill 


233 


RULE  AXD  OVERTHROW  OF  VICTORIA. 


:?fr^T 


;:t  1 

Mr  ' 


pueblo  and  mission  respectively,  the  smaller  force 
starting  earlier  or  moving  more  rapidly  than  the  other, 
since  they  met  only  a  few  miles  i'rom  Los  Angeles  in 
the  direction  of  Cahuenga. 

Exactly  what  occurred  at  this  unnamed  battle-field 
on  the  forenoon  of  the  5th,  so  far  as  details  arc 
concerned,  will  never  be  known.  The  salient  resuUs 
were  that  two  men,  Captain  Pacheco  on  the  one  fddo 
and  Jos^  Maria  Avila  on  the  other,  were  killed. 
Victoria  was  severely  wounded.  Portilla's  force  re- 
treated to  Los  Annfcles  and  to  Los  Nietos,  and  tlio 
governor  was  carried  by  his  men  to  San  Gabriel. 
After  a  careful  study  of  all  the  testimony  extant,  I 
venture  to  present  some  additional  particulars  as 
worthy  of  credence.  Portilla  with  his  150  men  had 
halted  on  high  ground  to  await  Victoria's  approach. 
Carrillo  of  the  leading  rebels  was  with  the  army; 
but  Echeandia,  Pico,  and  Bandini  had  remained  be- 
hind. Victoria,  approaching  with  his  thirtj'"  soldiers, 
was  urged  by  Pacheco  not  to  risk  an  attack  without 
reenfbrcements  and  additional  preparations;  but  lie 
promptly,  perhaps  insultingly,  disregarded  the  cap- 
tain's counsels.^^  lie  was  brave  and  hot-headed,  ho 
did  not  believe  Portilla's  Mazatecos  would  fiixlit 
against  their  comrades,  and  he  attached  little  im- 
portance to  the  citizen  rebels.  Riding  up  within 
speaking  distance,  the  governor  was  commanded  by 
Portilla  to  halt,  and  in  reply  peremptorily  ordered 
Portilla  to  come  over  with  his  soldiers  to  support  his 
commander  and  the  legitimate  authorities.  Noting:'  a 
disposition  to  parley  rather  than  to  obey  his  order, 
Victoria  ordered  his  men  to  fire;  and  some  shots  wore 
fired,  perhaps  over  the  heads  of  the  foe,  since  nobody 
was  hurt.  Portilla  and  his  men  now  ran  away,  per- 
haps after  one  discharge  of  their  muskets,  and  the 
Angelinos  followed  them;  but  two  or  three  of  tho 


E 


"  Pio  Pico,  Osio,  Mrs  Ord,  and  others  state  that  some  sharp  vmih 
aoced  between  tho  two  officers,  Victoria  implying  that  PachccD  was  niovtd 
ly  fear,  and  tlio  latter  indignantly  repelling  the  taunt. 


i  i 


BATTLE  NEAR  LOS  ANGELES. 


207 


latter — who  had  been  in  the  pueblo  jail,  had  personal 
Miicvance  afjainst  Victoria,  and  were  ashamed  of 
tiuir  companions'  cowardice — made  a  dash  against 
the  toe  betbro  retreating.  Jose  Maria  Avila  was  at 
tlio  head  of  this  party,  and  he  first  met  Pacheco, 
Avhoin  ho  shot  in  the  back  with  a  pistol  as  the  two 
horses  were  carried  past  each  other  by  their  impetus, 
after  mutually  parried  thrusts  of  sword  and  lance  by 
the  res|iective  riders.  Pacheco  fell  dead  with  a  bullet 
ill  liis  lieart.**  Avila  now  rushed  upon  Victoria;  To- 
nuis  Talamantcs  was  close  behind  hira,  and  on  tho 
other  side  at  least  two  soldiers  defended  the  governor. 
Of  the  ensuing  struggle,  which  probably  did  not 
last  three  minutes,  it  is  not  strange  that  there  are 
many  popular  versions;  but  Victoria  received  sev- 
eral lance-wounds.  A  soldier  was  shot  in  the  foot. 
Avila  after  a  desperate  resistance  was  unhorsed  and 
killed,  shot  perhaps  by  one  of  the  soldiers,*^  and 
Talamantcs,  the  only  one  of  the  pronunciados  except 
Avila  who  came  into  contact  with  tho  foe,  escaped 
unhurt.  Victoria's  men  attempted  no  pursuit,  but 
bore  the  wounded  governor  to  San  Gabriel.  Had 
it  not  been  for  his  wounds,  Victoria  would  have  re- 

"  For  a  biographical  sketch  of  Romualdo  Pacheco,  sec  local  annals  of 
Sta  Bdrbava  later  in  this  volume. 

*•■  J036  Maria  Avila  was  a  native  of  Sinaloa,  who  came  when  a  boy  with 
his  parents,  Cornclio  Avila  and  Isabel  Urquidcs,  to  L03  Angeles.  IIo  was  a 
wild  iuid  reckless  fellow  in  his  youth,  but  dashing  and  popiilar,  noted  for  his 
skill  in  liorsemanship.  Ho  amassed  considerable  property,  and  in  1825  was 
clcetoil  alcalde  of  L03  Angeles,  though  suspended  for  a  despotic  exercise  of 
power.  On  one  occasion  a  ritizcn  complained  to  Gov.  Argiiello  that  he  liad 
l)('cii  arbitrarily  imprisoned  by  the  alcalde,  wlio  was  called  upon  to  explain, 
as  he  did  in  the  following  language:  'My  motive  for  puttinj?  this  person  in 
jail  was  that  I  thought  proper  to  <lo  so;  and  because,  besides  that  motive,  I 
liad  other  grounds,  in  the  stating  of  which  a  good  deal  of  time  would  be  cou- 
suiiicil;  and  since  the  man's  complaint  is  only  intended  to  fc'.kc  up  your  wor- 
ship's time  and  mine,  I  close  by  stating  that  this  is  all  I  have  to  say,  repeating 
iiiysilf  obedient  to  your  superior  orders. '  Carrillo  {J.),  Doc,  MS.,  17-20. 
Avili's  late  imprisonment  by  Sanchez  at  Victoria's  order  was  tho  cause  of  his 
S|'.(\ial  wrath  against  tho  latter.  Dona  luocencia  Tico  do  Avila,  Coaan  ile 
I'al.,  MS.,  2S-30,  says  that  Jos(i  Maria  had  a  fight  with  one  Nieto,  and  was 
coiiili'iuncd  in  consequence  to  a  long  imprisonment.  Ile  came  to  Monterey, 
staying,'  at  narrator's  liouse,  to  induce  Victoria  to  change  the  penalty  to  a 
line;  but  the  gov.  refused,  and  Avila  went  back  very  angry,  vowing  ven- 
geauo.  As  there  is  in  the  archives  some  reference  to  the  troubles  of  Avila 
aid  Xicto,  this  ntory  may  bo  accurate,  though  it  is  not  clear  how  the  former 
tnull  have  left  the  jail  to  visit  Monterey  on  such  business. 


SOS 


RULE  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  VICTORIA. 


taken  Los  Angeles  without  difficulty;  and  it  is  liy 
no  means  unlikely  that  he  would  have  crushed  the 
rebellion  altogether.  Avila  and  Talaniantes  had  de- 
posed the  governor  of  California;  and  others  had  con- 
tributed nothing  more  potent  than  words.*" 


-!  ;!■ 


*"  It  would  servo  no  good  purpose  to  present  variations  of  testimony  on 
cacli  point  of  tliia  affair,  which  would  ho  pretty  much  equivalent  to  givi:i ; 
BL'ven  ci^'hths  of  the  narratives  in  full;  hut  I  append  some  item?  from  varii>;i3 
B;>iircc3,  interesting  for  one  reason  or  another.  The  narrative  of  Juan  Avil.i, 
nephew  of  J036  Maria,  is  worthy  of  especial  notice  as  the  testimony  of  an  cvf- 
witness  who  is  also  a  well  known  and  respected  man.  Ho  watched  tlio  en:!- 
flict  from  a  little  distance,  having  been  advised  by  his  uncle  to  take  noac^tivu 
part.  He,  like  one  or  two  others,  thinks  that  V.  iiad  advanced  to  Cahuenj,'!, 
the  nig!it  Ijofore.  Ho  designates  the  battle-ground  as  the  Lomitas  dc;  !a 
Cafiatla  do  Breita.  His  version  of  the  fight  ngi'ees  in  general  with  that  in  mv 
text,  except  that  he  says  nothing  of  Talamantes,  and  states  that  Portilhi'.s 
men  fired  ilrst.  II is  details  alter  Pacheco's  fall  are  as  follows:  Avila  nislicil 
among  the  soldiers  in  search  of  V.,  whom  ho  f^avr^  a  Hnce-thrust  in  the  siilc, 
unhorsing  him,  but  when  about  to  repeat  the  blow  was  shot  in  the  spine  hy 
the  Mazateco  Lcandro  Morales,  and  was  himself  unhorsed.  Pedro  GucrrtMo 
rushed  up  to  kill  him,  but  A.  shot  him  in  the  knee  with  his  remaining  pistnl. 
V.  was  so  near  that  A.,  straggling  on  the  ground,  was  able  to  grasp  his  fnut 
anil  throw  him;  but  ho  rose  again  and  killed  A.  with  his  sword.  Ar'l  1, 
Xota.H,  MS.,  ll-io.  Osio,  Jlist.  Cal.,  MS,,  178-89,  gives  a  very  full  narrative. 
His  presentment  of  Portilla's  grief  at  seeing  the  bravo  Mazatecos  drawn  n\>  i:i 
battle  array  against  each  other,  of  his  fe;ir  that  all  V.  's  men  must  inevitably  bo 
killed  in  a  bad  cause,  his  orders  to  fire  the  first  shot  in  the  air,  and  the  iiilci- 
position  of  providence  in  the  interest  of  an  cronomia  de  naiifire,  is— thou  ^ii 
given  in  sober  earnest — amusingly  absurd.  Oslo's  account  of  the  fight  agicrs  tur 
the  most  part  with  the  preceding,  but  he  says  that  V.  got  one  of  his  woiuuls 
from  Talamantes.  Ho  also  mentions  the  absurd  actions  of  a  drunken  man, 
Francisco  Sepiilveda,  who  came  up  at  the  last  moment.  This  writer  gives  tl)o 
impression  that  firing  had  continued,  that  the  personal  conflicts  had  tiihon 
place  in  a  shower  of  bullets,  and  that  the  rebels  retreated  only  after  tli'!  f:;ll 
of  Avila.  He  is  very  sevci-e  in  his  remarks  on  their  cowanlice.  Pio  Pioo. 
JUst.  Cat.,  MS.,  35-40,  states  that  JostS  AntonioCan-illo  warded  off  Pacheco's 
sword-thrust  with  his  musket,  and  mentions  Talamantes'  services.  ]?ancliiii, 
JIIM.  Cal.,  MS.,  7.")-0,  gives  no  particulars,  but  states  that  V.  opened  the  lire 
without  consenting  to  give  or  receive  explanations.  In  a  letter  written  a  fow 
days  later,  Eeheandia  says:  On  Dee.  5tli  the  citizens  of  Los  Angeles  '  pro- 
nounced with  their  ayuntamiento  for  the  said  plan,  promising  gladly  t'» 
saci'ilice  their  lives  and  interests  in  its  support.  This  promise  they  kept  liinl 
arc  keeping,  for  that  same  day  Victoria,  whom  we  supposed  in  Monterey,  pre- 
sented himself  in  the  vicinity  of  the  j)ueblo,  and,  without  accepting  any 
arrangement  or  even  discussion,  opened hre,  thinking  to  subject  them;  )iut  in 
vain,  because,  anxious  for  their  liberty,  they  gave  themselves  up  todeatli,  ami 
succeeded  in  putting  Victoria  on  the  brink  of  death,  since  seriously  woumlwl 
ho  retired  his  force  to  this  mission.'  Vallcjo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  245,  xxx.  '27(i. 
Valle,  Lo  I'amdo,  MS.,  3-5,  says  it  was  Guerrero  who  killed  Avila.  Mrs 
Ord,  Ociirrencias,  MS.,  49-50,  s-iysthc  report  brought  to  SfciBdrbara  wastlmt 
Avila  was  wounded  by  Pacheco,  wounded  Victoria,  and  was  killed  by  Isiiloro 
Ibarra.  Machado,  Tiempos  Pasadox,  MS. ,  27-8,  calls  the  place  of  tlio  fi^lit 
Arroyo  Seco.  Amador,  jrc»».,MS.,  135-0,  had  heard  from  Francisco  Alvis.i.  .in 
eye-witness,  that  it  was  Victoria  who  shot  Avila.  Manuel  Castro,  IteL,  .M '•, 
25-9,  tells  us  that  Avila  went  out  by  permission  of  the  rebel  leaders  to  llglit 
single-handed  with  Pacheco  and  Victoria!    Steven  C.  Foster,  S.  Josdl'iomcr, 


SURUENDER  OF  VICTORIA. 


200 


There  is  little  more  to  bo  said  of  the  revolution  or 
otht-r  events  of  18;»1.  Some  citizens  who  took  no 
]);iit  in  the  fight  carried  the  bodies  of  l^aeheeo  and 
Avila  to  the  pueblo,  where  funcjral  services  woru  i)er- 
jnrined  next  day.  The  fugitive  residents  had  reeov- 
citnl  from  their  fright  and  i-eturned  to  their  lionies, 
^vIlile  JCcheandi'a  with  a  part  of  Portilla's  veterans  ha<l 
;ilsi»  come  to  town  from  tJie  camp  at  Los  Nictos. 
Tlic  wounded  governor  lay  at  San  Gabriel,  in  dangei- 
((I'llcath,  as  was  thought,  tended  by  Joseph  Chapma.i 
as  ;iinati!ur  surgeon,  and  by  Eulalia  Perez  as  mirse,  if 
we  may  credit  the  old  lady's  statement.*^  His  men, 
\vitli  two  or  tln-ee  exceptions,  had  adhered  to  the  plan 
or  (lid  so  very  soon;  there  was  no  possibility  of  fur- 
tlici'  resistance;  and  this  very  day,  December  Gth,  it  is 
l»inhable  that  he  entered  into  negotiations  throu<jfh 
iiK'sscngers  with  Echcandia,  and  made  a  formal  sur- 
render.'*^ On  the  9th  ho  had  an  interview  with  Eche- 
aiidia  at  the  mission,  at  which  ho  asked  to  bo  sent  to 
]\[exico,  promising  to  interfere  no  more  in  the  affiiirs 
el"  California.  The  o'eneral  consented ;  and  on  the  same 
(lay  wrote  and  despatched  to  the  north  several  letters, 
all  of  similar  purport,  in  which  he  narrated  all  that 
liad  occurred,  explained  his  own  connection  with  the 
r>\olution,  and  summoned  the  diputacion  to  assendjlu 
iiiiniediately  at  Los  Angeles  to  decide  according 
to  the  ]ilan  on  the  persons  to  be  intrusted  with  the 
l))litical  and  military  command.*' 

July  "JS,  1877,  states  that  when  tlio  bodies  were  found,  'Avila  still  grasped 
t!;.'  l;iiR':,'-st;ill'  M-itli  a  dc:itli-grip,  while  the  point  had  been  driven  tlivou^Ii 
I'ailic'L'd'H  I)ody,' giving  other  imicciinito  particulais.  ^lany  of  tlio  (.'alit'or- 
ni.iiis  ill  tlieir  narratives  simply  state  that  tliero  was  a  battle  and  Victoria  v.aa 
woinidcd,  and  others  say  there  was  only  a  personal  eombat  bctwceu  Avila, 
rnehi'c ),  and  Vietoria. 

*'  P(  rcr.,  Jti(;iU'rdo.i,  MS.,  22.  She  aays  tlio  most  serious  wound  was  in  tlvj 
luad,  under  t'le  eye.  Oslo  says  that  Cliarlcs  Anderson  was  summoned  wiili 
niodiciiics  from  S.  Pedro.  From  later  letters  of  V.  himself  it  appears  th:'.t 
hy  tlic  end  of  I^ec.  .i,  troublesome  discharge  of  Idood  from  nose  and  mouth  !i;i  1 
erased,  and  all  his  woundj  had  healed  except  one  iu  the  chest,  whieli  caused 
liiia  iiiu(;!i  trouble  ere",  .iitcr  his  arrival  in  Mexico.  He  had  also  many  eon- 
tiisiciii'MvliiuIi  were  i)ainful.  (.'/(o-w,  Z>oc.,  MS.,  iv.  180-3. 

*^  Uandini  and  Pico  say  there  was  a  surrender  on  that  day. 

^'K.  from  S.  Gabriel  Dec.  0th  to  Vallejo,  and  to  the  ayunt.  of  8.  .Toij  and 
Monterey,  in  Valhjo,  Dor.,  MS.,  i.  24J;  xxx.  270;  Jji'iA.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  iii. 
Hisx.  Cal.,  Vol.  III.    li 


m 


no 


RULE  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  VICTORIA. 


,  About  DoceiTibor  20th,  Victoria  loft  San  Gabriel.** 
()n  hi«  way  south  ho  snout  some  days  at  San  Luis 
Hoy  with  Padre  Antonio  Poyri,  who  decided  to  leave 
Cuiifornia  with  the  fallen  governor.  Meanwhile  Juan 
]3undiui  at  San  Diogo  made  a  contract  with  John 
Diadwliaw  and  Supercargo  Thomas  Shaw  of  tho  Amer- 
ican whip  Pocahontas  to  carry  Victoria  to  Mazatlaii 
lor  !?1,G00  in  silver,  to  be  \  ud  before  setting  sail;^' 
and  tho  exile,  arriving  on  the  27th,  went  imniediatoly 
on  board  the  ship,  which  did  not  sail,  however,  for 
twenty  days.  I  have  before  me  an  autograph  letter 
addros.sod  by  Victoria  to  Captain  Guerra  on  tho  31st 
from  on  board  the  Pocahontas  still  in  port,^^  in  which 
ho  expresses  confidence  that  his  own  acts  will  njoet 
the  approval  of  the  national  government,  and  that  re- 
lief for  tho  ills  that  afflict  California  will  not  be  loni,' 
delayed.  His  wounds  wore  rapidl)'-  healing,  and  but 
for  grief  at  the  fate  of  his  compadre  Pacheco  and  tlio 
bereavement  of  the  widow,  he  would  be  a  happy  man. 
He  urged  Guerra  to  keep  his  friends  the  Carrillos  if 
possible  from  accepting  the  new  plan.  The  vessel 
sailed  on  January  17,  1832,  with  Victoria  and  two 
servants,  Padre  Peyri  and  several  neophyte  boys,  and 
Alforez  liodrigo  del  Pliego.®^    On  February  5th,  liav- 

20-1;  St.  Pap,,  .^ac,  MS.,  xii.  9.  He  seems  to  propose  also  that  tho  different 
coinandantcs  should  select  a  comandantc  general  to  act  temporarily. 

^^Dcc.  21st,  Echeandia  from  Los  Angeles  announces  that  V.  has  already 
started  for  S.  Diego  to  embark.  JJept.  St.  Pap.,  S.  Josi,  MS.,  iv.  04;  Valkjo, 
JJoc.,  MS.,  i.  251. 

'"'  I  have  the  original  contract  approved  by  E.  on  Dec.  27th,  with  the  corre- 
spondence of  E.,  Bandini,  and  Stearns  on  tho  subject,  in  BancUni,  Doc,  JIS., 
l»-'24,  27-30.  Seo  also  Lcj.  Rcc,  MS.,  i.  194.  211,  297-8.  Tho  money- re- 
duced to  81,500  by  tho  fact  that  Pliego  paid  $100  for  his  own  passage— was 
borrowed  from  foreigners  and  otiier  iirivato  individuals,  except  a  small  sum 
obtained  from  tho  Los  Angeles  uninicipal  funds.  Steams  acted  as  agent  to 
obtain  tho  money,  and  E.  and  Tkiiidi  d  became  responsible  for  its  re-payinoiit. 
It  was  paid  over  to  Bradshaw  on  Jan.  11th.  In  February  tho  dip.  assiimcil 
tho  debt,  but  asked  for  time,  greatly  to  Bandini's  annoyance.  Of  the  linal 
settlement  I  know  only  that  in  Sept.  1834,  Bandini  acknowledged  the  re- 
ceipt of  $.300  from  the  ayunt.  of  Angeles  on  this  account.  Dept.  St.  Pup., 
Aniieles,  MS.,  i.  148. 

^'Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  025-7. 

'"  References  to  embarkation  of  the  passengers  and  sailing  of  tho  Po/'ci- 
hontas  in  Bandini,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  18-30;  Id.,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  7()-7; 
-S.  Joad  Arch.,  MS.,  v.  40;  Vallrjo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  254;  xxx.  286,  290;  Onnra, 
Doc,  MS.,  iv.  180-1;  D€2}t.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  21-2.     There  was  a  rei-ort 


EXILE  OF  VICTORIA. 


9U 


ins,'  reached  San  Bias,  Victoria  wrote  a  letter  to  the 
^luxican  authorities,  in  which,  having  told  over  aj^aiu 
tlie  events  of  the  past  year,  ho  proceeded  to  explain  the 
jdaiis  of  Echeandfa  and  the  plotting  diputacion.  Tl»o 
result  must  inevitably  bo  the  utter  ruin,  not  only  of 
tlie  missions,  but  of  all  the  interests  of  California, 
and  there  was  great  danger  of  an  attempt  to  separate 
tlie  territory  from  Mexico.*^  July  10,  1832,  he  wrote 
asjfain  from  Mexico  to  Guerra,  stating  that  the  gov- 
ermiicnt  had  at  first  intended  to  send  him  back  to 
California,  but  had  changed  that  plan.  The  wound 
in  his  chest  still  made  his  life  miserable.  He  spoke 
(»f  his  strict  obedience,  of  his  patriotism,  and  his  sac- 
rifices; and  predicted  that  "the  wicked  are  not  to 
prevail  forever;"  but  he  admitted  having  "committed 
the  fault  of  not  knowing  how  to  satisfy  political  pas- 
sions or  to  act  in  accordance  with  party  spirit."^' 

At  the  time  of  writing  the  letter  just  referred  to, 
Victoria  was  about  to  start  for  Acapulco,  where  ho 
was  on  March  9,  1833;  and  that  is  the  last  I  know  of 
liini.     I  append  no  biographical  sketch,  because  all 

current  in  Mexico  that  V.  had  been  shipped  on  the  schooner  Stu  Bdrhar.t, 
in  tlio  hope  that  she  would  bo  wrecked.  Alainan,  Suceaox  de  (Jal.  en  IS,}!, 
MS.  For  a  biographical  sketch  of  Padre  Antonio  Peyri,  sec  the  local  annals 
of  S.  Luis  Rej-  in  a  later  chapter  of  this  volume.  Rodrigo  del  Pliego  came  ta 
till,  in  1825,  his  commission  as  alf(?rez  Ijearing  date  of  Dec.  21, 1824.  Ho  had 
previously  served  in  the  Tulaucingo  dragoons,  being  retired  as  alf^rez  of  ur- 
kiims  in  Dec.  1821.  He  was  attached  to  the  Monterey  company  from  the 
time  of  his  arrival  until  August  1827;  and  then  transferred  to  the  Sta  B:lr- 
kua  company.  He  commanded  a  squad  of  the  San  Bias  infantry  company  i.i 
18'2(!-7;  made  two  minor  expeditions  against  the  Indians  while  at  Sta  IJiir- 
b.ira  in  1828;  and  commanded  18  men  of  the  S.  Diago  company  in  1830  at  the 
time  of  the  Solis  revolt.  Ho  returned  to  Monterey  with  Victoria  in  Jan. 
ISIil,  or  a  few  months  earlier;  and  served  as  prosecutor  or  defender  in  somo 
of  the  celebrated  cases  under  V.'s  rule.  Hoja  do  servicios,  in  Dept.  St.  Pn/)., 
Ji'ii.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxi.  18-20.  In  1834  he  seems  to  have  been  promoted  in 
Mexico  to  the  command  of  the  Sta  Bdrbara  company,  but  never  returned  to 
C;il.  Id.,  Ixxix.  83.  In  1828  he  had  been  declared  incompetent  and  onlci-cd 
l;y  the  min.  of  war  to  return  to  Mex.  Dept.  liec,  MS.,  vi.  12.  Diego  v.ns 
.letested  by  the  Califomians,  apparently  without  exception,  as  a  cowardly 
Bvcophant.  No  one  credits  him  with  any  good  quality;  the  official  record ; 
throw  no  light  on  his  personal  character;  and  the  only  thing  to  lie  said  in  hi  3 
f.iyor  is  that  the  Califomians,  being  bitterly  prejudiced  against  him  an.l  hii 
friends,  m." y  liave  exaggerated  his  faults. 

'^Alaman,  Sucesoa,  SlS. 
^  "6'M^,-,-rt,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  183-4.    Tuthill,  Hist.  Cal,  131-2,  tells  us  that 
Victoria  retired  to  a  cloister.     Robinson  implies  the  same.     AJex.  S.  Taylor 
Boraewhere  says  ho  died  in  1868  or  18G&. 


■  i 

i. 

am 

P 

ill 

212 


RULE  AND  OVERTHROW  OF  VICTORIA. 


that  is  knowii  of  him  is  contained  in  this  chapter. 
The  Cal'tornians  as  a  rule  liave  notlii'ig  to  say  in  his 
i'avor;  but  tlie  reader  knows  how  far  the  popular  pre- 
judice was  founded  in  justice.  I  have  already  ex- 
j)ressed  the  opinion  that  under  ordinary  circumstances 
Victoria  would  have  been  one  of  California's  best 
rul 


ers. 


68 


Of  political  events  in  the  south  in  1831,  after  Vic- 
toria's abdication,  there  is  nothing^  to  be  recoi-ded, 
except  that  Echeandia  held  the  co!nmand,  both  polit- 
ical and  niilitaiy,  and  all  were  waitinj^  for  the  diputa- 
cion  to  assemble  early  in  January.  In  the  north  the 
news  of  the  revolutionary  success  arrived  about  Wi'i 
middle  of  December.  San  Francisco  on  the  lOtli,  Sau 
Jo.se  on  the  22tl,  and  jNlonterey  on  the  2C)tli,  went 
through  the  forms  of  adhesion  to  the  San  Diego  plan.''' 

■'''"' The  narratives  furni-shcd  mo  hy  Californiaus,  touching  moi'c  or  Ics.s  fully 
on  V.'s  rule,  overthmw,  aiul  character — most  of  which  I  have  already  ci*^C(l 
on  special  points— are  i's  follows:  Osio,  J/i-il.  Cal.,  MS.,  1(!()-S!>;  J'ico,  l/l<f. 
Ccl.,  MS.,  -J-t  40;  IVf/A/o,  Hist.  Caf.,  MS.,  ii.  i;i(j-.-)!);  Alntnuh),  //i.if.  Cal., 
LIS.,ii.  l()l-8;i;  iii.  7-S,  iS-aO;  iv.SI;  Ikiii'liii'i,  //l.-t.  Cal.,  MS.. 72-7;  Amwlor, 
Mem..  MS.,  l-'i2-8,  l.'J.VC;  Avlhi,  Cm'.-i  tic  i  al.,  MS.,  '2H-'M;  J<1.,  Nolus,  11- 
1.");  Jlr,:  Ihcoll.,  MS.,  •_>-,■];  noroiidfi,  Nohi.t,  MS.,  1(>-17:  Cn.s/ro,  He'.,  .MS., 
'J:?-',);  Fcnininlfz,  Cnsri.t,  MS.,  04-1);  Ooiiuil'-..  Kjiki:,  MS.,  'JO-.'JO;  Gn/h'/lo, 
A/i"iil<:n,  M.S.,  l(j-"JI;  //'ov'/.t,  Cf)iinil^i(/ii< .-I,  .M.S.,  ll-i;!;  J,";/o,  Vhlii,  .MS., 
14-1(1;  ^fficli'ido,  yVi'/»;'o,s',  MS.,  -JO-S;  On/,  < irm-n iiriuii,  M.s',  .SS  .'();  l\)-<z, 
y.Vr/»rn/.,.s  ^IS.,  '2'_';  Pi<o,  Acii/.,  MS.,  lS--j;i;  /'info,  A/miit.,  MS.,  0  !); 
Jiiiilrii/iifz.  St(it(^iiii III,  MS.,  7;  Sdiirlicz,  .Xd/ic*,  ^IS.,  7-8;  'J'urrc,  Jicmiiiis., 
:.1S.,  -J.'-^O;  V,il(l.:.'<,  Mem.,  MS.,-.'l;  V,tlh.  Lo  /'((v(«/c;,  MS.,  .'J-j;  Vull'jo, 
neiniiiU.,  MS.,  1();)-14;  KVc/.x' 7.'r  «;»/.>■.,  MS.,  73-4. 

(ieneral  account.-*  nariiiling  hriclly  the  events  of  V. 's  rule,  in  Mur-'h'^  Lit- 
ter to  Com.  Jam  a,  MS.,  4-."!;  no'>'inxoH'--i  Life  in  Cal..  11S-'_'1;  /'et!f-T/i  'ii.ir.i, 
Vci/.,  ii.  !ll;  ]l'ilh'.t'  Xan:,  U.  S.  L'r/ilor.  'j.'.v.,  v.  174;  Mafruf,  E.qihirnti'Vi, 
i.  •J!)4;  TuthiVs  liisf.  Cal.,  VM-A,  and  /vo.s  Aii;irh\%  //;,s/.,  V,i.  Mr  Warii<riii 
the  last  work  makes  the  revolution  a  local  event  of  Los  Angeles  annals. 
These  dillcrent  wiiters  speak  favorably  or  imfavorably  of  V.  according  lo  the 
Kiiurees  of  tluir  information,  or  to  tlieir  hias  fur  or  against  the  ])adres  and 
dose  de  la  ( Jnerra  on  one  side  and  the  Ijandini-rico-Vallejo  faction  on  tiic 
oiher.  Tuthill  seems  to  have  taken  the  ver.sions  uf  Spence  and  Stearns  in 
idiout  e(jual  parts.  Mofras  s]ieaks  ve'y  highly  of  Victoria,  heeause  of  hi-i  dis- 
lii;e  for  the  \'allejo  party.  The  version  of  Ituhinson,  a  son-iudaw  of  Clueira, 
lias  heen  most  widely  followed. 

"  Le;/.  Iter.,  MS.,"i.  ;{4S-!);  Monterey,  Aclostld  Aytint.,  MS., 4-2-3.  Vail.  j'>, 
Sj'iiehez,  and  I'ena  siu'ned  at  S.  F. ;  Leandro  Khires  for  S.  Jo.se;  n'.id  I'luina 
jMid  Castro  for  the  Monterey  ayunt.  Juan  Iliguera  and  Antoido  Castro,  of 
the  ayiuit.,  declined  on  ])ec.  2oth  to  .npimtve  the  plan;  hut  Castro  changci  liis 
luind  ne.\t  day.  Iliguera  .still  needing  r.iorc  lime  lo  thiidc  it  over.  At  Sta. 
Eurbara  llio  \Ai\n  was  signed  on  Jan.  I,  is;i2,  by  Itafael  (ion;;a!ez,  MiL',m'l 
Valeucitt,  and  Jose  Maria  tiareia;  and  it  w;.s  approved  by  the  ayunt.  oi  Lus 


NORTHERN  SENTIMENT. 


213 


At  least  certain  officials,  civil  and  military,  are  made 
to  appear  in  the  legislative  records  of  the  next  year 
as  having  signed  the  plan,  with  remarks  of  approba- 
tion on  the  dates  mentioned.  Rafael  Gomez,  the 
asi'sor,  apprehensive  of  personal  danger  to  himself  as 
a  partisan  of  Victoria,  went  on  board  the  Russian 
haik  Urup  and  tried  to  induce  the  captain  to  carry 
liiiii  to  Sitka;  but  as  he  had  no  passport,  his  request 
was  denied  and  he  was  set  on  shore  at  San  Francisco.'"'' 
The  northern  members,  Vallejo  and  others,  with  Sec- 
retary Alvarado,  started  late  in  December  for  the 
south  in  response  to  Echeandia's  summons  to  be  pres- 
ent at  the  meeting  of  the  diputacion. 

!Minor  local  events,  with  general  remarks  on  such 
institutions  and  topics  as  are  not  very  closely  connected 
with  or  necessary  to  a  full  understanding  of  general 
annals,  I  propose  to  present  once  for  all  for  the  whole 
period  of  18iU-40,  at  the  end  of  this  volume.  An- 
otlicr  class  of  general  topics,  more  purely  historical  in 
tliL'ir  nature,  and  more  readily  adapting  themselves  to 
chronological  treatment,  such  as  mission  affairs,  com- 
merce, foreign  relations,  and  Indian  affairs,  I  shall 
yrou[)  as  before  in  chapters  covering  each  a  period  of 
live  vears,^*  deeminfj  this  arransjement  a  much  more 
satisfactory  and  convenient  one  for  the  reader  than 
Would  be  a  more  minute  chronolocfical  subdivision.  I 
shall  of  course  refer  to  these  topics  as  often  and  as 
lully  as  may  be  necessary  to  i'histrate  the  annals  of 
any  j)articular  year;  but  for  18.'>l  I  find  no  need  for 
such  reference,  beyond  what  I  have  already  said  of 


AnL'clcs  on  Jan.  7th.  Id,  The  pronunciainiento  of  S.  F.,  Dec.  19th,  is  givpii 
ill  Vnllijo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  248.  Next  day  the  artillery  company  recognized 
lAbi'iuid.a.  /(/.,  i.  250.  Vallejo,  Jliat.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  l.'52-.'J,  claims  to  have 
stiuti'd  for  the  south  with  a  small  force  in  response  to  a  letter  from  J.  A.  Car- 
rillo,  bofore  he  hei'- 1  of  V^ictoria's  downfall. 

"Ciititicatc  M  d  Dec.  22d,  and  signed  by  Zarcnibo,  Khldbnikof,  and 
•^li'likof,  in  Valltjo,  Dor.,  MS.,  i.  310;  Alvarado,  HM.  (Ml.,  MS.,  ii.  181, 
iniiiliis  tiiat  there  were  others  besides  Gomez  who  attempted  to  escape. 

"I'or  the  period  from  1831-5,  see  chapters  xi.-xiv.,  thia  vol.;  and  for 
lb3G-40,  see  vol.  iv. 


k  I 


\i\\lk 


!«!! 


214 


RULE  AXD  OVERTHROW  OF  VICTORIA. 


!  Mi   .1 


secularization  to  show  the  cause  of  the  popular  feeling 
aijainst  Victoria. 

Id.  addition,  however,  to  what  I  have  written  about 
the  occurunces  of  1831  in  California,  there  remains 
.something  to  be  said  of  what  was  being  done  in  Mex- 
ico for  California,  that  is,  of  the  labors  of  Cdrlos  Car- 
rillo,  who  had  been  elected  in  October  1830  to  repre- 
sent the  territory  in  congress.**  Don  Cdrlos  reached 
^Mexico  in  April  1831,  after  a  flattering  reception  at 
San  Bias  and  at  other  points  on  the  way,  and  he  was 
somewhat  active  in  behalf  of  his  constituents,  in  com- 
parison at  least  with  his  predecessors,  so  far  as  we 
may  judge  from  his  own  letters."^  He  may  be  re- 
garded as  the  representative  rather  of  Captain  Josu 
de  la  Guerra  than  of  the  Californians,  acting  largely 
on  that  gentleman's  advice;  but  it  would  have  been 
difficult  to  choose  a  wiser  counsellor.  Carrillo  com- 
plained to  the  national  government  of  the  arbitrary 
and  unwise  acts  of  the  rulers  sent  to  California,  result- 
ing to  a  great  extent  from  the  distance  of  the  terri- 
tory from  ISIexico.  His  proposed  remedy  was  tlie 
(reparation  of  the  political  and  military  power,  wliieh 
should  be  vested  in  two  persons,  and  his  views  on 
tliis  subject  met  with  some  encouragement  from  tlie 
Itresident  and  ministers,  who  even  broached  to  Don 
Ciirlos  the  expediency  of  accepting  for  himself  the 
civil  command.  California's  urgent  need  for  an  or- 
ganic law  was  presented,  as  also  the  necessity  of  estab- 
lishing courts  of  justice,  and  regulating  the  adminis- 
tration of  finance.  It  was  complained,  moreover,  that 
a  great  injustice  had  been  done  in  the  promotion  of 
]\Iexican  officers  like  Zamorano  and  Pacheco  to  ca{)- 
taincies  over  the  heads  of  Californians  who  had  grown 
gray  in  the  service.  Carrillo  requested  the  territorial 
diputacion  to  petition  congress  for  the  reforms  iur 


>'.  t 


I  1  ■ 

il. 


'"See  p.  50,  this  vol.,  for  liia  election. 

"'  Carrillo,  Cartas  dd  Dipntado  df  la  Attn  Calt/orma,  1831-2,  MS.  There 
nrc  14  lettcr.s  in  this  intoreating  collection,  besides  several  of  other  years,  iiU 
to  his  brother-iu-luw,  Guerra. 


CARRILLO  :..  CONGRESS. 


21j 


Avliich  ho  was  working,  including  the  appointment,  or 
rather  paying,  of  two  competent  teachers."^ 

Carriilo  was  a  stanch  partisan  of  the  missionaries 
in  those  days,  reflecting  in  that  respect  as  others  the 
i^entiments  of  his  brother-in-law,  and  therefore  a  large 
])art  of  his  correspondence  was  devoted  to  topics  else- 
where treated.  To  the  missions  also  was  devoted,  or 
to  a  closely  allied  matter,  his  exposition  on  the  pious 
t'und;'^*  but  this  document  merits  at  least  a  mention 
jiere,  not  only  as  containing  a  somewhat  fair  present- 
ment of  the  country's  general  condition  and  needs, 
but  as  the  first  production  of  a  Californian  writer  which 
was  ever  printed  in  form  of  book  or  pamphlet.  Don 
(arlos  was  an  enthusiastic  admirer  of  his  native  prov- 
luc  with  great  ideas  of  its  destiny  under  proper 
lUciiiagement.  He  thought  he  was  rapidly  communi- 
cating his  enthusiasm  to  the  Mexican  authorities,  and 
on  the  point  of  success  with  his  proposed  reforms. 
Perhaps  he  was  disposed  to  exaggerate  his  success; 
for  the  only  evidences  I  find  of  Mexican  attention  to 
Calift>rnia  at  this  time  are  a  few  slight  mentions  of 
statistical  or  financial  matters  in  the  regular  reports 
of  the  departments. 


6+ 


^-Ii<').t.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  169.  ^ 

"r((,n7/i",  Exposicion  dirifi'ida  d  la  Cdmara  de,  Dipntadon  del  Contjreao  da 
In  Viuo'tporElSr  /).  Cdrlos  Antonio  Carrdlo,  Dijmtndo por  la  Alta  Cali/ornia. 
Soliir  ^'  rifijloy  vidminh/icicion  del  Foiido  Piadoso.  Mexico,  18.31.  8vo.  10  p. 
I'atc'd  Sept.  1,'f  lo.'U,  This  copy  of  a  very  rare  pamphlet,  the  ouly  copy  I 
li;ive  ever  scf  ;.  waH  presented  to  nic  in  1878  l)y  Dofia  Doloi'ea  Doiiiiiiguez, 
wiiluv"  of  Joi  !•  Car 'il!  >,  a  son  of  the  author.  It  has  some  sli^jht  corrections  in 
ink,  pi  il<rMy  l'-/  tho  author  or  by  Guerra. 

'•J/(  :>(i  ,  .i,'/ ,  i;cbclQnes,  1832,  p.  25,  and  annex,  i.  p.  11;  Id.,  Hacienda 
18u2,  aiiiiex.  M. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


;  I 


AX  INTERREGNUM— ECHEANDlA  AND  ZAJIORANO. 

1832. 

The  DiruTACioN  at  ;    '  i^  ^t^kles — Action  against  Victoria — Attempts 
TO    Maici:    Pico    v..i  ii — Eciieanima's    Opposition— A    Foueiiin 

Company  at  Monter  amorano's  Revolt— A  Jcnta  at  the  Cap- 

ital— The  News  at  San  Diego — Sessions  of  the  Dipcttacion — Los 
Angeles  Deserts  Eciieasuia — Warlike  Preparations — Ibarra  at 
Angeles — Barroso  at  Paso  de  Bahtolo — Indians  Armed — Compact 

BETWEEN     ECIIEANDIA     AND     ZaMORANO — TlIE     TERRITORY     DIVIDED— 

Final  Sessions  op  the  Dipctacion— The  Avila  Sedition — Who  is 
Governor? — Affairs  in  Mexico — Carrillo's  Efforts  and  Letters— 
Choice  of  a  Governor — Jose  Figueroa  Appointed — Instructions  - 
Mishaps  of  a  Journey — Mutiny  at  Cape  San  Lucas— Waiting  run 

A  KULER. 

The  dipiitacion  met  at  Los  Aiii^elcs  January  10, 
183'2.^  Two  subjects  demanded  and  obtained  almost 
exclusively  the  attention  of  this  body,  the  voeaU.s 
present  being  Pico,  Vallejo,  Osio,  Ortega,  and  Ai- 
giiello,  with  Yorba  later  and  Alvarado  as  secretary. 
The  first  duty  was  a  proper  presentment  of  charges 
against  Ex-governor  Victoria,  as  a  defence  of  the  latu 
revolutionary  movement;  and  the  second  was  to  name 
a  gefe  politico  ad  interim  in  accordance  with  the  plan 
indorsed  by  the  leaders  of  that  movement.  I  ap|)c'iitl 
an  abstract  of  proceedings  at  the  meetings  held  in 
January  and  February.'^     So  far  as  the  action  against 

'  I'^chcandia  had  on  Jan.  5th  sent  ont  copies  of  the  pronunciamiento  cif  S. 
Diego,  witli  remarks  in  defence  of  that  document,  conclnding  by  asking  tlio 
comaudantcs'  opinion  on  the  provisional  command.  Vallejo,  JJoc,  J'  v,  i. 
284. 

''  Session  of  Jan.  10th,  dip.  met  in  the  casa  consistorial ;  the  oath  wna 
adiuinistei'cd  by  Alcalde  Domiuguez;  and  Pio  Pico,  assuming  tlic  presiikin-y 

(210) 


DIPUTACION  IN  SESSION. 


217 


Victoria  is  concerned,  I  need  add  nothing'  to  the  ab- 
stract, becai.iso  the  whole  matter  has  been  exhausted 
ill  tlic  preceding  chapter. 

In  the  matter  of  choosing  a  pohtical  chief  trouble 
arose  unexpectedly.  The  action  of  the  diputacion  iu 
tills  respect  had  been  very  clearly  marked  out  in  the 

ns  senior  vocal,  made  a  biicf  and  modest  address,  congratulating  the  mem- 
liL'i'^s  oil  their  meeting  to  act  for  the  country's  interests  after  having  Ijccu  for  a 
year  iircvcutt-'d  from  exercising  their  rights  by  the  tyranny  of  Victoria.  He 
iiiinlc  the  customary  admission  of  his  own  unworthiuess,  etc.,  and  asked  the 
aiil  of  Ills  associates  in  behalf  of  Cal.  Pico's  views  liaving  been  approved, 
comniittccs  were  appointed,  credentials  examined,  etc.  In  the  afternoon, 
Kihcaiidia'.s  summons  to  the  members,  dated  Dec.  9tli,  was  read.  (p.  ITIS-S. ) 
, 1:111.  1  Itli,  after  long  discussion,  in  which  the  various  charges  wore  specilied, 
it  \\:is  unanimously  voted  t*  confirm,  or  approve,  the  susp<;nsion  of  Victoria; 
anil  Valk'jo  and  Argiicllo  wxrc  na  ■  ed  as  a  committee  to  prepare  a  formal 
i.i-jii<liciili;  on  the  subject  for  the  sun.  j,  vt.  Then  on  motion  of  Vallejo  the 
(li|iuta(uun  proceeded  in  accordance  with  E.'s  summons  to  choose  a  teni- 
jiurary  gofe  politico,  and  it  was  decided  according  to  tiie  law  of  May  (i, 
\S22,  that  Pico  as  senior  vocal  was  entitled  to  tlie  otlice.  This  action  was  to 
be  sent  to  E.  for  circulation.  Voted,  that  according  to  the  Mex.  law,  tlie  sub- 
(.''iiiiisario,  Juan  Baudini,  was  entitled  to  a  seat.  Voted  to  continue  tlu;  ses- 
sions at  Angeles  and  not  at  S.  Diego;  but  E.  was  to  bo  invited  to  bo  present. 
Voted,  as  to  the  military  commancl,  that  E.  should  notify  the  dillerent  olii- 
ccis  t)  elioose  a  temporary  comamlante  general,  (p.  17S-S;{.)  Jan.  Titli,  llttli, 
Utli,  17th,  ISth,  routine  progress  by  the  committee  on  charges  against 
Vietoria;  Suplento  Yorba  takes  the  oath  and  his  seat;  Ortega  and  Osio  named 
as  a  connnittee  to  prepare  a  manij'citfacion  to  the  public;  Vallejo  granted 
leave  of  absence  for  ten  days  to  visit  S.  Diego,  (p.  1S3-5. )  Los  Angeles 
imuiiei pal  accounts  also  considered  in  extra  sessions  jf  Jan.  14tii,  17th,  "J.ld, 
'27th.  (ji.  35'J-4.)  Yorba's  oath  also  in  Los  Aiiijebs,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  40-7. 
Jan.  17tii,  Ortega  aiul  Osio  to  Eeheandia.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  'Jti. 
Jan.  '2'od,  three  letters  received  from  the  gefe  politico  provisional,  Eeheandia, 
ill  which  lie  announced  Victoria's  departure;  asked  for  records  of  the  earlier 
.sessions;  and  declared  it  impossible  to  leave  hia  troops  and  come  to  Los 
-Viigtlos.  Jan.  20th-27th,  on  the  2(Jth,  Vallejo  proposed  that  tiic  oath  bo 
ailiniiiistcrrd  at  once  to  Pico  according  to  the  law  of  Sept.  .'10,  182;i;  and  as 
nil  approved,  '  without  waiting  for  a  discourse  ofl'ered  by  Eeheandia'  ('.'),  the 
oath  was  administered  by  Vallejo,  and  Pico  was  formally  declared  gefe  poli- 
tico interino,  the  coiTesponding  report  being  sent  to  E.  and  all  territorial 
authorities.  Argiiello  thereupon  made  a  speech,  congratulating  all  on  the 
arrival  of  tlie  happy  day  when  (."al.  was  ruled  by  one  of  her  native  sons;  and 
I'ico  replied  in  fitting  terms,  (p.  180-9.)  Pico,  JJiKt.  Cat.,  MS.,  41-2,  states 
that  when  the  oath  was  adnunistered  the  necessary  cimreh  utensils  were 
lacking,  and  the  padre  refused  the  keys  of  the  church,  whereupon  J.  B.  Alva- 
latlo  entered  the  church  by  a  skylight  for  the  missing  articles,  and  the  oatli 
Mas  administered  at  the  church  door.  Jan.  31st  and  Feb.  1st,  E.  writes  to 
I'ico  acknowledging  receipt  of  actan  of  Jan.  10th  and  2Gth-27th,  giving  soma 
ndviec  respecting  tlie  policy  of  the  new  gefe,  and  expressing  some  dissatis- 
faction with  Pico's  appointment.  Depf.  iSt.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  27-38.  Feb.  3d, 
a  letter  was  received  from  Bandini,  and  the  matter  of  his  taking  a  seat  it 
was  decided  to  refer  to  the  sup.  govt.  Letters  from  Eeheandia  were  intro- 
tluced  (those  referred  to  above),  in  which,  with  eomo  suggestions  on  policy, 
powers,  etc.,  lie  complains  of  having  been  'violently,'  or  hastily,  deprived  of 
the  ollico  of  gefe  politico.  Osio  and  Yorba  were  named  as  a  committee  to 
report  on  the  suggestions,  relating  among  other  things  to  pay  of  a  uecretory. 


i 


ii  J 


lym 


I 


218       AN  INTERREGNUM-ECHEANDlA  AND  ZAMORANO. 

plan  of  San  Diego  and  in  Echoandfa's  summons  to  tlio 
uiemburs,  and  accordingly  on  January  11th  Pio  Pico, 
the  senior  vocal,  was  chosen  to  till  the  position. 
Echeandia  was  duly  notified,  and  at  first  expressed  no 
dissatisfaction,  though  he  seems  to  have  wished  the 
diputacion  to  adjourn  to  meet  in  the  south,  while  that 

etc. ;  and  as  to  tho  complaints,  it  was  decided  that  action  had  not  been  at  nil 
hasty  or  irrcj^ular,  nor  had  it  hecn  necesaary  to  wait  for  tho  prescucc  of  E. 
I)cfoi'e  swearing  in  I'ico.     Ortega  was  named  to  report  ou  cft'orta  to  obtain 
from  Mexico  a  constitution  or  organic  law  for  California.     Coinmunicatiuiis 
were  also  received  from  Bandini  about  tho  cost  of  Victoria's  passage  to  S, 
Bias.     This  debt  of  §1 ,500  was  assumed  in  tho  session  of  Feb.  4th.  (p.  iS'J- 
U.~>.)    In  extra  or  secret  sessions  of  Jan.  24th,  30th,  Feb.  3d,  Gth,  tlio  (hila 
ami  place  of  nnnual  meetings  were  discussed  without  any  dciinite  conclusiDii. 
There  was  also  some  slight  clashing  between  Pico  and  tho  rest,  P.  dccLuiiig 
that  it  was  hia  phice  to  direct  the  junta  and  not  to  be  directed  by  it.  (p. 
3o'2-').)    Feb.  10th,  on  motion  of  Ortega,  Echeandia  was  again  requested  f;) 
proclaim,  as  soon  as  jwssiblc,  the  accession  of  Pico  to  tlio  olKco  of  gefe,  ami 
to  cease  cxcrci-siug  political  power  himself;  it  was  also  ordered  that  the  iitw 
gefe  should  have  jurisdiction  at  once  in  those  places  where  the  civil  authoii;y 
was  established,  except  at  S.  Francisco,  Sta  Bdrbara,  and  S.  Diego,  v  liicli 
places  were  to  be  within  tho  jurisdiction  of  tho  coniandanto  general,  uiial 
Buch  time  as  t!io  civil  onthority  might  be  regularly  organized  and  the  nctcfi- 
Bity  for  military  rule  itmoved.  (p.  196-7.)     It  seems  that  ou  Feb.  3d  E.  had 
objected  to  P. 'a  appouitmeut  in  a  communication,  either  to  tho  dip.  or  to  ihc 
ayuntamiento,  to  which  latter  body  he  writes  on  Feb.  Gth.  De.iit.  St.  Pup., 
MS.,  iii.  41.     Feb.  11th,  E.  to  P.,  in  I'cply  to  note  of  10th,  asks  by  what  li'jiit 
lie  has  taken  tho  oath,  tlio  law  of  Sept.  30,  1S23,  being  anulled  by  art.  l(j.'{  of 
tlie  constitution.   Id.,  iii.  39.    Feb.  12th,  tho  ayunt.  and  eitii:ens  of  Los  Ange- 
les held  a  meeting  and  formally  declared  that  they  would  obey  no  other  Lcfe 
poli'tico  than  Echeandia.     This  action  WJia  contirmeil  on  Feb.  19th,  J.  .\. 
Carrilloand  JosiS  Perez  dissenting.  Los  Angeles,  Arrh.,  MS.,  iv.  50-3,  MS; 
Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  39-40.     Feb.  13tli,  tho  action  of  tho  ayunt.  agiiiiist 
P.  was  received  through  E.     P.  made  rather  a  bitter  speech,  and  proposid 
that  ]•;.  himself  bo  invited  to  go  before  tho  ayunt.  to  explain  why  P.  had  been 
appointed  according  to  tho  laws  and  to  tho  plan  of  S.  Diego;  and  also  liow 
insulting  had  been  tlio  action  of  the  municipal  body  to  tho  dip.  and  the  laws. 
All  l)ut  Yorba  favored  this,  and  the  sending  of  a  eommitteo  to  reason  with  tho 
ayunt.  (p.  197-202.)    Feb.  10th,  a  letter  from  E.  was  read,  refusing  to  cdiii- 
ply  witli  the  request  of  tho  dip.     E.  now  dcclai-cd  tho  appointment  ille;;ii], 
Lccauyo  the  military  and  political  command  could  not  be  separated;  there  had 
not  been  7  vocales  present;  some  of  them  were  i-clated  to  Pico;  and  finally,  1'. 
wan  incompetent  to  perfonu  tho  duties  of  the  olhee.     Still,  rather  tlnui  use 
force,  lie  will  give  up  the  political  command  and  hold  the  dip.  responsible. 
1*.  iu  A  very  able  speech  refuted  E.'a  arguments,  and  claimed  that,  wliattwr 
his  lack  of  talent,  the  people  had  chosen  him  as  a  vocal;  but  ho  refused  io 
attend  anymore  meetings  or  accept  tho  office  of  gefo  politico  until  the  ilip. 
should  vindicate  its  honor  and  freedom,  and  refuse  to  recognize  E.,  wln)  h:ul 
evidently  intrigued  with  the  ajnint.  against  the  territorial  government,    ^'a■ 
llejo  followed  with  an  argument  against  E.'s  position,  which  he  regardeil  ii3 
virtually  a  now  pronunciamiento  made  with  a  view  to  keep  for  himself  tlio 

Eolitical  power.  The  speaker  was,  however,  in  favor  of  ofl'eiing  uo  resistance, 
ut  of  suspenduig  the  sessions  and  leaving  the  responsibility  of  tho  new 
revolution  with  E.  and  his  friends.  All  except  Yorba  approved  this  \\f\v, 
and  it  was  decided  to  adjourn  next  day,  reporting  this  action  and  the  re,  s ms 
to  E.  and  to  tho  national  govt.  (p.  202-9.)    E.'a  protest  against  P. 'a  appuiut- 


IH 


PICO  DEFRAUDED  OF  THE  GOVERNORSHIP. 


219 


body  tlcsircf]  him  to  come  to  Los  Anj^eles.  Each  clo- 
clincd  to  yield,  and  the  controversy  may  have  been 
more  bitter  than  is  indicated  in  the  records.  At  last, 
after  waiting  fifteen  days,  it  was  decided  that  the 
presence  of  the  gefc  provisional  could  be  dispensed 
with,  and  on  the  27th  the  oath  of  office  was  taken  by 
Pico.  Echeandia  made  no  open  opposition,  but  neg- 
lected to  proclaim  the  change;  and  later,  when  the 
ayuntaniiento  of  Los  Angeles,  doubtless  at  his  insti- 
gation, refused  on  February  12th  to  recognize  any 
gcfc  but  Echeandia,  the  latter  openly  declared  Pico 
incompetent,  his  election  illegal,  and  the  action  of  the 
di})utacion  a  wrong  to  himself.  Rather  than  resort 
to  force,  however,  he  proposed  on  the  IGth  to  surren- 
der the  gefatura,  holding  the  diputacion  responsible 
for  all  disorders  that  might  ensue.  Echeandia's  course 
can  liardly  be  regarded  otherwise  than  as  contempti- 
ble' and  treacherous.  Led  by  motives  of  personal 
ambition  and  personal  resentment,  he  made  use  of  his 
military  power  against  the  cause  he  had  pretended  to 
su})})ort.  He  may  have  been  technically  right  in  de- 
tlaiing  the  action  of  the  diputacion  illegal;  for  it  is 
doubtful  if  in  a  frontier  territory  like  California  the 
civil  and  military  power  could  be  even  temporarily 
separated  by  the  people,  but  ho  knew  this  perfectly 
V. lull  he  signed  the  plan,  which  was  the  only  law  un- 
der which  the  revolutionists  could  pretend  to  act. 

Pico  and  his  associates  acted  in  a  moderate  and 
dignified  manner  at  this  juncture.     The  former  de- 


ment, also  in  Dept.  St.  Pnp.,  MS.,  iii.  42-3.  Feb.  17th,  Vallejo  anil  Argiie- 
lio  inesentccl  their  cxpediente  against  Victoria,  a  long  presentment  of  all  the 
cliiir;.'c.s,  with  copies  of  many  docunienta  on  the  subject,  all  of  which  has  been 
utilizcel  in  the  preceding  chapter.  Some  slight  routine  business  was  trans- 
ncti'il,  and  then  the  dip.  adjourned  for  the  reasons  stated  in  the  session  of 
Fell.  Kith.  (p.  209  11,  298-350.)  On  this  subject  I  may  note  hero  that  on 
1  lb.  (itli,  E.  had  sent  to  Mexico  a  full  statement  of  the  charges  against  Vis- 
toriu  and  the  causes  of  the  revolt.  Alaman,  Sttresos  tie  Cat.  en  ISJI,  M.S.,  p. 
-3  II.  Feb.  24th,  at  S.  Diego  the  members  of  the  dip.,  in  forwarding  to 
Mcxiio  the  cxpediente  above  alluded  to,  prefaced  that  docnmcnt  with  a  long 
Btatt  uRiit  of  their  late  sessions  at  Loa  Angeles,  of  their  efforts  in  behalf  of 
t!  til-  Kjuntry,  and  of  Echeandia's  unexpected  opposition  and  ambitious 
tilanns  to  retain  his  political  power.  Their  case  as  presented  was  a  very 
Btiui.-  one.  (p.  253-08.)  Lci/.  Rec,  MS.,  i.  173-355. 


-:i!i!:i! 


220       AN  INTERREGNUM— EOHEAXDIa  AND  ZAMORANO. 

cliiicd  to  retain  the  office  in  opposition  to  the  will  of 
the  general  and  the  people  of  Los  Angeles,  and  tlio 
deputies,  defenceless  and  averse  to  further  civil  dis- 
sensions, deemed  it  best  to  regard  Echeandia's  move- 
ment as  a  successful  contra-pronunciamiento,  whioli 
relieved  them  of  all  further  responsibility.  They  ac- 
cordingly suspended  their  sessions  on  the  I7th,  ren- 
dering to  the  national  government  a  full  report  of  all 
that  had  occurred,  and  holding  themselves  in  readi- 
ness to  meet  aijain  when  the  interests  of  the  countiv 
should  demand  it.  Pico  made  no  further  claims  to  the 
office  of  gefe  politico,  nor  were  any  such  claims  made 
for  him.  By  the  five  members  of  the  diputacion  lie 
liad  been  recognized  from  January  27tli  to  February 
IGth,  twenty  days,  and  under  the  plan  of  revolt  lie 
was  entitled  to  the  office.  Such  is  the  substance  of 
Don  Pio's  title  to  be  regarded  as  governor  of  Cal- 
ifornia in  1832-3.^ 


While  Echeandia  was  thus  occupied  with  a  revolu- 
tionary movement  against  his  own  friends  in  the 
south,  another  JMcxican  officer  was  emjafjed  in  (level- 
oping  revolutionary  schemes,  equally  selfish  and  am- 
bitious, but  far  less  treacherous,  in  the  north.  Captain 
Agustin  V.  Zamorano  and  others  pronounced  at 
Monterey  against  the  plan  of  San  Diego,  and  all  who 
had  favored  that  movement.  Zamorano  had  been 
Victoria's  secretary  and  friend,  but  so  far  as  can  be 
known  had  taken  no  part  in  the  troubles  of  1831,  had 
made  no  effort  to  defend  his  unpopular  master  in  liis 
time  of  need,  but  had  perhaps  promised  neutrality. 
Now  that  Victoria  was  out  of  the  country,  aware  that 
the  popular  feeling  in  favor  of  Echeandia  was  by  no 
means  so  strong  as  had  been  that  against  Victoria, 
knowing  that  current  disputes  must  be  settled  eveiit- 

'  On  the  trouble  between  Pico  and  Echeandia,  see,  in  addition  to  the  records 
already  cited,  P/fo,  Illfit.  C'al.,  MS.,  41-4;  (Mo,  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  lS!r-02; 
Valhjo,  Hist.  Col.,  MS.,  ii.  159-64;  Alvarado,  Hist.  Cal,  MS.,  ii.  134-!»a; 
Ord,  Ocurrencias,  MS.,  50-1;  Marhado,  Tiempoa  Pasados,  MS.,  28-9.  Tlitte 
arc  no  variations  of  statement  requiring  notice.  P.  says  that  E.  subsequently 
recognized  hiin;  but  sucli  does  not  appear  to  have  been  the  fact. 


ZAMORANO'S  REVOLT. 


221 


nally  in  jMcxico  rather  than  in  Cahfornia,  and  being 
iii'dcover  free  from  all  charges  of  conn)lieity  in  the 
Lite  revolt,  the  ambitious  captain  shrewdly  saw  his 
()])])ort unity  to  gain  favor  with  the  national  authori- 
ties, as  well  as  temporary  promiueneo  in  territorial 
ulFairs,  and  he  acted  accordingly. 

Ziiniorano's  first  step  was  to  secure  the  cooperation 
of  the  foreign  residents  of  Monterey.  These  foreign- 
ers, though  taking  no  decided  stand,  had  been  inclined 
to  I'avor  Victoria  because  of  his  strict  preservation  of 
order  and  administration  of  justice,  caring  very  little 
for  his  sins  against  the  spirit  of  ^Eexican  institutions. 
As  a  rule,  they  disliked  Eeheandia,  had  no  coiilidence 
in  I'io  Pico,  were  opposed  to  all  revolutions  not  di- 
rcH'tly  in  the  line  of  their  own  interests,  and  deemed 
tlieir  business  prospects  threatened  by  the  rumored 
dissensions  in  the  south.  Therefore  the}'  were  will- 
in;<-  to  act  in  defence  of  good  order  at  the  capital. 
They  were  convened  by  Zamorano  on  January  24tli, 
and  proceeded  to  organize  a  compcinia  extra nji'ni  for 
tlie  defence  of  ]\Ionterev,  during  the  continuance  of 
'existing  circumstances,'  against  attack  from  the  in- 
toiior  or  from  any  othei  quarter.  Xearly  fifty  joined 
the  eouipan}',  and  elected  llartncll  as  their  leader.* 

*  ''oiiijiiiriia  E.vlrnni/rr:!.  dc  Moutrrrij,  ku  ar<inii'rjic'inn  eti  ISl?,  MS.  The 
compM-.iy  w:ii  not  to  1)0  rcfjniicd  t»  leave  tlio  towa  umler  nny  eircmnstanix'a. 
Jiuiii  IS.  Ijouil'iioii)  was  '2d  oJicur,  or  lieutenant,  with  l^uia  N'ignt'S  :■..;  a  :  ulcsti- 
tii'iv' ia  c:;scof  his  disability.  Such  men  as  hail  to  leave  their  work  lor  mili- 
t.ii y  service  were  to  receive  53  cents  per  day.  The  following  men  attended 
tlio  iiieetin;,'  and  .signed  the  rolls  of  tlu!  eonii'any: 
.\,'asau  V,  Zamorano,       Juan  J>.  IJonifaeio, 


Wia  ]•].  Ilartnell, 
TliiKi  (.';)ulter, 
.luau  l>.  Leandry, 
(ie  ).  Kinlock, 
J.  1).  1!.  Cooper, 
JosJ  Aniesti, 
J.uis  I'iimbcrt, 
S;iniuel  ^lead, 
Will  MeCaity, 
iliih'.i  Thompson, 
Jas  (':A)k, 
Wni.Iolnisnn, 
Will  (Iralbatch, 


Timotliy  Murphy, 
Wni  Taylor, 
James  \\'atson, 
J  oil  a  llaiusford, 
Joliu  (iornian, 
Chas  Hoc, 
Henry  13ce, 
Iv.  S.  Uarkcr, 
Edward  Watson, 
John  Miles, 
Joseph  Dixon, 
John  lloper, 
Guy  F.  Fling, 
John  liiirns, 


J.  L.  Vignes, 
IJ.  D(ju;rli.s 
Xatlian  Siiear, 
Santiago  .MeXinley, 
Estevan  Munras, 
Joso  Iglesias, 
Walrer  l)uekworth, 
Tlioi  Rayiiiore, 
John  IJoaeh, 
Thos  Doak, 
David  Littlejohn, 
Wni  Clarncr. 
Pierre  J.  Chovrette, 
Chas  R.  Smith, 
Wni  Webb. 


J'.uiu  ]).  iJravo, 
Taniel  I'erguson, 
Ilia\e  m  my  possession  the  original  'orderly  book'  of  the  company,  kept 


222       AN  INTERREGNUM— ECHEANDl A  AND  ZA^IOllANO. 


Having  thus  enlisted  the  services  of  the  foreign 
residents,  the  leaders  of  whom  doubtless  understood 
his  plans,  Zaiuorano  summoned  Asesor  Gomez,  Lieu- 
tenant Ibarra,  Hartnell,  and  half  a  dozen  other  nicii 
of  some  prominence  to  a  meeting  February  1st;  and 
to  this  junta,  after  having  stated  that  northern  Cali- 
i'ornia  i'rom  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Francisco  did  not 
acce[)t  the  plan  of  San  Diego,  he  submitted  in  siih- 
stanco  the  following  questions:  Are  the  acts  of  the 
diputacion  at  IjOS  Angeles  legal  or  illegal?  In  the 
latter  case,  in  what  person  should  be  vested  the  ci\  il 
and  military  command,  Victoria  having  left  the  terri- 
tory? Should  a  force  be  sent  south  for  the  defciico 
of  Santa  Bdrbara,  as  had  been  requested?  OuL;'!it 
tlic  sub-comisario  of  reveimes  at  Monterey  to  obey 
the  orders  of  Juan  Bandini,  his  superior  officer,  but  a 
leader  in  the  revolution  ?  After  a  thorough  discussion, 
that  is,  after  the  members  had  approved  Zamoraiio's 
views  as  previously  agreed  upon,  the  junta  decided: 
First,  that  the  acts  of  the  diputacion  must  be  con- 
sidered illegal  and  null,  since  that  body  had  been  con- 
vened by  an  authority  utdcnown  to  the  laws  and  ex- 
isting only  by  reason  of  revolution.  Consequently 
no  obedience  or  respect  was  due  to  rulers  chosen  by 
that  body.  Second,  no  gefe  politico  should  be  chosen 
until  the  supreme  government  should  appoint  one, 
but  the  comandancia  general  should  be  filled  ad  in- 
terim, according  to  the  military  regulations,  by  tlio 
officer  of  highest  rank  and  seniority  who  had  taken  no 
j)iirt  in  the  rebellion,  that  is,  by  Zamorano,  the  tut) 
rnnking  captains  Portilla  and  Argiiello  having  for- 

Ly  its  captain,  from  Feb.  8th,  when  active  garrison  duty  was  begun,  to  Ainil 
rjlli,  wlicn  tho  captain  resigned.  llartiiHI,  Ctiadento  de  Onleiwn  de  In  ''"»• 
]'(ii'iia  L'x/miii/ira  de  Montcreij,  ISJ..',  MS.  On  Feb.  23d,  Edward  Wrtson 
Wiis  dismissed  for  disrespect.  Marcli  Soth,  Hartnell,  having  to  be  abstiit, 
loft  Ijonifacio  iu  connnand.  April  12tli,  tho  alcalde  having  reijuestcd  iho 
coniandanto  of  the  post  to  dispense  with  Bonifacio's  services,  HartufU  tiok 
it  as  an  insult  to  tlio  company,  and  resigned.  Tins  was  very  likely  tho  <  :hI 
of  tlio  organization.  OnFel).  18,  183.3,  Hartnell  informed  tho  menibcrn  tlmt 
Gov.  Figuoroa,  in  his  comnnuiication  to  Zamorano  on  Feb.  ITith,  had  tliankLil 
tho  foreigners  for  their  services,  which  he  promised  to  make  known  to  tlio 
sup.  govt.    Valkjo,  Doc,  MS.,  ii.  12, 


.u 


PRONUXCIAMIENTO  OF  MONTEREY. 


223 


foiled  their  rights.  Third,  to  remove  anxiety,  uphold 
law  fill  authority,  and  prevent  catastrophe  at  Santa 
B.lrbara,  as  large  a  force  as  can  be  spared  should  bo 
si'ut  there  at  once,  but  not  to  attempt  o|>erations 
against  the  rebels  unless  they  should  attack  that  place. 
In  case  of  such  attack,  the  comandante  may  not  only 
repel  the  foe,  but  if  circumstances  permit,  may  advance 
to  San  Diego  and  capture  the  rebel  leaders,  lie 
must  comnmnicate  the  proceedings  of  this  meeting  to 
the  officer  in  command  of  the  rebels,  summoning  them 
all  to  give  up  their  arms,  and  suspending  all  from 
office.  Should  they  refuse,  they  are  to  be  warned 
not  to  advance  beyond  the  points  they  now  occupy. 
Fourth,  the  coraisario  subalterno,  Gomez,  will  not  obey 
]]aiidini,  but  communicate  directly  with  the  comisario 
general  in  Sonora.  Fifth,  the  garrison  at  San  Fran- 
cisco having  pronounced  in  favor  of  the  Icgitimato 
authority,  and  arrested  their  comandante,  Sanchez, 
who  had  approved  the  San  Diego  plan,  the  retired 
lieutenant,  Ignacio  Martinez,  shall  be  placed  in  com- 
inaiid  there.  Sixth,  the  acting  comandante  general 
must  report  these  proceedings  to  the  supremo  govern- 
ment, with  mention  of  the  services  rendered  by  for- 
eigners, and  lists  of  soldiers  and  civilians  who  have 
remained  loyal.* 


'  Prommdamiento  de  Monterey  contra  el  Plan  de  ftan  Dierjo,  6  sea  Acta  de  li 
Junta  de  1"  de  Fcbrero  ISOJen  favor  de  la  leijitima  antoridad  y  contra  D.  Jomi 
Muri'iKchcnndia,  MS.  Copy  certified  by  Zamoraiio  on  Feb.  2cl,  ami  several 
other  certified  copies.  Tlio  signers  were  Capt.  Agustin  V.  Zamorauo,  com- 
uiidiuite  of  Monterey;  Lie.  Rafael  Gomez,  asesor  of  tlio  temtory;  Jose  .loa- 
(|uiii  (iomnz,  comis-irio  subalterno  of  Monterey;  Salvador  Espinosa,  alcalde; 
^V.  Vt.  Uartuell  and  Juan  B.  Bonifacio,  commanders  of  the  foreign  militiiry 
comjiuiiy;  Juan  Maria  Ibarra,  lieut  of  the  Mazatlau  company;  Juan  Malariii, 
honorary  '2d  lieut  of  national  uavy;  Francisco  I'acheco,  brevet  lieut;  and 
Josi'  Maria  Madrazo,  scrgt  of  artillery  det.achmcnt.  Feb.  1st.  Zam:iraiio 
ro])ort.s  the  action  of  the  junta  to  tho  alcalde  of  S.  Josii.  ,S'.  Josf,  Arch., 
ilS.,  iii.  •).  Feb.  2d,  sends  copies  to  S.  F.,  S.  Jose,  and  Branciforte.  Val- 
I'jo,  Dor.,  MS.,  1.  289.  Feb.  Ctb,  Z.  announces  to  comaudantes  and  al- 
t.ldca  that  the  garrison  and  citizens  of  Sta  Barbara  Lad  'pronounced'  in 
favor  (if  legitimate  authority,  deposing  tho  comandante,  Alf.  Domingo  Car- 
riUo,  wlio  had  adhered  to  the  S.  Diego  plan.  All  accomplislied  in  a  most 
happy  manner.  Id.,  i.  290.  Feb.  12th,  Z.  to  Echeandia,  sends  copy  of  tho 
procLotliiiga  of  Feb.  1st,  and  tho  summons  required  by  that  document  to 
surixiidrr,  promising  the  clemency  of  the  govt  to  him  and  his  foUowcii-s  if 
Lo  accepts.  Id.,  i.  290.    April  2d,  Alf.  Sanchez,  having  repented,  ia  restored 


1  ■:,  ( 


224       AN  INTEnUKGNUM  -ECIIEANDtA  AND  ZAMOItANO. 

Tlierc!  aro  no  ruijonls  of  a  foi'inal  adliesioii  to  Zaiu- 
orano's  plan  at  San  Francisco,  San  Jose,  J3ran(nfoitf, 
niul  Santa  Jijirhara,  ilioui^li  tlicre  arc  allusions  to  such 
U'.lhcsion  at  sonic  of  those  places,  and  there  can  he  ni> 
<l(>uht  that  it  took  i)lacc  at  all  during  the  month  nf 
February.  Ibarra  started  with  a  military  force  lor 
Santa  Barbara  about  February  i)th;  and  in  April,  tlio 
<lel'ence  of  Monterey  havinj^  been  intrusted  to  tlio 
<'()mpailia  extraniLjera  and  to  another  com])any  of  citi- 
zens orLjanized  i'or  the  purpose,  Zaniorano  hiiiisdr 
liiarched  south  with  all  tl»o  force  he  could  I'aioc,  Imv- 
in;^  learned  that  the  so-culled  rebels  were  assuiniii^-  a 
hostile  attitude,  and  were  not  disposed  to  pay  nuuh 
attention  to  the  autoriihid  Iccj'd'und. 

So  far  as  the  south  is  coii(;erned,  wo  know  more  of 
wluit  was  said  than  of  what  was  done.     The  aut!inr,-i 
of  my  ori'jflnal  narratives  content  themsi;lves  with  the 
gvjueral  statement  that  Zamorano  havini^  refused  toi-cc- 
o^>'nize  Eeiieaudia,  the  latter  consented  to  rule  in  tluj 
south,  wliile  liis  rival  held  sway  over  the  north. "^    'V 
earliest  notice  we  have  that  a  knowled.u^e  of  t]u>  ( 
tra-pronunciamiento  had  reached  the  south  is  wheu 
3 Luc] I  5th  Echeandia  reported  to  Pico  the  news  of 
(listurl)ances  at  Santa  ]>arbara,  and  proposed  a  niovt- 
\\\[f  ol'  the  diputacion  for  consultation,  ofFerin<^  to  at- 
tend ;'  and  next  day  were  connuunicated  more  eoiujiKto 
details  respecting  the  proceedings  at  ]Monterey.    Thei'o 
were  informal  meetings  of  officials  for  consultation  at 

to  tlic  commaiulof  S.  F.  Id.,  i.  ,305.  March  .10th,  Z.  to  alcalde  of  S.  .!".-•. 
Has  !i"aril  that  tlio  rebels  of  S.  Diego  have  assumed  .a  hostile  iittitiwli- 1:!!! 
are  about  to  occupy  Lod  Angeles,  which  at  the  beginning  of  tho  nioiitli  l:;iil 
roini!  out  in  favor  cif  tho  legitimate  autliority.  Thia  inr.kes  it  neeefsa'v  t'lr 
him  to  go  toSta  B/irbara  and  perhaps  farther;  and  lie  calls  on  tlio  aleaKIc;  {..v 
2J  or  '2.")  men,  mounted  and  patriotic,  to  l)c  sent  at  once,  since  by  a,  i:;iii'l 
i.iovoment  lie  lioiies  to  secure  tlin  tranquillity  of  the  country.  S.  Jotf';  .(/'/(., 
MS.,  ii.  OJ.  Feb.  "JOth,  Au.istiisiu  Carrillo  in  .a private  letter  speaks  (if  llu 
fircc  which  Lieut  Iljarra  has  at  St.a  IVirbara,  with  which  ho  will  fur.'^  S. 
Diego  to  yield  to  the  proposal  of  Feb.  'JSth  (?).  Va'lc,  Doc.  l/i^f.  <  'uL.  ^l^*., 
21.  April  8th,  Z.  was  at  S.  Antonio  on  his  way  to  Sta  Barbara.  Gikii'', 
]):ir.,  MS.,  vi.  l.")2.  tion/.alez,  ErjKi-lciiviax,  MS.,  ;10-I,  alcalde  at  tho  time, 
gives  a  few  vague  particular.s  about  the  action  at  Sta  Bdrbara. 

"The  names  of  authors  aiid  narratives  aro  for  tho  moat  part  those  given  in 
note  50  of  chap.  vii. 

''Dfpt.  at.  Pap,,  MS.,  iii.  44. 


%\- 


mVAL  RULERS. 


San  Dii'go  on  March  7tli,  8tli,  and  13tli;  aixl  it  was 
prolmbly  at  those  nioetin<:»s  that  Juan  l^andini  opoiK-d 
thi'  batterit'H  of  his  wrathful  eloquence  on  the  leaders 
(»r  the  northern  movement,  uttering  some  truths,  hut 
trusting  largely  to  personal  abuse  to  maintain  his 
position.'* 

The  14th  of  March  Echcandfa  made  a  formal  reply 
JVoiii  San  Luis  Rey  to  Zamorano's  communication  of 
F<l)ruary  1 2th.  He  accused  the  latter  of  having 
violated  his  personal  pledges  of  neutrality,  at  the 
instigation  of  Rafael  (lomez  and  his  own  personal 
ambition.  He  alluded  to  the  facts  that  Victoria  had 
ncognized  him  as  his  successor  in  command,  and  that 
the  otlieials  at  San  Diego  in  recent  meetings  had  ut- 
terly lefused  to  recognize  Zamorano  as  comandante 
yviuial.  Still  Echeandia  proposed  a  truce  under  con- 
tlitions,  which  being  observed,  he  would  not  use  force 
to  maintain  his  rights.  Evidently  nobodr  in  Califor- 
nia was  thirstincT  for  blood.  The  conditions  were  that 
Zamorano  should  leave  commercial  and  other  commu- 
nication free  between  different  parts  of  the  territory, 
withdraw  his  forces  from  Santa  Bdrbara,  leave  the 
dijjutaeion  and  ayuntamientos  free  to  act  as  they 
might  deem  best  in  civil  aftairs,  and  leave  also  the  co- 
niisario  and  the  former  comandantes  of  Santa  Bdrbara 
and  San  Francisco  free  in  the  exercise  of  their  duties. 
On  these  conditions,  by  taking  the  oath  prescribed  in 
thi;  constitution,  he  miijht  regard  himself  as  coman- 
ilantL'  general  of  the  north  until  the  decision  from 
^Lc'xico;  but  as  Ibarra  was  intri<jjuinij  with  Los 
Angeles,  Zamorano  must  decide  very  promptly,  or  he 
Would   begin   hostile  operations  and  make  real  the 

''  llamliiii,  Ainmtea  Politico^  de  1S32,  MS.,  and  another  undated  document 
in  /'/.,  Dor.,  iG--,"}!.  Zamorano  is  accused  of  bad  faith  in.  keeping  quiet  for  \1 
days  after  Victoria's  defeat  to  pronounce  for  him  after  his  departure;  ll;if:iel 
(juint'z  was  an  intimate  of  Victoria,  a  prevaricator,  an  associate  of  unwortliy 
IKisijiis,  and  a  rum-seller;  Jos(5  J.  Gomez  was  anxious  for  disorders  in  order 
to  liiilo  irregularities  in  his  revenue  accounts;  Hartnell  was  a  monarchist; 
liuiiifauio,  an  ignorant  foreigner,  not  naturalized;  Eiipinoisa  had  no  authority 
(jutsiilo  of  liis  municipality;  and  the  otlier  signers  were  for  tlie  n)o;-t  part 
iac.ipaljlc  of  understanding  the  pronunciauiiento.  There  were  only  one  cap- 
tain uiul  one  lieutenant,  as  against  11  olHcers  in  favor  of  the  plan  of  S.  Diego. 
Hmi.  Cal.,  Vol.  Ul.    15 


4  n: 


228       AN  INTI']RREGNUM— ECHEANDf  A  AXD  ZAMORAXO. 

streams  of  blood  talked  of,  holding  his  opponents 
responsible  before  God  ami  the  world." 

The  diputaeion,  willing  to  forget  for  the  time  its 
own  wrongs  at  the  hands  of  Echeandia,  aRseml)le<l  at 
his  call  at  San  Diego  to  consider  measures  for  checldiiu; 
the  disorders  that  must  result  from  the  new  pronun- 
ciamiento,  "this  duty  devolving  on  the  assembly  for 
want  of  a  gcfo  politico."  The  members  were  unnii- 
imous  in  their  condemnation  of  Zamorano's  junta,  es- 
pecially of  its  attempt  to  suspend  the  diputaeion,  a 
body  with  whose  ajts  even  the  national  govornniont 
had  declared  itself  powerless  to  interfere,  said  Argiic- 
llo,  except  after  reference  to  congress.  At  a  second 
meeting,  March  22d,  Pico  expressed  sentiments  veiy 
similar  to  those  of  Bandini  already  cited;  and  it  was 
resolved  to  issne  a  circular  to  the  ayuntamientos,  in- 
viting them  to  preserve  order,  to  recognize  the  dipu- 
taeion, and  to  proceed  with  their  ordinary  municipal 
duties  without  paying  the  slightest  attention  to  the 
junta  which  was  tempting  them  into  danger.  After 
this  rather  mild  action  the  assembly  adjourned,  apjiar- 
ently  with  the  intention  of  meeting  again  at  Los 
Angeles.^" 

But  the  Icgitimistas  succeeded  in  their  intriguos 
with  the  fickle  ayuntamiento  of  Los  Angeles,  which 
body,  on  ]\Iarch  22d,  laid  before  the  people  a  coniuni- 
nication  from  Zamorano,  explaining  the  beauties  of  his 
system.  To  this  system  the  assembled  citizens  "  niaui- 
fested  themselves  addicted;"'^  and  Ibarra  came  iiii- 
mediately  from  Santa  Bdrbara  with  a  part  of  his  force 
and  encamped  in  the  pueblo  of  the  Angels.  At  San 
Luis  Rey  the  members  of  the  diputaeion  en  route  lor 


'March  15.  1832,  Echeandia  to  Pico,  transcribing  hia  cominunicatioii  of 
the  14th  to  Zai,iorano.    Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  303. 

^"Lfij.  Jiec,  MS.,  i.  21 1-20.  March  18th,  Pico  to  "Vallejo,  inviting  him  to 
attcnil  the  mcctingof  next  clay.  Vallejo,  Doc.  Hid.  Cat.,  MS.,  i.  .'100.  .Maicli 
20tl),  Eche.intliato  Pico,  reporting  resolutions  of  tho  council  of  war  at  S.  l>i.;.'0 
March  7th,  8th,  13th,  against  Zatnorano.  Ar^iiello  and  Vallejo  h.iil  lic.n 
present.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  44-5.  The  circular  to  the  ayuntaniiL'utos 
was  probably  issued  but  intercepted  by  Zamoruno's  olBciaU  in  the  north. 

"  Loa  Angeles,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  CSMX). 


PREPARING  FOR  WAR. 


227 


Los  Angeles  heard  of  the  tlcfection  of  that  town,  and 
also  that  Echeandia  was  engaged  in  active  prepara- 
tions for  war.  The  most  alarming  symptom  of  ap- 
{ii'oat'hing  trouble  was  the  attitude  of  the  neophytes, 
who,  as  devoted  partisans  of  Echeandia,  were  coming 
into  camp  from  all  directions  and  were  being  armetl 
and  drilled  for  offensive  operations.  The  deputies 
now  held  a  meeting  at  San  Luis  and  devoted  all  th'Mr 
energies  to  the  preservation  of  tranquillity  and  the 
prevention  of  bloodshed.  It  was  voted  to  send  a  de- 
spatch to  Ibarra,  holding  him  responsible  for  any  mis- 
fortunes that  might  result  from  an  outbreak  of  hos- 
tilities, warning  him  of  the  inquiotude  of  the  Indians, 
ami  urging  some  arrangement  to  avoid  a  rupture. 
Similar  notes  were  to  be  sent  to  both  Echeandia  and 
Zaniorano.^-     ^ 

Echeandia  expressed  his  willingness  to  inake  an 
arrangement  for  peace,  but  as  no  replies  were  received 
from  Ibarra  and  Zamorano,  he  went  on  with  his 
preparations,  and  an  advance  force  of  soldiers  and  In- 
dians under  Captain  Barrofso  encamped  at  Paso  de 
Bartolo  on  the  San  Gabriel  River."  Ibarra  deemed 
it  best  to  retire  to  Sant?  Barbara,  perhaps  by  the 
Older  of  his  chief,  who  wis  now — early  in  April — 
hastening  south  from  Monterey  with  reenforcemeuts. 
Los  Angeles  was  in  turn  occupied  by  Barroso  and 
I'xheandia,  who  in  a  day  or  two  removed  their  forces 
to  San  Gabriel." 

'•'  Lc',i.  liec,  MS.,  i.  220-2.  It  may  bo  rcmaiked  that  Ibarra's  occupation 
of  Los  Angeles  was  in  a  sense  a  violation  of  Zaniorauo's  plan  of  Fob.  lut,  ;io- 
conliiiL;  to  which  his  forces  were  not  to  ailvanco  beyond  Sta  Barliara  iiulusa 
tliiit  pl:uc  should  bo  attacked. 

'•  Alf.  Ignacio  del  Valle,  LoPamdode  Caf.,  MS.,  0-7,  relates  that  he  was 
with  IkuToso  at  the  Paso  while  his  father,  Lieut  Antonio  del  Valle,  was  with 
Ilj;iir;i  at  Los  Angeles. 

"  -Many  Californians  state  that  Echean'lia  had  over  1,000  Indians  at  tlio 
caiii))  on  the  river;  and  0«o,  Jlist.  Cal.,  MS.,  1JM5-0,  sjiys  that  lie  entered  Los 
Aiitrck's  ,it.  the  head  of  1,000  mounted  Indians,  whom,  however,  ho  dismissed 
with  presents  after  retiring  to  S.  Gabriel.  Tuthill,  //i»t.  Cat.,  VU,  following 
/fe'i  Hs'OHw  Life  ill  Cal.,  122,  tells  us  that  Echeandia  j(ai.!iered  many  Indians  at 
S.  Jiiiin  t'apistrano,  an<l  inaugurated  a  series  of  robberies  and  murders,  A 
state  (if  anarchy  and  confusion  ensued.  Thero  is  no  foundation  for  such  a 
sUli  incut.  Vallejo,  JIi.^t.  C'fi/.,  MS.,  ii.  101-77,  nan-atca  t!io  jiarticulars  of  o 
pcisuual  (luarrcl  that  occurred  about  tliis  time  between  Eclieandia  and  San- 


228       AN  INTERREGNUM— ECHEANDtA  AND  ZAMORANO. 

Zaraorano,  on  arrival  at  Santa  Bdrbara,  was  some- 
what less  warlike  than  at  Monterey,  and  was  induced 
to  consider  the  propositions  for  a  truce,  to  which  he 
had  previously  paid  no  attention.  After  some  pre- 
liminary correspondence,  not  extant,  between  the  two 
comandantes  and  the  diputacion,  an  arrangement  was 
concluded  on  the  8th  or  9th  of  May;  but  Zamorauo 
seems  to  have  had  very  much  his  own  way  in  dictat- 
ing the  conditions'^  by  which  the  military  command 
was  divided  between  Echeandia  in  the  south  and 
Zamorano  in  the  north,  while  the  diputacion  was  left 
Avith  no  authority  at  all,  except  such  as  the  southein 

tiago  Ai'giiello.  The  matter  is  also  alluded  to  in  Leg.  Rec,  MS.,  i.  221)-30. 
\'allcjo  also  gives  some  details  of  the  stay  of  the  forces  at  8.  Gabriel,  whtro 
8-0,000  were  'borrowed'  and  supplies  were  exacted,  not  much  to  the  satisfao- 
lion  of  the  padres,  who  were  warm  adherents  of  the  other  party. 

^^  Zamornno,  Proclama  ijiie  conlieiie  loa  Artli'ulon  de  las  Condiciones  con- 
vrnidas r.iitre clp el Sr  Echeandia  en  Mayo  de  1832,  Mo.  This  original  iirocla- 
niation  is  dateil  May  9th.  I  have  never  seen  the  original  agreement  witli 
Bignatures  of  the  parties,  or  any  copy  of  it;  and  I  suppose  that  no  such  docn- 
nicnt  was  ever  signed.  The  articles  were  in  substance  as  follows :  1.  Until 
t!ic  arrival  of  a  ruler  or  of  express  orders  from  Mexico,  California  shall  reiuaiii 
divided  into  two  parts — one  from  S.  Gabriel  south,  under  command  of  Licut- 
lol.  Eclicandia,  and  tl)e  other  from.  S.  Fernando  nortli,  under  Capt.  Zanio- 
lano.  The  former  could  not  advance  any  military  force  north  of  San  Juan 
(.'apistrano;  nor  the  latter  south  of  S.  Buenaventura — this,  however,  not  to 
a  licet  the  ordinary  inis.sion  escoltas  of  5  or  7  men.  2,  4.  Neither  the  dip.  nor 
any  gefe  politico  nained  by  that  body  shall  issue  any  orders  to  the  novtheru 
r  yuntaniientos;  nor  shall  tlie  dip.  make  any  innovations  in  the  southern  mis- 
sions. 3,  5.  Trade  and  travel  musi  not  be  interrupted;  and  in  case  of  convul- 
." ions  cither  party  must  aflbrd  prompt  advice  and  aid.  G.  Ncitlicr  party  can 
l.;ivc  witli  Los  Angeles  any  other  relations  than  the  milibiry  ones  heretiifoic 
I  :;isling  between  that  town  and  the  presidinl  comandantes.  7.  Any  armed 
iiilvanee  contrary  to  art.  1  to  be  repelled  without  incurring  responsiMIity; 
other  faults  to  be  promptly  settled  by  official  correspondence.  8.  Mails  t  > 
leave  Monterey  on  tlio  7th,  and  S.  Diego  on  the  2'2d  of  each  month.  !t.  in 
opening  official  despatches  from  Mexico  great  delicacy  to  lie  used,  and  Hie 
responsibility  to  rest  on  tlie  Boutliern  comandante.  10.  Civilians  wlio  liavo 
taken  no  part  in  tlio  contention  may  live  where  they  please;  others  w  here 
they  are  (?).  11.  Neophytes  and  gentiles  arc  to  be  sent  back  unari;.  d  to 
tluir  respective  homes.  12.  For  the  sake  of  peace,  these  articles  will  remain 
i:i  force  until  the  cliief  named  by  the  sup.  govt  shall  have  been  recogni/od. 
C>ipy  of  this  document  also  in  .S'.  Jont,  Arh.,  M.S.,  ii.  00.  Alvarado,  //('-'. 
<'((/.,  M.S.,  ii.  188-0,  claims  to  have  been  largely  instramental,  by  his  personal 
intimacy  with  botli  leaders,  in  securing  the  formation  of  this  treaty.  Krhc- 
nndi.i  did  not  admit  tliat  he  had  agreed  to  these  articles  except  to  Nos.  I,  ">, 
and  8.  This  appears  from  his  letter  to  I'icf)  of  May  22d.  Dejit.  St.  I'"i>, 
Ms.,  iii.  47-8,  and  from  Zamorano'a  prochunution  of  July  7th.  I'allijo,  J>'i' 
JI'iKt.  C(d.,  MS.,  i.  ;1I4.  His  claim  was  that  the  others  were  suggestion,  :'.'it 
definitely  deciiled  on,  or  perhaps  in  some  cases  not  accurately  stated  in 
Zaiiiorano'a  proclamation.  The  diputacion,  however,  seems  to  have  a,",niil 
vith  Z.'s  version  of  the  articles  relating  to  that  body.  Leg.  Kec,  MS.,  i. 
250-2. 


;r:  Mr 


h'ifr:! 


A  TRUCE. 


229 


comandante  might  choose  to  give  it  in  his  district  on 
matters  not  involving  innovations  in  the  missions. 

The  miUtary  forces  were  promptly  withdrawn  to 
the  north  and  south  by  the  respective  generals,  and 
the  members  of  the  diputacion  retired  to  San  Diego, 
where  on  May  15th  they  held  a  meeting,  and  ad- 
dressed to  the  president  of  the  republic  a  full  report 
of  what  they  had  done  for  the  good  of  California 
since  February  24th,  the  date  of  their  last  represen- 
tation. They  declared  that  Zamorano's  action  had 
heen  wholly  uncalled  for,  and  that  many  of  the  state- 
iiH'iits  in  his  pronunciamiento  were  false.  They  added 
tt)  their  report  an  argument  in  which  they  presented 
at  some  lenjjth  their  views  on  the  causes  of  the  evils 
afllictlng  California — evils  due  largely  to  the  detestable 
and  anti-republican  mission  system,  and  to  the  pres- 
ence and  intrigues  of  the  friars,  who  sought  a  restor- 
ation  of  Spanish  institutions.  They  more  than  hinted 
that  Zamorano's  movement  had  been  in  the  interests 
of  Spain,  and  they  reiterated  their  opinion  that  the 
civil  and  military  command  should  be  vested  in  two 
distinct  persons.^"  Again  at  the  end  of  December 
(htl  the  diputacion  meet,  this  time  at  Los  Angeles,  to 
take  some  final  steps  for  vindicating  the  record  of  jtast 
acts  and  to  adjourn,  since  the  term  of  several  members 
now  expired,  and  the  comandante  of  the  north  had  re- 
fused to  take  any  stepS  for  a  new  election." 

One  more  episode  of  the  Zamorano-Echcandi'a  con- 
troversy demands  brief  notice,  namely,  the  exploits 


'"Session  of  May  15,  1832.  Lerj.  Rec,  MS.,  i.  2.*)l-52. 

'/.;/.  7.V.-.,  MS.,  i.  2:2-30.  Dec.  .SOth-.TIst.  it  was  voted  toscnclacommu- 
nii;iti.;ii  (>)  ihc  new  chief  in  order  to  hasten  his  arrival;  to  send  a  protest  to 
Z:in'ii;iiii),  liolding  him  responsible  for  violating  the  law  by  prcventin.t;  an 
clte'.iin  iincl  abrogating  tho  faculties  of  the  gefc  politico;  to  notify  nyunta- 
niirjitdsi.f  the  dissolution  of  the  dip.,  and  call  for  acknowledgments  of  various 
cxliuitatiou!*  to  pence  and  good  order  sent  to  thomnniL'ipal  bodies;  rind  linally 
t)iaeiiiirc  a  nianiticsto  to  tlio  people.  The  ailjournmcnt on  Pec.  .S  1st  is  ro- 
ciinlel  ill  /.OS  Angiic-i,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  70.  Aug.  2d,  Kclieandfa  had  sent  a 
cdiunmnioatiou  to  I'ico  on  the  subject  of  holdinj^  elections,  in  which  ho  gives 
tliiecLiuns,  proposes  to  preside,  and  sneaks  throuiithout  as  if  ho  deemed  him- 
Bilf  still  the  gefc  politico.  JJept.  Si.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  70-1. 


:« 


■•-i:.rii- 
;  i  I   f, 


Uh- 


i] 


f  li 


m 


'  ^  it  li-i 


230       AN  INTERREGNUM— ECHEANDlA  AND  ZAMORANO. 

of  Antonio  Avila,  a  convict  whom  the  reader  will  re- 
member in  connection  with  the  Solis  revolt  of  1820, 
and  some  of  his  companion  pres«ic?iar«05.  It  seems 
that  Vicente  Sanchez  came  north  as  soon  as  released 
from  the  Los  Angeles  jail,  and  in  his  patriotic  zeal  en- 
listed Avila  and  fifteen  or  twenty  convicts  to  march 
south  and  aid  in  restoring  the  'legitimate  government,' 
promising  them,  in  addition  to  other  emoluments, 
their  liberty.  In  the  south  they  abandoned  Sanchez, 
distrusting  his  promises  and  learning  that  he  intended 
to  use  them  for  private  rather  than  public  service,  and 
wandered  about  for  a  time  in  different  parts  of  tho 
country.  The  people  naturally  were  alarmed  when 
they  knew  that  such  a  band  of  desperadoes  were  at 
large  with  arms  in  their  hands,  though  it  does  not 
appear  that  they  really  connnitted  any  outrages.  A 
charge  of  a  design  to  overthrow  Zamorano's  and  not 
Echeandia's  power  was  trumped  up  against  Avila  and 
his  men, and  after  several  unsuccessful  efforts  they  were 
captured  at  Pacheco's  rancho,  disarmed,  and  subjected 
to  trial  at  Monterey  in  June.  No  proof  of  revolution- 
ary designs  was  adduced,  but  the  convicts  were  kept 
under  arrest  until  the  new  governor  arrived,  and  wore 
by  him  included  in  a  general  pardon  to  all  comba- 
tants. Avila  in  1833  recovered  his  arms,  but  failed 
to  obtain  permission  to  go  to  Mexico  until  his  term 
should  have  expired,  notwithstanding  his  disposition 
to  serve  his  country  shown  on  at  least  two  occasions." 

From  June  to  December  1832  all  was  quiet  politi- 
cally, both  in  tho  north  and  south,  and  California  un- 
der its  dual  military  rule  was  by  no  means  a  badly 

'*  A  Vila,  Papeles  Tocmifcs  d  la  Seilkion  lie  A  iitonio  Arila  y  otros  PrexUl'tnrio^ 
en  1S3J,  MS.  Viccnto  Sanchez  ilccliuccl  to  testify,  on  t!io  plea  that  ho  wn.s  a 
diputado.  Juno  1.3th,  Zamorano  to  alcaUlo  of  S.  Josi^  Says  Avila '.s  party 
are  near  Monterey,  ready  to  present  themselves  on  his  (Z.'s)  order;  hut  jh  it 
is  impossiblo  for  him  to  have  any  oflicial  relations  with  such  jjcoplo,  it  ha 
V)cen  determined  to  capture  them  by  foree.  Ho  wants 9  or  10  men,  who  vcrc 
later  sent  back  because  tlioro  were  no  muskets  for  thciii.  S.  Jos/',  J  rcii.,  M  '•> 
ii.  i"»7.  Juno  19th,  23d,  Z.  to  com.  of  S.  F.,  on  the  same  subject.  Wtlujo,  I'oc, 
MS.,  i.  311-12. 


WHO  IS  GOVERNOR  IN  1832? 


231 


governed  territor}^  since  we  hear  of  neither  disorders 
on  the  part  of  the  people  nor  of  oppressive  acts  by 
the  rulers.  Both  parties,  in  fact,  waiting  for  a  new 
governor  and  a  supreme  decision  on  their  past  acts, 
wrrc  on  their  good  behavior,  and  disposed  to  cooper- 
ate in  the  preservation  of  order.  It  may  be  a  matter 
of  some  interest  to  decide  who  was  the  governor,  or 
gufo  politico,  of  California  this  year.  It  has  been  cus- 
tomary to  put  Pio  Pico's  name  in  the  list  between 
those  of  Victoria  and  Figueroa;  but  as  I  have  already 
shown,  he  has  no  claim  to  the  honor.  For  some  twenty 
days  he  claimed  the  place,  which  he  ought  to  have  had 
iiiiLler  the  plan  of  San  Diego,  and  was  recognized  by 
tlie  four  or  five  members  of  the  body  that  elected  him; 
but  after  February  IGth  he  made  no  claims  and  jjer- 
I'oriDed  no  acts.  Nor  did  tlie  diputacion  make  any 
claims  in  his  behalf  He  refused  on  the  date  named 
to  accept  the  office,  and  was  never  asked  again  to  do 
so.  There  was  no  Mexican  law  making  him  gefe  po- 
litico without  regard  to  his  own  acts,  or  those  of  his 
associate  vocales,  by  virtue  of  his  position  as  senior 
vocal.  Zamorano,  on  the  other  hand,  never  made  pre- 
tensions to  be  gefe  politico;  in  fact,  one  of  the  articles 
ol'  his  plan  expressly  declared  that  no  such  officer  ex- 
isted. 

Either  there  was  a  vacancy  or  Echeandia  was  the 
g(n  cnior.  Echeandia  was  declared  gefe  politico  pro- 
visional in  the  plan  of  November  2r)th  and  December 
1st,  until  he  should  give  up  the  office  to  a  person 
named  by  the  diputacion.  That  plan  was  successful, 
iuid  (jn  December  Gth  Victoria  surrendered  the  office 
to  hini.  The  diputacion  recognized  his  title,  and  no- 
body formally  denied  it  till  the  1st  of  February.  Then 
Zamorano's  junta  declared  the  office  to  be  vacant; 
hut  the  plan  of  February  1st  was  never  entirely  suc- 
ocssfiil,  being  accepted  only  in  the  north.  After  Jan- 
uary 27th  he  ought,  according  to  his  own  pledges,  to 
have  surrendered  the  office,  but  he  did  not  do  so. 
On  February  12th  the  Los  Angeles  ayuntauiiento, 


232       AN  INTERREGNUM— ECHEANDf  A  AND  ZAMORANO. 

the  only  civil  organization  in  the  south,  reconfnized 
him,  and  declared  it  would  not  recognize  any  other, 
and  it  never  did  recognize  any  other;  though  by  ap- 
proving Zaraorano's  plan  it  virtually  assented  to  tlio 
doctrine  of  a  vacancy.  The  16th  of  February  Echo- 
andfa  offered  to  surrender  the  office  to  avoid  the 
use  of  force;  but  his  ofier  was  not  accepted.  The 
compact  of  May  8th-9th  contained  not  a  word  against 
his  claims  to  the  office,  even  according  to  Zamoruno's 
version  of  that  compact;  and  Echeandia  did  not  re- 
linquish his  claims,  but  on  the  contrary  asserted  them, 
and  performed  some  few  and  slight  acts,  in  the  mut- 
ter of  elections  and  secularization,  in  his  capacity  of 
gefe  politico.^^  There  was  never  any  decision  of  the 
question  by  the  Mexican  authorities,  nor  in  fact  any 
necessity  for  such  decision.  '  If  I  give  a  chrono- 
logical list  of  rulers  elsewhere  in  this  work,  I  mu.,t 
either  use  Echeandia's  name  for  1832  or  leave  the 
j)lace  blank.  Meanwhile  the  reader  may  decide  for 
himself. 

Now  Californian  aflfairs  in  Mexico  demand  atten- 
tion. Cdrlos  Carrillo,  the  congressman,  was  bitteily 
disappointed  when  he  heard  of  the  revolution  against 
Victoria.  The  news  seemed  to  weaken  his  eloquent 
eulogies  of  the  Californians  as  a  law-abiding  pet)ple. 
He  had  flattered  himself  on  having  reached  the  brink 
of  success  in  obtaining  several  advantageous  measures 
for  his  constituents.  Probably  he  had  made  less  l>ro<,^- 
ress  than  he  supposed,  but  the  late  events  afforded 
the  president  and  ministers  a  convenient  excuse  for 
refusing  to  carry  out  certain  partial  promises.  All 
hope  for  a  separation  of  the  military  and  civil  coni- 
mands,  for  an  organic  law,  for  courts,  for  a  proper 


"July  19th,  Z.  in  a  proclamation  to  tlio  people  refers  to  E.'s  rejection  of 
certain  articles  of  the  compact  ami  to  his  claim  to  be  gefe  politico  as  sulijeots 
respecting  which  discussion  had  been  voluntarily  discontinued  on  account  nf 
the  expected  anival  of  anew  gefe  at  an  early  date.  Vallcjo,  Doc,  ^1^.,  i. 
.314.  Castillo  Negrete  in  l!S.'{.">  alludes  to  Echeandia  as  'el  intruso  gefe  pull- 
tico.'  hejit.  ''it.  Pa}).,  lien.  MIL,  MS.,  Ixxviii.  53. 


CHOICE  OF  A  NEW  RULER. 


233 


distribution  of  lands — and  he  might  have  added, 
iiiv  a])pointment  as  gcfe  politico" — "has  irono  to 


"for 
the 
devil,"  he  complains  to  Guerra,  "and  I  am  placed  in 
a  most  awkward  position  after  having  sung  the  praises 
of  the  Californians  in  congress."-''  If  we  may  credit 
Canillo's  own  statements — and  I  find  no  otlier  evi- 
deucu  on  the  subject — the  Mexican  authorities  were 
(lispoHod  to  be  severe  in  their  treatment  of  the  revcdt- 
iiig  Californians;  and  it  was  only  by  the  most  un- 
tiring efforts  that  he  saved  the  leaders,  first  from  death, 
then  from  banishment,  and  finally  had  them  included 
ill  an  amnesty  granted  to  the  rebels  of  Vera  Cruz. 

Tlie  choice  of  a  ruler  to  succeed  Victoria  now  occu- 
pied, as  far  as  the  interests  of  so  distant  a  territory 
t'vcr  did,  the  attention  of  Bustamante  and  his  advisors. 
Cii'cumstances  seemed  to  require  the  appointment  of 
a  strong  military  man.  The  idea  of  separating  the 
commands,  if  it  had  ever  been  entertained,  was  aban- 
doned when  the  revolt  was  known,  and  at  the  same 
time  Carrillo's  chances  disappeared,  if  he  ever  had 
any.  Victoria  says  the  first  idea  of  the  government 
was  to  send  him  back  with  a  strong  supporting  force.^"^ 
Then  there  was  a  thought  of  appointing  Zamorano, 
as  the  ranking  officer  in  California  not  involved  in  the 
revolt.  This  was  rcconnnended  by  Virmond,  and 
very  likely  by  Victoria  and  Padre  Peyri,  but  Carrillt) 

^"Carrillo,  Cartas  del  DipiUado,  MS. ,  2?,l-r)'2.  Jan.  20tli,  Carrillo  called  ou 
the  viuc-prosideiit,  receiving  from  him  tlie  news  of  disturbunoea  in  Cal.  liusta- 
iiiaiite  threatened  to  send  an  armed  force  to  bring  that  rebellious  territory  to 
tinier.  C.  told  liim  it  would  bo  better  to  take  away  the  Mazatlan  companv 
tliiiu  to  send  more  troops,  who  witliout  pay  would  be  sure  to  revolt.  Mareli 
lotli,  Virmond  has  arrived  and  given  an  ugly  account  of  home  affairs.  Vic- 
tmia  and  Peyri  are  expected;  and  Pliego  will  say  no  good  of  the  Californians. 
It  is  said  that  all  officers  who  took  jwirt  in  the  revolt  will  bo  dismissed  the 
seiviee.  (Such  an  order  seems  to  have  been  issued  on  Mar.  20th,  so  far  as 
urtilli  ry  "tliecra  were  concerned.  JJrpt.  »SV.  J'a/).,  MS.,  iii.  4.5.)  April  14th, 
t;reil  of  otlicial  life,  of  struggles  against  obstin.ite  diputiidos,  of  official  prom- 
ises never  kept,  hoes  not  desire  re-election,  which  Victoria  tells  him  is 
talked  of.  Only  by  the  most  strenuous  efforts,  aided  by  four  other  deputies, 
he  lias  saved  the  Califoruian  revolutionists  from  the  death  penalty,  but  not 
fnna  that  of  banishment  for  4  years  frt>m  the  republic.  Letters  of  April  21st 
iiiid  Miiy  1 1  th  on  Figueroa's  appointment.  C.  in  later  years  (p.  2.54-7)  claimed 
tliat  it  was  by  his  efforts  that  the  Califoraiau  rebels  were  included  in  the 
amnesty  f,'ranted  to  those  of  Vera  Cruz. 

"'  Uatmi,  Doc.,  MS.,  iv.  183-4. 


'  H :  ;  I ; 


834       AX  INTERREGNUM— ECHEANDlA  AND  ZAMORANO. 

opposed  it  with  all  his  might.-'  The  choice  finally 
fell  on  Brevet  Brigadier-general  Josd  Figueroa,  an 
able  and  prominent  man  in  Mexican  affiiirs  since  1820, 
coniandante  general  ot*  Sonora  and  Sinaloa  for  five  ur 
six  years,  and  by  reason  of  that  position,  more  or  loss 
acquainted  with  Californian  aftairs.  Politically  ho 
was  not  in  sympathy  with  Bustamante's  administra- 
tion, having  been  a  supporter  and  intimate  personal 
friend  of  Guerrero;  and  it  is  believed  that  his  appoint- 
ment was  a  measure  dictated  less  by  a  consideration 
of  his  interests  or  those  of  California  than  by  a  desire 
to  get  rid  of  a  troublesome  foe." 

*■•  Carrillo,  Cnrtan,  MS.,  23.">-0.  He  saya  that  Mexico  was  swarming  with 
claimanta  for  command  in  the  distant  territories,  impecunious  nobodies  at  the 
national  capital,  but  ready  to  put  on  tho  airs  of  viceroys  in  Cal.  /</.,  p.  211 -.3. 

^  Tho  first  mention  I  find  of  Figueroa  in  contemporary  records  is  in  a  ]iri- 
vato  letter  of  Iturbido  to  Guerrero,  dated  Jan.  10, 1821,  in  which  he  urges  tlio 
patriot  chieftain  to  put  himself  on  the  side  of  Spain,  and  asks  him  to  send  a 
man  of  his  entire  conlidcnco  to  treat  with  him  on  the  ."jubject,  naming  FigULina 
among  several  other 'individuos  masadictos  d  Vd.'  Mexico,  Cartas  da  Jhirhkte 
y  Guerrero,  p.  2.  Antonio  Ruiz  do  la  Mota,  one  of  Guerrero's  men  in  the  war 
of  independence,  a  man  to  whom  F.  rendered  many  favors  in  Cal.,  said  tiiat 
F.  as  Guerrero's  secretary  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  negotiations  by  v,  Iiich 
tho  two  leaders  were  united  and  success  insured ;  though  at  one  time  (jr.c.rcro 
Buopected  his  friend  of  treachery  and  proposed  to  have  him  sliot.  Torre,  Iieritin., 
Ms.,  r)l-3.  In  182-I-  F.  was  appointed  comaudantc  general  of  Sonora,  nml 
specially  commissioned  to  organize  an  expedition  at  Arizpo  to  explore  .uiil  se- 
cure the  regions  obstructed  by  savages;  to  inspect  the  mines,  especially  t!io 
famous  'planehas  do  plata;'  aud  to  facilitate  communication  by  laud  v.ith 
Cal.  In  pursuance  of  these  instructions,  he  marched  in  person  to  tho  j  !uio'.  ion 
of  the  Colorado  and  Gila  in  1825;  but  had  to  go  back  in  hasto  to  put  down 
the  great  Yaqui  revolt,  which  lasted  several  years.  Retes,  Portvutoin-i  I'  que- 
£(.f  JJiuerales.  His  efforts  to  open  conmiunication  between  Son.  and  C;d.  .-ii-o 
mentioned  in  the  account  I  have  given  of  Romero's  expedition  of  lS2;i-(5  ia 
chap.  xxii.  vol.  ii. ;  and  several  of  his  letters  are  included  in  llonuro. 
Jheiuiientos;  MS.  Elaewhero  in  my  work  in  connection  with  the  aniKiIs  of 
Sonora  I  have  said  something  rcspcctmg  this  part  of  Figueroa'a  career ;  for 
particular  allusions  to  Uim,  aco  Piiiart,  Co!.  Doc.  Son.,  MS.,  nos.  4S,  o2',); 
piint,  nos.  107,  110,  180-2;  Sonora,  Actus  del  Primer  (Joii'jreso  CouKt'titr.'omil 
i.  74-5;  Fiijueroa ,  Obavrvacioiies de  mi  Ciitdadaiio,  MS.,  1-7;  Opinion  PuUi'd 
dv  Occide.nte,  July  30,  1829.  On  Sept.  5, 1828,  the  naujc  of  Altar  was  oliii.ially 
changed  to  Villa  do  Figueroa,  and  tho  general  was  formally  declared  a  ci.i  .tn 
of  Sonora.  Though  of  unquestioned  bravery,  ho  earned  the  cognomen  of  'iU 
I'acifico  y  Calnioso;'  always  used  his  inlluencc  against  local  revolutions;  iiiid 
was  sometimes  blamed  for  his  indulgeuco  to  conquered  Indian  foes,  lb;  Kft 
Sonora  in  1820,  starting  for  the  eastern  coast  to  aid  in  repelling  Si)ani:ih  in- 
vasion, but  not  arriving  apparently  in  time  for  that  service.  On  iJcc.  -0, 
1829,  ho  issued  at  Durango  a  proclamation  calling  upon  tho  people  to  f  ill  nv 
him  in  support  of  Guerrero  and  tho  federal  government  against  tho  rein  Is  of 
Campecho  and  Jalapa.  Atleta,  Jan.  7,  1830,  p.  75.  In  March  1830  he  waiiii- 
rt'Sted  with  several  others  by  orders  of  (!cn.  Bachillcr  in  Mexico  on  cliaiu'c  of 
conspiracy,  U,  Mar.  25,  Apr.  2,  25,  1830,  p.  385,  416,  507;  but  as  he  wu5  too 
popular  u  man  to  bo  shot  and  too  dangerous  to  bo  allowed  to  remain  in  Mcx- 


FIGUEROA  APPOINTED. 


Figueroa  received  his  appointment  as  comandanto 
general  and  inspector  at  a  salary  of  $4,000  April  17, 
18.)2,  and  that  of  gefe  superior  politico  on  May  9tli, 
^vith  instructions  from  the  different  ministries  the  17th. 
His  general  instructions  took  the  form  of  supplemen- 
taiT  articles  to  those  formerly  given  to  Echeandia,  not 
literally  extant,  as  we  have  seen.  Figueroa  was  to 
work  for  the  perfect  restoration  of  tranquillity,  and  to 
iiisj)ire  confidence  in  the  national  government  by  ox- 
jtlaiiiing  the  causes  which  had  led  to  certain  changes 
in  the  system  of  republican  administration.  He  was 
to  supply  complete  statistics  about  California  and  all 
its  institutions  and  industries.  He  was  to  give  much 
attention  to  the  neophytes,  with  a  view  to  improve 
their  condition  and  fit  them  for  a  change  in  the  mis- 
sion system.  To  give  an  impulse  to  trade,  he  must 
I'jivor  the  exportation  of  surplus  products  and  induce 
the  missions  to  build  small  vessels.  Colonization  and 
tlie  distribution  of  lands  both  to  citizens  and  foreigners 
were  to  be  encouraged  in  accordance  with  the  laws, 
several  special  grants  being  recommended,  as  were 
active  efforts  to  extend  settlement  toward  42°  in  the 
north.  Indian  policy  toward  the  gentiles,  movements 
and  aims  of  the  Russians  and  Americans,  illegal  opera- 
tions of  hunters  and  trappers,  and  abuses  in  connection 
^vith  the  rearing  of  cattle  were  among  the  matters  to 
\\\\'k-\\  the  new  ruler's  attention  was  directed.^*  S})ecial 
instructions  were  given  on  the  subject  of  secularizing 

icii,  lie  was  soon  released  to  be  exiled  to  California  as  governor.  He  licM  tlio 
Imaoniry  position  of  vice-governor  of  tiic  state  of  Mexico  until  Deo.  7,  IS'.VX 
.^V.  I'd]).,  Miss,  ami  Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  2So,  'J03-4.  lie  left  Sonoraia  debt  to  the 
foiido  (lu  tcmporalidades  to  the  amount  of  .?3,00l),  which  sum  was  ordered  to 
by  collected  in  1834.  De/it.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxvii.  11.  Carlos  Car- 
riilo,  w  hen  tlio  appointment  was  first  made,  was  told  by  a  deputy  from  Sonora 
that  Tigueroa  was  a  despotic  fortunediunter,  and  Virmond  also  spoke  against 
liiin;  jjut  Minister  Alaman  spoke  in  the  highest  terms  of  the  new  appointee, 
aiul  Carrillo  himself  after  an  interview  formed  a  favorable  opinion  of  him,  freely 
trqntsscd  in  his  letters  to  Gucrra,  whom  he  advised  to  conciliate  Figucroa's 
f  ladsliip  by  presenting  him  with  a  span  of  mules.  On  his  appointment,  see 
}''ll.Sl.Pap.,Iien.  Cu4.-JI.,  MS.,ii.  18;  Id.,  Angeles,  xi.  2;  ld.,Monterc!i, 
ii.  'Jl. 

•'  Fif/ueroa,  Inslrncciones  Oenerales  para  el  Oobieriio  de  CaVfornia  daa^  i  dl 
Gnt.  I):,,,  ,/j.svj  Fifjueroa,  1S32,  MS.  Dated  May  7,  183J,  and  signed  by  tho 
minister  Ortiz  Monasterio. 


i 


!i ; 


230       AN  INTimUEGNUM-ECIIEANDfA  AND  ZAMORANO. 

the  missions,  which  in  substance  required  the  wIkiIo 
matter  to  be  put  back  where  it  was  before  Echean(h':i'.s 
act  of  January  1831;  but  at  the  same  time  called  tor 
a  continuance  of  investigation  and  reports  with  a  view 
to  an  early  change  in  the  system.'^  With  reference 
to  the  late  revolutionary  troubles,  Figueroa  was  riir- 
nislied  with  full  reports  from  Victoria,  Echeandin, 
and  the  diputacion,  of  the  quarrel  as  viewed  from  dilKr- 
i-nt  standpoints,  and  was  instructed,  after  a  secret  and 
impartial  investigation,  to  render  a  comprehensive  ic- 
port.'« 

The  governor  was  provided  not  only  with  instruc- 
tions on  his  duties,  but  with  a  force  of  some  sevouty- 
five  officers  and  men  who  were  to  aid  him  in  perfoii'i- 
ing  those  duties.  The  soldiers,  however,  were  cIioIms 
of  a  not  very  desirable  class,  fi'om  the  region  of  Aca- 
pulco,  but  lately  released  from  prison  and  pardoiicil 
for  revolutionary  attempts.  Figueroa  went  to  Aca- 
pulco  in  June  to  superintend  the  outfit  of  his  coiii- 
pany,  and  all  sailed  from  that  port  July  I7th  in  tlio 
brig  Catalina.^^     The  first  landing  was  at  Cape  Sim 


'^May  17,  18.')2,  Alaman  to  F.  iu  St.  Pap.,  Miss,  and  Colon,  MS.,  ii.  ">'\-'y, 
Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  v.  pt  i.  102  «. 

'^'^  Alaman,  Sttceaos  de  CaliJ'oritia  en  1,^,31,  MS.  Alaman  also  directs  I',  to 
obtain  instructions  from  Victoria.  Sup.  Govt  St.  Pap.,  MS.,viii.  8.  Victnriu's 
influence  is  also  apparent  in  Alaman's  instruction  of  same  date,  May  17t!i, 
that  Vallcjo  is  not  entitled  to  a  seat  in  the  dip.  /'/.,  v.  !).  As  for  Ei.lieaii(l[:i, 
a  pardon  was  sent  with  orders  to  report  at  Mexico.  Id.,  xiii.  40.  Tlie  c  nn- 
plaiutsof  the  dip.  against  Victoria  were  also  furnished;  and  P.  was  iuatiiKtL'l 
to  SCO  that  the  dip.  was  renewed  according  to  the  laws,  and  toconnnuiiiL;i;o 
this  resolution  to  the  complainants,  as  he  did  on  July  7th.  Vallejo,  Doc. ,  M  \, 
i.  310. 

^''  July  1,  1832,  F.  at  Acapulco  appoints  Lieut-col.  Manuel  Mnniucz  tem- 
porary <;hie£  of  the  infantry  cmharked  on  the  Morehm  for  Califoiiiia  i-). 
Drill.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  iii.  54.  July  5tli,  ho  announces  to  his  soldiers  thrir 
pardon,  states  that  their  imprisonment  has  not  stained  their  hoimi,  ;i:i  I 
explains  that  great  reliance  is  placed  in  tlieni  to  protect  Cal.  from  SpaiiianN, 
Russians,  and  Americans.  Id.,  iii.  G7-9.  July  7th,  to  sec.  of  rel.  Will  attiii  I 
to  formation  of  a  conipafn'a  do  frontcras,  and  the  sending  of  mails  via,  t!ie 
Colorado  on  arrival  in  Cal.  Id.,  iii.  .52-3.  July  14th,  arms  and  nuiiiitiniis 
shipped  on  the  Citalina,  including  100  muskets  and  bayonets,  20,(RH)  car- 
tridges, and 2,000  flints,  ono  G-pounder  with 200  charges,  fjept.  St.  Pap.,  llrii. 
Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxxviii.  7.  July  17th,  force  that  sailed  on  tiio  Catalina  witli  1'.: 
Lieut-col.  Manuel  Martinez  and  Lieut  Jos(5  Portu  (who  did  not  rearh  Cal  *, 
Capt.  Nicolils  Gutierrez,  Capt.  Francisco  Figueroa  (brother  of  the  gomial). 
Surgeon  ^lanucl  de  Alva,  41  cavalrymen  with  8  musicians  niider  Siiu't 
Estrada,   5  artillerymen  under  Sergt  Buitron,  and  9  infantrymen  umlcr 


TROUBLE  ON  THE  JOURNEY. 


SS7 


Lucas  on  the  30tb.  Remaining  l)cre  with  his  troops, 
FiMiiei-oa  sent  the  vessel  to  San  lilas  and  Mazatlan 
f(»r  money,  additional  troops,  and  a  band  of  friars,  all 
intended  for  California.'*  The  Cataliiia,  after  taking 
on  hoard  ten  Zacatecan  friars — of  whose  connng  to 
California  I  shall  have  more  to  say  in  another  chap- 
tur  -with  Lieutenant  Rafael  Gonzalez  and  family, 
lusides  other  officers  and  men  not  specified,  sailed 
innii  San  Bias  on  August  13th,  and  in  five  days 
reached  Mazatlan.'*'  Here,  or  at  Rosario  near  by, 
Cutierrez  received  from  the  comisario  general  $20,000, 
and  perhaps  the  rest  of  the  §34,000  which  had  been 
promised;^"  and  sailing  on  August  24th,  the  vessel 
touched  on  the  28th  at  Cape  San  Liicas  to  take  on 
board  the  general  and  his  company. 

That  same  day,  the  Acapulco  cholos  under  Ser- 
f^'cant  Xunez  revolted,  and  with  the  aid  of  the  sailors 
seized  the  Catalina  with  everything  on  board,  includ- 
iiiLi;'  the  arms  and  money  intended  for  California. 
Tiiougli  thirty -eight  men  besides  the  friars  were  not 
involved  in  the  mutiny,  they  were  unarmed  at  the 
moment  of  the  outbreak  and  made  no  resistance. 
The  mutineers,  after  firing  some  shots  at  the  party  left 
(III  shore,  sailed  at  midnight  and  went  to  San  Bias  to 
join  in  the  revolutionary  movement  of  Santa  Ainia 
anainst  Bustamante.  The  reenforcement  of  men,  mu- 
nitions, and  money  was  very  acceptable;  and  it  is  not 
likely  that  any  troublesome  questions  were  asked 
about  the  manner  in  which  they  had  been  obtained.'^ 

Scrgt  Nuiiez — 76  persons  in  all,  including  4  women.  Id.,  Ixxxviii.  6.  TIio 
riieo  ]>iiiil  the  vessel  for  transportation  was  $8,410.  Id.,  Ixxxviii.  7-8.  ^liiy 
10th,  oitkr  from  Mexico  to  com.  at  Acapulco  to  place  volunteers  at  F.'.s  dis- 
posal. Tlicy  were  to  liavo  the  preference  in  the  distribution  of  lands.  l>('2jt. 
'V.  I'l'ii.,  MS.,  iii.  47-50.     Only  9  volunteers  seem  to  have  been  secured. 

■"  Alii,'.  4,  18.3-2,  F.  to  com.  of  La  Paz.  IJrpt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  50. 

•'*  Litnit  Gonzalez  had  come  from  Mexico,  starting  July  20th,  to  tako 
c!i,ii:;c  (;f  tlic  snb-comisarfa  at  Monterey.  He  kept  a  brief  journal  of  liia 
jiminiy  finni  day  to  day.  Oomalcz,  Dlario  de  Mexico  a  Valifornia,  1S32-3, 
•^iS.,  wliiuli,  either  original  or  a  copy  in  the  author's  handwriting,  was  given 
"10  l.y  liis  son  Mauricio.  Gonzalez,  Memorias,  MS.,  65. 

'  AuLT.  nth,  receipt  of  Gutierrez  for  $20,000.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS., 
Ixxiv.  ■]().  Hy  this  date  it  would  appear  that  the  Catalina  had  touched  at 
Jlazathiii  .'ilso  on  the  M^ay  to  S.  Bias. 

^'  ^  ct  there  was  a  report,  or  at  least  so  F.  stated  to  his  men,  that  the 


\ 


I  I 


il.    ! 
!1,  ■• 


il 


I  '■ 


« 11 


■fit  r 


238       AN  IXTERREGNUM-ECIIEAXDlA  AND  ZAMORANO. 

FijLjiicroa  and  liis  men  were  now  in  a  sad  plight,  witli 
neither  ve.sHcl,  funds,  anns,  nor  lu«^gage.  They  went 
by  land  up  to  La  Paz,  where  the  last  of  the  conip;iiiy 
arrived  about  the  middle  of  October.  The  geuuial 
reported  his  dilemma  to  the  administrator  of  cyistoiiH 
at  Ouaymas,  who  was  urged  to  raise  $10,000  and  in 
furnish  twenty-five  muskets,  with  other  supplies  of 
absolute  necessity.'''  The  officials  at  Guaymas  and 
!Mazatlan  seem  to  have  exerted  themselves  in  tlii:^ 
emergency  with  some  success;  for  on  November  IJth 
the  Catalina  had  returned  to  La  Paz  and  was  ready 
to  carry  the  party  northward  to  their  des' 'nation. 
On  that  date  Figueroa  delivered  an  address  of  en- 
couragement to  his  men,  reminding  them  of  the  evils 
that  had  overtaken  or  would  overtake  their  rebellious 
companions,  and  of  the  good  things  awaiting  them  in 
California,  "the  land  where  the  Aztecs  lived  boforo 
they  came  to  Mexico."''^  They  finally  sailed  from  La 
Paz  on  December  13th,  according  to  Gonzalez's  diary, 
touched  at  Mazatlan  from  the  14th  to  the  17th  and 
arrived  at  Monterey  on  the  Mth  or  15th  of  Janiuuv, 
1833. 

The  news  of  Figueroa's  appointment  had  arrivctl  as 
early  as  July  at  least,  and  Echeandia  on  the  28tli,  in 
an  address  to  the  Californians,  spoke  of  his  joy  at  tlio 
approach  of  a  new  ruler,  urging  the  people  to  render 
implicit  obedience,  but  to  be  ready  with  the  proofs  of 
their  loyalty  and  the  reasons  for  having  deposed  Yk- 

imitincers  had  been  overpowered  at  S.  Blaa,  part  of  the  money  recovered,  and 
liafacl  Niiflez  sent  to  Guadalajara  to  bo  shot.  Dept.  St.  Pap., MS.,  iii.  ■)S-()1. 
Forl)cs,  Jlist.  Cat.,  139-42,  says  that  the  party  was  well  received  by  tlic  rev- 
olutionists at  S.  Bias,  and  that  $3,000  of  the  funds  had  been  sent  bnclc  to  tlic 
friars.  Gonzalez  in  his  diar^  mentions  no  firing,  and  I  doubt  that  any  oc- 
curred. Mention  of  the  afl'air  at  San  Liicas  in  Alvarmlo,  Uiat.  Col.,  MS.,  ii. 
104-5;  Castro,  Relacion,  MS.,  30;  VcUIpjo,  Jlist.  C'al.,  MS.,  ii.  198-1);  Jlobin- 
son's  Lr/e  in  Cal.,  138-9;  Ryan's  Judges  ami  Criminals,  39. 

**Sept.  24th,  F.  at  La  Paz  to  administrator  at  Guaymaa.  Dept.  St.  P'lp., 
Den.  Cust.-II.,  MS.,  i.  33-5.  Oct.  17th,  Luis  Valle,  com.  at  Guaymas,  to  F. 
Will  send  the  aid  required. 

"Nov.  12, 1832,  F.'s address  to  his  troops.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  .".S-01. 
I  suspect  that  the  date  should  be  Dec.  12th.  There  had  been  some  jncvious 
negotiations  with  the  captain  of  the  Facio  to  transport  the  troops.  Id., 
iu.  G2. 


nRADY  FOR  A  NEW  PwULER. 


2fW) 


toriii.  Tlio  I7tli  of  October  lie  wrote  directly  to  Fit^ue- 
ntii  iis  liis  'i-espccted  cliiel','  to  express  his  submission 
t(»  till'  national  authority,  and  to  explain  that  love  of 
Ills  country  alone  had  pnwnpted  him  to  take  i)art  in 
the  late  pronunciamiento.'^*  The  people  generally, 
many  of  whom  knew  somethin'jf  of  Figueroa  by  repu- 
tation, were  pleased  at  the  prospect  of  seeing  a  regular 
l,f(i\ eminent  established  again  in  the  territory.  The 
(li|>iitacion,  as  we  have  seen,  voted  at  the  final  session 
(if  tlie  year  to  send  to  the  new  gefe  politico  an  address 
of  welcome  and  submission  which  should  also  be  a  do- 
iciuc  of  its  own  patriotic  policy  during  the  past  two 
years.  Such  a  document,  if  actually  prepared,  is  not 
extant.  Zamorano  was  doubtless  less  j)leased  person- 
ally than  tlij  other  parties  at  the  news  of  Figueroa's 
a|)i>ioach,  on  account  of  the  well  known  political  affini- 
ties of  the  comandante  general;  but  having  been  in- 
volved in  no  revolutionary  acts,  he  was  even  more 
contlilent  of  approval  than  the  others.  To  Captain 
Antonio  Munoz,  who  came  to  relieve  Fernandez  del 
Canipo  in  command  of  the  artillery,  and  who  arrived 
before  Figueroa,  Zamorano  offered  to  resign  his  posi- 
tion of  'comandante  general  accidental  of  the  north;* 
hut  ^lufioz  declined.''^  Evidently,  though  California 
was  technically  in  a  'state  of  anarchy,'  the  new  ruler 
was  to  encounter  no  opposition  there. 

'*Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  63-5,  73-4.  E.  takes  advantage  of  the  oppor- 
tunity iilso  to  prepare  for  the  defence  of  liis  late  mission  policy  by  dwelling 
on  the  powerful  and  baneful  influence  of  the  missionaries,  all  of  whom  with 
tw  0  exceptions  are  denounced  as  apolo'jistaa  of  Spain  and  all  that  is  Spanish. 

*''l)ept..  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  79-82. 


r^^-fe^S 


4l[ 


CHAPTER  IX. 

FIGUEROA'S  RULE— HfjAR  AND  PADRES  COLONY. 

1833-1834, 

Arhival  of  Figuf.isoa — Primitive  Printing — Imaoinabv  DiFFicrLiiEs— 
Amnesiy  to  Rebels — Echeandia  and  Zamoraxo— Biograpiiv  of 
EcheandIa — Bandini  Elected  to  CoNtiRESs— No  Sessions  ok  the  Dipr- 
TAcioN  IN  1833 — The  Northern  Frontier — FiocEnoA  Resigns— A 
AVaunino — MrTixY  at  San  Francisco — The  DiprTAciON  in  1834— 
Address  bt  the  Governor— Legislative  Affairs — The  First  Bf)OK 
Printed  in  California — Reglahento — Petalcma  and  Santa  Rosa- 
Santa  Anna  t  Farias— Conspiracy  of  Gherra  and  Dlran — New 
Election — Events  in  Mexico — Padres  and  his  Schemes— Coloniza- 
tion— IlijAR  AS  Gefe  Politico— Colony  Organized — CompaSia  Co>,. 
Moi'OLiTANA— Political  Schemes — The  March  to  Tepic— Voyaok  op 
THE  'Natalia'  and  'Morelos'— Reception  op  the  Colony  at  San 
Diego  and  Monterey — Wreck  of  the  'Natalia' — Authorities, 

The  new  rulor  arrived  at  Monterey  by  the  Oita- 
Una  January  14,  1833,  landing  and  taking  possession 
of  his  command  the  next  day,^  With  him  came  Cop- 
tain  Francisco  Figueroa,  liis  brotlier,  Captain  Nicolas 
Gutierrez,  lieutenants  Bernardo  Navarrete  and  Rafael 
Gonzalez — the  latter  to  take  charge  of  the  custom- 
house— Surgeon  Manuel  Alva,  about  thirty  soldiers, 
and  ten  friars  from  the  colleije  of  Zacatecas,  who  caino 
to  reiinforce  the  Fernandinos. 

On  the  day  of  arrival,  and  apparently  before  land- 
ing, Figueroa  addressed  coi  iinunications  to  the  va- 
rious local  authorities,  announcing  his  appointiiunt, 
and  intention  to  devote  all  his  ener<xie3  to  the  wellaro 

•  FiL'ucroa's  letter  writtnn  in  March,  ^t'lit.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  103.  Kath.  r 
strangely,  tlu-rc  is  in  tlic  i  jhi%x3  no  more  ilefinite  record  of  liis  formal  asi^uiiip- 
tion  of  tlio  comniaud  ou  Jan.  lotii  tiiou  this  and  the  ouuouuccinent  muutioiiud 
in  my  next  note, 

(240) 


FIRST  PRINTING  IX  CALIFORNIA. 


241 


of  tlie  territory.  He  was  naturally  not  quite  sure 
what  would  be  his  recei)tion  from  tlie  difierent  fao 
tiiiiis.  Before  leavinji-  Mexico  he  had  caused  to  be 
printed  a  proclamation,  which  he  now  circulated,  to- 
m  tliri-  with  a  brief  notice  of  his  arrival,  also  printed, 
and  as  it  seems  at  Monterey.  This  was  the  first  use 
of  type  in  California.^  I  suppose  that  lie  brought  a 
small  quantity  of  t\[)e  with  some  kind  of  a  hand-pi'ess, 
or  stauq),  for  printiuL''  cards  and  brief  notices,  more 
as  a  (-in-iosity  perhaps  than  for  actual  use. 

•  'J'lio  notice  ia  as  follows:  '  1  il  Supremo  Gobierno  Federal  so  ha  servido  con- 
i'uir  :i  ini  insulicicucia  ol  inaiulu  Politico  y  Militar  tlul  Tcrritorio,  tic  cuyos  iles- 
liiins  lio  toiiiutlo  poseciou  cl  «lia  ilc  i  ■crquc  (leseinbarqiu'i  foliziueiitc  en  oste 
I'livito:  y  al  tcncr  el  honor  do  co;r'iiiicarlo  il  V.  desfruto  el  de  ofrcccrnie  A  sii 
iliiipipsiLion,  protcstandole  la  mejor  voliintad  para  serviclo  y  coniplacerlo,  y  su- 
plicaiiil'ik' acppto  las  scjiuridadod  de  mi  mas  distini^uido  aprccio  y  considera- 
cioM.  Miinterrey,  iJidcKnci^, -^^  1S.'J3.  Josi- Figucroa.'  Tlio name  has  the  gov- 
(rniii's  nibrica  on  the  copy  before  me — the  only  one  I  have  seen — Enrlh'Kt 
I'riii'iii'i  ill  ('al. — the  one  sent  to  M.  «?.  Vallejo  at  S.  l)iej,'o.  Tlie  im]H'essit)U 
isli:icl.  iis  if  done  by  hand  \v:th  iniperfuet  apparatus.  The  'a'  (with  grave 
ni'i\]it)  .shows  that  the  type  was  not  the  same  used  by  Zamorano  in  later 

Tlio  pi'oclamation  printed  in  Mexico  was  as  follows:  '  The  comandante 
f,'Liiti:il,  inspector,  and  gcfe  politico  superior  of  Alta  (Jalifoniiu,  to  the  iuliab- 
iiaut.s  of  the  teri.tory.  Compatriots;  at  my  arrival  on  your  coasts  I  consider 
inysilt  under  obligation  to  address  you  to  announce  peace,  order,  ami  lib- 
t'r:y.  Hnuns  so  precious  being  assured,  you  will  enjoy  the  abundant  advan- 
t.t  ;ls  witli  which  nature  enriclied  you.  The  contrary  produces  nothing  but 
c  luiitliss  evils,  misfortunes,  and  desolation.  If  a  fatal  moment  of  excitement 
liastlistiirbi'd  your  repose,  let  jieace  return  to  occupy  her  seat  in  this  delicious 
iii;intry,  and  with  intrepid  patriotism  let  us  cast  discord  to  barbarians  who 
liuv  •  no  country  or  rights  to  lespect.  Trace  is  the  true  happiness  of  mor- 
t:;l:<;  and  I  restore  to  you  a  gift  so  precious  in  the  name  of  tlie  supreme  feil- 
tr;d  govenunent,  which  has  seen  fit  to  eontido  to  nic  the  arduous  task.  A 
lui'iictual  fcjrgetfulncss  will  efface  the  memory  of  the  political  errors  which 
puf  lisc  to  the  startling  occurrences  of  year  before  last.  In  the  law 
of  Apiil  2."ith  last  [printed  May,  but  April  substituted  in  ink],  you  w ill  lind 
gii.iiaiilics  and  security.  To  me  it  belongs  to  carry  them  into  ellect,  and  I 
luoDic  it  shall  bo  done.  Fear  nothing,  fellow-citizens;  the  government 
WdiUs  for  your  happiness.  I,  who  come  to  execute  its  j\ist  desires,  am  rc- 
suhcil  to  overthrow  whatever  obstacles  may  impede  the  dcveloinnent  of  yonr 
lii'j^|]t  rity.  It  remains  for  you,  united  and  faithful,  to  present  to  the  woild 
a  ti>tiiiiiiny  fif  concord,  of  respect  for  authority,  and  of  obedience  to  law. 
111.'  laws  will  l)e  my  guiile,  and  never  shall  an  arbitrary  policy  or  disorder 
ili'pvivc  you  of  the  just  and  moderate  liberty  secured  in  the  compact  of  our 
iiisiiuitions.  Fulfill,  therefore,  your  social  obligations,  and  doubt  not  th.it 
y  lu'  ri,'lit.swill  be  respected  liy  j'ov.r  fellow-citizen  and  friend,  .biscFigucroa.' 
la  l>i,»liiu,  Doc,  MS.,  2.1;  Vullcjo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  '-'SS;  Dq>f.  S/.  I'dj,.,  An- 
;/i.'i-,  MS.,  X.  '2-3.  Written  conuuunicatious  of  similar  purport  issued,  .Ian. 
1  ltli-'2  iili,  to  ayunt.  of  Monterey,  with  invitations  to  a  thank.sgivin:,'  mass  at 
i'.'s  !i mso  Jan.  19lh.  Driif.  St.  Pnp.,  Mont.,  MS.,  vi.  'JO;  iJcpl.  Si.  I'hjk, 
M-^.,  iii.  S4-:>.  To  ayunt.  of  S.  .Tosi'.  Ikpt.  St.  Pap.,  S.  Jo.t.',  MS.,  iv.  I !:!. 
'i  '  ::yaiit.  of  Brancii'orte.  S'n.  Crir,,  Arch.,  MS.,  43.  To  military  coniau- 
iliuiu.-.,  Ihrnugli  Zamorano.  Valhjo,  Doc,  MS.,  ii.  1. 
Hisi.  C'AI...  Vol.  III.    Itf 


242        riGUEROA'.ii  RULE-IlfjAR  AXD  PADUES  COLONY. 


!  r 


i ' 


III  all  Figuoroa's  coninmuieatious,  from  his  arrival 
to  his  death,  there  are  evidences  of  his  belief  that  hy 
imreniittlnL(  effort  and  the  exercise  of  diplomatic  tal- 
ent ho  had  overcome  the  difficulties  in  his  way,  aiui 
had  succeeded  in  rescuino'  California  from  anarcliy. 
This  view  of  the  matter  was  partly  real  and  honest, 
so  natural  is  it  to  magnify  the  importance  of  one's 
own  achievements,  and  partly  a  pretence  designed  tor 
effect  in  Mexico.  The  difficulties  in  this  case  were 
for  the  most  part  imaginary.  There  were  no  dis- 
orders; the  factions  vied  with  each  other  in  tlieir 
readiness  to  sabmit,  and  nowhej'e  was  there  the  fiiiit- 
est  ri[)ple  of  opposition.  Figueroa  is  entitled  sini[ily 
to  the  credit  of  having  been  a  sensible,  industrious, 
and  above  all  a  popular  man,  who  connnitted  no  acts 
of  folly  to  create  troubles  where  none  existed.  TJii-; 
at  the  first;  for  later  he  overcame  certain  obstacles  of 
a  somewhat  more  serious  nature.  Bandini  is  the  only 
CVUilbrnian  who  does  not  overestimate  the  impor- 
tance of  Fiofueroa's  services  in  saving  the  country  for 
iSIexico,  and  Don  Juan,  it  nmst  be  conl'essed,  hafi  a 
grievance  against  the  governor,  the  nature  of  wiiicli 
will  shortly  a[)pear.^ 

A  ^^lexican  deciee  granting  an  amnesty  to  all  cim- 
cerned  in  the  irregularities  of  1831-2,  on  the  solo 
condition  of  future  loyalty,  was  circulated  by  Figueioa, 
together  with  the  aimouncement  of  his  ari'ival.* 
Zamorano  and  his  adherents  aifecttMl  a  freed(jm  IVdiu 
all  need  of  anmesty,  since  their  cous[)irings  had  htcii 

'liandini,  Jlist.  Ci(/.,  MS.,  7S,  thinUa  any  other  man  would  h.ivo  siici't'"'''! 
ns  well,  an  there  was  no  ojiposition,  Jan.  '20t!i,  the  nyiint.  of  1-o.j  .\ii  .'.Ics 
fonnally  reco^'iiized  Figucroa.  J.un  .J/,;/<7r,s,  Ar'h.,  MS.,  iv.  8S.  I'di.  -1, 
Alcalde  J.  A.  Carrillo  con,'ratulateii  him.  J^rpf.  St.  I'rtp.,  Ai';/.,  M"^--  '• 
104.  Feb.  10th,  Canillo  v  ill  haiaiigiio  the  Indians  and  tran(|iiillii:o  (licm. 
Arrfi.  Ai-zoh.,  MS.,  v.  pt  i.  70.  J.  A.'  Menendez  at  S.  Gabriel  tulln  V.  tliMt  ;;t 
tho  missions  his  coming  is  regarded  a!(  tlio  'iris  dc  paz  quo  vicno  A  dii<i|'.ir  l.i 
cspcsannbo  do  las  dil'erencia:j(iiKi  ticnen  ngitndo  el  tcrritorio.'  /(/.,  v.  ]it  i.  71. 

•<S'.  Jotfi,  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  48:  S/aCrn:,  Arch.,  MS.,  87.  Jan.  I'Jth,  V.  iisks 
tho  padres  to  publish  the  nnmesty  and  aid  in  proniotiiig  trannuillity.  Di  r'-  ■'''• 
I'rip.,  MS.,  iii.  85.  Xotwithstandinl;  tho  anmesty  <-£  April  'i.'i,  1S:C.',  I  liml 
an  order  to  the  eomisiU'iu  general  dated  Aug.  ISiJH,  that  oliiccrain  Sunniii  iiipl 
Cal.  are  to  receive  no  pay  until  tliey  jirovc  tliey  have  had  nothing  to  do  «illl 
revolutionary  plans.  Vcpt.  St.  P<qi.,  lien.  Com.  and  Tiras.,  MS.,  ii.  50. 


MY. 


SUBMISSION  OF  ECHEANDlA  AND  ZAMORANO. 


243 


s  arrival 
f  that  by 
latic  tivl- 
way,  aiul 
auarcliy. 
1  honest, 

of  one's 
iiuncd  t\»r 
jase  were 
3   no   dis- 
■  in  tlii'lr 
the  faint- 
ed sinii>ly 
dustriou;, 
jd  no  acts 
;ed.     This 
bstaoles  of 
is  the  only 
ho   inipni- 
[oiintry  Inr 
sod,  had  a 

of  whirl  I 

.0  all  con- 
the  sole 
M.o;neroa, 
arrival. 
loni  ii''>ia 
had  heeii 


iilVC  SU(.'i'i"<'li''l 

8S.     I'll'.  Jl, 

(liiilli/.o  tlicm. 
Lcllst  V.  lli^it  "t 
,1,0  A'li.-'i'"'''' 
W.,  V.  pii.Tl. 

.  I'Jth,  1'.  "■*l>^ 
lity.  V>. /'>■'• 
,-.,  is:ii',  I  I"" 

iu  Solinia  iUl'l 

ing  to  lU)  v^i'l' 
.,  ii.  0(3. 


in  support  of  tlie  govcrniuent.  Figuoroa  liumorod 
this  somewhat  plausible  whim,  thanked  tlie  legitimists 
for  their  loyal  services,  made  Zamorano  his  secretary, 
and  sent  to  Mexico  a  report  altogo^her  favorable  to 
the  northern  faction,  according  osi>e  "J  praise  to  the 
conijtania  extrangera  of  Monterey,  and  also  mention- 
ing' lljarra  and  Carrillo  in  terms  of  approval.  If  his 
ceiidemnation  of  the  'usurpation'  of  Echeatidi'a's 
|i;iit\  '  as  more  severe^  and  his  praise  for  the  'loy- 
alty' of  Zamorano's  pnrty  more  flattering  than  was 
called  for  by  exact  regard  for  the  truth,  the  reason 
must  hi  sought  in  the  policy  of  the  administration 
which  this  report  was  intended  to  please.'^ 

Echeandia  was  not  less  cheerful  and  prompt  in 
Ills  sul)mi.ssioii  to  Figueroa,  with  whom  his  relations 
both  personal  and  political  had  been  most  friendly  in 
3L\ieo,  than  was  Zamorano;  but  he  ridiculetl  his 
rivals  pretensions  to  be,  more  than  himself,  beyond 
the  iRed  of  amnesty,  and  in  all  his  communications 
he  (lelended  his  ])ast  acts.  What  he  desired  was  not 
pardon,  but  justirication,  and  recognition  of  the  posi- 
tions he  had  assumed,"  and  he  was  annoyed  at  tho 
tone  Figucroa  felt  himself  obliged  to  adopt  on  tho 
subject.  On  the  day  of  his  arrival  Figucroa  sent 
Eeheandi'a  both  an  ofiieial  and  a  private  letter,  and  a 
friendly  corr<ispondence  followed."  Echeandia  ren- 
dered valuable  aid  to  the  governor  iu  his  |>reliminary 
investigations  on  the  subject  of  missions  from  Feluu- 
ary  to  Ajiril.  Orders  brought  by  Figucroa  re<|uired 
hiia  to  report  at  ]\Iexico,  and  he  accordingly  left  Cal- 

^F'lVifrnn,  Informe  al  MinUfrodi'  Currvn  aohirloM  A<'onti'rh»iynfox<h  IS-}  I?, 
y  l''i  Uijio  tiiro<  adloiii'lCapitan  Ai/iisliii  Xiiworuiiit,  /,v,,'.>',  MS.  l)iiti;cl  Marcli 
■-'•"I,  ami  iK-coinpanit'il  by  cojiics  (not  given)  of  'M  tlociniu'iits  furuislieil  by 
Ziiuiiiiaiio  in  Biii>i)oit  of  hi.s  j)oUcy. 

"liiutidvt  in  Oft.  18U3  orilcred  an  invcatigation  of  his  services,  ote..  in 
order  t)  (kcidc  whutlier  ho  sliouhl  ivcciVo  pay  as  ;,'()V("vn()r  or  as  lieut-i'oloni'l 
(il  ciiLiiiict'is.  Suj).  Uovt  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xxi.  !S.  I  ilo  not  know  what  ilocisiou 
«as  naclioil. 

'  <  .,111  sponilonco  from  Jan.  14th  to  Fi'l>.  14th,  with  references  to  other 
I'tt.Mi  i„,t  extant.  Iti'jit.  St.  Pnp.,  M.S.,  iii.  '1'^A\,  7(!-S,  S.V7,  tMUlOO;  Arch. 
^I '■■.'. 'i,  Ms.,  V.  ]it  i.  T.'l.  Other  comuinnicatioim  on  mis.sioiis  will  bo  uotiucJ 
iiiauuUicr  chapter,  thu  latest  from  K.  bciuK  tlated  March  l!)th. 


mW  • 


li 


r  ^^ 


:!' 


;|. : 


,';  ^ 


1  , 


£lt        FIGUEROA'S  RULE-HIJAR  AXD  PADRfiS  COLONY. 

ifornia  never  to  return,  sailing  from  San  Diego  ^I;iy 
14th,  on  the  Catalina.  There  is  no  record  that  lie 
suh.sequently  appeared  in  pubHc  life;  but  in  185G  ho 
was  [)ractising  his  profession  as  engineer  in  Mexico, 
and  is  reported  to  have  died  before  1871.  With  this 
officer's  record  during  his  resilience  of  eight  years  an  1 
more  in  California,  the  reader  of  the  [)receding  chap- 
ters is  ac(juainted,  and  it  is  not  necessary  to  indulgu 
largely  in  repetitions;  nevertheless,  I  append  a  l)io- 
graphical  resume.^     Echcandia  we   have  found  to  hi^ 

*  Of  .load  Marfa  Echeandia  before  he  catno  to  California  notliiiig  i.s  kiidwii 
beyond  tlio  fact  that  lie  hoM  the  rank  of  li(!ut-coloi(c'l  of  engineers.  -.nvX  \v:ia 
lirol)al)ly  eonneuted  with  a  college  of  engineers  in  Mexico.  He  fairly  repio- 
fcnteil  Mexican  repnblicans  of  the  better  class.  lli.s  appointment  Win  in 
■liui.  18'J5.  JIc  sailed  from  8.  lilaa  in  Juno,  remained  at  Loreto  nntil  Oct., 
arrived  at  S.  Diego  in  Oct.,  antl  in  Nov.  received  the  command  'vm\  Luis 
Argiiello.  See  chap,  i.,  this  vol.,  on  his  arrival;  chap.  ii.  on  his  political  .nts 
ill  lS'2(}-30,  including  his  visits  to  the  north,  his  cjuarrel  witli  Oonzale/,  .nid 
Ids  ciimplaints  and  offers  of  resignation;  chap.  iii.  on  his  (luarrels  witli 
llerrera;  chap.  iv.  on  his  mission  policy  and  controversies  with  the  piulrcs; 
mid  eliap.  vii.-viii.  on  his  acts  after  giving  up  the  coniiiiand  to  Victoi  la  mi 
Jan.  .'{1,  1S31.  Also  chap.  xi.  for  additional  particulars  of  his  seculari/.ition 
iijlicy.  Echeandia  was  probably  under  40  years  of  ago  in  18'J.").  In  jiri-.sim 
I.e  was  tall,  slight,  ana  well  formed,  with  fair  complexion,  hair  not  (|uite 
1  liick,  scanty  beard  -some  say  his  hair  and  eyes  were  light,  among  liniii 
Ignacio  del  Valle-  -and  a  pleasing  face  and  expression.  His  health  w.is  \i)y 
('elic.ite.  In  his  speech  lie  atl'ected  the  Castilian  pronunciation,  nutici  .iMy 
i.i  giving  the  '  11,'  '  c,'  and  '  z  '  their  proper  sounds.  The  following  ilfiiis  fmin 
\  r.rious  sources  show  something  of  his  character.  CJonzalez,  Kr/irrii  iiriii.-<, 
^IS.,  '27,  notes  his  affability  to  private  s(ddiers.  Valle,  Ld  I'usado  iIi  ('a'., 
MS.,  7-8,  says  he  was  so  ab»<ent-minded  as  sometimes  to  ask  his  .secrctaiy 
■\.  hat  his  own  name  was  before  signing  a  document.  J.  J.  Vallejo,  It'mini-i- 
ti.fifn,  10;?-1()8,  calls  him  a  capricious  despot,  who  would  carry  out  a  uiiiin 
without  regard  to  results.  David  iSpcnce,  J/iat.  Xofex,  MS.,  1."),  asserts  tli:it 
1  (;  had  no  enei'gy.  Torre,  I'l  mininn  nciti^,  MS.,  '22,  speaks  of  him  as  imii'ilui' 
but  over-indulgent  and  careless.  Vallejo,  I/iM.  ('>il.,  MS.,  ii.  40-7,  .')l.  Il''- 
1:1,  110-17,  and  Alvarado,  J/i.i'.  CriL,  MS.,  ii.  HI,  IKl,  140-7,  lI'O,  aiv  in- 
clined to  praise  Echeandi.i  in  extravagant  terms,  nuiinly  on  account  <t'  liis 
pKiii-'what  radical  republicanism.  I'io  I'ico,  l/lMt.  Col.,  MS.,  '21,  jirnni'iiiit  rs 
],iii>  atl'able  but  apathetic.  Shea,  ('n'h.  MisKioiiti,  lOff,  quotes  Alfred  IJhImiis.iii 
;  ;  enlling  him  'tlio  scourge  of  California,  and  instigator  of  vice,  wln)siuiil 
!  cods  of  dishonor  not  to  be  extirpated  while  a.  mission  remains  to  be  ralilnil' 
'i'litliill,  //inf.  Col.,  I'M),  says  'ho  was  contracted  in  his  views,  desiioti''  in  'la' 
< M-rciso  of  his  powers,  and  srltish  in  his  relations  with  foreigners.'  I.ioiit 
]!<iu.ualdo  I'acheco  alludes  to  him  as  his  worst  enemy,  but  incapable  of  iiijni- 
ing  iHiy  one.  Cale,  Avriting  to  Cooper,  I'dllijo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxis.  1()4,  >,iIU 
Liiii  a  man  of  undeciileil  character,  trying  to  please  everybody. 

JuneO,  1832,  orders  for  K.  to  report  at  Mexico.  Siif).  (iovt  Sf.  Pc)'-,  'S\^-, 
viii.  40.  Oct.  30,  1833,  orders  to  investigiito  his  nervices  in  order  to  i>  n-li  i' 
decision  about  his  pay.  /(/.,  xxi.  8.  In  Ajiril  18'28  he  wrote  to  OiKria  in 
Mexico  to  pay  his  mother  ^100  without  letting  his  wife  know  tiiiytliin;;  nf 
it.  March  13,  I8.?3,  the  comisario  goiieral  alludes  to  an  allowance  of  .'jnni  to 
Maria  Sulcedo,  P]cheandia's  wife.  I)p}tl.  St.  Pmt.,  lien.  Com.  ami  Tini-..  MS,, 
ii.  05.     Sailed  from  S.  Diego,  May  14,  1833.  Jjtpt.  St.  Pap.,  lien.  JUL,  -M"?- 


LAST  0?  ECnEAXDf  A. 


245 


a  man  of  considerable  talent  and  good  education, 
ail'aMe  and  kind-hearted,  but  weak,  irresolute,  and 
laokinuf  enerpfy.  He  was  disposed  to  be  upright  and 
laithlul,  but  lacked  strength  of  principle  for  emergen- 
cies. In  the  administration  of  justice  and  the  cn- 
fitrcement  of  military  discipline  he  was  notably  inef- 
I'ettive.  He  has  been  abused  extensively  by  partisan s 
ol"  the  friars,  but  no  man  could  have  escaped  such 
al)Uso  without  a  complete  surrender  to  the  mission 
iiKiiiopoly  and  a  reckless  disobedience  to  his  instruc- 
tiitiis.  He  favored  secularization,  and  his  views  w^ero 
sMuud,  but  he  was  not  hasty  or  radical  in  effecting 
i\\v  cliange,  but  rather  the  contrary.  True,  at  the 
viiv  end  of  his  rule  he  was  induced  by  Padres  to  do 
ail  illegal  and  unwise  act,  but  that  act  did  not  go  into 
etfcct,  and  the  padres  had  no  good  cause  of  offence. 
Xi>  man  in  Echeandia's  place,  and  faithfully  repre- 
senting the  spirit  of  Mexican  republicanism,  could 
have  treated  the  friars  better.  His  faults  lay  in  an- 
other direction,  as  already  indicated. 

iMgueroa's  early  relations  with  the  diputacion,  tho 
last  of  the  powers  he  had  to  conciliate,  are  not  clearly 
recorded,  but  were  doubtless  altogether  friendlv.'* 
1m  lore  Figueroa's  arrival  some  steps  were  taken  by 
tlu!  ayuntamientos  for  holding  primary  elections,  an;l 

h\i\-.  '23.  Taylor,  (hl<h  and  Einh,  no.  14,  s.iys,  with  his  usuitl  inaccuracy, 
t'.iiit  !•;.  ilicd  in  I8r>"2.  Mrs  Onl,  who  knew  him  well  in  California,  saw  hii.i 
fivi|U'iitly  in  Mexico  in  l8.V)-0.  He  siiid  tliat  the  alh)wancc  of  half  his  ])ay 
a-,  ilnv(.t<ii'  of  the  college  of  military  engineers,  which  he  left  for  his  wife,  luiil 
nut  Ik  I'M  jiaiil  while  he  was  in  ("al.,  and  that  he  never  succeedotl  in  gettiu  ,' 
it.  He  liad  some  oil-inilLs  and  other  property  on  which  he  with  diliii'iilty 
Mi|i|i'iiiiil  himself  until  in  ISIlo  proviilence  sent  an  earthquake  wliicli  co 
<liiiiiai;ccl  certain  convents  and  dweilinjjs  of  rich  men  as  to  render  his  profo- 
sii  of  cuL'ineer  very  lucrative.  In  1>S."».5  he  was  airestcil  for  some  opposition 
t  •  Santa  .\uiia,  Imt  soon  released.  In  187 1  Mrs  Ord  made  iuipiirics  for  him, 
ainl  lianii'cl  that  he  was  d<.'ad,  as  were  two  stoji-daughters  who  had  taken 
laiv  iif  liim  in  liis  ohl  aye.  Oril,  Oeiirirncidn,  MS.,  4"J  3. 

"  I'iio.  //(V.  Cnl.,  MS.,  4(5,  .says  that  F.  sent  a  special  communiciition  to 
c:iili  ,,i  the  meniliers,  anncmncin^'  tiie  amnesty.  Pico  replied  with  a  del'enco 
"t  liis  ;i(ts.  Valhjo,  Hist.  <'itl.,  Ms.,  ii.  '2M)~:i  relates  that  Oslo,  Aharado, 
•inl  hiiii-irlf  came  at  once  to  Monterey  to  ofVer  their  aid  in  maintaining  or. Icr. 
A  loiij,'  ((inference  took  place,  and  a  dinner  fo"  .vcd,  imd  cordial  rclati(jn3 
IKV,  r  i.,.:,se  1  lietwcm  the  parties.  Oslo,  III.-:/,  r,,,.,  MS.,  '22'A,  tells  us  that  F. 
tolled  oidvHs  for  an  tductiou  uud  hastened  the  meeting  of  the  diputttcion. 


;  •■' 


-:|  1, 


1  ! 


248        FIGUEROA'S  RULE-HIJAR  aND  PADRliS  COLONY. 

oil  March  24th  the  electors  met  at  Monterey  and 
chose  four  new  members  for  the  assembly,  also  eloct- 
iiiu:  Juan  Bandiiii  as  deputy  to  conufress,  with  Josu 
jVntonio  Carrillo  as  substitute.^"  There  is  no  evi- 
dence that  the  body  as  now  constituted  ever  held  any 
session,  or  that  any  session  was  held  in  1833  at  all. 
It  would  seem  that  the  election  of  ]\Iarch  must 
have  been  declared  illegal,  for  October  1 5th  Figiioroa 
ordered  a  new  election  to  be  lield  accordinuf  to  tlitj 
]\Iexican  plan  of  Zavaleta.  This  election  was  held 
the  1st  and  2d  of  December,  at  Monterey,  on  the 
iirst  of  which  days  Bandini  was  again  elected  to  con- 
gress, and  on  the  second  the  diputacion  was  renewcl 
by  the  election  of  all  seven  members.^^  They  did 
not  meet  until  i\Iay  of  the  following  year. 

We  have  seen  that  a  few  years  earlier  orders  liad 
come  from  JMexico  to  establish  a  strong  garrison  in 
iho  region  north  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  with  a  view- 
to  protect  that  frontier  from  encroachments  of  for- 
eigners; but  nothing  had  really  been  effected  beyond 
a  slight  correspondence  and  investigation  by  Echcan- 
di'a.'-  Figueroa's  instructions  required  him  to  pay 
l>articular  attention  to    the  same  subject,   it    iK'in,;' 

'"Jan.  .*],  1S33,  aynut.  of  Lo3  Angeles  rciolvcs  to  invito  otliur-s  to  IidM 
J.  .imiuy  oloctimn  so  tluit  the  new  gcfe  ni;iy  liml  everythin;,'  ready.  Lu.^Au'j- 
/  •■,  AiY.'t.,  MS.,  iv.  77 -fi.  March  'Jlyt,  'JUh,  lacetin  ;3ot'  Van  i)artiilo  elcelDiM 
:'t  M'interey.  The  vocale.s  olectcil  were:  4th,  J.  A.  Canillo,  ."ith,  .M.iiiiicl 
Cresjjo,  Gth,  Jon6  A?,'uila,  7th,  Tihurei?)  Tapia;  Sai(!cnte<,  .Fose  Tore'/,  I".  .1. 
Alvarailo,  and  J.  J.  V'allcjo.  Arttu  ili'  Ufecuoiirx,  MS.,  12-1();  7>/(^  ^/.  I'lty., 
All'/.,  Ms.,  xi.  4-5.  Maiv'h  "J.!!!,  J.  J.  do  la  tiuerra  writer  to  hi.s  I'ullicr 
that  'tlio  enli;^htunc(l ' — that  is,  the  eleetnr.-i — are  livin-,'  so  seaiid.dou-<!y  - 
cNCcept  his  uncle  Anastasio  Carrillo— that  'even  the  l!]ii,L;li.sh' are  slrichod. 
J-'i)i\  llldl.  Cal.,  JIS.,  iv.  '.Kil.  Tiiis  eloclijii  lel't  Vallijo,  Oiieija,  and  Osiias 
l:oM-ovcr  vocales  in  the  1st,  21,  and  'X\  plnces;  bnt  there  v.ms  a  de(.M-^i  ui 
from  Mexico — Victoria's  work?— dated  May  17,  IS.'J'J,  that  V.iUejo  as  a  iiiili- 
\.\v\  oliiccr  was  not  entitled  to  hi)  seat.  .S'';*.  (l<irt  St.  l'<tj>.,  MS.,  v.  0. 

'^Klrtai  (Ic  L'ppcioiir.'i,  MS.,  l(}-li);  Lfn.  I!r:,  MS.,  ii.  •2-'i)-7.  Tlie  7 
V  icale.'i  chosen  were:  1.  Cailos  Carriilo,  "J.  i'io  I'ieo,  X  Francisco  dc  Hurn,  1. 
Joijjiiin  Ortejja,  ">.  J.  A.  Carrillo,  <i.  J.  A.  l^stiuliilo,  7.  Josi'  Ca.sti'o.  O  ',. 
l-'itli,  F.'s  ordt'r  for  an  election.  Jhjif.  St.  Pap.,  An;/.,  JIS.,  i.  liSt-d;  x.  7- 
S.  ])oo.  ()tli,  F.  orders  surplus  nuinici[:al  funis  to  ho  fieat  in  fur  Ih''  dip. 
I'ctllfjo,  Dor.  Jilt.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  ll);{.  Dandini  had  left  S.  Uic,'o  for  yWxlc) 
o:i  the  CatatiiKi  with  Kcheaudia.  Dejtt.  St,  Pap.,  Ben.  J/7.,  .^iS.,  l.\.\i -.  -!•', 
L'j. 

'^Clmp.  iv.  of  this  volume. 


NOnTHERX  FRONTIER. 


247 


(Iccinod  of  the  utmost  importance  that  the  northern 
iVoiitior  up  to  latitude  42'  be  occaipied  by  Mexicans, 
either  as  settlers,  soldiers,  or  missionaries,  as  soon 
iis  j)ossible.  Accordingly  in  April  the  governor 
iiiiiKUinced  his  purpose  to  found  a  presidio.  He 
(tnlcred  Alferez  Vallejo  to  make  an  exploration,  select 
!i  site,  and  offer  lands  to  settlers,  appealed  to  the  mis- 
sions for  aid,  called  in  the  convict  laborers  from  pri- 
vate ranchos  to  work  on  the  proposed  fortifications, 
and  reported  his  purposes  to  the  government.  The 
pivlec-t  of  the  northern  missions,  however,  while  fully 
a|»[»i()ving  the  project,  declared  that  no  aid  could  bo 
(lr[)t'nded  on,  and  so  far  as  I  can  learn,  nothing  was 
acc'DUiplished  before  the  end  of  the  year.*^ 

Ill  March  the  governor  had  deemed  the  country 
])a(iiied,  and  good  order  restored,  and  bo  reported; 
hut  his  health  was  so  impaired  by  rheumatic  and 
a[K>|)lectic  attacks  that  ho  asked  to  be  relieved  of  his 
I'oniiiiand."  His  health  imj)roved,  however,  an<l  fi-om 
July  to  September  he  made  a  tour  of  the  south,  occu- 
|)if(l  largely  in  studying  the  condition  of  the  missions; 
l>ut  while  at  San  Diego  on  July  24th  he  addressed  to 
the  minister  of  relations  a  conlidcntial  letter  of  warn- 
ing agtiinst  a  "clique  of  conceited  and  ignorant  men" 
who  were  plotting  to  so{)arate  Califcjrnia  from  Mex- 
ico, and  as  a  means  to  that  end  would  do  all  in  their 
power  throiigli  tlieir  re[)rcso!itatlvo,  Bandini,  to  se- 
cure a  sej)arati()n  of  the  military  and  civil  commands, 
aihl  i-ive  the  olHce  of  o'cfe  i)olitico  to  a  Oalilbi-nian. 
lie  declared  himself  strongly  ()[)[)osed  to  any  sueh 
cliange,  which  woukl  be  "the  germ  of  eternal  discoi-d/' 
as  liiei'e  was  not  a  sino'le  (Jaiii'ornian  even  toleraMv 
(lualiiied  for  the  office.  His  warning  has  every  a[)- 
pearance  of  being  prompted  by  personal  ambition, 
though  he  disavowed  any  desire  to  retain  the  ollice 


'"Aiir.  lOtli,  12tli,  F.'alutters  to  Garcia  Dief;o,  and  Apr.  l.'th,  reply  of 
the  l.u.cr.  S'.  Pti/K,  Min<.  and  Co!o.i.,  .MS.,  ii.  'JJD-Ijas,  Apr.  2,itli.  1".  Ga- 
tiiTiv.;t()  F.  from  Soliuio.  Dcpt.  Si.  J'aii.,  -MS.,  iii.  11(1. 

'■  .M.ircli  liJth,  F.  to  luiu.  i.f  war.  lJci>(.  Si.  Pup.,  M.-S.,  iii.  103. 


ti 

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218        FIGUEROA'S  RULE— Hf JAR  AND  PADRLS  COLONY. 

himself.  Ho  know  tliat  tho  chariifo  of  a  plan  to  secodo 
from  Aloxii'o  was  false,  and  his  lanufuaLTO  was  sevoto 
and  uncomplimentary,  in  marked  contrast  with  that 
ho  was  wont  to  use  in  California;  but  there  was  iu 
Figuoroa's  character  an  observable  element  of  policy 
closely  verging  on  hypocrisy."' 

Having  returned  to  Hie  capital,  the  governor  liad 
his  attention  eiii^agod  to  some  extent  in  October  bv  a 
minor  revolt  at  San  Francisco,  whore  a  few  soldiers, 
including  the  escolta  at  Santa  Clara,  attempted  l)y 
irregular  and  unmilitary  methods — though  no  foico 
seems  to  have  boon  used — to  got  rid  of  their  conian- 
danto,  Vallejo,  whom  they  accused  of  ill  treatment, 
cliieHy  in  the  matter  of  furnishing  food  and  clothiiiu'. 
Vallejo  was  angry,  and  demanded  the  infliction  of  se- 
vere penalties;  but  a  court-martial  merely  ordered  a 
transfer  of  eight  men  to  other  presidios.'" 

In  addition  to  what  has  been  presented  in  this  chap- 
ter, beyond  the  routine  of  official  correspondoiU(!, 
much  of  which  relaLlng  to  missions,  comnierce,  iinantv, 
and  other  general  subjects  will  receive  some  attention 
elsewhere,  there  is  nothing  more  to  be  said  of  events 
in  California  during  1833;  but  I  deem  it  best  to  go 
on  with  the  annals  of  the  following  year,  before  calHiin' 
tho  attention  of  readers  to  certain  important  dovel(>[>- 
ments  in  Mexico. 

Tho  diputacion,  whose  acts  form  a  prominent  cle- 
ment in  the  annals  of  1834,  assembled  at  the  gov- 
ernor's house"  in  Monterey  May  1st,  with  Figueioa 
in  the  chair  as  president,  and  all  the  seven  vocalos  in 

•*  July  24,  18.13,  F.  to  inin.  of  rel.  in  n''pt.  Sf.  Pup.,  Ben.  MIL,  MS, 
Ixxxviii.  1 1-1'2.  Wcsli.iU  sec  later  tliat  Haiidiniat  tliis  very  time  was  worl;- 
iii;^  ill  foiigresn  for  n,  8t'p.aration  of  tliocommaiuls.  On  Sept.  'JlstF.  was  at  Los 
An;,'eles.   CurriHo  {/).),  />oc.,  MS.,  79. 

'>'i.S7.  /'a/K,  Snr.,  MS.,  xi.  4!)-.14 ;   Vollrjo,  Doc,  MS.,  ii.  110,  178,  W>. 

"Jan.  '2,  1S.34,  Figuoroa  to  See.  Alvarado  about  funiishing  a  room  for  the 
meetings.  Carpets,  curtains,  wall-i)apcr,  se.ita,  etc.,  all  dccmetl  indispens:ili!e 
for  the  dignity  of  the  body,  Imt  the  most  necessary  articles  are  to  be  obtaiiiLil 
first.  Anappropriation  will  bo  asked  for  to  cover  the  expense.  Drjtt.  St.  /''tji., 
Jkii.  .1/(7.,  Ixxxviii.  19.  Alvarado  gives  a  list  of  needed  furniture  to  the  v.iliio 
of  §299;  only  .$10  iu  tho  box.   /(/.,  10. 


THE  DIPUTACIOX  IN  1S34. 


249 


attt'iidancG  except  Pio  Pico.  I  append  a  resiiine  of 
pioceediiii^H  at  tlio  successive  sessions,  as  compact  as 
it  can  be  intelligibly  made.^'*     The  president  opened 

'''Sessions  of  tlie  diputacion  territorial  of  Cal.  in  1834.     Ilecoriled  in  f^rij- 

{shii'Dv  lli'i'ordx,  MS.,  ii.     May  1st,  the  oatli  waa  administered  by  tlio  iM-esi- 

ilciit;  the  members  took  their  scats;  and  Figueroa  delivereil  an  address. 

t'Diiiiiiittees  appointed:  ways  and  means,  J.  A.  Carrillo,  Haro,  and  Estudillo; 

gDVcniinent  and  police,  C.  A.  Carrillo,  I'ico,  and  Ortega;  juiblio  works,  Haro, 

,1.  A.  Carrillo,  and  Castro;  public  instruction,  C  A.  (Jtirrillo,  J.  A.  Carrillo, 

niid  I'studillo;  industry  and  agriculture,  Ortega,  I'ico,  and  Ciistro;  statistics, 

J.  A.  Carrillo,  Haro,  and  Pico;  colonization,  Ortega,  Castro,  and  Katu<lillo; 

VHciiiit  lands,  C  A.  Carrillo,  I'ico,  and  Ortega;  municipal  regulations,  J.  A. 

Ciiriilld,  C.  A.  (!!arrillo,  ami  Haro;  roads  ami  higliways,  Ortega,  (^'iistro,  and 

Kstnilillo.     Adjourned  to  10  a.  ai.  of  next  day.     Alvarado,  sec.     Secret  ses- 

siiiii.     Information  from  Mcx.  that  the  European  cabiuets  had  agreed  tomako 

till'  Infante  I).  Francisco  dc  Paula  emperor  of  Mexico,  with  recommcndationa 

of  Will  anil  vigilance.     P.assed  to  committee  on  govt.     (p.  ,31-50.)    May  "Jd, 

0  ili'siiatcliL's  from  the  gov.,  of  this  and  the  past  year,  some  enclosing  or- 

di'is  fnim  Mex.  on  secularization,  duty  on  otter-skins,  municipal  regulations 

of  Miinterey,  and  furnishing  of  a  hall  for  meetings,  ref(;rrcd  to  com.     Onmo- 

tiiiii  (if  Figiterou,  the  formation  of  regulations  for  proceedings  of  the  dip.  was 

iiiiulc  :i  subject  of  preference,  and  meanwhile  Tuesday,  Thursday,  and  Satur- 

ilay  wi'ic  to  bo  the  days  of  meeting.     J.  A.  Carrillo  moved  to  fully  organize 

tin:  iiyimtamicnto  of  Sta  liiirbara,  and  was  told  by  the  president  to  put  his 

]irii|i(i.sition  in  due  form  and  let  it  take   its   course,    (p.    r>l-4.)     May  3d, 

•.i")  t'xpcilientes  on  laud  grants  submitted  for  approval  and  referred  to  com. 

A  k'ttci'  of  ( '.  A.  Carrillo,  dated  in  Mcx.  1831 ,  was  read  asking  the  dip.  to  pe- 

titJDii  the  govt  for  sclwwls,  and  organic  law,  and  the  separation  of  the  com- 

'wiuiils.     (.'arrillo  spoke  on  what  he  had  accomplished  in  Mex.,  and  the  1st  and 

'J'l  jii lints  were  referred.     Communication  from  the  ayunt.  on  expense  of  a 

Mail.     Kcsignatif  n  of  secretary  oflFered  on  account  of  illness.     Proposed  that 

SL'sii  inn  begin  at  10  .\.   M.  and  last  3  hours.     Prop,  that  the  conianilante  of 

Sta  !>.  be  (leprived  of  judicial  powers,  and  that  2  regidores  be  added  to  the 

.'iviiiit.,  the  place  having  940  inhabitants — to  be  read  three  times.     May  (Jth, 

]iititiun  of  S.  Diego  for  an  ayuntamiento.     Public  buihlings  for  ^lonterey. 

I'lMp.  til  have  the  mission  lands  surveyed,  and  to  require  inventories  of  mis- 

siim  prniierty.     May  10th,  minor  municipal  matters  of  Monterey  and  IJranci- 

fiirtc.     I'nip.  to  fix  bounds  of  S.  F,  mission.     Hours  of  meeting  not  settled. 

Till'  MuiitiTey  road  must  be  'paralyzed'  for  the  present  for  want  of  funds; 

rn.<(i.-<  i(iiisi.i/oniihn  and  jails  should  have  the  preference — so  reports  the  com. 

llipnrt  in  favor  of  accepting  Alvarado's  resignation.     Also  in  favor  of  asking 

Mtx.  fur  $i',.">Ol»  per  year  for  schools,  and  for  an  organic  law.     Many  land 

jrinuts  approved  by  the  com.     2d  reading  of  various  propositions,   (p.  r>.")-(i:S.) 

Nlay  null,  foreiij'n  lundwrmen.     Artillery  militia.     l>ays  lixcd  for  discus.sion 

(if  Lcitaiii  matters.     Haro's  proposition  to  survey  mission  lands  discussed  and 

lUtVatiMl.     May  15tli,  Mex.  secularization  law  of  Aug.   17,  1833,  referred  to 

Coin,  cm  missions  (?).     Regulation  of  weights  and  measures,  alsoof  brands,  con- 

siiliifil.     Funds  of  Branciforte.     Many  minor  measures  postponed  as  beloug- 

in:,'  til  L'l.MU'ral  subjects  to  be  treated  as  a  whole.     Further  discussion  on  tho 

.Mmitiivy  mlzniln.     Ortega  complained  of  the   imperfections  of  municipal 

fl'ivt  anil  proposed  the  early  formation  of  ordeiiavzas  for  the  nyunt.     Carrillo 

ami  (  astni  appointed  to  visit  prisons,   (p.  flS-7'.>. )   May  17th,  uumy  land  grants 

siilmiitti'il,  and  approved.     Sec.  Alvarado  agrees  to  serve  a  month  longer. 

.Mar'Jiitli,  petition  for  fixing  mission  boundaries  sent  back  to  await  the  arrival 

(if  Hijar,  who  was  coming  with  n  special  commission  to  regulate  .secularization. 

(p.  8(1(1.)    M;iy  i>2d,  duties  of  foreigners  as  citizens.     Land  grants.     Moro 

(li.-iciis-iou  on  mission  bounds.    Report  on  tho  Monterey  cahnfln.     Mission  in- 

vcuturie:«.    Proposition  to  assign  lands  and  to  stop  the  slaughter  of  niissiou 


250        FIGUEROA'S  RULE-lllJAR  AND  PADHl':S  COLONY. 


l 


Ms; 


the  sessions  with  ar  address,  in  which  h'^-  reviewed  the 
eoncUtion  of  the  country,  and  the  character  of  tliu 
lejjfislation  needed.  I.i  hi<^h-Ho\vn  language  the  spoak^  r 
predicted  great  prosperity,  now  tliat  Spanish  tyraiiii\ 
was  a  thing  of  the  i)ast,  and  the  diputacion  was  at 

c.'ittlc.    (p.  8fl-9.'{. )     Figiicroa  absent  on  account  of  illncsa.     May  24th,  ic- 
purt  of  com.  on  iiii».siou»)  on  law  of  secularization.     Tlio  national  aovt  to  i.o 
a.s!;('(l  for  instructions.     May  'Jl'tii,  secret  scs.sion  called  to  considiT  tlic  ic- 
iiort.i  of  n  consjjiracy  formed  by  1'.  Diiran  and  (Japt.  (Juerr.i.     .lose  .Mmu 
Al.ildonado,  sec.    (p.  'J-IO.)     -May  '-J7tli,  ayunt.  of  Sta  ]J.     Dip.  decliucs  !■» 
call  ill  suplcntc  Kstrada  to  take  Pico's  place,    (p.  {t.'5-(i. )     May  IllJth,  uiii:ii- 
portaiit.     Tigueroa  very  husy  in  prcparini{  correspondence  for  Mex.  Iiy  t!;- 
JJaroha.     .June   .'Ul,    further  discus-ion  on  secularizat'  ii  as   per  prop,   (ji" 
May  "Jt.    (p.  !»7 -lO.'t.)    June  12tl'  convicts.    I'ico's absence excuse<I,  as  h''v.-,::j 
ill.     Minor  conniiauicatiouH  answered.     Petitions  of  individuals  askiut;  ])ri'.  i- 
lc;»es  or  redress  of  j,'i'iovances.  Land  grants.  Mission  landsagain,  and  Hl.uiu'hli-r 
ofcatlle.  (p.  lOl-l'i.)  .June  Kith,  municipal  funds.   I.andgraiits.    llo.siguali'in 
of  Alvarado  again  jwstponed.    June  17tli,  foreign  citizens.    Wihl  stock.    Fii.t 
reading  of  rep(jrt  on  municipal  and  legislative  regulations.     Juno  l!)lh,  Luid 
grants.     First  reailing  of  several  reports  on  topics  already  nientionecl.    (p. 
ll.'i-'Jl.)    June 'Jlst,  iiniiieiforto  all'airs.     Land  grants.     Discussion  on  livo- 
stock  regulations.    Discussion  on  reglamcnto  postponed  until  tho  (d>sent  uieiii- 
bers  shr)uld  arrive.    {[>.  1-JI~!). )     .June  *J(ith,  much  unfinished  business.     Seu. 
Alvarado  again,  it  not  being  (juite  clear  wliat  bo  wanted,  but  ho  was  'exoa- 
crati'd' from  his  ])laee.     Jlis  accounts  and  his  position  as  contador  were  i^i 
souu;  way  involved.     Long  dLseussion  on  some  articles  of  a  regl.•lmcnt^)  fir 
legi.dativo  proceedings,    (p.   12'.)-'M.)     Juno  'JSth,  land    grants.     Discu.ssi.ia 
of  varioiis  matters  relating  to  nuniicipal  govt.    (p.  1H8-4I.)    July  1st,  M.d- 
dcjuailo  elected  sec.  in  Alvarado'n  place,  and  sworn  in.     Land  grants.    Miuiir'. 
govt    continued.      July   .'id,    land    grants.      Manic,    govt.      Com.    oti   \\:ivs 
and  means  instriu't'd  to  hurry,  as  tho  dip.  lacks  funds,    (p.   It'2-(l.)    .liily 
5th,  Sth,  hind  grants.     A  moderate  slaughter  of  mission  cattle  allowed,    (p, 
1  l(i  S. )     Secret  session  of  .lu!y  Stli  to  consider  charges  of  iii(tlo<'):i(iii:iii  lif  uiis- 
sion  i)ro]icrty  against  I',  .\nzar.    (p.  10-11.)    July  lOth,  slaughter  of  niissina 
cattlo  at  S.  Luis  Jiey.     Laml  grants.     Minor  reports  read  and  days  sit  i»v 
discussion.     Long  diseussionof  ri'ports ')n  nniiiic.  riivenues.  (p.  I-H)-(i.'i.)   .laly 
l'Jih-l.")th,    IOlIi,    'J_'d,    some    l.uid    grants   and    unimportant  matters.    Iji. 
li»l-."i.)     On  July  litlh  tiiere  was  a  secret  (?)  session,  atwhich  a  prop,  relating 
to  adiuinisiralors  of  i!iis.ii.)ns  was  considered;   and  on  .Tuly  '22d,  wIku  tlie 
same  subject  was  continued,  (p.  ll-Li.)    July  "JUh,  munio.  regul.  iind  nv  • 
nues.    (p.   |ii,"»-7.)    July  i2iiL!i,  discussion  on  hinds  (not  given).     .Tnly  -■Kit, 
articles  S-.~i;!,  titles  .'i-(i,  of  a  i'e;,'!ameut(>  for  llic  clip,  discussed  ami  apjiiMVed. 
(p.  LiS-Sl>.)    July  ."Otli,  land  grants.      Liipior  t:i\.     Completion  of  tho  re. 'la- 
mento.     Tit.  S -It,  art.  .'3I-7L    {[>■  ISLM.)     July  IHst,  unimportant.     Jlxtr.'v 
pcsnioua  on  rdniinisti'ators  of  mii^sions,  July '21)th;  on  provisional  rc!:iil:i;iiiu 
for  se(.'id:i;ization,  July  liOlh,  .'JIat.     -'.i  articles  approved,    (p.  1.'}-'J3.)   Aml;. 
1st,  Hi],  land  grants  and  prop,  to  form  an  avunt.  lor  S.  Diego  and  one  lor 
Sta  1!..  increa-iug  that  of  Los  Angeles,    (p.  is:),  -JS.)     Oct.  iVth-IStli,  cNtr.^ 
session  to  consider  llijar's  claims  as  gefe  politico  and  director  of  coloni.'.iti'ia. 
{p.  190-(i.)     I'ico  sworn  in.     Oct.  '22^,  .secret  session  on  the  sanio  Mi'iiect. 
Leport  of  com.      i:(  articles  approved,    (p.    'JD-IU.)     Oct.   'J3d,   'J^tli,  -.Ntli, 
3Dth,  .'Jlst,  minor  local  matters.    Few  details,    (n.    l9!>-!t. )     Ts'ov.  .'id,  i!i>cas- 
sion  and  approval  on  lirst  reading  on  account  of  approacliing  end  of  tin'  •'ses- 
sions, of  Ecvei'al  prop,  relating  to  tho  colony  an«l  to  pecularization.     \'Mra 
session  in  evening,  action  on  iircservation  of  lindier.    ^Members  .-luthorizi  ■!  to 
retire  to  their  homes,    (p.  l'Ji>-'21"2.)     The  sessions  of  May  Ist-^Olh  aic  iiUo 
recorded  in  D<j)f.  .^^  J'iij>.,  Ben.,  MS.,  ii.  -1.3-1)0. 


ACTS  OP  THE  DIPUTACION. 


251 


lilu  rty  to  rosuino  its  dcliborations.  Thoro  was  much 
tn  !»*.'  (loiio.  All  was  yet  in  uiulu'vo;  l»iit  the  spoakcr 
]i;!il  laith  that  l)y  i)atio!it  oflbrt  California,  if  shocouKl 
]\n\  aspire  to  absolute  perlection,  mii^ht  one  day  figure 
at  llie  Hide  of  Jalisco  and  Zacatecasj  One  yivat  ob- 
st:iilo  had  been  the  tendency  of  liis  predecessors  to 
assinne  too  many  j^owers  and  duties  for  the  political 
rule,  as  if  rc[)resenting  an  absolute  government.  :\. 
proper  division  of  power  according  to  the  constitution 
should  he  effected,  and  the  peo[)le  must  h^aiu  not  to 
trouhje  thegefe  politico  with  every  petty  affair,  ^[unici- 
j»al  i^'ovi'vnment  was  in  a  sad  state  of  disoi-ganization; 
1:k;i1  officers  incoin[)etent,  and  the  peoi)le  lacking  in 
n's|ioct  for  the  authorities.  Schools  were  neglected; 
and  there  were  no  jails  nor  other  public  buildings 
Worthy  of  the  national  honor.  jNtunicipal  revenius 
v.i'ic  lar  from  sufHcient  for  necessary  exj)onses;  he 
iiii'l  been  obli'jfed  to  borrow  moncv  to  fit  ui)  a  room 
\'<>y  this  lueetinjjf.  A'jjricultural  and  stock-raisin'j^  rem- 
latioiis  and  restrictions  had  boon  op[)ressive.  He  re- 
^I^'^vt■^l  the  evils  of  the  monastic  despotism,  and  the 
i:h;isurcs  taken  and  required  to  raise  the  neophytes 
troiii  (l(^gra;lation,  noted  the  necessity  of  certain  public 
\V(  rl;s  at  ^Monterey,  and  the  im[)ortanco  of  a  fort  on 
\'h"  northern  frontier.  His  discourse  was  warndy  ap- 
I'!  \t''l  by  the  vocales,  and  he  took  a  very  prominent 
]iiiit  ill  subsL'(pient  proceedings.^' 

Tlic  ]al)ors  of  the  diputacion  were  very  largely  de- 
\''\r  I  to  llie  consideration  of  matters  connected  witli 
ti!f  >"cn]arization  of  the  mission.-,  and  in  this  respect 
v.ili  he  more  fully  noticed  in  anotlu-r  oliapter.^'  An- 
other prominent  matter  was  that  of  finance  and  rev- 
cin;c',  (  f  wliich  I  shall  also  have  something  to  s  i y 
'^('I'lrately.^^     (grants  of  public  lan<ls  nsade  by  the 

"III  iilon  tlic  copies  of  the  speech  in  Lrij.  Her.,  MS.,  ii.  31-40;  Dept.  S/. 
'''';••  AV./.,  MS.,  ii.  ^'t-oO,  I  have  also.  Fi;;iir'rofi,  J>':  i>rm  (h'  A/m-lnra  ifr 
'l  J>il>iii((r}on  'j'eirilorial  en  r  de  Mayo,  isJ4,  MS.,  the  author's  orii,'iunl 
li'ii.-r  <  upy. 

■    -"■  chi;p.  xi.  of  this  vohimc. 

"'  TIiij  iciiorts  of  the  com.  of  vay.s  and  me.^ns  on  July  10th,  12tli.  21th, 
-OUi,  ;,jJi,  on  revouue  and  taxation,  are  given  in  St.  Piq>.,  Mian,  and  Colon., 


2->        Fr(;L'Kr.(3A.S  RrLK-IllJAR  AND  I'ADRI^S  OLOXV. 


PI 


hTi.^:iti 


:l  ! 


iK'W  jL^ovornor  in  ticconlunoo  with  tlu;  lawn  wcnv  j)ii'- 
Houteil  tor  iijvc'stii^atiou  and  ajuiroval  at  nearly  o\(  iv 
Hcxsion.  To  those  tyrants  attention  will  he  ^iveii  'm 
th(!  proper  place.  The  Hijar  and  Padres  colony,  to 
he  trcMfcd  inlly  later  in  this  chal>^>r  and  in  the  \u\t, 
fiUnished  the  assemhly  matter  tor  disciiss'on  in  the 
later  sessions  of  the  year.  Action  on  nmnicinal  i;.>v- 
ernnient,  and  many  minor  items  of  lo,L(islation,  will 
naturally  come  up  more  or  kss  fully  in  connectiiii 
with  local  annals;  here  it  n(>ed  only  be  stated,  tliit 
not  only  wiue  the  older  puehlo  governments  perfe-tiil, 
but  ayuntamientos,  ()r  town  councils,  were  orj^^anizc  1 
at  San  Die-jro  and  San  Francisco,  where  thev  hid 
never  existed  before.'-'^  With  the  abstract  of  prorei'd- 
injjfs  ah'eady  i^iven,  the  reterenc^es  of  this  para_L?r;i|ili, 
and  the  mention  of  a  grand  ball  given  on  Xovcnilxi' 
1st,  at  the  capital,  in  honor  of  this  body,"''  I  dis- 
miss the  le-i^islative  doings  of  18:U;  but  append  at 
some  length  the  reglameato  of  the  di|)utacion  iii 
resume,  not  only  as  a  document  of  some  interost  .'iii  I 
im[)ortance,  but  as  the  tir.^fc  book  ever  printed  in  Cal- 
ifornia.^* 


MS.,  ii.  238-53,  much  more  fully  than  in  tlio  /,r;/.  Rir.  proper;  niid  tlia 
ri'suits  were  priiiteil  in  tliu  ei'.ict  of  Au/,'.  0th.  I'lmi.  df  Proinon  //  Ai-h:  i-n,.i 
jtiiru  Jouilos  Muiiici]ta!i:\  ISJ^,  iu  L.irliest  I'riiitimj  in  Cul.  1  shall  bptiii;  nf 
tinanciul  topics  for  1831-5  in  cliup.  xiii. 

'"  L(v.  AVc,  MS.,  ii.  l88-i),  214  5.  Figucroa's  eilic-t  of  Aug.  0th.  Dq.t.  St. 
Pap.,  Mont.,  MS.,  vi.  .13.  F.'s  orders  on  bouuil:irics.  St.  Pap.,  Mi'",  tufl 
Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  '217-20;  Val/ijo,  Dor.,  MS.,  ii.  310;  xxxi.  133,  137,  I  H».  >'• 
JHiijo,  Arch.,  MS.,  30,  30,  50,  03.  Tlicro  in  si»ine  diMputc  respecting  S.  F., 
but  of  that  more  elsewhere. 

■a  Printed  invitation  to  this  ball  in  Eurlifnt  Printiwiin  Cai. 

'^^  Hcfjlamrnlo  Prorkhtnal  pirn  el  O'nhlrrno  interior  de  laEema  Dlpn'/f'^'m 
Ti rritorial  de  bi  Attn  California,  nprvbuda  par  la  miditia  Corpora irimi  <;» 
xeaioii  de  'II  de  Jnlio  del  prenentc  a  no.  Monterrey,  lAl.}.  Imprentadr  .1.  I', 
Zaniorano  y  C"--  lOmo.  10  p.  I  have  never  seen  any  other  copy  of  tlij;  ri"o 
little  work  tlian  tiiat  in  my  possession.  It  was  presented  to  mo  by  t'.iilna 
Olvcra,  son  of  Agustin  Olvera. 

Tit.  i. — /ntlfdiation.—  Art.  1.  Regular  .lessions  will  open  May  1st.  w\v 
members  taking  the  oatli  before  the  president.  '2.  Sessions  to  close  mi  Auu'. 
31st;  but  the  dip.  will  meet  in  extra  .sessions  whenever  convoked  by  tlio  ^'it'o 
politico.  3.  Formofoath.  4.  Then  the  pros,  shall  say  aloud:  'The  dip.,  c  to., 
IS  ilcclared  logitim:itely  constituted. '  5.  One  more  than  half  the  members  must 
bo  present  for  an  ordinary  session. 

Tit.  i'l. —Pre'iidenry. — Art.  0.  Duties  of  tho  p'-es. :  (1)  to  open  and  il'«e 
the  »es3ions;  (2)  to  see  that  all  observe  'orden,  ei,>mpostura,  y  sileiKJ";'  (•'!) 
to  present  all  communications;  (4)  to  determine  what  subjects  shuU  bo  discussed, 


TOPICS  OF  1834. 


2.-)3 


There  yet  romain  to  hu  notieed  in  tlio  fttinals  <»f  1 804 
ii  [\'W  (letaelieil  tojut'H  hel'oru  I  take  up  the  most 
|.,  >miiieiit  *)l'  all,  tho  colony.     Tho    iiegotiutioii.s    of 


fliviii,'  prcft'iTiice  to  tlioso  of  eoiiinion  utility  except  liy  ixK'^'''"*-'iit  on  luittion  nf 
hdiiii'  \(M'al;  (■'>)  to  f^iv.'  tiic  lliior  altui':2atcly  tu  tlio  iiit'iiilici'M  tor  ami  a;.'ainMt; 
(III  to  I'.'ill  iiit'iiiiaM's  to  onlcr;  (7)  to  Hij^ii  the  records  as  8<m)||  hh  approved,  and 
r'irri'i|ioiiilenco  to  the  govt  unil  to  nyuntiiiniciito^;  (S)  to  coiivoki;  extra  scmhIiiiih 
fill' Ml  idiis  motives.  7.  If  iiis  ruling' is  olijeuteil  to,  one  shall  speak  fur  and 
ii:i<  M'j;aiiist,  and  tho  majority  shall  duuido,  8.  In  perf<irinin<i[  his  rc^^'iiLir 
il.itic ',  lie  may  remain  seated;  htit  in  discussion,  he  must  usk  for  tlie  lloor  and 
III  .-iilijiit  to  the  same  rules  as  others. 

Tit.  iii. — Sccrrtitri/. — Art.  !•.  See.  appointed  by  the  dip.  ii '  •ordint;  to  law 
(if  .iiiiie  "J.'l,  liSlU,  receiving  for  tho  present  {^.',0  !>er  month.  10.  Ihities:  (I) 
t  I  keep  a  record  of  proceedings  'laconic  and  clear,'  without  criticising 
s]ir(r!us  or  reports;  (2)  to  write  and  sig-i  communications  from  th>' dip. ;  (:i) 

I I  iii-irt  ill  the  aiin  of  1st  day  of  each  month  a  list  of  f.>"iii(liiiifi*  in  various 
it.i'ji -1  of  advancement;  (4)  to  lay  before  tho  dip.  dilFerent  Biilij-'cts  in  tliu 
fiillowiiii,'  order:  1st,  the  aria  of  preceding  session;  'Jd,  otlicial  coiimiuiiica- 
ti  'II-;  .M,  private  communications;  4th,  propositions  of  mendnTs;  oth,  rt'jxirts 
liM  I  fur  di.scussiou;  (ith,  reports  for  1st  reading. 

'lit.  iv. — Se.isioiiit. — .\rt.  II.  Sessions  puljlic,  lasting  3  hours  from  10 
A.  M.,  and  longer  at  the  request  of  any  memlwr.  I'J.  Sessions  on  Tiic-iday, 
Tliir.'^iliiy,  ami  Saturday,  except  holidays  religious  and  secular.  l;i.  Si'cret 
S'  i'lii  following  tho  public  one  whenever  tho  suliji^ct  may  drmaiid  reserve. 
1 1.   Any  member  may  ask  for  a  secret  session,  and  tho  pres.  will  call  it.      I."). 

III  a  SI  Tict  session  will  bo  presented:  (I)  confidential  connniinieation';  to  tho 
ill|i.;  (Jl  eeclosiastieal  nnd  religious  matters;  (3)  other  subject.-<  which  Iho 
[III  s.  may  dec^n  to  demaml  reserve.  1(J.  Secret  sessions  to  begin  by  a  discus- 
.■-i'lii  whether  the  subject  requires  such  a  session,  an<l  to  close  by  askin,'  if  the 
]iiiMi'  dings  are  to  bo  kept  strictly  secret.  17.  Members  must  bo  iirescnt 
iViiiii  lit'ginnirvg  to  end,  decently  dressed;  bo  seated  without  i)rcfcrcucc;  anil 
iili--iivc  the  silence,  decorum,  and  deiwrtment  corresponding  to  their  ji  isi- 
ti  III.  IS.  A  member  tinublo  to  attend  forserious  cause  niustnotify  the  juvs. ; 
hut  a.  recuriled  p'.'rmission  of  the  dip.  is  necessary  for  more  tliau  ',\  tlays'  ali- 
Di'iii'L'.     10.  Such  liccn.ses  cannot  bo  granted  to  more  than  2  members. 

'I'it.  v. — Motloiin. — Art.  20.  Motions  must  bo  presented  in  writing,  signed 
liv  iIk'  author,  to  the  sec.,  wordcl  like  tho  residulion  which  is  desii-cd.  21. 
1:m  I y  motion  to  be  iliscussed  as  soon  iii  made;  tho  author  will  (Xjilaiii  his 
iiiiiti\es,  and  2  members  may  sjieak  f  r  andagainst;  then  it  goes  to  tho  proper 
c  >;iiiiiittee.  22.  No  jirop.  can  be  approved  without  first  passing  to  the  com., 
IX.  1  ;■!  by  express  consent  of  the  dip. 

Tit.  vi. — C'uiiimi/lcM. — Art.  2."}.  To  facilitate  business,  committees,  Ik/Ii 
jiiTiiiaiient  and  special,  M'ill  be  appointed  to  examine  matter.-^  and  luittiniu 
ill    lia|ic  for  linal  action.     21.  The  permanent  committees  will  be  on  w:  vs 


iui'i  iiicaiis,  colonization,  vacant  lands,  missions,  government  and  po'.iic, 
iiiiiiuiijial  regulations,  public  works,  industry,  public  instruction,  ami  st:;tis- 
tii  ;.  Tile  number  may  bo  increased  or  diminished  by  the  dip.  2.">.  The  dip. 
xvili  alsiulassify  special  com.  according  to  nature  of  business.  2().  Tii.' ]i;vs. 
1UU-;  iiaiiic  permanent  committees  on  the  day  of  installation  after  .idiiiinis- 
tn  111 ,' the  oath.  27.  A  com.  will  consist  of  2  or  .'l  members,  but  may  Iil-  in- 
(ii.isid  hy  consent  of  tho  dip.  28.  No  member  shall  refuse  a  ))hu-e  a.-isigncd 
liii.i  oil  a  com.  2!).  On  granting  leave  of  absence,  the  dip.  will  name  ineni- 
li'is  to  replace  tho  aksentees  on  com.  30.  The  same  must  be  done  when 
liu  luli.is  of  a  com.  have  a  personal  interest  in  tho  mattwr  considered;  neither 
t'liii  Mull  interested  parties  vote.  31.  Tho  gefe  politico,  or  the  senior  vocal 
v.lita  acting  ns  pros.,  ea.inot  serve  on  com.  32.  Com.  must  render  their 
rci:  irl.s  in  writing,  and  conclude  them  with  simple  propositions  to  bo  voted 


1 


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If 


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i       1   .     ,     ; 

|l    -T 


1!: 


254         ilGUEIlOA'.S  RULE-IlfJAR  AND  I'ADKkS  COLONY. 

1833  rosi)octin<if  the  fortificatioji  and  settlement  of  tin, 
northern  irontier  have  been  mentioned.  1  may  add 
that  in  the  sj)ring  of  that  year,  Vallejo  had  made  a 

on.  3.3.  A  coin,  rt-jwrt  must  Imj  aigiicd  by  a  inajoi-ity;  tlic  <li3SL'ntiiig  iiieiiilicr 
to  give  liis  opini  til  in  wntiii.t,'.  'M.  Com.  ni:iy  o;ill  f'lr  any  <loc.  or  instnio- 
tioiis  from  territorial  archives  or  oiliccs,  except  where  secrecy  is  requireil, 
3.").  A  receipt  must  he  given  for  such  iloc,  anil  they  must  he  promptly  ir- 
turned.  'M.  Acorn,  m.iy  susjienil  action  on  a  sulijcct  hy  reportinj,'  theii.i- 
sons,  and  it  will  he  considered  in  secret  session.  ;{7.  A  com.  kcej)iii','  .01 
e.\pcdiente  in  hand  over  1,")  days  nni.st  report  to  the  pres.  ;{S.  Any  nu  uilur 
may  he  present  and  speak  in  com.  niectinf,'s,  hut  without  a  vote,  li'.l  'Ihu 
cliuirmnn  of  a  com.,  the  one  lirst  named,  will  be  responsible  furall  e.Kpcdii  iilid 
delivered  to  liim. 

'lit.  vii. — JJin'  HwotiM. — Art.  40.  Every  report  will  have  a  l.st  and  'Jd 
reailing  in  dilli  rent  sessions,  ami  iliscussion  will  innnediately  f(dlow  t!ie  iM 
nading.  41.  At  the  hour  of  di.sciis.sion  tlrere  must  be  read  the  ori;,'inal  ino- 
tion,  the  conmiunication  that  j^ave  rise  to  it,  the  com.  report,  and  (li.ssentiug 
Vote,  if  any.  4'J.  The  pres.  will  give  the  floor  to  members  who  ask  it  <  n  /  ro 
6  en  contrii.  43.  A  com.  report  nuist  iir.st  be  di.scusscd  as  a  wiiole,  and  ln.cr 
e-'ich  article  sepnrately.  44.  Mendiers  to  speak  alternately  for  ami  a;,'aiiist 
in  onkr  of  asking  the  iloor.  4.").  Metidicrs  of  the  com.  and  the  author  of  tlio 
prop,  m.iy  speak  thice  times,  others  only  twi'.e.  4().  \ooue  can  be  called  to 
order  except  through  the  pres. :  (I)  whenau  article  of  this  rcg.  i.^  ir.frin/ed; 
(i2)  when  some  person  or  corporation  isinsidted.  47.  Speaking  of  f.iult<(om- 
niitted  l^y  subordinate  fuiictioaju'ios  of  the  dip.  is  not  cause  for  calling  to 
order;  but  in  <ase  of  caliinmy,  tiio  injured  party  retinns  his  right  to  do  so. 
4H.  Xo  discussion  to  be  su;  peiided  except  (I )  foi'  adjouniiiKiit;  ('_')  v.heii  tlio 
dip.  may  a^jree  to  uive  the  preference  to  another  moi'o  important  subJL'ct;  (I!) 
for  some  su.spensive  motion  approved  by  the  dip.  4!).  Any  mendter  miiy  cill 
fur  the  readin;;  of  any  law  or  <loc.  to  illustrate  the  matter  uutlcr  di.sciis<ioii, 
but  not  otherwise.  oO.  Alter  the  .speeches  according  to  thi.s  regl.,  the  ]i;'i'3. 
will  direct  the  see.  toa.sk  if  tlie  (picstion  has  lieen  suilii'iciitly  iliscusseil;  ifsj 
p.  vote  will  l)e  taken;  if  ncjt,  idter  one  metnlicr  has  spoken  on  ea(  ii  side,  t'lo 
([ueiitiori  will  be  repe;itcd.  !>\.  Discussion  being  dcelarcd  sidheiciit,  it  sh.dl 
be  asked  if  the  report  shall  be  voted  on  ns  a  whole;  if  yes,  bung  .'ipproviil  i:i 
genera!,  a  di.scussiun  of  the  articles  separately  will  follow;  In.,  if  it  lie  iint 
approved  as  a  wiiole,  the  (picstion  shall  be  t()  return  it  tot!u;com.  for  air.eiid- 
in'ntorniit;  and  it  the  decision  be  iii  the  ii'g.itivc,  the  propo.ition  is  t  1  Iki 
<'>nsidered  defeated.  .VJ.  The  discussion  on  any  article  iiciiig  closed,  it  v.ill 
be  iip;iro\cd  by  vote,  or  returned  to  the  com.  ."nI.  A  report  being  rejeotnl  as 
a  v.holeoriniiiiy  (if  itsartieles,  the  dissenting  re]iort,  if  any,  is  to  be  discu  -eil. 
M.  A  iiiea  iir('  iKuijig  been  approved  maybe  amended  by  any  menihi  r  in 
writing  Ijefoic  it  is  entered  in  tiie  miiiutcs;  and  tlio  amendment  being  Mihiiit- 
ted  ;  l:;ill  be  p-isscd  to  the  com.;  olherwi.se  it  is  to  be  considered  as  dciCiit'il. 

Tit.  viii.  \'(it'iiij.  -Art.  .">.">.  N'oting  to  be  done  in  ono  of  two  ways:  (1) 
]>y  the  rising  of  thiiw(!  who  ajtpiove,  while  o])poncnts  remain  seated;  i-'l  hy 
calling  of  n.imes.  ;")ii.  All  voling  to  be  decided  by  an  absolute  plunilify  of 
Votes.  r>~.  Jn  enseof  a  tie.  anew  vote  iA  to  he  tiiken  after  discussion;  it'  I'lcro 
be  still  a  tie,  the  matter  is  to  be  jiostpoiieil  until  the  ncxtsessioii;  and  if  t':.'i'a 
be  still  nod'ci.sion,  \t'u  to  be  .settled  liy  lot.  .'S.  Xo  member  can  be  cxensul 
from  voting  on  matters  sul.'ject  to  his  deliberation. 

Tit.  ix.  —  /i'c.'"j/»//(«(.s.  -Ar*,.  .")'.(.  The  rcsoliitions  of  tho  dip.  p'^all  he  u!li- 
cially  communicated  to  the  ;,'efe  politico  when  absent. 

Tit.  X. — (Uniiiniiiiil. — Art.  GO.  Neither  pi-es.  nor  memliers  may  wear  .wins 
at  the  sess.    (11.   .Memher.s  jiivseiitiiig  tlicniselves  to  take  the  oath  aftei   tlio 
Bess,  are  <)])cned  must  be  received  at  the  inner  dn.ir  of  tho  hall  by  two  iii'  1; 
bers  named  by  the  jircs.     it2.  The  dip.  when  in  scss.  will  attend  as  a  I    ly 
atreliijious  and  p(jUtical  ccrenioniea. 


PETALUMA  AND  SANTA  ROslA.  253 

toni-  of  inspoctiou  to  Bcidcu^a  and  Ross;'''  and  that  in 
till'  iiutunin  tho  sanio  offit-or  had  ondoavorcd  to  bejjfin 
ill  a  small  way  sottlcnients  at  Petalunia  and  Santa 
Kdsa.  Ton  heads  of  families,  fifty  persons  in  all, 
a^ivod  to  settle  at  the  former  place,  liitherto  unoocu- 
pi(il:  hut  the  padre  at  San  Francisco  Sola.^",  hearim^ 
of  llu'  project,  sent  a  few  men  to  huild  a  hut  and 
j)la<('  a  band  of  horses  at  that  point  in  order  to  e-;tai>- 
lish  a  claim  to  the  land  as  mission  property.  Two  -  r 
throe  of  tho  settlers  remained  and  pot  iii  cr<  ps  at 
l\'t;iluma,  Vallejo  himself  havini,'  ten  busj',  Ix  of  wheat 
siiwii  on  Ids  own  account.  The  padre's  icpresentatives 
also  remained,  and  the  respective  claims  were  left  to 
be  seltled  in  the  future.  jMuch  the  same  tliiiiu^  seems 
ti»  liav(;  occurred  at  Santa  Knsa,  where  a  few  settlors 
went,  and  to  whif'li  point  the  j)adre  sent  two  neophytes 
with  some  hojjfs  as  the  nucleus  of  a  mission  claim. 
Ail  this  before  January  8,  18.')4.-''     Ln  his  s[»oech  of 


Tit.  xi. — Oit'iri!.. — Art.  Ci'i.  The  dip.  will  liavo  a  iiiilit;iry  uiun'l  wln'iii'vcr 
it  may  lii'  (kunicil  iiocc.-sary.  (it.  Tlic  ;4U.irii  will  bi  suljjcjL't  only  ^';  tlieorilur.i 
(if  the  |)i'C's.,  wlio  .ili.'ill  (h'liiimd  it  irom  tliu  iHDjicraiitlioritic-!.  (>.>.  Tiic  pro-;, 
if  tn  iin:m;,'o  the  nnniliL'i' of  sentinels  and  report  to  the  dip.  (Sli.  Th(!  i^iiard 
sliidl  form  ill  line  at  tho  entrance  and  exit  of  tho  pres. ;  and  tho  sentinel  must 
slioiil  Icr  aims  at  the  arrival  or  departure  of  a  ineinlxir. 

Tit.  .\ii.  — 7>''r/.s«r//. — Art.  (>7.  'I  he  surplus  of  niiiiiieipal  fiiiidH,  and  rrv- 
diiu'  from  lir.iiiehes  which  tho  ilip.  and  ),'ovt  may  designate,  will  eoiistitutc  .i 
liiiul  for  i,'eneral  expensea  of  the  tenitory  and  tho  ordinary  expenses  of  tho 
ilip.  (is.  'i'(jailniinister  the  fund,  a  ])crson  outside  of  the  ooriioration  shall  ho 
chosen,  who,  liosiilo"  bciiiL;  of  '  notorious  integrity,'  shall  jjive  honds.  Salary 
to  lie  h\ed  hy  the  dip.  (i'.t.  The  distiihution  of  funds  iihail  Iio  made  l)y  llio 
treasurer  as  lie  may  ije(jrdered;  ami  ';o  niiist  render  a  monthly  eash  account. 

Tit.  xiii. — Aiulicnrc — .\rt.  Vi>.  Sp  tatoi;)  mast  wear  no  arms,  show  ro- 
ppcL't  mid  silence,  niid  take  i.o  pa:'t  in  discussion.s  hy  any  demonstrations. 
71.  .Viiy  person  tlisturbinj' onler  will  he  onlorod  sent  out  liy  the  pros.;  or  if 
t'.io  njleti.<c  1)0  grave,  arrc.-f.eil  and  delivoieil  wilhin  'Jl-  hours  to  the  proper 
j'lil.'''.  7-.  When  such  moans  ilo  not  sullicc  ti>  previ'iit  disorders,  the  pros. 
\.ill  .lojoiu'ii  tile  puh'iie  session  and  continue  a  secret  oik!.  7.).  Tlio  sanio 
couv-i'  to  he  adopted  wliea  prudent  measures  fail  to  restore  order  when  di  ;- 
viilii  I  liy  iiieinl)crs. 

Tit.  xiv.  -  'il:^i  rr.iii''''  of  thr  liC'ilaint'iiln. — Art.  71.  This  rogl.  is  to  Ik;  o1)- 
Ber'  il  liy  the  dip.  provisionally.  7"'.  Its  ohser\,iiu'o  \\  ill  !)e  alisiduto  whm 
it  .■<'.  11  have  been  approved  liy  th.c  federal  eoi)gro-.s.  7'>.  Tl' ~  dip.  may  le- 
folvi  dniil)ts  respoetint;  the  articles,  in  accordance  with  art.  74-."),  and  may 
aili     1  ir  ainend  them,  re)iorting  to  congress. 

•  \  ilejo'sroport  was  dated  May."),  l.S.'J.l.  Vaf/rjo,  Dor-.,  MS.,  ii.  HO.  .\!1 
tliui  II  miiius  to  bo  said  of  tho  Uussians  in  California,  from  1S;JI  to  lS4d,  will 
1*  i^  Hi  1  ill  chap.  yI.,  vol.  iv.,  Jliif.  Cril. 

•  'I  that  is  known  of  this  earliest  occu]iation  is  contained  in  throe  letters 
of  Vail,  jo  to  Figucroa,  tho  i'rst  dated  Oct.  3,  183;j,  in  S/.  Pnp.  ML^k.  and 


2J6        FKJUKROA'S  RULE -Hf JAR  AND  PADRES  COLONY. 


it  ii  :. 


May  Ist  to  the  diputacion,  Fijj^ueroa  mentioned  tho 
j)lan  tor  northern  settlement,  hut  said  nothinif  to  in- 
(hcate  that  any  actual  |)rt);L,'ress  had  been  made. ^"^  Tho 
14th  of  May,  however,  he  sentenced  a  criminal  to 
serve  out  his  term  of  j)unishment  "at  the  new  est;il)- 
lishment  about  to  be  founded  at  Santa  Rosa."^^  In 
June  the  rancho  of  Petaluma  was  granted  by  tlie 
governor  to  Vallejo,  and  the  grant  approved  bv  t!ir 
diputiu.'ion,  this  being  virtually  an  end  of  the  mission 
claim.-'  Respecting  subsequent  developments  df 
lH.'M-.3  in  the  Santa  Rosa  Valle}',  tho  records  are  imt 
satisfactory;  but  Figueroa,  hearing  of  the  ai)proa(;li  of 
a  colony  from  AEexico,  resolved  to  make  some  pre|)a- 
rations  for  its  reception,  and  naturally  thought  <tf  t-lio 
northern  establishment,  which  he  resolved  to  visit  in 
])erson.  All  that  wc  know  ))ositively  of  the  trip  is 
that  he  started  late  in  August,  extended  his  tour  to 
Ross,  examined  the  country,  selected  a  site,  and  hav- 
ing left  a  small  force  on  the  fnmtier,  returned  to  Mon- 
terey the  li2th  of  Septend)er.^"     To  these  facts  there 


;n 


Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  .'110-17;  the  sncoiul,  of  Jim.  8,  1834,  in  VaJhjn,  J)n,:,  MS.,  ii. 
'Jl  1;  iunl  tiio  third,  iiiorely  Htatiii;,' that  tlic  piulri;  hii<lci)iisuiited  tothe  soUIits' 
itiiiuiniiiit  toiiiponuily,  of  .Jim.  l.'Uli,  in  /(/.,  ii.  218.  It  is  in  tiie  luttcr  h  ttir 
that  I  liiid  the  name  Sta  Rosa  ai)])!ieil  to  tlie  region  for  tlie  lir.st  tiiiii',  tln'iiL'li 
t!ui  valley  Iiail  been  certainly  oiiee  and  ijrohably  several  time.s  traviisi d  I'V 
the  Spaniards.  There  id  a  new.spaper  story  to  tho  elFect  that  in  iSiMt  I'lijr 
Aniaras  (.\nioros?)  with  a  sinjjlo  companion  wandering  northward  frnm  S. 
Ratael,  went  np  tho  Cliocoalami  stream  to  Lucas  I'oint,  wiiero  they  Ip.ip'i/'d 
n;i  Indian  girl  on  tlie  day  of  Sta  liosa,  being  driven  away  immediately  iil'tcr 
the  eeremony  by  hostilu  gentiles,  (li/roi/  Lidilrr,  March  l'.(,  187">,  mj  1  otinr 
jiapers.  iM'rnandez,  Cosa/iilf  C<il.,  MS.,  87  8,  also  speaks  vaguely  of  ati<iiipti 
in  1Sl".(  to  found  an  establi.shmunt  at  .Sta  Rosa.  It  is  very  probaltle  that  tlu! 
padres  I'roui  S.  Uaf.iel  or  Solano  I'euched  this  region  on  several  oeeasioiis,  .iiul 
tliat  the  name  Sta  Rosa  was  applied  from  tiie  day,  during  ouo  of  these  \  i-its, 
wlien  some  partic.ilar  locality  wan  explored  or  siomo  notable  event  ojtunr<i; 
but  L  have  found  no  original  record  of  these  occurrences. 

''  Liij.  live,  MS.,  ii.  48.  He  alludes,  however,  rather  to  tho  foundation  of 
a  fort  than  to  si-'ttlement. 

■■*l)<'l>t.  S/.  J'li,,.,  11, ;i.  M;I.,  MS.,  K-xviii.  'IX 

-'' Lrif.  /,'<■(•.,  MS.,  ii.  liS-'_'-».  Vallejo's  claim  to  Petaluma  as  finally  com- 
(Inned  by  tiic  tj.  S.  authorities  rested  on  a  latei'  gr.uit  by  <iov.  .MiclicItoiviKi. 

'"This  ia  Figueroa's  own  statement  in  his  MnniJivMo,  p.  7,  except  the  Iriie 
of  starting,  about  which  I  know  only  that  ¥.  was  still  at  Monterey  on  Aml.'. 
'21st.  Dfpt.St.  P(t/).,  MS.,  iii.  172.  I  liiid  not  a  singlu  document  in  miv  ar- 
chive bearing  on  the  subject.  Vallejo,  JJixl.  C'ul.,  MS.,  iii.  22-7;  Ahuvulo, 
J/i4.  Cut.,  MS.,  iii.  ;i'J-4;  and  Fernaiide/,  Coins (h  Cu/.,  MS.,  IH  .'>,  give  loir,' 
and  circumstantial  narratives,  the  last  taken,  as  is  ehiimod,  from  F.'s  report  to 
tho  niin.  of  war,  of  F.  "s  expedition  to  tho  north,  which  they  represent  us 


kf' 


PLOTS  OF  GUERRA,  DURAN,  AND  PICO.  2," 

iiiav  1)0  added,  as  proltably  accurate,  the  statcmeiitsof 
scvcial  CalilbrniunH,  to  the  effect  that  the  site  selected 
was  where  Vallejo's  settlers  and  the  Solano  neophytes 
liad  already  erected  soaic  rudebuildinjjfs,  that  the  new 
place  was  nanied  Santa  Anna  y  Farias,  in  honor  of 
the  j)rtsident  and  vice-president  of  Mexico,  and  that 
lln'  settlenicnt  was  abandoned  next  year,  because  the 
(•(iluiiists  refusi^d  to  venture  into  a  country  of  hostile 
Indians.''^ 

All  anursing  episode  of  this  year's  history  was  a 
cliuige  of  conspiracy  against  "those  irreconcilaiile  foes 
of  (tiir  country.  Captain  Don  Jose  de  la  (iuerra  y  Xorie- 
na,  Fr.  Xarciso  Duran,  Fr.  Tonuis  Estenega,  and  Ser- 
geant J(we  Antonio  Pico."  The  revelation  reached  the 
capital  ^ray  2Gtli  by  a  special  messenger,  who  brought 
letters  from  Ansjcl  Ramirez,  Antonio  M.  Luixo,  and 
Padie  Bias  Ordaz,  to  the  effect  that  Durau  and  Guerra 
had  ridiculed  often  the  federal  system,  that  Mysterious 
jia,  M-s  had  been  signed,  that  money  had  been  trans- 
l>.irod  from  San  Gabriel  to  Santa  Barbara,  and  that 
tlie  soldier  Romero  had  been  made  to  sign  a  paper  by 
Pitit  without  knowing  its  purport.  Figueroa  hast- 
ened to  convene  the  diputacion  in  secret  session  to 
(•|)ll^ider  the  momentous  news.     All  the  members  were 


ail  luiliiiii  ciiinpaign.  Viillcjo  at  tho  new  HcttleinPiit  had  some  troul)le  witli 
tliu  Saliycnica  umler  Sucarra,  and  a  series  of  Moody  kittles  eii.siu'd.  Tlie 
Iiiiliiiiis  were  dtfey,ted,  losiiii;  hmulreds  in  killed  and  eaptivin;  hut  niiiiiy 
sdlillir.s  were  ulai)  killed;  antl  linally  Vallejo  sent  t(j  V.  for  aid,  and  lie  came 
ii  |«rsiiii  with  a  largo  force.  The  Indians  were  frightened  and  made  a  treaty. 
Tliii  is  hut  a  i>are  Hkelcton  of  tho  story,  lieeanse,  in  the  ahscnee  of  any  oriui- 
iial  iviilence.  I  deem  it  either  wliolly  unt'oimded  or  a  grons  exag'^eratinn  "f 
soiiK!  v.iy  trilling  hostilities.  If  the  expi'ditioii  ho  eonsideird  a  distini'l  ;nid 
tnili,s>'i|iuiit  lino  fron»  that  mentioned  by  l-'ii^iieroa,  tho  iin])roliahilitics  of  l!ie 
: lutiiiiciits  are  increased  rather  than  diminished.  Hiehardso'i,  J/inf.  Viild j  •, 
M''..  and  ill  tlie  A'l'W  A<ji;  and  S^ajia  Hcjmrtci;  Oct.  17,  liS74,  tells  a  similiii 

t.llr. 

''  111  .1  letter  of  .Tuno  24,  183.'),  Figueroa  alludes  to  a  town  vhich  had  heen 
fiutliiiril  and  hcgun — hut  apparently  ahandoned — at  Sta  Jvosa;  hut  nu  naiiic  is 
iiiiiiti..ii,.,l.  ,SV.  i',t/,.,MuK.  ami  Co}on.,  MS.,ii.  40<i.  Vallejo,  y/.V.  nil.,  MS., 
iii-  lll-ll,  says  Zamorauo  surveyed  the  site,  and  F.  struck  the  first  hlow. 
•hiari  .■.  Xarrwioii,  M.S. ,  1-2,  says  tho  site  of  Santa  Anna  y  Farias  wms  on  Mark 
W.si  ( v,,,,i;_  ^Vn  .„.tic!o  in  the  ,S'.  ./csv'  I'kwen; .July  20,  1S7S,  allinns  that  it 
JviLuiii  tlio  land  of  tlio  iatu  Henry  Mizer,  just  where  Mark  West  C.eek  dc- 
Imiioii'  s  i.itii  the  Sta  Rosa  plain,  near  a  largo  redwood  tree!  Several  I'alifor- 
iiiaii  1  statu  that  F.  was  at  the  ucw  town  in  the  spring  of  1835,  but  this  was 
lianlly  possible. 

Uisi.  Cai..,  Vol,  III.    IT 


2.-.S        FICUEROA'S  RULE-IlfJAU  A2iD  PAMIES  COLONY. 


li 


111' ''    H 


ill  I'tiv^or  of  (leeisivc  inoasuros;  Jose  Antonio  and  C':i'- 
los  Carrillo,  l)oliovin<»  their  personal  inHuenco  wouM 
t'lieek  any  outbreak  that  might  result  from  "ii^noraii  -u 
and  l)lind  confidence  in  the  Spanish  friars,"  were  in- 
structed to  proceed  to  the  south  at  once;  and  a  com- 
niittee  favored  the  arrest  of  the  accused,  and  jj^raiifivl 
tile  syovernor  all  needed  powers  to  act.  That  saiiio 
day  numerous  orders  were  despatched  southward  (> 
niilitary  olficers.  Troops  were  ordered  from  place  to 
place;  the  general  pre[)ared  to  maintain  at  any  cost 
the  republican  integrity  of  California,  and  Ca[)<aiii 
Gutierrez  was  intructed  to  arrest  the  conspirators  a;iil 
bring  them  to  an  immediate  trial.  In  five  daj-s  Jo^c 
Antonio  Carrillo  reported  the  charges  unfounded,  hi 
August  Gutierrez  reported  to  the  same  effect;  a:iil 
Figueroa  decided  accordingly  that  the  good  I'amc  >t' 
the  parties  involved  was  unimpaired.  Alfred  llobiii- 
son  gives  probably  the  key  of  the  mystery,  when  lio 
states  that  Guerra  was  negotinting  for  the  purcliaso 
of  a  rancho,  an  operation  requiring  a  search  of  l!io 
archives  at  San  Gabriel,  long  conferences,  and  tiie  sig- 
natures of  several  witnesses.  It  was  the  remark  nf 
one  of  the  latter,  an  ignorant  fellow,  distorted  by  i!io 
personal  enmity  of  certain  persons,  which  created  su  li 
commotion  at  the  territorial  capital.''' 

I  may  note  in  passing  that  the  junta  of  parti<l) 
electors  metat  Montcrev  Oct(jber  lGth-lDth,aml  cIiosl' 
Jose  Antonio  Carrillo  as  deputy  to  congress  for  1  :^V"»- 
(),  to  succeed  Bandini,  who,  as  we  shall  see  a  little  lal'  r, 
had  already  returned  to  California.  Mariano  G.  N  i- 
llejo  was  elected  as  substitute.^''  I  may  further  nllmlc 
to  the  fact  that  Figueroa  sent  to  the  supreme  goviiii- 
nKMit  a  comprehensive  report  on  revenues  and  liMir 
administration,"''  and  the  kindred  fact  that  complaints 

^''  Lfifj.  Pec,  ^IS.,  ii.  2-10.  Coininunieations  of  May  2Gth,  27Ui,  .TIst,  Aiu'. 
2.1,  Gt!i,'iii  Depl.  Si.  P.ip.,  MS..iii.  1  t!)-">(J:  170-1;  JJcpl.St.  Pap.,  Bui.  .1  '■, 
MS..  Ixxviii.  2;)-.n!).    lloh'mxon'.^  Life,  hi  CuL,  l.".7-'J. 

3^  Arta.ul('E'ccrioii,'.%  M.S.,  li)-21;  Gitcrm,  Doc,  MS.,  vH.  lol)-C;5;  I't'-;-, 
I>or.,  MS.,  ii..3in,  liiO. 

'■^^ FhjHcroa,  Coma  Fumndcraa  ik  Cut.,  ISJ.},  MS.  Dated  Nov.  2Stli.  Tlio 
dociuncat  will  be  uoticcd  latur. 


THE  COLONY  PLANNED. 


239 


lo  ixovi.'i'ii- 


of  (l(>stItution  among  the  troops  catnc  in  frcquontly, 
cspcciiilly  from  tlio  south.  Figiieroa,  even,  could  iiofc 
It'L'd  aucl  clothe  troops  to  then*  satisfaction  witli  tiuo 
words  and  loyal  purposes.  As  of  old,  the  missions 
were  often  called  ujion  for  supplies. 

Lot  us  turn  backward  to  1833,  and  southward  to  tho 
capital  of  the  republic,  where  Californian  aifairs  wore 
attracting  more  attention  })erhaps  than  ever  befoit;. 
This  was  largely  due  to  tiie  inlluenco  of  Jose  Maria 
radivs,  whose  schemes  of  a  few  years  before  are  fresh 
ill  the  mind  of  the  reader,  and  were  by  no  means  abin- 
(loiicd  when  their  author  was  sent  out  of  the  country 
by  Victoria  in  1831.  He  left  behind  a  l)arty  of  ar- 
dent su[)porters  in  the  lar  north,  and  went  away  vow- 
iii'jj  U)  return  with  full  i)owers  to  carry  out  his  pro- 
poseil  reforms.  Of  his  intluence  and  actions  during 
lSo2,  and  of  his  relations  with  Congressman  Carriilo, 
iiothinuf  is  known;  but,  not  being  pohticaliy  in  s\  in- 
palhy  with  the  administration,  he  probably  kept  some- 
wliat  (juiet  in  public  and  awaited  his  time.  Privately, 
liowever,  he  was  loud  and  enthusiastic  in  his  ])raises 
of  California,  and  labored  earnestlv  to  interest  his 
f'.ioiids  in  that  country  as  a  field  for  colonization. 
3[;iiiy  were  led  to  regard  his  plans  with  favor,  the  most 
pi'niiiiiieiit  of  the  number  being  Jose  ^I;iiia  Ifijar.  a 
giMitloiiian  of  property,  intluence,  and  reputation.  \W 
the  spring  of  1833,  the  two  had  devised  a  project  of 
taking  a  colony  to  California,  and  had  made  some 
jiiDLiress  toward  its  realization. 

X'lw  foi'tune  began  to  smile  on  the;  r;»/)/vw;'Aj.s' 
most  remarkably.  In  April  Valentin  Gomez  Farui'.. 
a  warm  personal  and  political  friend  of  Padres,  and 
perhaps  already  interested  in  his  scheme,  was  »  Icctcd 
vire-j)rosideiit,  and  became  acting  pn-sident  i>ii  the 
retirement  of  Santa  Anna.  S(jon,  perliaps  in  Juih', 
there  came  the  news  that  Figueroa  was  ill  and  de- 
sired to  be  n  lievod  of  oHiee,  which  would  throw  the 
uiihtary  command  into  the  hands  of  Padres  himself,  he 


200 


FIGUEROA'S  RULK-IltJAR  AND  PADRliS  COLONY. 


>:  Ht^  A 


■  ■•  U^ 


\^ 


m 


,1. 


if  I 

t    ; 


ill 


MS  nyiulai)tt'  iiispoftor  l)eiiic(  alrculy  socon:l  in  ran];."' 
Bettor  still,  ho  succot'ded  throu!.,di  liis  infliU'iK'o  witli 
tlu!  president  in  obtaining'  for  his  associate  Hijar  on 
July  loth  the  appointment  of  rjefo  politico."®  Next 
day  the  sanne  man  was  appointed  director  of  coloniza- 
tion, or  of  the  <;olony  in  process  of  organization,  and  of 
the  new  estahli.shmenis  to  be  founded  in  California. 
He  was  to  receive  a  salary  of  $1,000,  in  addition  to 
that  of  $3,000  for  his  services  as  political  chief,  and  lie 
r.iio'ht  name  a  secretary  to  receive  $1,500.^'  Padi'us 
himself,  hy  the  minister  of  relations,  at  what  date  docs 
not  appear,  was  made  sub-director.  About  this  tiiiif 
there  appeared  on  the  scene  to  represent  Califoi'iilu 
in  cou<4'ress  a  new  deputy  to  take  the  place  of  C'ar- 
rillo — none  other  than  Juan  ])andini,  who  as  luck 
would  have  it  was  one  of  Padres'  northern  discijjlrs, 
and  who  lost  no  time  in  identifyinu^  himself  with  the 
new  schemes.^^  Lari^elv  by  influence  of  the  com- 
Itination,  the  law  of  August    17,   1833,  was   passed, 

'^.Tuly  12,  18.33,  P.idrc^s  onU'ied  toas>=unic  the  command  if  his  chief  A\>m\'\ 
continue  diealljlcil  on  his  arrival.  Si.  P<>i>.,  Ml<^.  awt  C'olmi.,  MS.,  ii.  "JSS;  /';. 
ij;'i  rod,  Man'ijirsin,  4.  S(?|>t.  rjtli,  Coni.  |,Tn.  auiioiuucs  that  1'.  i.s  ordiivil  to 
(';!l.  to  take  command  if  F. 's  ilhiesis  LMiUtiniu's.  J)i'iil.  St.  /'n/i.,  lien.  Com.  and 
'J'rciiM.,  MS.,  ii.  'u-  The  order  «ns  answered  liy  F.  on  July  18,  1831,  liya 
.statenu'iit  lluit  liis  heaUh  was  I'estori'd. 

^'■'July  15,  io3'2,  iJarcia  to  Figucma,  who  was  ut  Lis  own  request  rcHivi'l 
with  thanks  fir  his  faithful  services.  .S7.  Pftp.,  MU':  and  Colon.,  MS.,  ii. 
'J.Kj  7;  Fiijuertitt,  Manijhs'o, .")-().  This  was  received  in  February, aiulMnswiTud 
<  a  May  hs,  18.34,  of  course  with  a  promise  to  deliver  the  oliico  to  lli'jar  mi  liis 
firrival. 

'•July  IG,  18,33,  Garcia  to  Hfjar.  St.  Pap.,  Mh.%  and  Colon.,  MS.,  ii. 
^'^7-!*.  Sept.  17th,  Com.  gen.  Mendoza  at  Arizpc  to  Suli-coni.  ]Ierrci:i,  lui- 
no'Miciiii,'  Jlijar's  appointments  and  sahiry. 

•'"'  I'audini.  it  will  he  rememhcrcd,  had  been  elected  in  March.  May  7tli,  ml- 
iiiini.^tratiir  <<f  cuatoms  at  Monterey  could  givclJ.  only.SlOO  of  !?400  due  liini ::) 
diii(t.-<.  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  Bon.  CuM.-'lI.,  MS.,  ii.  1.3.  llehad  sailed fromS.  l»ii-o 
in  May  18,3.3.  Jidy  'iOtli,  a  hill  hy  15«ndini  in  10  articles  on  the  fa.orilr  sub- 
ject (it  dividing  the  commands  and  granting  an  organic  law  received  iN  t'l'st 
reading  in  congress.  iSV.  Pap..  Sar.,  MS.,  xviii.  ,")l-3.  It  will  he  remenihercJ 
t'liat  this  sami;  month,  at  S.  Diego,  Figueroa  wrote  an  argument  .against  (ho 
measure  and  a  w..''ning  against  IJ.'s  revolutionary  schemes.  Aug.  ()tli,  l!;.iiiliiii 
amiouv  ,s  to  tlie  Caliiorniiins  that  lie  has  assumed  his  functions  and  v  ill  ilu 
nil  in  liis  power  for  their  interests,  t'e  national  authorities  h'ing  well  'lis- 
posed.  Dipt.  St.  Pap.,  An;/.,  MS.,  x.  5.  The  announcement  took  the  tVirm 
C'f  a  printed  address  to  his  constituents,  preserved  also  in  the  I'ioneci'  Soc. 
Library,  S.  Francisco.  Of  Carrillo  I  hear  nothing  in  1833,  except  tht:t  ni  ,I:in. 
Il7th,  ]ierliaps  as  he  was  i^tarting  homeward,  the  comisario  was  ordoicd  t'>  j^y 
l.ii.i  ■'?3,00()  for  viiiticos.  J)r/t.  St.  Pap.,  Pen.  Com.  awl  Trci,-.,  MS.,  ii.  ti-1; 
luid  iu  1834,  §500  was  i>aid  him  ou  the  account,  hi,  Ben,  AIU.,  MS.,  kxxi.  ■4. 


GOOD  FORTUNE  AT  THE  BECIINNIXG. 


2;i 


rcfiuhing  iiviniediatc  secularization  of  the  missions; 
{111. I  a  Hupploniontary  decroo  of  Novoniber  2Gtli  aii- 
tl)nii/o;l  the  adoption  of  sucli  measures  as  might  ho 
IK  (H'ssury  to  assure  colonization  and  carry  soculariza- 
tiiiii  into  effect,  using  "in  the  most  convenient  man- 
ner the  revenues  of  the  pious  fund  to  furnish  resources 
lor  the  connnission  and  the  families  now  in  this  cap- 
ital hound  for  that  territory."'''  I  may  add  that  he- 
sides  ihe  vice-president,  the  diputado  frojn  California, 
tin'  territorial  gefe  politico,  and  the  })rospective  co- 
iiuuidante  general,  Padres  numhered  among  the  ad- 
lit  rents  of  his  plan  our  t)ld  i'riends  Jose  Maria  Her- 
ivr.i,  now  rc-ap[)ointed  suh-comisario  of  revenues,  and 
Aiigel  Ramirez,  who  was  sent  to  take  charge  of  the 
^loiiterey  custom-house.  Truly,  the  ayudante  insjwct- 
oi's  star  was  in  the  ascendant,  all  obstacles  to  the 
success  of  his  schemes,  whatever  those  sclieines  were, 
btiiig  ap[)arently  removed. 

Iles[)ecting  the  organization  of  the  colony  itself, 
we  have  hut  little  of  original  record.  The  terms  of- 
I'civd  were  $10  to  each  family  at  the  start,  transporta- 
tion l>y  land  to  San  Bias,  three  reals  per  day  to  each 
jicrson  for  rations  during  the  march,  free  pas.sage  hy  sea 
IVoni  San  Bias  to  California,  a  farm  from  the  puhlic 
lands  for  each  man,  rations  to  the  amount  of  four  reals 
|ivi(lay  to  each  adult  and  two  ivtdsto  each  child  for  a 
yen',  and  a  certain  amount  of  live-stock  and  tools — all 
tiic  aid  I'eceivcd  after  arrival,  ap]iari!ntly  in  the  nature 
<u'  ;)n  advance,  to  he  repaid  hy  the  colonists  later.  The 
system  did  not  differ  matcirially  from  that  undo)' 
wliich  earlier  colonists  had  come  to  California.'*"    Tlie 

""•'lines  of  the  sccularizntiim  di'crecs  of  Ani:.  ITtUniid  Nov.  •2<}t\i  will 
I'c  i;i\('niiu'li;ip.  xi.  rigiicma'a  rcj4uliitioii;->  ot  Air,'.!),  .'SIU,  wuiv  in  uccoril- 
tiicc  with  tlio  former. 

"'llii'  .'^Kl  !iilv;iiicc,  'Xi.'}  cents  for  travelling,  and  free  passage  hy  sea,  aro 
tiiunti  Mii'd  iu  llijnr'a  orif^inal  nppointmint.  Sf.  Pnp.,  Mhn.  (tml  Colon.,  .MS., 
ii.  ^ilT-S.  Most  of  tlio  o;)lonisl:M  iu  their  st;itomcnta  say  tiiat  the  allowanoo 
tu'  fund,  etc..  on  the  luarcli  was  ."lOaiid  '2."»  cents.  Accounts  rendered  in  Nov. 
1  s"n  show  the  ration  iu  (  al.  to  have  Ijiion  ">;)  cents,  and  '2,)  cents  to  children 
uvlvv  I  ywu'.s;  ami  tlie  advance  of  live-.stock  to  liave  licon  4  cows,  2  yoice  "t 
"xtii,  Id  liorscs,  an<l  4  sheep  to  each  man.  Implement:!  included  "2  plouuhs an  I 
a  y;rir|y  (.f  ^hovels,  axe.'J,  lioes,  rrov  -bars,  etc.  Id.,  ii.  274-SO,  Sec  also 
llijai's  i  'iructioii.s,  to  be  meulioned  later. 


:!|| 


2C'2        riGUKKOA'S  RULE-llfJAR  AND  PADRliS  COLONY. 

rosjilt  was,  that  more  tlian  250  persons  wero  onlistcd, 
of  whom  204 — 91)  iiioii,  55  women,  and  50  chikh'cii — ■ 
Avere  entitled  to  rations  and  oUrt  aid  after  their  ai- 
liv.il  in  the  promised  land.  ' 

lli'jar  and  Padres,  like  other  coloni/^ation  adonis 
in  all  times  and  countries,  painted  the  attractions 
of  the  country  in  bright  cohirs.  Then,  as  in  miidi 
later  times,  California  was  represented,  in  respect  of 
(limatc  and  other  natural  advantages,  as  an  eartlily 
})ai'adise.  There  is  little  evidence,  however,  that  these 
r.ien  made  false  promises,  or  went  far  beyond  tho 
Ihuits  of  honest  enthusiasm.  Some  of  the  Cali fori li- 
iins  sjieak  of  promises  to  distribute  the  nn'ssion  wealth, 
including  the  neophytes  as  servants;  of  promised  oj)- 
]M)itunities  to  gain  an  easy  fortune  by  employing  na- 
tive otter-hunters  and  pearl-seekers,  or  to  live  hixiiri- 
t)nsly  in  idleness;  and  of  other  inducements  equally 
absurd  and  i'alse;  but  the  testimony  of  respectable 
( ilizens  who  were  members  of  the  colony  does  not  ';,]]- 
i'lnn  these  theories.  Again,  it  has  been  the  fashion 
to  I'idicule  the  material  of  which  tho  cohmy  was  com- 
posed,*^ OS  having  been  altogether  unfit  I'or  colonist,-;. 
The  truth  is,  that  the  men  were  of  a  class  far  supcii-r 
1o  any  that  had  before  been  sent  as  settlers  to  C'ali- 
i'ornia.  Many  were  educated,  some  had  property,  an<l 
all  had  a  ti'ade  or  ju'olcssion.  There  was  a  notal)lo 
absence  of  the  low  and  criminal  classes  of  Mexicans; 
and  the  subsequent  record  of  those  who  remained  in 
the  country  was  favorable.  True,  they  came  mostly 
from  the  city,  and  the  number  of  artisans  was  sonie- 
v.hat  too  predominant  over  that  of  agriculturists;  ys^t 
.such  farm  laborers  as  could  have  been  obtained  IVoia 

^'  Tlio  colony  containcil  19  farmers,  11  pointers,  12  seamstresses,  8  curprn- 
fers,  8  tailors,  .5  shociriakers,  ■')  tinners,  5  silversmiths,  2  liatters,  2  ]iliy-i- 
<  i:uis,  2  barljei-s,  2  s.ail(llcrs,  2  blacksmiths,  2  printers,  2  golilsmitlis,  ainl  also 
(I  mathematician,  gardener,  surgeon,  miiehinisl,  ribbon-maker,  reboxo-niiilii  r, 
laiilwife,  distiller,  candy-maker,  vermicelli-maker,  ii.ivigator.  fountler,  ii"ik- 
man,  nuisician,  vintager,  apotiiecary,  boatman,  and  carriage-maker,  .S7.  /'''P-, 
.'n.i8  and  Colon.,  AIS.,  ii.  27.1-0,  besides  (i  teachers  and  tho  oUicers.  Fdilics. 
JIi4.  Cat.,  142-.'!,  says  they  were  of  every  class  except  tliafc  •\vliieh  ^^ll^!cl 
liave  been  useful — artisans  and  idlers,  iiui.  nut  a  single  farmer — 'golJsiuitlis 
proceeding  to  a  country  ^\licre  no  gold  or  silver  existed,'  etc. 


COMPASi.\  COSMOPOLITANA. 


tlic  ^loxioau  pnn'inces  would  not  luivc  done  so  well 
1iy  tar,  either  lor  tliciiiselvcs  or  for  Calilbrnia.*' 

Ill  cDiuicetioii  with  the  colonization  project,  a  com- 
iiMi-eial  company  was  ftn-uietl,  with  the  CM^lony  leaders 
jiiid  other  [)roniinent  men  as  pai'tners,  about  whicli 
lit  tie  is  laiown,  except  that  it  was  called  the  Coni- 
j  aiii'a  Cosmopolitana,  and  that  its  ohject  v.'as  to  ))ur- 
( liase  a  vessel  and  en<j[age  in  the  exportation  of  Cal- 
iininian  products.  Of  course  it  was  only  by  sonio 
^^U(•!l  connncrcial  scheme  that  the  empresarios  could 
Ic^iiimately  hope  for  jn-olit  beyond  the  salaries  of  a 
li'W  odicials;  and  it  is  verj'  certain  that  a  patriotic 
(ksiic  to  develop  tlic  resources  of  Calii'ornia  was  not 
tluii'  sole  motive.  General  Anaya  is  said  to  have 
\ivrn  president,  antl  Juan  Bandini  vice-president,  of 
the  company.  Ag-ents  were  sent  to  Acapulco  to  ])ur- 
cha..,o  a  vessel,  securing  the  brig  Natalia,  to  be  paid  for 
in  <all(»w."  A  considerable  sum  was  to  be  received 
i'roin  the  government  for  transportation;  effects  to 
II  ('(.I'tain  amount  could  be  smuggled  on  the  first  trip; 

^-  .\iniiiig  tlioao  wlin  oiimu  with  tlio  colony  anil  have  hccn  more  or  less  well 
known  an? I  iiroininent  iis  cii:i;:oii3  may  bo  mentioned  Ignaeio  Corouel  ami  fam- 
ily, A','iistiii  Olvera.  Josij  AbrCRO,  Vic'ior  Priulon,  Francisco  llnerreio,  Jesus 
Xoi',  >binan()  llonilla,  Zcnou  I'ernanilez,  Augusto  Jansseiis,  Florcncio  Scr- 
i':m'>.  .bis/^  M"  Covarrubias,  Josu  do  la  Rosa,  CiUmcsindo  Klores,  Franeit^co 
C'.s'jllo  Np<,'nte,  Fran.  Ocam^io,  Nicanor  Estrada,  Juan  X.  Ayala,  Simon 
U'l)  nijii,  and  t'liaa.  Baric. 

'^The  brig  Katulia  was  sold  on  June  21,  1831,  by  Miguel  Palacioa  at  Aca- 
imli,'  1,  to  Ijiindini  and  other  agents  of  the  company  for  7,-00  arroba;?  of  tallow 
]uiya!)lu  in  Cal. ;  and  Jo8(5  Noriega  was  sent  in  her  as  supercargo  to  represent 
ridaci(]3  and  nx-eivc  the  pnrcli;!sc  value.  ITc  was  to  receive  from  the  co.  !?.")0 
per  hiuiilli  and  his  cxpeiincs  until  bis  return  to  Aeapuko.  Tlic  vessel,  as  v.o 
Bliall  see,  was  Avreekcd  at  Monterey;  and  as  bite  as  ISH  Xurie;.'a,  who  lived 
and  afterwards  died  in  Cal.,  had  received  neither  his  salary  nor  r.uy  part  of 
the  promised  tallow,  though  there  had  l)een  some  legal  proceedings  in  the 
iiiattii'.  Letters  of  Xoriega  to  Ouerra,  in  ])oc.  nii^t.''('al.,  MS.,  iv.  lOOo-t. 
Il!i7  'J.  Bandini,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  ()4-(l,  says  Anaya,  afterwards  president  of 
M.'xieo,  was  president  and  himself  vice-president;  and  he  slates  tliat  licsiiUs 
II  i.iriv  and  Padres,  Judge  Castillo  Xegrete  and  Sub-eomisario  Ilerrera  were  pa;t- 
iicia,  i:s  were  several  respectable  !M(  xican  merchants.  lie  says  the  ver^sel  '  v,-;;s 
P-id  fur,  and  that  without  any  mission  tallow'  (?).  Ministers  Lonibardo  and 
(jiuvia,  Vieo-iiresident  Farias,  and  other  prominent  ciricials  arc  named  as 
rirtaers  by  some  C'alifornians,  perhaps  without  any  authoritj?'.  Aecortlingto 
Jn?!'  Aljrego— letters  in  VaWjo,  Doc,  MS.,  x:;:d.  i;!2;  and  in  (Irtrfla,  Apif.it", 
M>.,  (appendix) — shares  ia  the  co.  were  §100  eac'.i;  himself  with  Ikmdini 
aii;l  Oliver  (Olvera?)  were  sent  to  Acapr.lco  t  >  v.  ccivo  tlic  A'a^i^Vi;  and  tlio 
I'vi.  -  was  to  bo  Cdi.OCO.  Bandini  say.!  t!iai  the  doings  of  the  company  were 
imblichcd  in  the  daily  Fciiu;  early  in'loo4. 


i;^ 


204        FKIUF.ROA'.S  RULE-Il(JAR  AND  PADllLS  COLONY. 

it  was  not  <l<)ul»tc!(l  that  the  X((f<ifi<i  cvmltl  l»e  made  to 
pay  tor  lierscH";  and  it  was  hoped  that  such  a  monop- 
oly of  a  ^rowing  Caht'ornia  trade  might  be  Hecurc;! 
as  to  justiiy  the  ])urehase  of  (»ther  vessels  and  (Miiidi 
th(>  partners.  So  far  as  is  a[)i)arent,  the  paid-iq* 
(.'a]>ital  of  the  Compania  Cosmopolitana  was  nothing'. 

It  has  heen  supposed  that  there  were  also  cnii. 
nected  with  the  colony  certain  mysterious  schenus  of 
a  jtolitical  nature,  hy  which  (iomez  Farias  hojied,  in 
caso  his  administration  should  ho  overthrown,  to  iiii  1 
in  CVdifornia  a  refuge  for  hiujself  and  his  polilKal 
friends,  a  stronghold  from  which  as  a  centre  to  woik 
i'or  a  restt>iation  of  his  power  in  ^[exico,  or  at  the  lust, 
a  rich  pi-ovince  whei-e  he  and  his  partisans  might  live 
in  atHuence  and  security.  There  is  some  slight  evi- 
dence, as  we  shall  see,  that  sus[)icions  of  this  kin  I 
were  enteitained  in  ]\Iexico;  hut  I  deem  them  Inr 
the  most  pait  unfounded;  though  the  vice-presick-iit 
may  very  likely  have  deemed  it  desirable  to  put  cvca 
so  distant  a  teriitory  as  California  under  the  control 
of  his  political  frien<ls.** 

Vallcjo,  Osio,  Alvarado,  and  other  Californians  who 
more  or  less  fully  reflect  their  views,  denounce  tho 
wht)le  colonization  plan  of  Hijar  and  Padres  as  a  cie- 
liberatcl}'  concocted  plot  to  plunder  the  missions  under 
the  protection  of  the  highest  [»olitical  and  military  au- 
thorities, who  were  themselves  to  share  tho  spoils. 
This  is  to  go  nmch  further  than  is  justilicd  by  tho 
evidenc(\  The  enterj)rise  of  llijar  and  Padres  was 
on  its  lace  a  legitimate  one.  Colonization  had  Vnix 
been  ivgarded  by  intelligent  men  as  a  measure  of  ali- 
solnte  necessity  for  California's  welfare,  and  the  ini- 
j)olicy  and  impossibility  of  attempting  to  continue  the 
old  monastico-missionary  regime  was  ecpially  a[)[tar- 
ent.     The  objects  ostensibly  were  praiseworthy;  tho 


"Antonio  Coronel,  Coxaa  dc  Cal.,  MS.,  13,  says  lie  Ims  never  been  ;iM>'  to 
trace  t lie  minora  of  poIitie;il  iilota  ti)  nny  reliuhlc  source;  tliougli  rijieini.) 
.SeriT.no,  J.jt::ii'(.<,  MS.,  '2l-'>,  l!iial;.i  tlicro  were  eircunistanceri  tiKit  i:u!i  ■:;:til 
an  inl,cni.io.i  to  ileelarc  C.il.  iiulopcudeut  of  Mexico  in  certain  contini;e;Kic3. 


U  ii 


II,  I 


MERITS  OF  THE  SCHEME. 


205 


iiidioils  liiwful,  juul  tho  j^fKxl  foi'tuiu'  of  Padre's  in  so- 
ciiiiii:^  tlio  aid  of  tho  yovuriimunt  was  not  in  itself  an 
(  \ilriico  of  corruption.  As  a  nuittor  of  eonrse,  tho 
tiu|»iisarios  intended  to  make  nuuiey;  it  was  certainly 
lint  wise  to  intrust  to  thuni  sucli  unlimited  powers, 
;iii«l  it  is  (juito   likoly  that  such  powers  would  have 

1 11  ahnsed  l)y  them  had  they  heen  able  to  carry  out 

tliiir  plans.  It  is  perha[)S  well  for  their  reputation 
tliat  tliey  were  not  submitted  to  the  temptation;  but 
tiny  are  entitled  to  the  benefit  of  the  doubt;  and  in 
\irvv  (if  subse(|uent  developments  charges  of  contem- 
|)l;it.  il  lobbery  do  not  altogether  become  the  party 
wliicli  largely  controlled  tho  linal  disposition  of  tho 
iins>i(>n  estates." 

Tlio  rendezvous  of  the  colonists  at  tho  ca{)it:d  was 
ill  llie  abandoned  convent  of  San  Camilo,  whei-o  a 
Uiaiid  l)all  was  given  just  before  the  de[»arture,  in 
Apiil  1834.  Among  the  lower  classes  of  the  ^lexican 
I»)|tiilation — the  Icpcros — there  seems  to  have  pre- 
vailed an  idea  that  California  was  a  land  inhabited 
ixckisively  by  savage  Indians  and  Mexican  convicts, 
and  that  families  from  the  ca|)ital  were  being  in  some 
\va\  deceived  or  exiled  to  that  dangerous  country 
a'^amst  their  will.  Janssens,  Coronel,  Abi-ego,  llijai', 
an. I  iithersagree  that  hostile  dcnjonstrations  were  niatlo 
Ity  the  mob,  which  attenn)ted  to  prevent  tho tlej)artin"o 
nf  t!ie  cdjonists.  I  think  this  action  was  one  not  likely 
til  have  oiiginated  witli  the  le[)eros,  but  that  it  must 
have  been  prom[)ted  by  persons,  [)ossil)ly  tlie  fiiars, 


*'  Alvarailo,  JUst.  Cut.,  MS.,  ii.  i-jn-.W,  i.s  jmrticularly  violent  in  Iiis  th- 
iiuiiciiii  jii  auil  riiliculo,  giving  full  crcdciico  to  every  nmioiijd  jucusiitiuii 
»:;iiiii;]Iijar  and  I'adrOs  of  (U'cuptiou  towards  tlio  colonists,  of  fHliciiK-i  of 
I'liiuiKr.  and  of  political  plots.  Osio,  //iV.  Cnl.,  JIS..  'J-J-l-.-iO:  and  ValKjo, 
ll'<t.  rnl.,  MS.,  ii.  .S()!»-|{»,  ;j4!)-.")0.  tako  substantially  tho  same  view.  Tlio 
i'.uini;;  -,  iif  tlu';i(j  wi'itcr.s  on  tho  subject  will  ho  more  apparent  later.  l>y  writers 
yMiiTilly  who  have  mentioned  the  colony  tho  schenio  has  been  moro  or  less 
i'iiiI>li.'.;iLMlly  condemned,  by  most  on  account  of  tho  supposed  ■worthies.^  char- 
acter <  11,0  eolonist.s,  by  some  on  account  of  it.s  connection  with  seenliiriza- 
tiiii,  a  .1  liy  otljer.s  ))ceauso  of  the  personal  .and  political  aims  of  tiio  promotei-s. 
N.it:ially  .ln:;;i  IJandiiii.  llht.  Cal,  M.S., .")!)-«(!,  is  nu  earnest  tlefender  of  tiio 
'1"'JV,*'  ^  •'"■'>  /'"  l'"-'<ailo  dp  C'lil.,  MS.,  40-1;  and  Machado,  Ticwpoif  I'limi- 
';  *■'■'>.,  .31,  state  tiiat  Bandinl  was  commouly  regarded  iu  southern  Call- 
l"tuiii  ;ii  the  author  of  the  scheme. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


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IIM 

112 


112.5 


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1.8 


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Hiotographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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riGUEIlOA'S  KULE-HIJAR  AXD  PADRES  COLONY. 


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'I  ; 


Vv'iio  were  interested  in  opposing  the  enterprise.  A 
company  of  mounted  policemen  was  furnished  by 
the  government  to  restrain  the  hostile  element,  and 
the  emigrants  started  in  April  1834  on  their  loni^^ 
journey — the  men  on  horseback  and  the  women  and 
children  in  large  covered  carts  drawn  by  mules — and 
proceeded  the  first  day  to  Tecpantla.*" 

The  march  to  the  sea,  as  remembered  by  members 
of  the  expedition,  was  attended  by  no  special  luiixl- 
Hhips  or  incidents  requiring  mention,  the  travolkrs 
being  hos[)itably  received  everywhere  along  the  route, 
at  some  towns  even  with  public  demonstrations  of  wel- 
come and  good-will.  There  was  a  delay  of  some 
weeks  at  Guadalajara,  and  a  still  longer  stay  at  Topic. 
It  is  said  that  on  account  of  difficulties  in  obtaining 
prompt  payment  of  government  funds,  Hijar  was 
compelled  to  raise  money  by  mortgaging  his  estates  iu 
Jalisco;*'  but  there  is  a  notable  lack  in  the  archives 
of  all  information  respecting  the  finances  of  the  colony. 
On  July  20th  the  company  left  Topic  for  San  Bias, 
where  two  or  three  days  later  a  part  went  on  board 
the  Natalia,  to  avoid  the  mosquitoes,  as  Janssens  says. 
ITine  days  later  i\\Q  Morelos  arrived  and  ^^  .est  of 
tlie  colonists  embarked.  There  had  been  s  o  deser- 
tions, as  well  as  a  few  enlistments,  en  route,  and  at 
tlieir  first  sight  of  the  ocean  still  others  lost  heart 
and  turned  back;  but  some  250  proceeded  on  the 
^'(.)yage. 

On  the  1st  of  August,  probably,  the  two  vessels  set 
sail.  The  Cosmopolitan  Company's  brig  Natalia  had 
on  board  Hijar,  Bandini,  and  the  naval  officer  Buena- 
ventura Araujo,  and  her  commander  was  Juan  Gomez. 

*"  Bustamantc,  I'o;  dp  la  Putrid,  MS.,  ix.  4-0,  says  they  started,  fOO  in 
nu'ubcr,  April  14th,  nfter  coniinittiug  many  excesses.  Hijar's  iastnutiDHs, 
ti)  bo  noticed  later,  were  dated  April  '23d,  which  was  i^robably  very  neaily  tlio 
date  of  departure. 

*''  I'lio  salaries  of  Ili'jar  and  Padrt5s  had  been  paid  in  Mexico  dovn  1 1  tho 
time  of  departure.  J)ij>t.  St  Pap.,  Ben,  ^^d.,  MS.,  Ixxix.  04,  77.  -Inly  ->•> 
18;i3  (4?),  an  estimate  of  expenses  for  surveying  instruments  and  travel!  in,-.'  tx- 
penses  for  two  commissioners  and  six  teachers,  with  their  families,  to  iiniuuiit 
of  8(3,03.'),  was  approved  and  sent  to  aiib-comisario  of  California.  Dt'iit,  HI.  I'^^i'-t 
Jicii.  Com,  and  'Jrcas,,  ii.  47-00. 


\m 


ARRIVAL  OF  THE  COLONISTS. 


267 


On  the  national  corvetto-of-war  Morclofi,  Captain 
l^ucas  Manso,  were  Padres,  Judge  Castillo  Ncgrete, 
llio  new  asesor,  Cosme  Pena,  and  Sub-comisario  Her- 
ivvA.  A  day  or  two  out  of  port  the  vessels  wore 
separated.  The  Natalia,  the  faster  sailer  of  the  two, 
w  ;i^  struck  by  a  squall  off  Cape  San  Liicas  and  had 
a  somewhat  narrow  escape.  There  was  also  much 
siclciioss,  resulting  in  several  deaths.'*^  The  brig  was 
lioiiiul  for  Monterev,  but  in  view  of  the  sickness  on 
l)i)ar(l  the  commander  was  induced  by  Bandini,  and 
by  Ilijar  who  vas  himself  very  sea-sick,  to  put  in  at 
S.iu  Diego,  wdiere  she  anchored  the  1st  of  September.*' 
Tlui  new-comers  were  hospitably  received  at  San 
Diego,  the  officers  and  prominent  individuals  being  the 
u,UL'sts  of  Bandini  and  his  friends,  while  the  rest  were 
distributed  at  various  private  houses  or  lodged  in 
tents  and  warehouses.  In  a  few  days  a  vessel  in  port 
took  about  half  the  number  up  to  San  Pedro,  whence 
Uiuy  went  inland  to  San  Gabriel.  IMost  of  the  rest 
soon  went  up  to  San  Luis  Bey.  At  these  two  missions 
the}'  remained  for  a  month  and  more,  and  then — ex- 
cept those  who  established  themselves  permanently  in 
(lilFercnt  parts  of  the  south — started  toward  the  north- 
eiii  frontier,  passing  in  small  detachments  from  mis- 
sion to  mission,  and  receivin«x  nothing  but  kind  treat- 
iiK'iit  from  padres,  administrators,  settlers,  and  neo- 
l)liytes.^'^     The  Natalia,  after  having   perhaps  been 


*'  l[iiar,  nephew  of  Jo3(5  Marfa,  California  en  ISIG,  MS.,  p.  110-12,  speaks 
of  tidulilus  between  Gomez  and  Araujo  on  the  voyage,  in  connection  vitli 
vliicli  tlu!  latter  at  one  time  forcibly  assumed  the  conuiiand.  Jiiussens  gives 
BDiiip  ilctailfi  of  the  gale. 

"Jii/'f.  SI.  I'ap.,  MS.,  iii.  ITi-.*?;  iv.  7'2-5.  One  record  makes  the  num- 
lM;r  of  pansongers  TJ'J  and  another  140.  Martin  t'alWlo  came  on  the  Ndlnlia, 
to  1)0  receptor  of  customs  at  S.  Diego.  Hijar  speaks  of  ii  bancput  at  tlio 
licMisc  (if  iiandini.  Serrano  says  that  for  two  days  the  families  were  slieltcrcd 
111  tlu;  liiilc-h(ai.se3  on  the  beach  and  fed  by  tho  foreign  owners  of  those  houses. 
Miieliail(3  tiiiiiks  that  they  were  detained  in  quarantine  for  fear  of  tiie  measles, 
ntasjiut  called  Huisache,  for  a  time.  Several  died  and  were  Iniricd  at  the 
mission.  Jansscna  notes  tho  kindness  of  tho  Sau  Diegaus,  who  would  take 
11)  pay  from  tho  colonists  for  entertainment. 

^'Jaussens  is  the  only  one  who  mentions  tho  sea-trip  to  S.  Pedro.  Hijar 
iiiitos  a  LmR  stay  at  Sta  IWrbara;  a  division  at  S.  Luis  Obispo,  one  party 
\>v\iv.i  liniuxl  for  Monterey  and  the  other  to  Sonoma,  and  the  fact  that  many 
ronaiiied  at  the  difl'oreut  missions,  including  liiniself  and  seven  companions  at 


t   i\    ■ 


Hi 


t!.: 


liil 


a 


1  ■ 


268        FIGUEROA'S  RULE— Hf  JAR  AND  PADRES  COLONY. 

aground  for  a  time  at  San  Diego,  sailed  north  witli 
the  effects  of  the  colony.  Lying  at  anchor  in  Monte- 
rey, she  broke  her  cables  in  a  gale  on  the  afternoon 
of  December  21st,  and  was  driven  on  the  beach  about 
two  miles  above  the  town,  where  she  soon  went  to 
pieces.     Three  men  lost  their  lives. '^^ 

There  is  a  popular  tradition  that  the  Natalld  was 
the  same  vessel  on  which  Napoleon  had  escaped  fioui 
Elba,  in  1815.  This  statement  is  repeated  by  almost 
ever}^  writer  who  has  mentioned  the  colony.  Xo 
one  presents  any  evidence  in  its  support,  but  I  am 
not  able  to  prove  its  inaccuracy.^'' 

The  Morelos,  with  Padres  and  the  rest  of  the  col;)- 
nists,  120  in  number,  also  had  a  narrow  escape  ftoiu 
shipwreck  in  a  gale  off  Point  Concepcion,  aceortliii;,' 
to  the  statement  of  Antonio  Coronel;  but  she  arrived 
safely  at  Monterey  on  September  25th,  and  the  new- 
comers were  as  warmly  welcomed  at  the  capital  as 

S.  Juan  Tkiiitista.  Serrano  says  some  of  the  colonista  endured  groat  lianl- 
ships  on  the  way  north,  and  that  he  and  others  determined  to  quit  the  colony 
and  look  out  for  themselves.  Hi'jar  also  tells  us  that  the  colonists  made  liriii 
friends  of  the  neophytes  as  they  passed  along,  by  kind  treatment  ami  liy 
sympathy  for  their  sutFerings  under  missionary  tyranny.  Moreover,  Aran  jo, 
in  a  letter  of  Sept.  18th  to  Hi'jar,  the  director,  says:  'I  luave  alivr.ily 
predisposed  them  [tho  neophytes]  in  our  favor,  explaining  to  them  as  well  ;is  [ 
could  how  philosophically  we  arc  armed,' etc.  Ouerra,  Doc,  MS.,  vi.  lot. 
Pico,  Acoiitcciinii'iilos,  MS.,  25,  recalls  the  arrival  at  Purisima,  wliciioi'  lio 
helped  convey  them  to  S.  Luis.  Out.  *20th,  Lieut-col.  Gutierrez  iuiornis 
Figuero.a  that  some  of  the  colonists  had  done  good  service  in  cjuellin;^  liiiliaii 
disaiibances.  They  were  thanked  iu  the  name  of  the  govt.  .SV.  Pap. ,  .U/'-x.  a.nl 
Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  281. 

'•'  Record  of  day,  hour,  and  place  in  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  M.S.,  l\>;ix. 
7.3— t.  Jaiissens,  Vkla,  MS.,  41-4,  gives  a  vivid  description  of  the  disaster 
and  the  ctibrts  of  the  Moutereyans  to  rescue  tho  ofBcers  and  crew.  In  tlicso 
efforts  a  negro  servant  of  Joaquin  Gomez  particularly  distinguished  liiTiif  If, 
saving  several  lives  by  his  own  exertions.  A  part  of  the  cargo  was  .washed 
ashore,  and  nuich  of  it  was  stolen  despite  the  efforts  of  n  guard.  The  cook 
and  two  sailors  were  drowned,  and  tho  mate  Cuevas  was  badly  hurt,  llijur, 
Veil.  en.  la.lO,  M.S.,  12.3-8,  also  gives  some  details.  Many  newspaper  wiitci  s 
perhaps  following  Taylor  in  Parlfic  ^fontMy,  xi.  048-!),  have  stated  .since 
ISOO  that  parts  of  tlio  wreck  were  still  visilde,  having  furnished  buildin,'- 
material  for  over  30  years  to  the  people  of  Monterey.  One  piece  of  news- 
paper eloquence,  in  1878,  when  the  tiud)erg  were  still  visible,  merits  (jiiota- 
tion.  '  The  company,  like  the  bcig  Natalhi  which  brought  them  here,  w  ua 
wrecked,  and  the  ribs  of  its  records,  liko  those  of  tho  old  brig,  can  only  ''u 
seen  in  tho  ebb  of  the  tide  of  the  pi'cscnt  back  to  the  beginning  of  the  history 
of  Sonoma  County.'  Sac.  Jiccont-Union,  Juno  '2'),  1878. 

"  Hijarsays  that  a  French  captain  who  visited  the  coast  in  1840  dcelavod 
the  identity,  and  I  tliiuk  it  likely  tluit  the  tradition  has  no  better  foundutiun. 


RECEPTION  OF  THE  MEXICANS. 


200 


[roat  liavil- 
the  L'dl'iiiy 
inaili'  lii'iii 
ami  l>y 
Ai'aujo, 
iilivi'.ily 

vi.    l.'it. 

eiicc  lie 
iuloi'iiis 
,;  liidiiia 
.l/('.-.-f.  (I'll 


..Ixxix. 

Jisjster 

111   tliost) 

hiiii-i'lf, 

.\\:isli("l 

he  ( k 

lli.ar, 

writci'-', 

tod   i-iiii-'O 

mililiiiL;- 

of   lU'WS- 

ta  (juiita- 
"lorc.  vv:i9 
(.Illy  'lo 
i(!  liistu'.y 


dt'ilarc'd 
luidatiou. 


tlit'lr  companions  had  been  at  San  Diego. '^  Tliey 
also  started  northward  before  the  end  of  the  year, 
tlioir  destination  being  San  Francisco  Solano,  though 
w'v  liavc  but  Httlc  information  respecting  their  exact 
movtments  at  this  time.  Of  the  reception  accorded 
to  tlie  directors,  of  the  obstacles  encountered  bj''  Hijar 
and  Padres,  and  of  some  rather  interesting  political 
com})lications,  I  shall  speak  in  the  following  chapter.^' 

''•■'Tlie  date  of  arrival  is  given  in  Flgiieroa,  Manifiesto,  8.  Sept.  26th, 
Padivs  aiinouuccd  liis  arrival  with  120  colonists,  who  intended  to  settle  uorth 
of  S.  Francisco  Bay.  Dept,  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Com.  and  Trms.,  MS.,  iii.  43-4. 
On  St  [it.  12th,  a  demand  for  grain  had  been  sent  to  Sta  Cruz  in  expectation 
that  the  vessels  woidd  arrive  in  a  few  days.  Sta  Cniz  lice,  MS.,  22.  Coro- 
ncl,  (.'osii.'i,  MS.,  9-10,  says  that  the  inhabitants  vied  with  each  other  in  their 
kindmss  and  hospitality  to  the  strangers.  Alvarado,  JlUt.  Cat.,  MS.,  ii. 
2',V)''2,  tells  ns  that  Padr<5s,  '  factotum,  monopolizador  general,  y  consejero 
siiineiiio,'  was  at  lirst  warmly  welcomed  by  his  old  friends  and  partisans,  of 
\v!:iim  the  writer  was  one.  He  tells  also  an  absurd  story  of  a  mortifying 
incident  that  occurred.  Two  ladies  came  off"  in  the  boat  with  Padr<5s,  expect- 
ing tip  see  nobody  in  Cal.  except  soldiers,  friars,  convicts  closely  guarded,  and 
Indians  ready  to  become  their  servants.  As  tlicy  drew  near  the  shore,  they 
hclield  two  beautiful  and  well-clad  ladies  of  Monterey  in  the  crowd  awaiting 
tliuiii,  and  said,  '  Sr  Padrds,  how  is  it  possible  that  these  girls  can  be  our  ser- 
vant?? Wo  look  as  much  like  servants  as  they.'  Padr(5s  bit  his  lip,  and  the 
ladies  insisted  on  returning  to  the  ship  to  'dress  up '  before  landing.  Nov.  1st, 
a  hall  v.atf  given,  partly  in  honor  of  the  colonists,  and  partly  of  the  diputaciou. 
E'lrHri't  Pi-intimj  in  Vol.  Dec.  I3th  the  Moreloii  was  still  in  port.  Manso 
in  command;  Lieutenants  Valle,  Anaya,  and  Azcona;  2  'aspirantc3,'3  mates, 
2  nicchaiiics,  7  gunners,  and  7  boys.     l)ept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxix. 

8:.. 

"  -My  statements  of  Califomians  on  the  Hijar  and  Padres  colony,  in  addi- 
tion to  <locunientary  authorities,  are  the  following,  the  same  being  cited  on 
partieiilar  phases  of  the  subject  only  for  special  reasons:  t/anssejw,  Tt'^n,  MS., 
7-.VJ;  O^rond,  CWm,  MS.,  1-17;  JJijar,  Cal.  en  1S36,  MS.,  2-11,  5Q-G2,  108- 
1l';  Sirniiio,  Aptnites,  MS.,  1-12,  24-7;  Abreqo,  in  Vallcjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxi. 
IH'J,  and  in  Garcia,  Apunle,  append.,  MS.;  Vega,  Viila,  SiS.,  8-17;  Bandiiii, 
Jiy.,  .MS.,  59-CG,  70.  The  preceding  were  all  written  by  men  who  camo 
witli  the  colony;  the  following  by  men  who  with  a  few  exceptions  had  pcr- 
Bonal  knowledge  of  the  subject:  Oslo,  Hint.  Cal.,  MS.,  225-40;  Alvarado, 
liy..  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  223-43;  iii.  1-5,  27-33;   Vallejo,  Hist.  Cat,  MS.,  ii.  222-3, 


I^IS.,  15-17,  170;  Ord,  Ocurrencias,  MS.,"  G3-8;  Ooniez,  Lo  que  Sahe,  MS., 
97.")-!); /.r(Wo»,  Convulsi-ones,  MS.,  13-14;  Avila,  Notat,  MS.,  10-11;  Pico, 
lli-^'.  <'"'.,  MS.,  49-55;  Espinom,  Apuntes,  MS.,  1-2;  Torre,  liemin.,  MS.,  48; 
Amvlnr,  Mem.,  MS.,  138-42;  Gonzalez,  Revol,  MS.,  4-6;  Valle,  Lo  Panido, 
MS.,  11-14;  Ca.'ttro,  Bel.,  MS.,  31-5;  Arce,Mem.,US.,3-5:  Mar.ih\9  Letter, 
-MS..  .-)-(i;  Brown's  Stutement,  MS.,  9-10;  Green's  Life  and  Adrcn.,  MS.,  29. 
'i'lie  printed  mentions  of  the  subject  are  found  in  Figneroa,  Manijie>itn; 
Forl^r,,  ii;4_^  U2-^,x  Wilkes'  Narr.,  v.  174;  Petit- Thouar.^,  Voy.,  ii.  89;  Mo- 


18-11);  Mora,  Otraa  Sueltas,  i.  cclviii.-ix. 


CHAPTER  X. 


i    1  ^ 


!i 


11*^ 


FIGUEROA,  CASTRO,  AXD  GUTIERREZ— THE  COLONY. 

1834-1835. 

Saxta  Anna  Orders  Figueroa  not  to  Give  up  the  Command  to  Hi.i.vu— 
Quick  Time  from  Mexico — Hijar  Demands  the  Mission  Propkiltv— 
His  In'structions — Action  of  the  Diputacion — Lost  PRKSxnii.  of 
Padres— Bando— Controversy — Bribery — Submission  of  the  Dii;k(  t- 
ORS— Aid  to  the  Colonists— At  Solano — New  Quarrel — RrMonK.n 
Plots — Revolt  of  ApalAteoui  and  Torres — Pronuxciamiento  or  in;; 
Sonorans — Surrender — Legal  Pp.oceedi.vgs — Figueroa's  Oudkus— 
Seizure  of  Arms  at  Sonoma — Arrest  of  Verduzco  and  Lara— ]v\ii.e 
of  Hijar  and  Padres— Figueroa's  Manifiesto — Sessions  oi'  hie 
DlPUTACION— CaRRILLO  IN  CONGRESS — Los  Angelks  Made  Caimiai.— 
Foundation  of  Sonoma — Death  of  Figueroa — Life  and  Ciiaracti  i:  - 
Castdo  Gefe  Pol(tico — Gutierrez  Comandaste  General— Kstc- 
dillo's  Claims. 

Thus  far  all  had  gone  well  with  the  empresarios, 
but  obstacles  were  now  encountered  that  were  destined 
to  prove  insurmountable.  The  first  and  most  serious 
had  its  origin  in  Mexico.  On  the  25th  of  July,  1834, 
some  six  days  before  the  colony  sailed,  President 
Santa  Anna,  having  taken  the  reins  of  government 
into  his  own  hands  in  place  of  Vice-president  Gomez 
Farias,  issued  an  order  to  Figueroa  not  to  give  \\\)  the 
office  of  gefe  politico  to  Hijar  on  his  arrival  in  Cali- 
fornia, as  he  had  been  ordered,  and  had  promised  to 
do.-'  Wo  have  no  official  information  respcctinn'  tlio 
motive  that  prompted  this  countermand;  but  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  Santa  Anna  regfarded  as  excess- 

*  Fiijneroa,  Manifiesto,  7-S.  Order  transcribed  to  com.  of  S.  Francisco  on 
Oct.  21st.  Vallcjo,  Doc,  MS.,  ii.  314.  The  order  is:  In  answer  to  yuuraof 
Jlay  18tli,  MiadispuestoS.  E.  contcgtc  AV.  S.  que  no  entregue  el  citado  maiido 
y  continue  desempefiando  la  Gcfatura. '    Lombardo. 

(2T0) 


COUNTERMAND  FROM  MEXICO. 


271 


ivc  the  powers  conceded  to  the  empresarios,  and  that 
he  was  actuated  by  a  suspicion,  not  so  well  fcnuidcd 
but  perhaps  even  more  potent  than  the  former  motive, 
that  political  and  revolutionary  plans  in  the  interest 
of  Gomez  Farias  were  involved  in  the  scheme.  There 
was  no  lack  of  persons  in  Mexico  whose  policy  it  was 
to  foment  this  suspicron,  without  regard  to  its  accu- 
racy. Abrcgo  and  Osio  affirm  that  the  directors  sailed 
from  San  Bias  in  defiance  of  orders  from  Mexico  to 
delay  the  departure  of  the  colony;  but  I  believe  this 
to  bo  an  crror.^ 

The  countermand  of  July  25th  was  sent  to  Califor- 
nia in  all  haste  overland  by  a  special  courier,  who 
placed  it  in  Figueroa's  hands  near  Monterey  the  lltli 
of  September,  and  with  it  another  despatch  from 
Hijar  at  San  Diego,  announcing  his  arrival  at  that 
port  on  the  1st.  The  trip  was  much  the  quickest  on 
record  between  the  national  and  territorial  capitals, 
and  the  fame  of  that  courier  who  braved  the  terrors 
of  Indians,  deserts,  and  starvation,  coming  alone  by 
way  of  the  Colorado,  has  never  ceased  to  be  talked  of 
in  Californian  families.^     Governor  Figueroa  had  re- 

■(hio,  Ilkt.  Cal,  MS.,  229-30;  Ahrefjo,  Cartas,  MS.  Bamlini,  Hist.  Cal., 
M">.,  lil-l,  denounces  it  as  a  strange  and  arbitrai-y  act  to  annul  the  appoint- 
ment without  giving  i  easons,  and  thus  to  create  confusion  in  the  important 
iiKittor  of  colonization.  Vallejo  (J.  J.),  Remiii.,  MS.,  40-8,  understands  that 
Siiiila  Anna's  order  w  as  prompted  by  the  friars.  After  the  order  was  issued,  on 
Sept.  t^Oth,  the  coin.  gon.  of  Jalisco  sent  to  Mexico  tlic  statement  of  the  sur- 
veyor Lobato  left  at  Tepic,  that  PadriJs  had  repeatedly  threatened  in  ease  of 
uuy  chanjjo  in  Mexico  to  make  Cal.  independent  or  annex  it  to  the  U.  S. 
Sup.  (J(ji:t  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  X.  4-5. 

•*  Fii,'ucroa,  Munifte-'ito,  7-8,  mentions  the  receipt  of  the  despatches  on  Sept. 
11th.  Most  state  that  the  time  made  was  40  instead  of  48  days.  Osio  say3 
tiio  iiiiin  was  detained  by  the  Indians  at  the  Colorado,  who  threatened  to  kill 
liiiii,  but  at  last  built  him  a  batsa  to  cross  the  river  in  exchange  for  his  horse, 
equipments,  and  most  of  his  clothing.  Ho  nearly  perished  on  the  way  to 
S.  Luis  Key,  being  3  days  without  water.  His  reward  was  §3,000.  Scinuio 
relates  tliiit  Lieut  Araujo  by  an  ambush  captured  the  courier  near  S.  Gabriel, 
iuiil  took  him  to  Hijar,  who  was  urged  to  hurry  to  Monterey  and  secure  his 
otliue;  but  he  refused  to  resort  to  such  expedients,  and  released  the  captive. 
Amador  says  the  man  was  Rafael  Amador,  his  cousin.  Torre  states  that  tho 
eouiier  arrived  about  11  r.  M.  at  Monterey,  and  was  welcomed  by  the  firing 
of  eauuou.  Espinosa  was  one  of  the  escort  furnished  by  Lieut  Vallo  to  guard 
the  man  northward  from  Monterey  to  meet  Figueroa.  He  describes  his 
dress,  notes  the  feasts  given  in  his  honor,  and  says  Figueroa  gave  him  4  mules 
on  \\u  departure.  Valle  also  mentions  Laving  furnished  tho  escort  for  the 
trip  tow  ards  Sta  Rosa.    Vega  was  iold  the  man  Lad  at  first  mistaken  Lis  dus- 


272     FIOUEHOA,  CASTRO.  AND  GUTIERREZ-TIIE  COLONY. 


ii:^ 


H 


i ' '    t 


J      I 


I  I S!  i  J. 


coive'd  no  official  notice  respecting  the  colonists,  but  ho 
lifid  deemed  it  best  to  make  ])reparations  for  their  ar- 
rival, and  with  that  object  in  view  had  visited  the  Santa 
Rosa  Valley,  as  already  related,  and  there  selected  a 
site  for  the  new  town.  It  was  on  his  return,  oiio 
day's  journey  before  reaching  the  capital,  that  lie 
received  the  countermand  from  Mexico.  He  sent  to 
Santa  Cruz  and  other  places  for  such  supplies  as  could 
be  furnished,  and  awaited  the  arrival  of  the  colonists. 
It  may  be  here  stated  that  secularization  had  boon 
already  begun  in  accordance  with  the  law  of  1833  and 
regulations  of  1834;  and  several  of  the  missions  wci\j 
in  charge  of  administrators. 

The  J/o>r/os  entered  the  harbor  on  September  2r)th, 
and  the  immigrants,  as  we  have  seen,  were  made  as 
comfortable  as  possible.  Padres  at  first  claimed  the 
position  of  comandante  general,  but  of  course  in  vain, 
since  his  claim  was  conditional  on  Fiijueroa's  illness:* 
then  he  presented  his  appointment  as  sub-director  of 
colonization  and  officially  demanded  aid  for  his  colo- 
nists. The  situation  was  embarrassincf.  In  the  ab- 
sence  of  instructions  to  the  contrary  from  the  war 
department.  Padres  as  ayudante  inspector  was  FigUL- 
roa's  subordinate  officer,  notwithstanding  his  appoint- 
ment of  sub-director  from  the  minister  of  relations; 
and  there  was  no  legal  authority  for  expending  public 
funds  for  the  support  of  the  colony.  So  confident  had 
been  the  directors  in  the  success  of  their  plan  in 
every  detail,  that  they  had  made  no  provision  for  the 
slightest  contretemps.  There  was,  however,  as  yet  no 
controversy. 

The  14th  of  October  Hijar  arrived  by  land  from 
San  Diego,  and  after  the  customary  courtesies  of  re- 

tination  and  gone  to  Monterey  in  N.  Leon.  Gonzalez  recalls  the  meeting  of 
tlie  courier  and  Figueroa  at  the  writer's  rancho  of  Lefiadcro.  Galiiuli)  tliiiika 
the  man  was  to  receive  $1  per  hour,  if  Bucccssful.  Hijar  affirms  that  t!;'>  mni 
was  sick  and  had  to  stop  at  S.  Juan  Bautista,  where  the  writer  was,  a-iotlior 
man  being  sent  on  in  his  place.  J.  J.  Vallcjo  calls  him  Hidalgo.  I  ni;iy  per- 
haps safely  suggest  tliat  some  of  the  items  cited  are  not  quite  accurate. 

*St.  Pap.,  Jfis'j.  and  Colni.,  MS.,  ii.  2S5-6,  290-1.  An  order  of  Dec  7th 
(1833  ?}  ia  alluded  to  as  couutcrmajiding  that  of  July  12th. 


hIjar  and  figueroa. 


378 


ception,  was  shown  by  Figueroa  the  order  forbidding 
a  transfer  of  the  civil  authority.  Though  bitterly 
disii[)[»ointed,  Hijar  could  make  no  objection,  and  fell 
back  on  Jiis  commission  as  director  of  colonization, 
which  Figueroa  consented  to  recognize.  At  an  inter- 
view on  the  15th  Hijar  presented  the  instructions 
addressed  to  him  in  his  double  capacity  as  gefe  politico 
and  director,  instructions  to  which  Figueroa  assented, 
and  which  I  append  in  a  note."  Next  morning  the 
latter  received  a  demand  from  the  director  to  be  put  in 
pi ),>:sossion  of  the  mission  property  according  to  article 
1  of  the  instructions,  the  governor  being  asked  to  issue 
the  necessary  orders  to  administrators  and  coman- 
duntes.  Figueroa,  rather  strangely  as  it  would  seem, 
promised  compliance,  but  proposed  to  consult  the 
(hputacion.  The  reply  on  the  17th  was  simply  a  plea 
for  haste  on  account  of  disorders  at  the  missions,  the 
approach  of  planting-time,  the  neglect  of  the  friars, 
the  suiferings  of  the  neophytes,  and  the  needs  of  the 
cohniy.  The  comandante  general  was  to  be  held  re- 
f^l)onsible  for  damages  caused  by  delay.  Accordingly 
the  diputacion  was  convened  the  same  day,  and  before 
that  body  was  laid  a  full  statement.  Figueroa  had, 
ho  said,  no  desire  to  retain  the  gefatura.     He  would 


^  /fijar,  Instrucciones  d  que  Dcberd  A  rretjlar  au  Comlucta  D.  Jos6  Maria 
llijur,  h'rj'c  Politico  de  la  alta  California y Director de  Colonizacion  dc  estx  y  de  la 
haja,  in  Figueroa,  Mawjiesto,  11-14;  .S'^.  Pap.,  Miss,  and  Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  '270-3; 
Joiif.i'  lirport,  no.  12.  Art.  1.  He  will  begin  by  occupying  all  the  property 
belonging  to  the  missions;  the  military  comandante  to  fuinish  all  necessary 
niJ  rc(|uircJ.  2.  For  a  year  from  arrival  cacli  colonist  is  to  receive  50  cents 
per  dny,  or  25  cents  if  under  4  years  of  ngc.  3.  Travelling  expenses  to  bo 
paiil  by  govt,  and  the  colonists  to  receive  the  »no«^«ras  bought  for  their  tnins- 
poitatiou.  4.  Selection  of  favorable  sites  for  settlements,  u.  Tiie  frontiers 
to  bo  settled  as  soon  as  possible.  0.  Plan  of  the  new  towns.  7.  Native  sct- 
tk'1'3  to  be  mixed  with  the  Mexicans,  but  no  town  to  be  inhabited  exclusively 
by  Indians.  8.  House  lots.  9-10.  Farming  lands  to  bo  granted  in  full  own- 
ership. 11.  The  movable  property  of  the  missions  having  been  distributed 
(acconling  to  law  of  secularization?)  one  half  of  what  is  left  is  to  be  sold  to 
tliebcst  advantage.  12.  Not  over  200  head  of  stock  of  the  same  kind  to  bo 
Bold  to  one  family.  13.  The  remaining  half  of  movable  property  to  bo  kept 
( .1  :jwt  account  and  to  be  devoted  to  expenses  of  worship,  support  of  niis- 
K  '_ij;u-ios,  education,  and  purchase  of  implements  for  the  colonists.  14.  The 
g<.  io  pol.  and  director  to  report  in  detail  at  first  and  annually  on  the  disposi- 
tio  1  and  condition  of  the  property  after  the  distribution  as  above.  15.  llo  ia 
a!s  ( to  report  at  least  once  a  year  on  the  condition  and  needs  of  the  colonists. 
I^aied  April  23,  1S34,  and  signed  Lombardo. 
Hut.  Cal.,  Vol.  III.    18 


274     FIGUEROA,  CASTRO,  AND  GUTIERREZ- -THE  COLONY. 


t    It 

r  fi 


gladly  give  it  up  to  the  senior  vocal,  or  to  any  person 
who  might  legally  receive  it.  Ho  had  no  desire  to 
oppose  the  colonization  project,  but  had  some  doubt 
whether  it  was  as  director  or  as  gefe  politico  that 
Hijar  was  to  receive  the  mission  property,  and  ha 
desired  advice  as  to  the  proper  course  for  him  to  pur- 
sue. Of  course  this  humble  tone  was  all  assumed,  yet 
it  was  rather  neatly  done." 

Thus  the  tide  of  fortune  for  Padr(5s  and  his  associate 
had  begun  to  ebb.  Instead  of  finding  themselves  in- 
vested with  the  civil  and  military  authority,  they  weri! 
simply  directors  of  colonization,  and  their  powers  even 
in  that  capacity  were  left  to  the  tender  mercies  of  the 
diputacion.  The  members  of  that  body,  it  is  true,  had 
been  a  few  years  earlier  admirers  and  partisans  of 
Padres,  or  at  least  were  largely  under  the  influence  of 
those  partisans,  such  as  Bandini,  Vallejo,  and  Osif); 
but  though  we  may  be  sure  the  ayudante  inspector 
exerted  all  his  eloquence  and  influence  to  retain  tlio 
favor  of  his  old  friends,  his  power  over  them  seems  to 
have  bee?i  lost.  Vallejo  and  Alvarado  admit  canihtlly 
that  the  chief  reason  for  this  defection  was  the  fact  tliat 
Padres  had  brought  with  him  twenty-one  Mexicans 
to  become  administrators  of  the  missions;  whereas, 
under  the  old  plans,  the  Californians  were  to  have 
those  places.  I  have  no  doubt  this  was,  to  a  certain 
exient,  the  true  state  of  the  case,  though  I  do  not 
suppose  that  all  the  places  had  been  promised  to 
Mexicans.  Figueroa's  mission  policy  was  substan- 
tially identical  with  that  of  Echeandia  and  Padres  in 
the  past,  to  which  the  Californians  had  counnitted 
themselves.  Ho  had  actually  made  a  beginning  of 
secularization;  all  was  going  well,  and  the  Californians 
were  filling  the  desirable  places.  Why  should  they 
favor  a  change  in  favor  of  strangers? 

Whatever  their  motives — and  they  were  not  alto- 
gether selfish — the  vocales  had  the  soundest  of  legal 


t\ 


4  :•■   i 


*Figueroa,AramJiesto,  14r-22;  St.  Pap.,  Misa.  and  Colon.,  MS.,ii.  '209-10. 


ACTION  OF  THE  DIPUTACION. 


iiii 


reasons  for  refusing  to  accodo  to  Hijar's  demands.  To 
suiiiMWO  that  the  government  in  depriving  him  of  tiio 
ollicc  of  gcfe  politico  had  intended  to  leave  intact  all 
tin;  powers  given  to  him  in  his  double  capacity  was  an 
absurdity;  nor  was  it  credible  that  the  whole  matter 
of  sicularization  and  disposition  of  mission  property 
was  to  be  intrusted  to  a  mere  director  of  colonization, 
(kenied  unfit  for  the  civil  rule.  Doubtless  the  admin- 
istration in  its  haste  had  been  led  into  carelessness 
ill  not  specifying  what  powers  if  any  were  to  be  kft 
to  Director  Hijar.  The  diputacion  met  on  tlie  17tli 
of  October,  and  listened  to  a  speech  from  Figueroa,  re- 
ceiving documents  illustrating  the  subject-matter.  The 
matter  was  referred  to  the  committee  on  government. 
It  was  decided  to  reserve  discussion  for  secret  sessions, 
and  next  day  Hijar  was  called  upon  to  show  his 
instructions.  At  the  secret  session  of  the  2 1st  the 
conimittoe,  consisting  of  Jose  Antonio  Carrillo,  PIo 
Pico,  and  Joaquin  Ortega,  rendered  its  report,  which 
was  discussed  and  approved  article  by  article  without 
opposition.  On  the  same  day  it  was  published  by 
Figueroa  in  a  ponderous  bando.'' 

Ill  a  preamble  to  their  report,  Carrillo  and  his  asso- 
ciates made  an  able  and  even  eloquent  presentment  of 
tlie  case.  Considerable  attention  was  paid  to  national  as- 
pects, for  it  seems  that  an  effort  had  been  made  to  show 
that  Santa  Anna's  revocation  of  Hijar's  commission 
V,  as  in  some  W' ay  a  threat  to  federal  institutions,  and  a 
warning  was  uttered  against  the  folly  o^  taking  part 
ill  the  strife  that  was  agitating  the  rep  blic,  so  long 
as  tlie  rights  of  California  were  not  attacked,  and 
especially  so  long  as  the  territory  was  under  the 
guidance  of  so  wise  and  popular  a  ruler  as  Figueroa. 


^Lejis.  liec,  MS.,  ii.  lOO-G,  29-34;  FiQueroa,  Manifie^to,  22-33.  Of  the 
docuiiicnt  as  finally  published  I  have  ai»  original — Figueroa,  Dando  en  que 
jiuUiea  hi  Ufsolucion  de  la  Diputacion  Territorial  contra  las  Preten-iioncn  de  Don 
Jofi  Maria  Ilijar,  Director  de  Colonizacion,  21  de  Oct.  de  1S34,  MS.,  sheet 
12xoO  inches.  Oct.  19th,  Figueroa  demands  from  H.  his  instructiopa  for  tho 
dip.  Tlicy  were  sent  the  same  day.  St.  Pap.,  Colon,  and  Mins.,  MS.,  ii.  211. 
Oct.  21.st-'J2d,  F.  sends  to  the  alcalde  of  Los  Angeles  his  address  to  the  dip., 
and  the  action  of  that  body.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ang.,  MS.,  xi,  23-6. 


270     FIGUKROA,  CASTRO,  AND  GUTIERREZ-THE  COLONY. 

Orders  of  the  (government  were  for  tlie  most  ));irt 
clear,  and  should  be  obeyed.  The  innouent  colonists 
wore,  however,  in  no  way  to  blame  for  the  failtiro  (»!' 
the  directors  to  provide  for  their  welfare,  nor  for  the 
carelessness  of  the  government  in  issuin;^  indeliiiito 
orders;  and  for  them  the  territorial  authorities  should 
provide  in  every  possible  way.  The  Indians,  more- 
over, ought  not  to  be  despoiled  of  their  propertv— 
tlicir  only  reward  for  a  century  of  slavery — as  would 
be  the  case  if  Hijar's  original  instructions  were  car- 
ried out;  and  on  this  point  the  government  should  bo 
fully  inft)rmod.  The  decision  of  the  committee,  ap- 
proved by  the  diputacion,  and  published  in  the  l^ov- 
einor's  bando,  was  in  substance  as  in  the  appeudod 
note.®  Figueroa  was  to  remain  gefo  politico;  llijar 
vras  to  be  recognized  as  director  of  the  colony,  Imt 
must  not  interfere  with  the  missions,  and  all  possible 
aid  was  to  be  afforded  to  the  colonists.  The  course 
decided  upon  was  an  eminently  just  and  proper  one. 
Hijar  addressed  to  Figueroa,  October  23d,  a  com- 
munication, in  which  he  attempted  to  refute  suecus- 
f^ively  all  the  positions  assumed  by  the  diputacion. 
This  letter,  with  Figueroa's  arguments  against  each 
])oint  interpolated  between  its  disjointed  paragraphs, 
lills  fifty-four  pages  of  print."     Both  d'sputants  tlis- 


!M; 


I'i' 


*  1.  The  order  of  July  25th  must  be  obeyed,  and  Figueroa  will  continue 
to  act  as  gefo  politico.  2.  Hijar  may  fulfil  hia  special  commission  of  dii'cctor 
of  colonization,  subject  to  the  territorial  government  and  the  regulations 
wliich  may  be  adopted  by  the  diputacion.  3.  H.  is  to  have  notliiiig  to  ilo 
Avith  secularization,  and  is  not  to  receive  the  mission  property.  4.  Until  tlio 
sup.  govt  may  decide,  the  secularization  regulations  of  the  dip.  will  be  cinicil 
out,  and  the  Indians  will  bo  put  in  possession  of  their  property.  r>,  (a)  Tlie 
gov.  will  cause  to  be  given  to  the  colonists  on  arrival  the  tools  and  otlicr  aid 
called  for  in  the  instructions,  the  same  to  be  taken  pro  rata  from  the  (litRrcnt 
missions;  (b)  he  will  also  furnish  necessary  food  on  accoimt  of  tiienllowance 
t,i  each  person;  (c)  the  director  will  be  subject  to  the  gefe,  and  will  rciiuit  to 
him,  giving  estimates  of  expenses,  etc.;  (d)  the  mission  lands  belong,'  to  tlic 
Indians,  and  no  colony  shall  be  established  on  them.  0.  The  gefo  will  retain 
n.'sinstructions,  giving  him  a  certified  copy  if  desired.  7.  (a)  Tliis  iloi'umeiit 
ia  to  be  reported  to  the  sup.  govt,  which  (b)  is  to  be  asked  to  revoke  the 
instructions  so  far  as  they  despoil  tlie  Indians  of  their  property;  to  approve 
the  regl.  of  the  dip. ;  and  (c)  to  separate  the  politJcal  and  military  coiniiiauil. 
8.  This  action  of  the  dip.  shall  be  circulated  for  the  iuformation  of  tlie 
public. 

•  Figueroa,  Manijiento,  3o-S9. 


FAILURE  OF  THE  COLONY. 


VI 


]>lnyc(l  ability  in  their  written  argiunontsi,  besides 
usiiiL,''  some  severe  language;  but  they  went,  much 
fmtluir  than  was  necessary  or  than  I  have  space  to 
follow  them,  beyond  the  real  question  at  issue  into 
th(!  rights  of  the  Indians,  the  equities  of  seculariza- 
tion, and  the  constitutional  powers  of  national  and  ter- 
ritorial authorities.  A  private  conference  of  leading 
men  was  held  the  25th,  at  which  Hijar's  letter  waM 
read,  and  arguments  in  support  of  Figuei'oa's  position 
were  made  by  the  lawyers  Luis  del  Castillo  Negi'cto 
and  Rafael  Gomez.  Another  conference  was  to  bo 
lield  the  next  day;  but  meanwhile  Hijar  invited 
FiL,nioroato  breakfast,  and  tried  to  bribe  him — so  says 
the  governor — to  deliver  the  mission  property,  offer- 
ing to  eniich  him,  not  only  with  that  very  property, 
but  with  credit  and  influep'^o  in  Mexico  and  $20,000 
or  more  from  Jalisco.^"  i  igueroa  does  not  appear  to 
have  deemed  tha^  his  honor  required  anything  n^oro 
than  a  refusal  of  the  offer;  and  after  a  long  argument, 
offered  not  to  oppose,  if  the  diputacion  would  consent, 
the  delivery  of  the  mission  property,  on  condition 
that  no  part  of  it  should  be  disposed  of  until  a  deci- 
sion could  be  obtained  from  Mexico.  This  proposition 
was  not  accepted  at  the  conference  that  followed,  at 
which  Hijar  and  Padres  are  said  to  have  finally  given 
up  the  contest,  admitted  the  justice  of  all  that  the  dipu- 
tacion had  done,  and  announced  their  purpose  to  take 
the  colony  to  Baja  California.  All  protested  against 
this  project  as  ruinous  to  the  colonists,  and  begged 
the  directors  to  remain,  which  they  finally  consented 
to  do,  some  slight  modifications  in  the  resolutions  of 
the  21st  being  agreed  upon,  which  modifications,  with 
Hijar's  letter  of  the  23d,  were  submitted  by  Figueroa 
to  the  diputacion  on  the  29th. 

The  diputacion  on  November  3d,  while  administer- 
ing to  Hijar  a  severe  reprimand  for  his  "jumble  of  er- 
roneous ideas,  unfounded  imputations,  and  gratuitcoa 

^Ttijueroa,  Manijieato,  92. 


(  1 


h 


II 


27S     FIGUEROA,  CASTRO,  AND  GUTIERREZ-THE  COLOXY. 

criminations,"  agreed  to  the  changes 'proposed,  and 
loqiiirud  of  the  directora  written  acquiescence;  wliicli 
action  was  cojnmunicated  to  him  on  the  4th  by  Figu- 
croa,'^  Hijar  repHed  two  days  later  with  a  protest 
and  more  argmnents  instead  of  the  desired  agreement; 
hut  lie  announced  his  purpose,  for  the  welfare  of  tlio 
colonists  and  the  good  name  of  Mexico,  to  disregard 
for  the  present  his  own  wrongs  of  outraged  honor, 
and  remain  with  the  colony  wherever  it  might  be 
sent,  earning  liis  living  with  a  spade  if  necessary. 
Accordingly  preparations  were  made  for  the  settle- 
ment ot  the  colonists  on  the  northern  frontier.  Pa- 
dres was  call  upon  to  decide  whether  he  would  assume 
tlie  duties  of  ayudante  inspector  or  of  sub-director; 
and  lie  rc]i]ie<l  by  resigning  the  former  position.'' 
Figueroa  addressed  to  the  minister  of  relations  on  the 
9th  two  communications  in  defence  of  the  policy  that 
had  been  pursued  with  tlie  directors.  On  the  20th, 
and  again  on  December  Stli,  he  wrote  to  the  secretary 
of  war,  explaining  his  course  with  Padres,  who  it  soeius 
after  n^signing  his  militar}^  position  once  had  tried 
un.succcssfully  to  obtain  command  of  the  northern 
I'rontier.  He  declared  that  Padres  was  already  })h)t- 
ting  mischief,  and  that  the  territory  would  never  be  safe 
until  that  officer  should  be  removed.  He  alsoofi'ered 
liis  own  resignation  of  the  comandancia  general.^* 

I  have  already  noticed  the  arrival  of  the  colony  in 
two  divisions  at  San  Diego  and  Monterey  in  Se[)teiii- 
ber  1834,  the  stay  of  the  southern  division  for  a  nit)ntli 


i»  !i 


:   t 


^^ Flijwroa,  Mamjieato,  93-lOG;  Ler/.  Bee,  MS.,  ii.  205-7.  The, changes 
were  as  follows:  (1)  In  art.  2,  the  words  'laws  and  regulations  on  tin;  :-til)- 
jcct' were  to  be  substituted  for  ' regulations  which  may  be  adopted  \<y  tlio 
dip.'  (2)  Hi'jar  w.is  to  have  his  original  instructions  returned.  (:'«)  If 
Hijar  would  agree  in  writing  to  the  resolutions  ns  anierdcd,  ho  was  to  receive 
his  full  salary  of  $1,000.  (4)  The  gefo  politico  was  authorized  to  settle  any 
further  questions  of  detail  without  reference  to  tlie  dip.  Nov.  4th,  V.  iii- 
foiins  tlic  min.  of  rel.  that  II.  is  to  remain  as  director,  subject  to  tin  eivil 
government,  and  to  receive  )?4,000;  but  after  the  colonists  arc  once  1",  atcil 
vnder  nmnicipal  govt,  it  is  thought  no  director  will  bo  needed,  and  the  snl  ivy 
may  be  saved.  St.  Pap.,  Miss,  aud  Colon.,  MS.,ii.  213.  Il.'sreplyof  Nov.  Otii 
U  also  in  hi.,  ii.  213-17. 

'=Nov.  Stli,  0th,  .SV.  Pctp.,  Mh^.  and  Colon.,  M.S.,  ii.  270,  279.  287-S. 

"(S<.  Pap.,  Miss.  and  Colon,,  MS.,  ii.  283-02;  Figueroa,  Mamjkdo,  l-j-oS. 


4  :i 


ON  THE  NORTHERN  FRONTIER. 


i:o 


or  more  at  San  Luis  Rcy  and  San  Gabriel,  and  their 
rrradual  progress  northward.  Ininiediatel}"  after  the 
aL;iveuient  with  Hijar,  particularly  on  November  r2th, 
orders  were  issued  for  a  ^);'0  rata  furnishing  by  the 
missions  of  necessary  supplies.  There  are  also  sonic 
fragmentary  items  of  record  respecting  trans[)ortati()n 
in  Xovember  and  December;^*  but  all  that  can  be 
(iL'iiiiitely  learned  is  that  during  the  winter  a  majority 
ofllio  whole  company,  the  rest  being  scattered  through- 
out tlie  territory,  were  gradually  brought  together  at 
San  Francisco  Solano,  which  mission  was  already  in 
oliai'>e  of  Mariano  G.  Valleio  as  comisionado  for  sec- 
ulariy.ation.  Padres  was  with  them,  and  Hijar  made 
some  visits  to  Solano.  The  intention  was  to  found  a 
^L'ttlement  on  the  northern  i'rontier,  perhaps  at  Santa 
Kosa,  though  it  does  not  clearly  ai)pear  that  any  of 
tlio  colony  actually  went  tliere,  or  indeed  that  any 
had  lands  assigned  them  at  San  Francisco  Solano. 
Early  in  March  1835  a  new  correspondence  took 
place  between  Hijar  and  Figueroa.  Supplies  had 
rouic  in  slowdy,  barely  in  quantities  sufficient  to  keep 
the  colonists  alive.  Hijar  now  desired  to  make  a  be- 
'^iuning  of  the  new  town,  and  called  on  the  governor 
to  state  definitely  whether  ho  could  furnish  the  re- 
quired aid.  Figueroa  admitted  that  he  could  not  fur- 
nish nil  that  was  required  by  the  instruction?  thougli 
ho  would  do,  as  he  had  done,  all  that  was  in  his  power. 

"Xuv.  5,  1834,  Ramirez  notifies  receptor  at  S.  Francisco  that  the  brig 
Ti-.iiiiumre  will  bring  the  colonists'  luggage  uortli  and  may  laud  it  on  Aii.;i.'I 
Isli'.iiil.  Piiln,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  l-.')-0.  Nov.  Stli-Dtli,  Ilijar's estimates  of  livo- 
stueU,  tools,  supplies,  etc.,  for  the  colony,  aniDvnitiiig  to  .'i?43,000  for  a  year. 
■S'. /''■/..,. l/(.-'x.  cDid  Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  27-t-S,  i2S0.  Nov.  I'Jtli,  miscellaneous 
onlc'i'sl  1  missions  with  some  details  of  supplies  to  be  furnished.  Ihiif.  St.  I'ap., 
Ms.,  iii.  ISS;  St.  Pap.,  2Ii^s.  ami  Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  279-82;  I'ulljo,  Dor.,  M.^., 
32,VS.  Due.  I'Jth,  tlio  gov.  says  to  tlio  comisioiudo  of  S.  F.  that  if  the  colo- 
nists hiive  not  yet  goiio  to  the  other  side,  they  arc  to  bo  detained  until  the  I'ains 
are  over.  St.  Pap.,  J/«.s.f.,  MS.,  ix,  CI.  Corouei  speaksof  tho  journey  in  o.\- 
cr.rts  or  on  liorsoback,  of  crossing  tho  strait  of  Carquines  in  boats  managed 
liy  S.  .lose  iieopliytcs,  and  of  being  lodged  in  such  of  tlio  laissioii  l)uihUng3 
as  were  not  occupied  by  Vallcjo  and  iiis  troops.  CoM-t  de  CuL,  MS.,  12. 
^kst  ( 'aliforniun  writers  give  no  information  beyond  tlie  bare  fact  tliat  most 
of  tl'i  iiiliiuists  went  to  Sonoma.  Some  state  that  tliero  was  now  eonsidera- 
Meill  ft I'ling  between  them  and  tho  native  iuhabitauts,  arising  largely  from 
the  troubles  of  tho  leaders. 


2S0    FICtUEROA,  CASTRO,  AND  GUTIERREZ-THE  COLONY. 

Ho  advised,  however,  tliat  on  account  of  scanty  means 
and  the  general  unfitness  of  the  men  for  frontier  sc  t- 
tlers,  the  idea  of  a  new  town  bo  abandoned,  and  the 
colonists  be  allowed  to  select,  each  for  himself,  their 
own  residence  and  employment.  Hijar  protested 
against  this  plan,  as  opposed  to  the  views  of  the  ^h\- 
iean  government;  but  Figueroa  insisted,  and  issued 
the  corresponding  orders.  The  colony  was  thus  dis- 
organized, but  there  are  records  of  aid  furnished  to 
families  at  different  points  throughout  1835.  There  is 
no  more  to  be  said  of  the  colonists  as  a  body.  ]Most 
of  them  remained  in  the  country  to  constitute  a  very 
respectable  clement  of  the  population.^^ 

In  a  defence  of  his  own  course,  written  later,  Fi- 
gueroa, presenting  the  documents  in  the  case  chrono- 
logically, interspersed  among  them  his  own  comnionts. 
From  his  remarks  it  would  appear  that  almost  from 
the  day  of  arrival,  in  September  1834,  to  the  out- 
break in  March  1835,  soon  to  be  noticed,  certain 
members  of  the  colony  under  the  leadership  of  PachtH 
were  engaged  in  plots  to  secure  the  territorial  govern- 
ment by  force,  Hijar  being  meanwhile  an  indiiFereiit 
spectator,  if  not  an  active  participant  in  these  in- 
trigues.^" I  suspect  that  Figueroa's  fears  at  the  time 
were  to  a  c  nsiderable  extent  unfounded,  and  that  liis 
subsequent  presentment  of  them  was  much  exagger- 
ated in  detail  to  suit  his  own  purposes.     The  colonists 


'•'' Corrosponilcnce  of  Hijar  and  Figueroa,  March  1-4,  1835,  in  F'l'P'rr-.n, 
Mfini/ii'Hto,  U7-28;  Dept.  Sf.  Pnp.,  M.S.,  iv.  8-9.  Orders  and  correspomlonce 
of  March  oth  to  April,  on  transfer  of  the  families  from  Solano  to  the  linniis 
tlicy  might  select,  and  on  supplies  furnished.  Valkjo,  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  II  Hi; 
xxiii.  T);  St.  Pap.,  iMUi.,  MS.,  vii.  72-4;  Dci^t.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.,  MS.,  v.  ;i77  '.'. 
Account  by  Padics  April  l'2th  of  amounts  paid  to  colonists,  agL'i'o;,';ilii!^' 
$2,004.  Di'pt.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.,  MS.,  v.  .171-2;  Id.,Cust.-lf.,  MS.,  vii.  (iiiJ  1. 
Fragmentary  records  of  supplies  furnished  to  families,  Juno  to  August.  ]>>  /'t. 
St.  Pap.,  Den.  Mil.,  MS.,  1-  \x.  11;  Ixxxi.  40;  Id,  Ben.,  v.  372-;);  /</.,  J'"i. 
Com.  and  Tiras.,  iv.  0;  St.  Pap.,  Misn.,  MS.,  vi,  15;  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  .\\i:i. 
12. 

^^  Fii/ncroa,  Mun'Jlcato,  passim.  In  Oct.,  before  the  action  of  tlio  lip , 
they  are  said  to  have  worlicd  hard  to  alarm  tho  public  with  charges  of  ■  on- 
tralism  and  oppression,  p.  22-3.  After  that  action  of  Oct.  2!st,  some  in  tin  if 
anger  talked  loudly  and  recklessly  of  their  ori^jinal  plans,  p.  33-J.     About 


REVOLT  AT  LOS  ANGELES. 


2S1 


were  of  course  bitterly  disappointed  at  the  failure  of 
tlio  directors  to  keep  their  promises,  and  Tnany  of  them 
were  disposed  to  throw  the  blame  on  Figueroa  and 
tlie  Californians.  It  is  the  nature  of  disappointed 
]\Iexicans  to  conspire;  there  were  some  reckless  fel- 
lows like  Araujo  who  were  perfectly  willing  to  make 
trouble ;  and  it  is  not  likely  that  Padres,  or  even  Hi- 
jar  perhaps,  would  have  regretted  or  opposed  any 
revolutionary  movement  offering  chances  of  success. 
But  such  chances,  against  a  popular  ruler,  the  leading 
Caliloniians,  and  the  friars,  were  known  to  be  but 
slight.  Therefore  I  doubt  that  Hijar  and  Padres 
made  any  definite  plans  to  overthrow  the  territorial 
government,  and  especially  that  Figueroa,  as  he  claims, 
was  acquamted  from  the  first  with  the  details  of  such 
plots. 


There  was,  however,  an  attempted  revolt  at  Los 
Angeles  March  7,  1835.  The  night  before,  about 
fifty  Sonorans,  who  had  lately  come  to  California,  and 

the  time  of  settlement  with  Hijar,  or  in  Nov.,  Araujo  instigated  two  attacks 
of  the  C'aliuilla  Indians  on  the  S.  Bernardino  rancho.  Verduzco  at  tlie  same 
tiiiic  tried  to  induce  the  neophytes  of  S.  Luis  Rcy  to  revolt  against  the  cscolta; 
but  his  plot  was  discovered  and  frustrated.  Lara  on  his  way  north  tried  to 
enlist  the  neophytes  of  different  missions  in  support  of  his  plots,  as  was  proven 
by  liis  diaiy,  which  fell  into  Figucroa's  hands,  p.  lOG-7.  PadrC'S  concealed 
the  "JO.")  rillcs  and  ammunition  he  had  brought,  advised  the  colonists  to  havo 
nothing  to  do  with  Figueroa,  and  daily  harangued  them  at  Sonoma  on  their 
wron:'s  at  the  gcfe's  hands,  p.  lOS-114  (also  F.'s  reports  to  Mex.  on  Padn's 
ahcady  cited).  In  February  two  persons  from  S.  Antonio  reported  a  plot; 
an  1  .m\ oral  nienibei-s  of  the  colony  revealed  the  revolutionary  plans.  Hijar 
i/iciuiuiiilc  was  intimate  with  the  conspirators,  and  must  havo  known  their 
BcJK'iiics.  p.  110-11.  The  desire  in  March  to  unite  the  colony  was  for  tho 
puqvwe  of  revolution;  and  to  defeat  this  movement  was  F.'s  chief  reason  for 
allowing  ic  to  bo  scattered,  p.  llG-17.  When  tho  news  came  of  trouble  in  tho 
south,  F.  was  investigating  the  matter  at  Sta  Clara  and  S.  Juan.  p.''l"2S-lt. 
Oct.  1 "),  18;U,  Capt.  Portilla  from  S.  Luis  Hey.  Has  discovered  that  Vcnluzco 
sought  to  surprise  the  guard  and  seize  the  arms.  Dept.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii. 
174-.J.  Get.  '21st-22d,  F.  toGutierrez  and  to  8  comisionados  to  investigate  tlio 
ilistinliaiiccH,  arrest  the  leaders,  and  assure  tho  Ind.  that  the  charges  of  tiio 
revolutionists  were  false.  /t/.,iii.  175-0.  Araujo,  on  Sept.  18th,  says,  'I  havo 
alivndy  predisposed  the  neophytes  in  our  favor,'  this  Ixjing  perhaps  the  pnr- 
V'»-t  '■{  tho  '  diary '  referred  to  by  F.  Gmrra,  Doc,  MS.,  vi.  154.  Oct.  '22d, 
1''.  warns  alcalde  of  Angeles  to  look  out  for  levolutinnary  movements.  Dept. 
'SV.  l'"iK,  M.S.,  iii.  177;  Id.,  Avg.,  \l  2S.  Oct.  2Sth,  Carrillo  at  Sta  Lar- 
bara  has  taken  steps  to  prevent  Araujo  from  seducing  the  neopliytcs.  St.  Pap., 
J/'«.,  Ms.,  ix.  29.  Jan.  27,  1835,  president  has  heard  of  Araujo's  plots  and 
ordeiM  liim  to  bo  sent  out  of  tho  country.  Sup.  Govt  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xi.  1. 


282     FIGUEROA,  CASTRO,  AND  GUTIERREZ— THE  COI-ONY. 

who  were  living  in  the  town  or  the  adjoining  ranchos, 
assembled  at  Los  Nietos,  and  at  daybreak  entered  Los 
Angeles  armed  with  lances  and  muskets,  under  the 
leadership  of  Juan  Gallardo,  a  cobbler,  and  Felipo 
Castillo,  a  cigar-maker.  They  seem  to  have  seized 
certain  weapons  at  the  houses  of  foreign  residents  as 
they  came  in.  Marching  to  the  town  hall,  and  usiiiLf 
force  to  obtain  the  keys,  they  took  a  cannon  and  a 
quantity  of  ammunition  stored  there  temporarily-,  or 
in  a  private  house  near  by,  in  anticipation  of  an  Indian 
campaign.  Without  committing  further  acts  of  vio- 
lence, the  S(jnorans  stationed  themselves  near  tlio 
entrance  of  the  hall,  while  the  leaders  took  steps  to 
sunnnon  the  alcalde.  That  official,  Francisco  J.  Alva- 
rado,  at  once  convened  the  members  of  the  ayunta- 
micnto  by  tap  of  the  drum,  and  the  citizens  generally 
loft  their  beds  to  attend  the  meeting.  Gallardo  thvn 
submitted,  with  a  respectful  letter  for  the  approval  of 
the  illustrious  corporation,  a  plan  which  explained  the 
presence  of  himself  and  followers,  and  by  which  it  was 
proposed  to  restore  California  to  the  splendid  prosper- 
ity of  former  times  by  simply  removing  Figucroa 
from  the  command.^^ 

''  Prominciamiento  de  Apalutegiti  en  Los  Ancjeles,  rontra  Don  Jos6  F'kjih  roa, 
7  de  ^f(u•zo  de  1S35,  in  Figiieroa,  Manijiesto,  131-.3;  Los  Anrjelcn,  Arch.,  MS., 
iv.  15.")-S);  Bandini,  Doc.  J  list.  C'cd.,  MS.,  .39.  'A  multitude  of  citizens  hav- 
ing assembled  to  devise  means  to  save  California  from  the  evils  whicli  .s!io 
has  suffered  and  is  suffering  under  the  administration  of  Gen.  D.  Joso  Figiuroa, 
aiid  considering — 1.  That  this  chief  lias  not  complied  with  divers  order.s  Ljivcn 
him  by  the  sup.  govt  of  the  Union  to  improve  the  condition  of  the  inliiil'it- 
auts  of  this  country;  that, abusing  their  docility, he  has  exceeded  the pov, c.j 
granted  him  by  the  laws,  by  unduly  assuming  the  political  and  military  coi'.'.- 
mauds  against  the  federal  system  and  against  express  laws  which  forbid  t^ia 
luiion  of  the  commands;  that  with  the  law  of  secularization  he  has.nuuk'  a 
scandalous  monopoly,  reducing  the  mission  products  to  an  exclusive  coninicrco, 
and  treacherously  inducing  the  dip.  to  regulate  a  general  law  according  tu  his 
whim;  that,  in  infringement  of  the  treasury  regulations,  he  disposes  of  t'la 
soldiers'  pay  at  his  own  will  without  the  knowledge  of  the  chief  of  revenue, 
and  without  the  formalities  prescribed  by  law;  2.  That  the  dip.  his  no 
power  to  regulate  or  make  additions  to  a  general  law,  as  it  has  done  iu  tho 
case  of  that  on  the  secularization;  3.  That  ns  tho  missions  are  advaii'ing 
M'ith  giant  strides  to  total  ruin,  through  the  measures  dictated  for  th(!  shut- 
ting-out  of  the  natives  and  the  distribution  of  their  property;  and,  4.  That 
Eome  commissioners,  cither  by  gross  ignorance  in  tho  management  of  tlii-*  ihis3 
of  business  or  by  their  own  malicious  conduct,  have  proposed  to  fuhanco 
their  private  wealth  by  ruining  that  of  the  missions,  with  notable  injui  y  to 
tho  natives  who  have  acquired  that  property  by  their  personal  toil — luivo  re- 


M 


apalAtegui's  revolt. 


283 


The  ayuntamiento  in  session  with  the  citizens  dis- 
cussed the  propositions  of  the  plan,  referred  them  to 
a  ooniuiittce,  and  finally  decided  by  a  plurality  of  votes 
tluit  it  had  no  authority  to  act  in  such  a  mutter,  and 
that  Gallardo  must  apply  elsewhere  for  support — in 
fact,  according  to  one  record  the  ayuntamiento  went 
so  far  as  to  disapprove  the  plan,  though  having  no  army 
■with  which  to  enforce  its  disapproval.  A  committee 
consisting  of  Guirado,  Osio,  and  Ossa  was  sent  to  com- 
municate the  decision  and  to  request  the  prommciados 
to  remove  their  force  across  the  river.  This  they  de- 
chncd  to  do,  but  promiised  to  preserve  the  peace,  and 
held  their  position  until  about  four  o'clock  in  tlie  af- 
tt- rnoon.  Pio  Pico  and  Antonio  M.  Osio,  both  of  whom 
woro  in  town  on  this  eventful  day,  assert  that  the 
rebels  were  waiting  for  money  that  had  been  promised 
but  was  not  forthcoming.^^  However  this  may  have 
been,  at  about  the  hour  mentioned  Gallardo  and  Cas- 
tillo respectfully  informed  the  ayuntamiento  that  as 


S'llvcd  as  follows:  Art.  1.  Gen.  Joa6  Figueroa  is  declared  unworthy  of  puljlic 
coiiliiloiicc;  and  therefore  the  first  alcalde  of  the  capital  will  take  charge 
provi;  ioiially  of  the  political  power;  and  Capt.  Pablo  do  la  Portiila  of  the 
r.iilitaiy  command  as  the  i-ankiug  olHcer  in  accordance  with  army  regulations. 
Alt.  'J.  The  i-esolutions  of  the  dip.  on  regulations  for  the  administration  of 
missions  are  declared  null  and  void.  Art.  3.  The  very  rev.  missionary 
fatiicrs  will  take  exclusive  charge  of  the  temporalities  of  their  respective 
miisimis  as  they  have  done  until  now,  and  the  comisionados  will  deliver  the 
ilociimcnts  I'clating  to  their  administration  to  the  friars,  who  will  make  the 
projur  observations.  Art.  4.  By  the  preceding  article  the  powers  of  the  director 
tf  loloiiizution  to  act  according  to  his  instructions  from  tlie  sup.  govt  are  not 
iiitrrtVi'ud  with.  Art.  5.  Tliis  plan  is  in  every  respect  subject  to  the  approval 
cf  tlui  gun.  govt.  Art.  6.  The  forces  that  have  pronouncei!  will  not  lay  down 
thi'ir  iirms  until  tliey  see  the  preceding  articles  realized,  and  they  constituto 
tliciiisi  Ives  protectors  of  an  upright  administration  of  justice  anil  of  the  rc- 
fpci'tivc  authorities.'  It  no'^  hero  appears  who  were  the  signers  of  the  plan, 
it  any,  in  addition  to  Galla:  .  id  Castillo.  All  the  copies  close  with  the 
note  '  here  the  signatures.'  1" igueroa  devotes  p.  1,34-40  of  his  M(iiilfie4o  to  a 
Berios  (if  iirgumcnts  in  reply  to  the  successive  articles  of  tlie  plan,  cxliibiting 
veiv  iniicii  more  of  skill  and  satire  and  i'.nger  than  the  subject  deserved. 

'\o</o,  Hist.  CaL,  MS.,  2.30-S;  Pico,  Hist.  Cnl.,  MS.,  50-5.  Kobinson, 
Lifi  ill  CaL,  1G4-7,  gives  a  full  narrative  with  a  translation  of  the  pronuncia- 
niicntcj.  Other  accoiinta  in  Alvarado,  Hist.  CaL,  MS.,  iii.  1-5;  Feniamli-, 
(Vsr,.  ih  Cal,  MS.,  80-2;  Valkjo,  liemin.,  MS.,  55-6;  Botdh,  Aiutles,  MS., 
l')-!^i;  Aridi,  No/as,  MS.,  10-11;  Ord,Ociirrenrias, 'MS.,GG;  GiiUndo,  Apun- 
'"•%  Ms.,  30;  TuthilVa  Hist.  Cal.,  138-9.  Nearly  all  represent  this  as  a 
revolt  ill  the  interests  of  the  colony  or  its  directors.  In  Los  Angeles,  Hist.,  14, 
i:  i^  ^p  ikcn  of  aa  a  revolt  of  Torres  and  Apalatey  to  place  Ijar  at  the  head  of 
Oii'aira. 


HitH 


I  i  ' 


If  li  ■, 


:i|i:h:!ii 


'?-;if 


'1  !l  11  !i ' 


1 


284     FIGUEROA,  CASTRO,  AND  GUTIER?.EZ— THE  COLONY. 

the  plan  had  not  been  approved  by  that  body,  after  tlio 
exercise  of  what  was  doubtless  better  judgment  than 
they  themselves  had  brought  to  bear  on  it,  they  liad 
decided  to  give  up  the  instigators  of  the  movenniit, 
and  to  throw  themselves,  if  any  wrong  had  been  un- 
wittingly done,  on  the  indulgence  of  the  legal  authoi  i- 
ties.  Accordingly  they  gave  up  two  men,  and  dis- 
banded their  force. 

The  two  men  given  up,  locked  in  jail,  and  sent  next 
day  to  Lieutenant-colonel  Gutierrez  at  San  Gabriel  ibr 
safe  keeping,  were  Antonio  Apaliitegui,  a  Spanish  r.s- 
crihicnte,  or  clerk,  and  Francisco  Torres,  a  Mexican 
doctor,  or  apothecary,  who  had  come  with  the  colony, 
and  who  lately  had  left  Monterey  with  despatches  from 
Hijar  to  the  authorities  in  Mexico.  All  the  Sonorans 
asfrced  that  these  men  had  instigated  the  revolt, 
Apalategui  being  the  active  agent.  The  ayuntamicnto 
on  the  evening  of  the  7th  issued  an  address  to  the  })oo- 
plc,  in  which  the  events  of  the  day  were  narrated,  and 
a  similar  report  respecting  the  doings  of  'una  reunion 
accfiila  de  Sonorenses'  was  forwarded  the  same  night  to 
Figucroa.  Unconditional  pardon  was  granted  to  the 
Sonorans,  and  some  twenty  of  the  number  started  im- 
mediately for  Sonora,  where  many  of  them  wereanvstud 
and  submitted  to  a  close  examination  respecting  their 
deeds  in  California.  The  taking  of  evidence  and  other 
routine  formalities  of  the  case  against  Apaldteguiand 
Torres  occupied  two  months, and  in  May  they  were  sent 
off  to  Mexico  as  disturbers  of  the  public  peace  and  con- 
spirators against  the  legitimate  authority. 

The  testimony  and  correspondence  respecting-  the 
Apaliitegui  revolt  as  preserved  in  the  archives  foiin  a 
very  voluminous  record,  of  which  I  offer  a  partial  i  e- 
sumd  in  the  accompanying  notc.^''     From  the  whole 

"March  3d,  Lieut-col.  Gutierrez  to  Fi^ueroa,  that  he  suspecterl  Tone  s  nid 
is  watching  him.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  7-8.  March  7th,  record  tf  vwwin 
at  Angeles — including  ayunt.  session;  two  letters  of  Gallardo  to  tlioiwini!^^.; 
Gutierrez  to  the  ayunt.  and  to  F.;  and  ayunt.  to  F.  and  to  the  pinpli'.  in 
LoH  Angeles  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  3G-8,  41-3;  iv.  152-04;  Dtpt.  St.  Pap.,  JJcn.,  MS., 
ii.  17-25;  V.  185-96;  De2)t.  St.  Pap.,  Avfjeles,  MS.,  i.  174-5;  Firjmron,  .V'lni- 
Jiesto,  130-1,  140-7.     March  8th,  10th,  11th,  14th,  corresp.  on  subsinuciit 


CAUSES  OF  THE  RISING. 


283 


it  appears  that  the  Sonorans  had  no  special  grievance 
to  redress,  but  were  easily  induced  to  join  what  they 
^\■vlv  led  to  regard  as  a  general  and  popular  move- 
iiitiit,  which  they  abandoned  as  soon  as  they  learned 
its  unpopularity;  that  the  immediate  motives  of  the 
leaders  Gallardo  and  Castillo  are   not  known;  that 


nl.nms  ami  rumors.  One  or  two  aiTcsts  were  made,  and  the  Sonorans  feared 
punishment  an<l  sent  a  committee,  including  Wm  A ,  Richardson,  to  plead  for 
IIkiu  with  Gutierrez.  On  March  I'Jth,  F.  sent  a  full  pardon  and  penniasion  to 
return  to  Sonora.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Jim.,  MS.,  ii.  25-7;  v.  191-0;  Dept.  St. 
pry..  MS.,  iv.  23.  March  11th  to  May  Cth.  Apaldtegiii  and  Torres,  Cama 
uniiii  hi  contra  elloH  por  C'onspiradores,  1S35,  MS.,  100  p.  Testimony  and  legal 
jiinccLtliuijs,  with  some  additional  papers,  in  Dejyt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  21-3; 
Jkjit.  St.  Pap.,  Anfielc.%  MS.,  ii.  12-13.  Fragmentary  testimony  of  Hidalgo 
ninl  utlitrs  at  Monterey  in  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  Den.  Mil.,  MS.,  liii.  77-80.  Ga- 
llnnlo  and  Castillo  testified  that  A.  and  T.  had  seduced  the  Sonorans,  assur- 
iii;;  them  that  the  happiness  of  Cal.  depended  on  the  movement,  and  that  all 
the  settlers  and  the  ayuut.  were  in  favor  of  it,  and  had  given  the  pronunci- 
m1(i:j  8-  each.  T.  they  said  had  furnished  $00  to  buy  lead,  etc.  A.  deposed 
tli;it  T.  and  Gallardo  had  led  him  into  the  afiair;  but  admitted  that  he  him- 
f  ( If  had  written  the  plan  and  lent  §200  for  distribution.  He  said  that  Ga- 
Ih'iilo  was  the  leader,  and  had  secured  the  re-payment  of  the  §200  by  pledging 
hi-  hi)i-.scs.  lie  thought  that  many  citizens  of  Los  Angeles  and  some  foreign- 
ri>!  of  Sta  Bihbara  knew  of  the  plot  in  advance.  T.  swore  that  ho  had  made 
iiiiiiiy  objections  to  tho  plan  shown  him  by  A.  and  Gallardo  after  they  had 
'p! diiounced;'  that  he  had  loaned  a  little  money  without  knowing  for  what  it 
v.iisto  be  used;  and  that  he  had  never  favored  nor  instigated  the  movement. 
Miirucl  Hidalgo  testified  at  Monterey  that  T.  at  Lo.s  Angeles  had  tried  to  in- 
due him  and  others  to  join  a  \)\ot,  though  speaking  very  guardedly.  All  cf- 
fiji  t  i  to  prove  by  this  witness  an  understanding  with  Hi'jar  or  others  failed 
c  iii|iktcly.  Several  foreigners,  including  Dr  Wm  Eeid,  Hugo  Rcid,  and 
S.uitiMgo  Johnson,  testified  that  they  knew  nothing  of  the  revolt  except  by 
iiimnrs;  but  they  said  some  arms  had  l)een  taken  from  them  or  other  foreigners. 
'J hiro  was  some  evidence  respecting  tho  manufacture  of  lancea  and  tho  p.iy- 
lui  i:t  of  various  sums  of  money,  iniplieatinir  none  but  Gallardo.  A.  's  defender 
v.iis  .luliiin  Padilla,  Osio  declining;  and  T.  was  defended  by  Regina  do  la 
^^|■.l.  The  fiscal  was  Manuel  Rccjuena.  There  is  nothing  in  tho  legal  rou- 
ti.ic  that  requires  notice.  The  defence  was  confined  mainly  to  protests,  com- 
jhiiuts  of  irrcgidarities  in  the  proceedings,  and  declarations  of  the  case  witli 
V.  Incli  the  innocence  of  the  accused  was  to  be  shown  before  the  sup.  court  in 
Viy :;i(().  On  June  llith,  thoasesor, Cosmo  Pcna,  reviewed  the  cpse;  and  June 
Siiih  the  alcalde  rectified  certain  errors.  April  10  to  !May  G,  1^3."),  Apaldte- 
ij  i  and  Torres,  Averhiuacion  en  Sonora  dd  Tiimidfo  hcrho  en  Lou  An;/clnt  par 
Villi:. .■<  Sonorennc^i  a  Instigacion  de  Ion  dh'hon  G'fes,  MS. ,  .TO  p.  About  a  dozen  men 
v.iio  cxjiniined  in  this  Sonora  investi.'jation,  and  tho  general  purjiort  of  their 
tcs'iiniiiiy  was  that  the  Sonorans  hail  joined  what  they  were  led  by  Apulate- 
gi'.i  to  iv;;ard  as  a  general  movement  of  Los  Angeles,  the  prominent  citizens 
cf  tln-'fiduth,  and  the  foreign  residents,  made  with  a  view  to  restore  tlicmis- 
Eiini.il(j  the  padres,  and  tliat  they  had  abandoned  the  scheme  as  soon  as  its 
tnic  iiatnre  wr.s  known.  The  record  is  a  fragment,  and  tho  result  not  known. 
Maii-li  lilth,  Figucroa  at  S.  Juan  Bautista  toayunt.  of  Angeles  on  the  events 
<  f  -Maicli  7th.  Original  in  Coronet,  Doc.  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  23-.34;  Fi'juerua, 
A''(»;«V,sVo,  147-51.  Same  to  .ilcaldo  of  Monterey.  Original  in  Vallejo,  Doc, 
JI'"^.,  xxxi.  175.  Same  to  alcalde  of  S.  Diego.  IJai/e.i,  Mi.t.t.  llov'k,  i.  228. 
Saiiio  to  Gutierrez  in  Depf.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  !>-10.  Repliesof  Argiielloand 
runi.Ia.    March  21st,  all  right  at  S.  Diego  and  S.  Luis  Rey.     Jd.,iv.  13-U. 


230     FIGUEROA,  CASTRO,  AND  GUTIERREZ-THE  COLONY. 


U 


,1      • 


I    J-. 


Antonio  Apaliitegiii,  who  may  have  had  a  personal 
grievance  against  Figueroa,  was  the  active  instigator, 
though  hardly  more  prominent  than  Gallardo;  tliat 
Torres  probably  encouraged  the  plot,  though  acting 
with  much  caution  and  secrecy;  and  finally  that  there 
is  no  evidence  to  connect  either  the  colony  or  its  di- 
rectors with  the  movement  in  any  way.  There  is 
room,  however,  for  a  plausible  conjecture  that  Torres, 
in  behalf  of  himself  and  his  associates,  was  disposed 
to  test  by  experiment  the  strength  of  Figuerou's 
popularity  in  the  south. 

Figueroa  was  at  San  Juan  Bautista  on  March  IStli 
when  he  lieard  of  the  affair  at  Los  Angeles.  His 
theor}''  was  that  that  revolt  was  part  of  a  deliberate  plan 
on  the  part  of  Padres  and  Hijar  to  overthrow  him  and 
seize  the  mission  property.  That  same  day,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  despatches  which  he  sent  south,  as  already 
noticed,  he  sent  to  Hijar  an  order  suspending  him 
and  Padres  from  their  positions  as  directors,  directing 
them  to  give  up  nil  arms  and  munitions  to  Vallcjo, 
and  to  start  at  once  for  Mexico  to  answer  before  the 
supreme  government  for  their  conduct  in  California.'-^ 
At  the  same  time  he  ordered  Vallejo  at  Solano  to 
receive  the  surrender  of  Hijar  and  Padres,  to  seize 
all  the  arms  and  ammunition  in  possession  of  the  col- 
onists, to  arrest  Francisco  Verduzco  and  Ronuialdo 
Lara,  and  to  embark  all  on  board  the  liosa,  a  Sar- 
dinian bark  then  in  the  port  of  San  Francisco,  to  the 
captain  of  which  vessel  the  corresponding  instruc- 
tions, or  request  rather,  were  forwarded  at  the  sanio 

March  19th,  ayunt.  of  Angeles  receives  written  thanks  from  F.  Los  Aii'jf/''-', 
Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  1G5.  March  30th,  thanks  expressed  by  F.  verbally,  td-,  iy- 
IGO.  In  April  Mariano  Bonilla,  a  teacher  of  the  colony,  was  removed  from  lus 
Bchoolat  Monterey  and  ordered  to  be  sent  away  for  complicity  in  this  iiliaii'; 
but  ho  did  not  leave  Cal.  St.  Pop.,  Miss.,  MS.,  ix.  28.  May  7th,  A.  uikI  T. 
taken  to  S.  Pedro.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Amjelen,  MS.,  ii.  13.  The  date  of  sailing 
on  the  Loriot  is  not  known. 

'^^  I'iijueroa,  Manijiesto,  157-8;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.,  MS.,  ii.  27-0.  F. 
claims  to  have  been  fully  aware  of  the  plots. that  were  being  formed,  aii'l  of 
the  purposes  with  which  Torres  had  been  sent  to  Los  Angeles,  but  had  calm- 
ly awaited  the  outbreak  before  taking  any  definite  action.  It  is  true  that  on 
Mar.  4th  ho  had  warned  Vallejo  to  look  out  for  any  attempt  at  revolt. 
Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  13. 


ARREST  OP  THE  COLONISTS. 


287 


datc.'^'  Vallejo  received  the  order  on  the  14tli, 
"watched  the  colonists  until  their  preparations  called 
for  prompt  action,  and  then  suddenly  fell  upon  them 
oil  tlie  IGth  at  4  P.  M.,  arresting  Verduzco,  Lara,  and 
others,"  who  the  next  day  were  taken  on  board  tho 
Jldsa  at  San  Francisco.'*'*  On  the  15th,  several  ses- 
sions of  the  Monterey  ayuntamiento  were  held  to 
ai)[)rove  all  the  governor  had  done  and  proposed  to 
do;  though  the  latter  seems  not  to  have  made  known 
his  orders  to  Vallejo,  and  the  ayuntamiento  declined 
to  name  the  persons  who  ought  to  be  sent  away. 
Next  day  Figueroa  issued  a  printed  address  to  tho 
pL'oi)lo,  announcing  that  "the  genius  of  evil  has 
apiteared  among  you,  scattering  the  deadly  poison  of 
discord,"  declaiminof  in  the  most  bitter  terms  acjainst 
Hijar  and  Padres,  congratulating  all  that  he  has  been 
ahlo  to  save  his  beloved  country,  and  promising  a 
uioic  complete  vindication  of  his  policy  later. "^  On  tho 
17th,  Hijar,  still  at  Solano,  replied  to  Figueroa's  order 
of  the  lotli  with  a  protest  against  the  insult  offered 
him,  a  declaration  of  his  belief  that  the  revolt  was 
purely  imaginary,  a  denial  of  the  governor's  right 
to  suspend  him,  an  expression  of  his  determination 
to  drag  his  prosecutor  before  competent  tribunals, 
a  ooin[)laint  of  unnecessary  outrage  at  the  hands 
of  A^allejo,  but  at  the  same  time  an  announcement  of 
his  disposition  to  yield  to  force  and  obey  the  order  to 

"  March  13,  1835,  F.  to  Vallejo  in  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  11-12;  M., 
Sen.,  ii.  '29-31.  Private  note  of  same  tenor  and  date,  in  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS., 
iii.  IS.  Ignacio  Coronel,  Rafael  Padrtis,  and  other  suspected  persons  wei-o 
also  to  be  sent  on  board  tho  Rosa.  Request  to  capt.  of  the  Rosa,  who  was 
dt'sirud  to  t;;ke  the  prisoners  to  S.  Bias  if  possible — tho  same  being  also  coni- 
iminicutcd  to  the  captain  of  tho  port  at  Monterev,  in  Dci)t.  St.  Pap.,  Ben. 
Mil.,  M8.,  Ixxxvii.  69.     F.  to  Alf.  Valle.    Vallc,  Dor.,  MS.,  40. 

■-  Vallijo,  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  25.  37  rifles  were  seized  besides  other  muni- 
tions. A/.,  xxiii.  4.  Mar.  19th,  Verduzco  to  Padris  from  the  Rosa.  /</.,  iii. 
21.  Maich  20th,  Vallejo  certifies  that  before  the  rifles  were  taken  2  parties  of 
tlie  colonists  had  departed  to  other  parts  qi  the  territory.  Also  that  no 
resistance  was  made.  M,  iii.  22.  Vallejo  went  back  on  the  18th  to  Solano 
after  putting  his  prisoners  on  the  bark. 

'^Monfi'irn,  ActoB  del  Aynnt.,  MS.,  73-80.  Figueroa,  el  f'omandante  Gen. 
yOtfe.  Politico de  la  Alta  Cat.  a  los  Habitantes  del  territorio.  Monterrey,  1835, 
1  sheet,  in  Earliest  Printing  lu  Ccd.;  Castro,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  22;  Figueroa,  Mani- 
Jtedo,  1,31-4. 


mm 


2S3     FIGUEROA,  CASTRO,  AND  GUTIEUREZ-THE  COLONY. 


iin-' 


ii'i' 


1  t  -J: 


depart."  Neither  Hijar  nor  Padres  Avas  arrestud 
at  Solano,  but  at  San  Francisco  on  March  2Gth  they 
went  on  board  the  liosa  in  obedience  to  Fiijfueroii's 
orders  as  exhibited  by  Vallejo,  and  the  vessel  sailed 
for  Monterey.'^ 

The  Jiosa,  after  lying  at  anchor  in  the  port  of  !M(ni- 
terey  for  a  week  or  more,  carried  the  prisoners  down 
to  Santa  Barbara,  whore — numbering  with  their  ft lu- 
ilies  twenty-four  persons — they  arrived  on  April  lOlli, 
and  three  days  later  were  transferred  to  the  Ameiiciii 
brig  Loriot,  with  the  supercargo  of  which  vessel  Fii^nio- 
roa  had  made  a  contract  for  transporting  them  with 
Torres  and  Apalategui  to  San  BUif  ^^  On  May  8th- 
9th  the  Loriot  was  at  San  Pedro,  but  the  exact  date 
of  sailing  for  San  Bias  does  not  appear  in  the  record. 
Before  his  departure.  Padres  addressed  to  Figuoroa 
a  formal  and  indignant  protest  against  the  sumiiiaiy 
and  illegal  treatment  which  he  had  received,  accusing 
the  cfovernor  of  havinjj  been  influenced  from  the  first 
by  hostility  to  the  colony.'^^     With  the  exiles  wore 

^*F!gt(eroa,  Mmiifiento,  158-62;  Gum-a,  Doc.  Hist.  CaL,  MS.,  v.  lOH-O. 

"•'  March  iOth-'iTth,  V.illcjo  to  Figucroa,  Id.  to  Hi'jar,  H.  to  V.  in  I'ul'rjo, 
Doc,  MS.,  iii.  '24,  20;  vi.  349.  Corouul  had  not  heeu  arrcated.  II.  mi. I  1'. 
had  started  for  Monterey  by  land  when  ordered  to  return  and  embark  on  the 
HofU.  March  .30th,  some  fears  of  trouble  at  Montei'ey  reported  to  F.  in  t!io 
south,  who  orders  watchfulness,  and  arrests  if  disorder  occurs  but  not  otiicr- 
wise.  Dept.  Si.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  15-10.  March  31st,  F.  at  Angeles  to  Viillijo, 
ordering  him  to  form  a  representation  on  the  acta  of  H.,  P.,  and  the  rest,  tlair 
revolutionary  projects,  seduction  of  Indians,  etc.  /(/.,  iv.  17.  April  4tli,  V.  to 
y.  Has  heard  of  the  sailing  of  the  prisoners;  V.  must  keep  the  ellccts  suized 
for  the  present,  and  try  to  discover  where  the  rest  of  the  rifles  wen;  that  had 
been  brought  by  Padr(5s.  Id.,  iv.  19-20.  Passage  money,  etc.,  to  capt.  of  the 
74'o.sff.  Id.,  iv.  17-19;  Drpt.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxxi.  0. 

-"Figueroa  had  tried  to  engage  the  Mexican  hvig  (kUalina,  Capt.  Fr(;<lciico 
]>cehcr,  for  the  service.  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  20-1.  Contract  with  A.  15. 
Thompson  of  the  Loriot,  dated  Apr.  1 1th,  to  sail  after  Apr.  30th;  to  cin y  to 
S.  Bias  and  maintain  on  the  voj'age  Hijar  and  Padres  with  their  fainilic, 
Torres,  Apalategui,  Verduzco,  L.ara,  Bonilla,  Araujo,  and  some  others,  vith 
families  aud  luggage;  and  to  receive  on  retulTi  of  the  vessel  §4,000.  /(/.,  iv. 
24-0.  Duties  due  from  Thompson  and  Robmson  were  to  bo  deducted  from 
tho  amount.  Apr.  17th,  PadrcJa  to  F. ;  is  ready  to  continue  his  voya.Ljc  iw  or- 
dered. Apr.  30th,  F.  instructs  captain  not  to  touch  at  any  other  port  tiiau 
S.  Dlas.  Id.,  iv.  27-9.  Same  date,  H.  to  GueiTa,  asserting  his  innocence, 
though  it  cannot  be  proven  'in  this  unhappy  country,  where  the  hiw- are 
trampled  on.'  Oiierra,  Doc,  MS.,  v.  109-10.  24  persons  lauded  on  Apr.  IDth. 
Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Bat.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxxi,  G-7. 

■'"  May  8th,  Padria,  Protcntu  queDiritic  D.  Josd  Maria  Padr&i  alGffi-  PoliU'-o, 
1S35,  MS.  May  9th,  Gutierrez  ia  at  S.  Pedro  guarding  the  prisoners  aud 
forming  a  Humario.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  38. 


END  OF  THE  COLONIZATION  SCHEME. 


280 


sent  reports  of  the  gefe  politico  explaining  his  action 
in  the  matter,  together  with  the  intlioi^nients  more  or 
lus8  legally  substantiated  in  each  case.  The  docu- 
inoiitary  process  against  Apaliltegui  and  Torres  was 
quite  elaborate  and  has  been  sufficiently  noticed ;  that 
aj,'ainst  the  parties  arrested  in  the  north  is  not  extant, 
if  it  ever  existed  in  any  more  definite  form  than  the 
somewhat  vague  accusations  of  Figueroa  and  Vallejo.-* 
On  the  sailing  of  the  Loriot  from  San  Pedro,  in 
^liiy  1835,  the  famous  colonization  scheme  of  Hijar 
and  Padres,  with  its  attendant  controversies,  may  be 
regarded  as  having  come  to  an  end,  though  over  two 
liiuulred  of  the  colonists  remained  to  swell  the  popu- 
lation of  California.  Figueroa  devoted  the  remaining 
few  months  of  his  life  to  the  prepamtion  of  an  elabo- 


\- 


^".Mnr.  Slat,  F.  to  sec.  of  the  interior,  reporting  the  plots  of  H.  and  P.  and 
his  own  policy,  without  mention  of  the  arrests  in  the  north — also  sonic  acconi- 
lanyiiij,'  correspondence.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxi.  182-3,  185,  198.  May  .jth, 
'.  to  sec.  of  state.  Reports  his  later  proceedings.  H.  and  P.  go  to  Mex.  to 
answer  to  the  sup.  govt,  whose  employees  they  are;  Torres  and  Apah'itcgui  go 
as  prisoners  at  the  disposal  of  the  sup.  court;  Verduzco,  Lara,  and  Kafaol 
l'iuli\'s  are  also  implicated  in  the  revolt,  and  are  to  await  the  result  of  their 
trial  (tliat  is,  probably  the  sumario  in  a  complete  form  was  not  sent  witli 
them);  and  Lieut  Araujo  goes  because  he  is  of  no  Uo^  in  Cal.,  is  sick,  and  has 
asked  to  1)0  removed,  besides  being  being  an  adherent  of  Hijar.  Dejit.  St. 
Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  29-31.  April  15th,  Vallcjo  at  Solano  sends  to  F.  the  pro- 
ceedings or  investigations  against  the  colonists.  Tbo  documents  are  not 
given;  but  in  his  letter  V.  states  that  the  coming  of  Hijar,  Verduzco,  and 
Lara  caused  great  excitement;  that  they  openly  talked  of  surprising  the  gar- 
rison; tiiat  he  overheard  them  plan  to  capture  him,  first  occupying  the  church; 
that  lie  was  on  the  watch  for  9  days  until  the  order  came  from  F. ;  that  he 
seized  and  disarmed  them  on  the  16th,  as  they  were  cleaning  their  weapons; 
and  tliat  the  wife  of  Padrds  exclaimed  on  that  occasion,  'I  am  glad  they  iiave 
licen  headed  off  for  being  so  slow.'  Vallcjo,  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  28.  May  21st, 
F.  sends  V.  27  pages  of  proceedings  against  Padrds  and  associates,  instruct- 
ing liini  to  continue  them  as  fiscal.  Other  allusions  to  these  papers.  Id.,  iii. 
23,  50,  52.  Vallejo,  Iliat.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  39-42,  says  that  the  colonists  at 
iSolano  instead  of  going  to  work  spent  their  time  in  plotting  and  gaining  the 
good  will  of  tlie  Indians,  Lara  and  Verduzco  spending  in  presents  for  the  In- 
iliaus  tlie  §2,000  that  F.  had  paid  for  the  support  of  the  colony.  They  told 
liim  he  was  lucky  in  making  the  arrest  just  when  he  did,  for  half  an  hour 
later  they  would  have  seized  him.  They  accused  Pepe  de  la  Rosa  of  having  be- 
trayed their  plots,  but  unjustly,  since  Rosa's  interviews  with  Vallejo  were  as 
a  printer  and  not  as  a  politician.  Brown,  Statement,  MS.,  9^-10,  who  was  at 
8olanoat  the  time  of  the  arrests,  thinks  Rosa  did  give  the  information.  Alf. 
Iguacio  del  Valle  took  a  prominent  part  in  protecting  the  country  from  im- 
aginary plots,  as  is  shown  by  the  records  and  by  his  own  statement.  Valle, 
Lo  Pcumdo  de  Cal.,  MS.,  13-14.  Coronel,  Cosaa  de  Cal.,  MS.,  12-14,  is  sure 
there  were  no  thoughts  of  revolt  at  Sonoma.  Janssens,  Vida  y  Aven.,  MS., 
t)l-7,  also  regards  the  charges  aa  having  been  invented  by  F.  and  V.  to  get 
nJofH,  andP. 

Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  UI.    19 


% 


■kki 


Ml 


1    I 


I 'I 


!  I 


h 


2no   fk;ukroa,  castro,  and  gutieurez-tiik  colony, 

rate  cUfoufo  of  his  own  policy,  wliich  wns  a  very  <'iiiii- 
plrtu  history  of  the  wliolo  nlfair,  and  has  been  fully 
utili/od  with  other  dociunents  in  the  preceding  paters. 
It  was  besides  one  of  the  earhcst  specimens  of  Calitnr- 
nia  i)rinting — in  fact,  the  second  book  i)rinted  in  tliu 
territory.""  As  a  defence,  the  production  is  sonn'- 
wluit  too  ehdjorate  and  earnest.  The  governor's  ac- 
tion at  the  begiindng  in  refusing  to  give  uj)  the  coin- 
niand  and  the  mission  property,  as  later  in  baiilsliiii;^^ 
Apaliltegui  and  Torres,  were  so  manifestly  just  an  i 
proper  as  to  require  no  justification.  His  acts  in  (»tli(.r 
phases  of  the  controversy,  not  perhaps  without  a  cw- 
tain  foundati<m  of  justice  and  policy,  would  show  to 
better  advantage  without  the  declamatory  arguniciits 
in  their  supjiort  with  wliich  the  volume  is  lai^vly 
filled.  The  author's  very  earnestness  and  violence  ut 
times  betray  the  weakness  of  his  cause.  The  charge 
of  bribery  against  llijar  should  have  been  made  sooner 
or  not  at  all.  I  have  elsewhere  expressed  my  bulitf 
that  the  revolutionary  plots  of  Hijar  and  Padres  wore 
largely  imaginary. 

Of  the  men  exiled  from  California  at  this  time,  Ifi- 
jar  will  re-appear  in  the  history  of  a  later  period ;  but 
of  the  rest  I  know  nothing.  I  have  found  no  rocorJ 
bearing  upon  their  reception  and  treatment  in  Mexico, 
nor  any  evidence  that  the  directors  ever  published  ;i 
reply  to  Figueroa's  manifiesto,  or  took  any  other  sttj's 
to  vindicate  their  conduct  in  California.  For  tlicia 
the  colony  and  the  Compafiia  Cosmopolitana  were  dis- 
astrous failures.  Of  Padr's  I  would  gladly  .  ])[k nd  a 
biographical  sketch,  as  I  'lave  done  of  other  proiiii- 

^^ F/ijucroa,  Manifesto  a  la  Ecjnihi  Mcjicniia  que  hace.  el  Genrra'  df  P"''- 
gada  Jasti  F'KjKeron,  Comandante Ocue.  y  Ocfe  Politkode  la  AUaCtil'/drm", 
soliff  «M  conductay  lade  loa  Senorvs  1).  -mi  Maria  de  Ilijur,  y  D.  Jose  Mnrn 
Padr(^.%  como  IHrertores  de  Colonizaci  en  1S34  y  1S35.  Monterny,  1S>''> 
Imprcnta  del  C.  Agustin  V.  Zamoraiio  2mo.  184  p.  This  book  was  l)Ui!^' 
printed  when  the  author  died,  and  cor  ains  eomo  obituary  matter  ti>  lioiw- 
ticed  later.  An  English  translation  was  rintedinS.Fraueiscoin  IS'w.  /'/;/'• 
roa,  The  Movifesto  %chich  the  General  cj  Brigade,  etc.,  S.  F.  1855,  8vo,  104  p., 
the  title  on  the  cover  being  Mimons  of  California.  As  has  been  seen,  the  orig- 
inals of  most  documents  published  in  tho  Manifiesto  are  extant,  eitlicr  iu  my 
collection  or  in  some  of  the  archives. 


SESSIONS  OF  TIIK  DH'UTACION. 


SOI 


nciil men;  l»ut  l^'yond  li is  first  coming  in  l!^:30as  ayv\- 
(huiti'  inspector,  liis  iiiHiiLMict'  with  JCchcainliJi  uiid  tlio 
( 'alit'oiniiins  iu  I)clialf  of  radical  ropuhlifaiiisin  aud  soc- 
iilaii/atioii,  his  oxilo  hy  Victoria  in  18;}!,  his  connoe- 
tjoii  with  the  colony  as  just  related,  and  soniothinij^  of 
his  cliaracter  which  the  read(!r  has  learned  in  these 
clia[)ters,  1  have  no  intbrnuition  to  oiler. 

At  the  election  of  Octoher  18;U,  four  or  five  men 
Wire  chosen  to  replace  the  outjjfoinijf  vocales  of  the 
dijiufacion;'"  but  that  corporation  tlid  not  asseinl)le, 
tliirlly  hccause  three  of  the  nuMubers  weiv.  ill,  until 
August  2J,  1835,  the  sessions  continuing;,  acconlinj^' 
to  tin-  records,  until  October  r2th.  I  append  a  brief 
resuuieof  the  business  transacted."^  President  J^^i^'ue- 
roa's  oijcninu'  address  was  short,  beinsji;  a  conuratulation 
oil  the  escape  of  the  country  from  dangers  that  had 


'"Tlic  election  record,  Artnn  <k  Ehrcionen,  MS.,  lO-'Jl,  ilocs  not  sliow  who 
wcw  (lifted.  Tlio  hold-over  incnd)ers  wci'o  J.  A.  Carrillo,  Estudillo,  nnil 
I'asti'ii;  iiiid  the  new  diputiieiou  seems  to  have  licen  composed  as  follows:  hit 
V(iciil,.l(iK('  Antonio  Carrillo,  absent  as  conyreffsman ;  *2d,  .lose Maria EstiKldlo, 
cxtuscd  (in  accdunt  of  eiekncss.  lf(ijf.  St.  P(i/>.,  Uai.,  MS.,  ii.  17;  .'Jd,  Jos(5 
CjititiD;  4tli,  .Juiin  1).  Alvarado  (though  it  is  not  clear  whether  ho  was  4th  or 
.Itli  Of  (itli,  and  in  ono  record,  I)ej>(.  St.  J'(ij>.,  MS.,  iv.  4'2-.'?,  EifjueroaBuninions 
liiiii  as  II  KUiilente);  5th,  Manuel  Jinien.i  Casarin;  (Jth,  Antonio  Buelna;  7tli, 
alisi'iit  and  unknown  (perhaps  J.  A.  do  la  (Juerra);  suplente,  present,  Salvio 
I'acluid;  secretary,  Jo86  Miirfa  Maldoiiado.  /,»;/.  iiVr.,  MS,,  ii.  VJl'J-l.j. 

"An;.'.  "J."),  18.3."),  examination  of  credentials;  appointment  of  connnittees; 
ami  iiildressljy  tlic  pres.  Buelna  granted  leave  of  nl>senceoii  account  of  ill- 
iH'ss.  ([>.  '-'rj  10.)  Aug.  27th,  Sec.  Maldonado  ofl'ered  his  resijj;nation,  and 
tiskcil  to  he  paid  .$120  duo  him.  Aug.  2!)tli,  land  grants  suhniitted  forap- 
fii'iviil.  Sept.  1st,  ditto;  Maldonado  Buliinittcd  an  index  of  documents  ii!  tho 
iiiTliivfs,  aiKl  retired,  his  place  being  taken  by  Alvaiado.  Sept.  .3d,  land 
grants;  and  wild  cattle,  (p.  217-18.)  Se[it.  otli,  coniniun.  from  liOS  Angeles 
(111  ciittiiig  timber;  from  the  alcalde  of  Monterey  on  boundaries  of  the  capitid. 
^ipt.  lutl),  petition  of  inhabitants  of  S.  Francisco  to  be  attached  to  tho 
jurisilictiiin  of  S.  Joa6  for  convenience  of  all  concerned.  Sept.  12th,  loth, 
'.Mst,  land  grants,  (p.  219-21.)  Sept.  2(ith,  commun.  from  .J.  M.  J.  Gonzalez 
on  iiiiiiiiliitinent  as  police  conimis.sioncr  at  Sta  Ini^'S.  Oct.  10th,  teacher  at  Sta 
Clara  resigns;  and  Ignacio  Coronel  wants  ar  appointment  as  teaclier  at  S. 
ISiaiumntura.  Oct.  12th,  land  gr.ants.  Prop,  to  place  tho  portrait  of  tho  lato 
<ii-ii.  I'i'.'ueroa  in  tho  hall  of  sessions,  (p.  221-2.)  Oct.  14th,  land  grants.  Oct. 
l"itli,  cluiin  of  Estudillo  to  bo  gefo  politico  ad  interim,  backed  by  tho  ayunt. 
of  S.  lijigo,  refeiTed  to  com.,  but  no  action.  Acting  gefc  pol.  Castro  au- 
tiiorizid  to  collect  his  salary.  Munic.  fund  of  Monterey.  Land  grants.  Oct. 
lOtii,  Salvio  Pacheco  granted  leave  of  absence  for  sickness.  No  formal  ad- 
iotiriiiiHiit.  Leg.  Rec,  MS.,  ii.  2P2-26.  On  p.  2C2-'J  are  found  also  many 
cfiiiimuuicatious  of  no  available  impoi-tance  connected  with  the  acts  of  the 
dip. 


'i  ii 


292     FIGUEROA,  CASTRO,  AND  GUTIERREZ-THE  COLONY. 

lately  threatened;  and  the  routine  of  business  at 
successive  sessions  was  for  the  most  part  unimportant, 
though  I  shall  have  occasion  to  notice  elsewhere  a 
few  of  the  topics  treated.  The  president  was  occu- 
pied with  other  matters,  and  the  chief  aim  of  the 
legislators  was  apparently  to  devise  acceptable  excuses 
for  obtaining  leave  of  absence.  It  is  remarkable  that 
Figueroa  did  not  bring  before  the  diputacion  his 
policy  and  acts  toward  Hijar  and  Padres  with  a  view 
to  strengthen  his  record  with  the  approval  of  that 
body ;  but  for  some  reason  this  was  not  deemed  neces- 
sary. 

At  the  election  of  October  1834,  Josd  Antonio 
Carrillo  had  been  chosen  diputado  to  congress,  with 
Mariano  G.  VoUejo  as  substitute.*^  Carrillo  seems  to 
have  been  at  hia  jjost  early  in  1835,  and  his  influence 
is  apparent  in  an  order  of  President  Barragan  dated 
]May  23d,  publishing  the  following  decree  of  congress: 
''The  pueblo  of  Los  Angeles  in  Alta  California  is 
erected  into  a  city,  and  it  iwill  be  in  future  the  capital 
of  that  territory."  So  well  pleased  was  Don  Joso 
Antonio  with  this  achievement  in  behalf  of  his  town, 
that  he  secured  an  impression  from  the  type  on  white 
satin,  which,  tastefully  bordered  in  blue,  perhaps  by 
Soilora  Carrillo,  is  in  my  collection.^  The  order  was 
not  officially  published  in  California  until  December; 
but  the  news  came  that  such  a  change  was  conteui- 
jilated,  and  the  effect  at  Monterey  may  be  imagined. 

"'^  See  chap.  ix.  of  this  vohime. 

'■''^Pico,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  1.  The  satin  copy  is  mentioned  by  several  Califor- 
nians.  Decree  also  given  in  Dept.  >St.  Pap.,  S.  Josd,  MS.,  ii.  1.35;  /(/.,  Mont., 
iii.4T;  Arrillwja,  Kccop.,  1835,  189-90,  where  it  is  said  to  have  been  publishid 
on  June  10th;  Duhlan  and  Lozano,  Leff.  Mex.,  iii.  51.  Decrees  of  congress 
dated  Maich  21  and  October  20,  1835,  that  diputados  from  Cal.  are  to 
have  voice  and  vote  in  forming  laws  and  decrees.  Id.,  iii.  91;  Dept.  St.  I'np., 
Mont.,  MS.,  iii.  56;  Sup.  Govt  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xi.  1-2.  .Tunc  13th,  order 
concerning  payment  of  die.ta.*  and  vidticos.  Arrillaga,  Hecop.,  1835,  '2"J3-(J. 
Oct.  15th,  min.  of  war  to  gov.,  diputados  ordered  to  prccjed  to  Mex.  without 
excuse.  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  xvi.  14.  Dana,  Two  Years  be/ore  the  Mdfif,  19C, 
says  inaccurately  that  the  form  of  sending  representatives  to  congress  was 
gone  through;  but  there  was  I'ttle  commnnication  with  the  national  cnpital, 
BO  n  member  usually  stayed  permanently,  knowing  there  would  be  revolutions 
at  liome,  and  if  another  member  should  be  sent,  he  had  only  to  challeugo  him 
and  thus  decide  the  contested  election. 


,li 


CHANGE  OF  CAPITAL. 


293 


A  meeting  of  the  ayuntamiento  was  called  October 
12tli,  before  which  body  reasons  most  unanswerable 
and  convincing — to  the  people  of  Monterey — were 
adduced  why  the  proposed  change  of  capital  would  be 
a  measure  outrageously  detrimental  if  not  fatal  to  all 
the  best  interests  of  the  territory.^*  A  report  of 
Hartnell  and  Pacheco  as  a  committee  was  approved, 
sustaining  objections  to  the  change,  and  recommend- 
ing a  protest.  This  action  was  passed  immediately 
to  the  diputacion,  which  body  on  the  14th  confirmed 
it,  resolved  that  the  reports  of  the  territorial  congress- 
men were  based  on  selfish  interests,  decided  to  remain 
with  the  gefe  politico  "at  this  capital"  until  further 
action ;  and  sent  the  whole  expediente  to  Mexico  by 
the  Catalina  on  the  loth.^^ 

Figueroa  still  bore  in  mind  the  importance  to  Mexi- 
can interests  of  founding  a  frontier  settlement  and 
garrison  north  of  San  Francisco  Bay.  In  fact,  he  had 
temporarily  suspended  the  enterprise  only  from  fear 
of  what  he  chose  to  regard  as  the  revolutionary  plans 

"Of  these  reasons  I  note  the  following:  Monterey  has  been  the  capital  for 
more  tliau  TO  years;  both  Californians  anil  foreigners  have  learned  to  regard 
it  as  tlio  capital;  interests  have  been  developed  wliicli  sliould  not  bo  ignored; 
anil  a  change  would  engender  dangerous  rivalries.  The  capitid  of  a  maritinio 
country  Khould  be  a  port,  and  not  an  inland  ])lacc.  ilonterey  is  a  secure, 
well  known,  and  frequented  port,  well  provided  witli  wood,  water,  and  pi'ovi- 
sions;  where  a  navy-yard  and  dock  may  bo  constructcil.  Monterey  has  a 
larger  population  than  Los  Angeles;  the  people  are  more  moral  and  cul- 
tured!!); and  the  prospects  for  advanccuient  are  superior.  Monterey  lias 
decent  liuildings  for  govt  uses,  to  build  whici^  at  Los  Angeles  will  cost  1?30,- 
CKHI;  ami  liesiiles,  some  documents  may  be  lout  in  moving  the  archives. 
Monterey  has  central  position,  mild  climate,  fertile  noil,  ('eveloped  agricul- 
ture; luue  women,  plants,  and  useful  animals  are  very  productive!  Monterey 
is  nearer  tlie  northern  frontier,  and  therefore  better  littod  for  defence.  It 
Would  '.)e  unjust  to  compel  the  majority  to  go  so  far  on  government  business. 
It  wonhl  lie  impossible  to  assemble  a  qu> 'rum  of  the  dip.  at  Los  Angeles. 
Tlic  sensible  people,  even  of  the  south,  acknowledge  the  advantjtges  of  Mon- 
terey. Monterey  had  done  no  wrong  to  be  deprived  of  its  honor,  though 
unrepresented  in  congress;  while  the  last  three  deputies  have  had  personal 
and  so'dish  interests  in  favor  of  the  south. 

^' Moiilnvi/,  Actiento  del  Ayinitamknto  y  dc  la  Dipufarhn  contra  el  iiro- 
]msto  Cdiiihio  dc  Capital  en  favor  de  Lou  Aitf/ele-^,  JSJ5,  M.S.  In  Monte reif, 
-I'-fos  (/,.  Ai/init.,  MS.,  118-20,  the  matter  was  first  brought  up  on  the  10th 
and  the  report  approved  on  the  l.ltii.  Carrillo's  letter  with  the  decree  was 
roccived  iKe.  31bt.  Id.,  140.  Tliis  action  of  the  diputacion,  as  we  have  seen, 
18  not  given  in  the  legislative  records. 


294     FIGUEROA,  CASTRO,  AND  GUTIERREZ-THE  COLONY. 


il  r 


I   J     I; 


■  tl  i 


u? 


of  Hfjar  and  Padres.  As  soon  as  these  hetes  nom 
were  fairly  out  of  the  coniitr}^  therefore,  he  instructed 
Vallejo  to  estabhsh  at  once  garrison,  town,  and  colon}'. 
His  letters  accompanying  the  instructions  to  Vallejo 
Avcre  dated  June  24,  1835,  and  the  site  was  tc.  be  in 
Sonoma  Valley,  instead  of  that  formerly  chosen  at 
Santa  Rosa.  The  chief  motive  announced  was  a  de- 
sire to  check  the  possible  advance  of  Russian  settle- 
ment from  Bodega  and  Ross.  Vallejo  was  authoiized 
to  issue  grants  of  lands,  which  would  be  confirmed, 
and  the  only  precaution  urged  was  that  the  ^Eexieaii 
jiopulation  should  always  be  in  excess  of  the  foreign; 
that  is,  that  the  granting  of  lands  should  be  made 
an  obstacle  rather  than  an  aid  to  foreign  enei'oacli- 
nient.  The  young  alferez  was  praised  and  llattered 
without  stint,  and  urged  to  strive  for  "that  reward 
to  which  all  men  aspire,  posthumous  fame,"  even  if  lie 
should  be  called  upon  to  make  personally  some  ad- 
vances of  necessary  supplies  for  tlie  colony.  The 
truth  is,  that  Figueroa  was  not  quite  easy  rospeetinof 
the  view  that  would  be  taken  in  JNtexico  of  that  j>art 
of  his  policy  toward  Hijar  and  Padres  wliicli  had 
caused  the  abandonment  of  the  northern  settlenirnt; 
but  with  such  a  settlement  actually  establisluMl  lio 
would  have  no  fears;  hence  his  zeal.'^''  The  in^tiiie- 
tions  that  accompanied  these  letters  arc  not  extant, 
nor  have  we  any  official  record  respecting  the  founding 
of  the  town.  We  know  only  that  at  the  ex-mission 
of  San  Francisco  Solano,  where  he  had  spent  much  nf 
the  time  for  nearly  a  vear  as  comisionadc;  of  socuhiii- 
zation,  Vallejo  established  himself  with  a  small  1i>rcc 
in  the  summer  of  1835,  and  laid  out  a  pueblo  to  which 
was  given  the  original  name  of  the  locality,  Sonoma, 
Valley  of  the  Moon,  a  name  that  for  ten  years  and 
more  had  been  familiar  to  the  Californians.    Vallejo 

'«.Timo  24,  1S3,"),  confKlcntiiil  letters  of  Figueroa  to  Vallejo— or  wliat 
purport  to  1)0  anil  prol)al>ly  arc  copies  of  such  letters — furnislicil  by  Valkjo 
to  (.Jen.  Kearny  in    1847,  in  .SV.  7'«/).,  M'ii^-<.  and  (..'oloii..  MS.,  ii.  4<>!-S;  ii'^o 

{ninted  with  Kn,'ilish  translation  iu  C'atj'oriiiaii,A[v\  1'3,  1847;  C'(( ''/.  iVnir, 
Uiirch  \',i,  1847;  Joncf^  Ihimrt,  no.  '^4. 


SONOMA— DEATH  OF  FIGUEROA. 


295 


soon  craiiied,  bv  tlic  aid  of  his  military  force,  and  os- 
pi'cially  by  alliance  with  Solano,  tlic  Suisun  chief,  a 
control  over  the  more  distant  tribes  which  had  never 
l)>en  equalled  by  the  missionary  and  his  escolta,  a 
j'mictionary  who,  however,  still  remained  as  curate. 
Quite  a  number  of  families,  both  Californians  and 
members  of  the  famous  colony,  settled  at  Sonoma.^^ 

Jose  Figueroa  died  at  Monterey  September  29th, 
at  5.30  p.  M.,  from  the  effects  of  an  apoplectic  attack, 
after  about  a  month's  illness.  The  funeral  ceremonies, 
Avitli  firing  of  guns  and  other  military  honors,  took 
place  at  the  capital  October  2d,  being  attended  by  all 
tlio  people  of  the  vicinity,  and  by  prominent  men 
from  all  parts  of  the  territory.  The  body  was  em- 
balmed rudely  and  taken  to  Santa  Barbara  by  the 
Artm,  which  sailed  the  17th,  to  be  deposited  in  a 
\'.\\\\i  of  the  mission  church  on  the  29th.  There  the 
remains  were  to  lie,  according  to  Figueroa's  request, 
until  the  Mexican  government  should  send  for  them 
to  render  fitting  honors  to  the  memory  of  a  warrior 
who  had  distinguished  himself  in  the  struggle  for 
independence.  Mexico  never  did  anything  of  the 
kind,  and  the  Californians  were  not  much  more  zeal- 
ous in  perpetuating  his  memory.  The  diputacion,  on 
motion  of  Juan  B.  Alvarado,  passed  some  very  eulo- 
uistie  resolutions  in  the  sessions  of  October  10th- 1 4th, 
providing  for  the  hanging  of  Figueroa's  portrait  in 

''Details  given  by  Vallojo,  Hist.  Cat.  MS.,  iii.  ll-2'2,  anil  less  fully  by 
Ahtiniild,  lliyt.  l.'al.  MS.,  ii.  VM-'202,  the  saniu  having  been  reproduced  in 
tlill'eivnt  eonihinations  by  saveral  ncwspapcv  writer.^  are  so  manifestly  inac- 
I'liiatu  ill  SI)  far  as  they  can  be  tested  as  to  bo  of  no  value.  Tho  general  idea 
i-'iiiiviycil  is  that  of  an  expedition  into  a  new  frontier  country,  inuliidin!?  liat- 
tlt  s  maritime  adventures,  and  treaties  with  thousands  of  liitherto  ho  tile  In- 
iliiiii^;  tlie  past  10  years  of  peaceful  oeenpation  and  Vallejoa  own  past 
rcsiikiice  at  Sonoma  being  substantially  ignored.  The  foun<lation  of  tho  town 
IS  also  made  to  precede  tiio  expulsion  of  Hijar  and  I'adres.  Vallejo  nion- 
tioiis  the  following  names  on  lii.s  \vay  to  Sonoma:  I't  Novate;  Embarcadero 
of  1'.  Ventura,  orLakcville;  Pt  Tolai,  on  Midshipman's  Crtek;  and  I'ulpula, 
("•  l''iiie's  J^anding.  Vallejo  also  states  that  W.  A.  llicliardson  assisted  him 
ill  Mi.iking  tho  survey.  In  ISOl  Santiago  Argiiello  assured  Judge  Hayes, 
i-iiij.^Xuli'i,  4.J4,  that  he  was  the  founder  of  Sonoma,  having  made  the  map, 
etc,  ,"iO()  soldiers  is  a  favorite  newspa[ier  statement  of  Vallejo's  force,  lij 
^V(mld  perhaps  be  a  more  aecuruto  estimate. 


296     FIGUEROA,  CASTRO,  AND  GUTIERREZ— THE  COLONY. 


■■  1  I  '■ 


the  legislative  hall,  with  the  inscription  "Benefactor 
of  the  Territory  of  AltaCalifornia;"  for  a  suitable  nioiui- 
ment  to  be  erected  at  Monterey;  and  for  the  printing 
of  the  resolutions  in  the  manifiesto  about  to  be  pub- 
lished. The  monument  was  intrusted  to  the  ayuiita- 
niiento,  which  body  before  the  end  of  1835  had  goiio 
so  fur  as  to  devise  an  appropriate  inscription  in  Latin 
and  Spanish,  and  to  ask  officially  how  the  cost  was  to 
be  paid.     Here  the  matter  ended  for  all  time.^^ 

A  biographical  sketch  of  Figueroa,  as  in  the  case 
of  his  predecessor  Victoria,  is  not  required  lieiL", 
because  all  that  is  known  of  his  life  has  been  told  m 
this  and  the  two  preceding  chapters.  In  person,  lie 
was  a  little  below  medium  height,  thick  set,  with  a 
swarthy  complexion,  black  and  abundant  hair,  scanty 

'*  Sept.  29tli,  Zamorano  to  comandantes,  and  private  letters  to  Vallojo  an  I 
Vallc  announciug  the  death.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  74-5.  llecord  of  the 
death  also  in  S.  Die/jo,  Arch.,  MS.,  .51);  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  ")G.  On  Sept. 
2Gtli  tlie  American  medico  Stokes  had  joined  the  council  of  doctor.^  to  cmi- 
sidcr  the  governor's  case.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Pre/,  y  Juzfj.,  MS.,  v.  5.3.  Scjit. 
3d,  F.  had  been  at  S.  Rafael.  Id.,  Ben.  Mil.,  Ixxviii.  8.  Military 
honors  ordered,  including  a  gun  each  half  hour  for  about  a  week,  licsiilc^ 
special  artillery  evolutions  on  the  day  of  funeral.  Id.,  Ben.  Mil.,  Ixxx.  UO-l. 
Vnllc,  Lo  Pasado  dc  Cal.,  MS.,  15,  speaks  of  lia\'ing  been  at  Sta  Cruz  w  licrc 
he  heard  the  lirat  guns  without  knowing  the  occasion.  Figueroa  had  oriluixil 
a  grand  celebration  of  the  national  llestu  on  Sept.  IGth.  Id.,  l'J-'20.  Tniiiv 
fcr  of  tlic  remains  to  the  south  on  the  Avon,  and  ceremonies  at  Sta  B;irliai'.i. 
Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  58-9;  Id.,  Ben.  Mil.,  Ixxx.  23.  Tlie  mission  lio.iks 
of  Sta  B.  contain  no  record  on  the  subject,  probably  because  the  deposit  in 
the  vault  was  not  intended  as  a  permanent  one.  Accounts  of  tlie  enilialiiiiii',' 
of  the  body  by  Drs  Alva,  Stokes,  Cooper,  and  others,  in  Gonzalez,  Mrniorin-, 
MS.,  17-18;  bye's  Becol.,  MS.,  3;  Gomez,  Lo  que  Sahe,  MS.,  178-t);  Pinfo, 
Apunt.,  MS.,  12-13.  It  is  stated  by  Gonzalez  and  Gomez  that  the  rcinaiiis 
were  removed  from  the  vault  in  1845,  at  which  time  the  coflin  was  oiiciitil 
and  found  to  contain  nothing  of  the  body  but  dust;  and  it  was  thouglit  tins  i  f- 
fect  was  due  to  the  arsenic  used  in  the  embalming  process.  From  Mexico  t  In  i  o 
came  in  time  an  order  dated  Feb.  8,  183G,  that  the  remains  should  be  plaucil 
where  Figueroa  had  desired.  Sup.  Govt  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xii.  1.  Action  »i  tlio 
dip.  and  ayunt.,  in  Figueroa,  Manijiesto,  177-84;  Leg.  liec,  MS.,  ii.  222,  iCiS-lt; 
Monterey,  Actos  de  Ayunt.,  MS.,  122,  134-5;  Uobinson'a  Life  in  Cat.,  10S-7-; 
Vallijo,  IliH.  Cal.,  iii.  CO-7.  The  inscription  to  be  put  on  the  monuinout 
was  as  follows  in  substtmce:  'Tothe  Eternal  Memory  |  of  GeneralJoso  Fiu'uo- 
roa  Political  and  Military  Chief  |  of  Alta  California  |  Father  of  the  Coun- 
try dedicate  this  monument  |  the  Provincial  Diputacion  |  and  the  Ayiuita- 
miento  of  Monterrey  |  at  public  expense  |  as  a  mark  of  gratitude.  |  Dicdintlii^ 
capital  I  Sept.  29, 1835  |  at  the  age  of  43.'  General  mentions  of  F. 's  deatji,  v.ith 
more  or  less  eulogy,  in  nearly  every  case,  in  Pico,  Acont.,  MS,,  20-7;  '^'''i 
Ocurrencias,  MS.,  GS-9;  Galindo,  ApunIeK,  MS.,  31;  Castro,  Ilel.,  MS.  SVii; 
Amador,  Mem.,  MS.,  142;  Fernandez,  Cosax,  MS.,  70-2,  84-5;  Vallejo,  J!' m- 
inis.,  MS..  IIG;  Alvanulo,  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  ii.  238-9;  iii.  37-40;  Vall(J0, 
Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  55-9;  TuthiWa  Hist.  CcU.,  139-40. 


FIGUEROA'S  CHARACTER. 


297 


beard,  piercing  eyes,  protruding  lip,  and  large  prom- 
inent teeth.     He  is   believed   to   have   had  a  large 
adiiiixture   of  Indian   blood.      In   manner,   he   was 
cxtittiiely  affable   and   fascinating,  especially  in  his 
iiitcreourse   with   inferiors.      His  favorite   vice  was 
o-aniblinsx;  and  though  there  is  some  evidence  that  he 
had  a  family  in  Mexico,  he  kept  a  mistress,  and  left  a 
natural  daughter  in  California.     He  brought  to  the 
country  a  military  reputation,  considerable  experience, 
good  administrative  abilities,  and  great  skill  in  the 
arts  by  which  personal  popularity  is  acquired.     His 
term  of  office  in  California  was  brief,  and  the  circum- 
staiioos  of  his  rule  were  favorable.  His  enemies  were  for 
the  most  part  men  of  straw ;  his  partisans  were  then  and 
later  the  controlling  element  of  the  population.    Even 
the  padres  were  forced  by  circumstances  into  a  partial 
and  negative  support  of  his  policy.     Moreover,  he  did 
some  really  good  work  in  organizing  territorial  and 
local  government,  and  he  made  no  serious  errors.     He 
was  liberal  in  the  matter  of  land  grants  and  in  his 
policy  toward  foreigners.     He  antagonized  no  class, 
but  flattered  all.     Hence  an  enviable  reputation,  for 
the   Californians   have   nothing   but   praise   for   the 
character  and  acts  of  Figueroa.     He  has  been  for- 
tunate in  his  fame.     Eulogy  has  been  exaggerated ;  I 
think  the  man's  acts  and  correspondence  show  traits 
of  character  that  under  less  favorable  circumstances 
would  have  given  him  a  much  less  favorable  record. 
Xcvcrtheless,  he  is  probably  entitled  to  hia  position 
in  history  as  the  best  Mexican  governor  ever  sent  to 
rule  California.^*      In   several  following  chapters  I 


"Some  miscellaneous  items  about  Figuerfja:  Bandini  is  the  only  prom- 
inent Californian  who  did  not  share  the  cuthusiasm  for  F.,  and  even  ho  in 
liis  IllMori/  and  correspondence  did  not  deem  it  expedient  to  speak  very  decid- 
cilly  against  the  popular  sentiment.  Oslo,  Hist,  t'al.,  MS.,  240-8,  narrates 
that  F.  was  silent  partner  with  Angel  Ramirez  in  a  monto  game  at  the  cap- 
ital, which  was  broke  up  by  the  alcalde,  tells  of  his  giving  a  banquet  in 
h(iniir  of  a  newly  married  Indian  couple,  and  himself  leading  the  dance  with 
the  hiide,  and  states  that  his  sympathy  for  the  natives  made  him  too  lenient 
ill  punishing  their  crimes,  F.'s  physical  appearance  is  spoken  of  particularly 
ill  Pi'-o,  JH^t.  CcU.,  MS.,  CG-7;  Jiotello,  Anah»,  MS.,  13-17;  Avila,  AVo-s 
M.S.,  10;    Valdis,  Mem.,  MS.,  23;    Vega,   Vida  Cat.,  MS.,   13;   Serrano, 


II  ;i 


!!H 


■  ;i 


,i  I.  :i  -  i'- 


li 


m 


293     FiaUEROA,  CASTRO,  AXI)  GUTIERREZ-TIIE  COLONY. 

sliall  have  occasion  to  sjioak  frequently  of  Figueroa, 
thoufjli  in  this  I  leave  him  in  his  toml". 

In  May  1835  the  gefo  )X)litico  had  notified  the  su- 
preme government  that  he  should  be  obliged  to  siu'- 
render  the  office  temporarily  to  the  senior  vocal  of  the 
diputacion  and  seek  relief  for  his  illness  away  from  tlio 
capital.  He  then  intended  to  make  the  change  in 
June,  but  did  not  do  so  until  after  the  diputacion  liail 
assembled.  On  August  29th  ho  issued  an  order  to 
Jose  Castro  as  senior  vocal  to  assume  the  office  as  act- 
ing gefe  politico  during  his  necessary  absence.  Cor- 
responding circular  orders  were  sent  the  same  day  to 
the  diffiirent  alcaldes.^"  It  is  not  known  what  part 
of  the  time  in  September  Figueroa  was  absent  from 
Monterey,  nor  what  duties  if  any  Jose  Castro  ])er- 
formed  as  acting  gofe  in  that  month.  Ho  doubtless 
presided  at  several  sessions  of  the  diputacion  at  any 
rate.  Just  ^eforo  his  death,  however,  in  accordant-o 
with  the  national  law  of  May  6,  1822,  and  with  the 
strong  popular  feeling  in  favor  of  a  separation  of  the 
commands,  Figueroa  disposed  that  Castro  should  suc- 
ceed him  as  gefe  politico  ad  interim,  while  Lieutenant- 
colonel  Nicolils  Gutierrez,  as  the  ranking  officer  in  C:;l- 
ifornia,  was  to  assume  the  position  of  comandantc  gen- 
eral. Gutierrez  had  been  summoned  to  the  capital  by 
letter  of  September  22d,  and  arrived  a  few  days  after 
Figueroa's  death.  After  urijing  various  excuses — ill 
health,  want  of  ability,  aversion  from  stepping  into 

Apuntes,  MS.,  28-30;  Torre,  nemhiin.,  MS.,  32,  36-7,  51-2.  All  !=prak  iu 
pvaiso  of  his  character,  as  in  Arrr,  jMctnorias,  MS.,  5-G;  Pico,  Amiit.,  Ms., 
2-1,  27;  Pinto,  Apiint.,  MS.,  12-11;  Marsh's  Letter,  MS.,  5-7;  S/ieiirc's  Xnfc^, 
IMS.,  lG-17;  Ord,  Ociirreticiait,  MS.,  54,  Gl,  G8.  Alvarado  iind  Vallcjo,  //'-'. 
Val.,  MS.,  passim,  are  very  onthusiastio  in  their  praise  of  tlio  man  aii'l  nil 
his  acta.  Requena,  in  llnyes'  Miscellany,  29,  says  that  F.  bought  the  Al.uiii- 
tos  rancho  iu  1835  for  8500.  Mention  of  a  family  in  Mexico  ami  hcits  1 1  the 
California  estate.  This  in  1854  in  connection  with  a  suit  of  Stearns  ;; I  i"ut 
Alamitos.  Doe.  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  i.  518.  The  idea  expressed  by  Tutliill  tiuA 
others  that  F.  was  harassed  to  death  by  his  enemies,  or  worn  out  by  his  hhova 
'U  behalf  of  Cal.,  has  little  foundation  in  fact. 

^"Aug.  29,  18.35,  F.  to  G.  toalcahles,  and  to  prefect  of  missions.  Drj.t.  yi. 
l'"p  ,  MS.,  iv.  48;  Id.,  Aug.,  xi.  37-9;  S.  Diego,  Arch.,  MS.,  50.  Arch.  .\r- 
V)?).,  MS.,  V.  pt  ii.  11-12.  In  Monterey,  Acto's  Aijnnt.,  MS.,  125-7,  the  ilatu 
is  An^.  ■J7th,  when  F.  announced  the  change  to  dip.  and  ayunt. 


CASTRO  AS  GOVnR>;OR. 


299 


il  by 
:it'tor 

into 


ik  lu 
//■>'. 

,a  nil 

Alaiui- 
t  I  the 

ill. 'ma 
lalim'3 


t.  .'■/. 
/,.  .1'- 
(.'  ilato 


tlie  place  of  a  deceased  friend,  and  his  Spanish  birth — 
i'oi'  declining  the  command,  ho  at  last  yielded  to  the 
(K  cision  of  a  council  of  war  and  accepted  the  office  on 
the  8th  of  October." 

Castro  was  in  realit}''  third  vocal  in  rank  of  senior- 
ity, though  the  oldest  who  had  been  present  in  the 
sessions  of  this  year.  Jose  Antonio  Carrillo  was  in 
j\Iuxico,  but  Jose  Antonio  Estudillo  was  at  San  Diego, 
Lei  lis:  excused  on  account  of  illness.  To  him  doubt- 
liss  the  gcfatura  belonged,  unless  so  ill  as  to  be  un- 
til)lo  to  perform  the  duties.  The  ayuntamiento  of  San 
iJicgo  took  this  view  of  the  matter  at  the  session  of 
September  21st,  held  on  receipt  of  the  circular  of 
August  29th,  and  sent  a  corresponding  protest.  This 
woukl  seem  an  excellent  foundation  for  a  quarrel;  but 
the  records  are  vague  respecting  subsequent  develop- 
ments. Estudillo's  claims  were  never  allowed,  ap- 
parently never  even  considered  at  the  capital,  and 
uere  abandoned  soon  by  himself  and  friends.  Possi- 
l)1y  he  was  really  too  ill  to  take  the  office;  and  it  is 
also  possible  that,,  as  Bandini  states,  Castro  turned 
()\('r  the  office  to  the  comandante  general  without 
much  objection  early  the  next  year  to  avoid  turning 
it  Dver  to  Estudillo.*^    Castro  at  any  rate  assumed  the 

*'  Oct.  8,  1835,  Gutierrez  to  Castro,  to  coman Jantes,  and  to  avuntamicntos. 
J''i,t.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  50-8;  hi.,  Bat.  Com.  and  Trcas.,  iii.  70-81; 
y./.,  ,S'.  yo.sf,  V.  1-2;  S.  Dietio,  Arch.,  M.S.,  50-8;  //n.'/f-i'  Doc.  /list.  C'al, 
Ms.,  ."il.  Oct.  9th,  order  in  the  garrison  order-book  for  Gutierrez  to  be  rccog- 
iii.;iil,  signed  by  Capt.  Muiloz.  l)cpt.  Si.  Pap.,  Bin.  JJil.,  MS.,  Ixxx.  22. 

^-Scpt.  21,  1831,  action  of  ayuntamiento  in  favor  of  Estudillo.  .*?.  iJloqo, 
A  fit.,  MS.,  50-7;  Ilaycs"  Doc,  MS.,  20;  Dcpt.  St.  Pup.,  Pre/,  y  Jitz<j.,  MS., 
iii.  :U;  Oct.  10th,  Castro  to  alcalde  of  S.  Diego,  complaining  that  no  answer 
l;;;il  been  received  to  the  circular  of  Aug.  2!)th,  which  had  conveyed  the  infor- 
iiiatiun  of  hi.-j  appointment  'on  account  of  the  absence  and  sickness  of  the  vocal 
1 1  \N  lidin  it  belonged.'  (There  had  been  nothing  of  the  kind  in  the  circular.) 
IK'  had  heard  that  there  was  some  diiliculty  at  S.  Diego  about  recognizing 
hiiii  (lie  nuist  naturally  have  seen  the  protest  of  Sept.  21sit,  sent  to  Figueroa), 
iiiiil  asks  for  information  without  delay.  .S'.  Dicr/o,  Arrh.,  MS.,  Gl.  Ig  .S*. 
i",'/o.  Index,  MS.,  15,  allusion  is  made  to  a  reply  of  the  ayunt.  sustaining 
1..  a  ulainis.  Oct.  15th,  communications  from  E.  and  from  the  ayunt.  were 
rcciived  by  the  dip.  and  referred  to  a  connnittee;  but  there  is  no  record  of 
(liMju.-sion  or  of  results.  Lrg.  Bcc,  MS.,  ii.  222-4.  In  Snrwjr,  Doc,  MS., 
'l-'-l,  is  1111  undated  record  or  argument  on  the  subject,  apparently  emanating 
f  "111  llaiulini,  in  which  Castro's  arguments  arc  referred  to,  thus  implying  that 
t.in'c  had  lieen  a  coirespondonce  and  refusal  by  Castro.  At  the  same  session 
tliu  payment  of  Castro's  salary  was  authorized  at  So.GOi)  per  year.     Jan.  22, 


J  V 


300     FIGUEROA,  CASTRO,  AND  GUTIERREZ— THE  COLONY. 

office,  was  supported  by  the  diputacion,  and  recog- 
nized by  all  the  local  authorities  of  the  territory, 
meeting  no  opposition  except  that  alluded  to  in  8au 
Diego.  He  ruled  until  January  1836;  but  during 
his  term  there  was  nothing  in  connection  with  po- 
litical annals  which  calls  for  notice  here.  Ca.stio 
carried  out  as  nearly  as  possible  his  predecessor's 
plans,  performed  faithfully  the  few  routine  duties  re- 
quired of  him,  and  if  he  had  no  opportunity  to  make 
himself  famous,  he  at  the  least  committed  no  serious 
or  disgraceful  errors.*^ 

1836,  Capt.  Portilla  to  Gutierrez.  Says  that  Pio  Pico  did  not  recognize  Cas- 
tro's right  to  be  gefe  politico.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxxi.  31.  Tn 
a  complaint  of  the  alcalde  to  the  gefe  politico  in  April  1830,  the  sindico  U 
charged  with  having  presented  in  the  name  of  the  people  a  paper  invitiiiij 
other  ayuntamientos  not  to  recognize  Castro.  He  also  went  about  inciting 
the  Indians  to  a  campaign  against  Montercv,  affirming  that  Cupt.  Furtilla 
would  take  command  of  the  movement.  All  this  in  Dec.  1835.  S.  Dinjo, 
Arch.,  MS.,  98.  Whether  this  'plan'  had  anything  in  common  with  that 
accredited  to  Bandini  and  investigated  by  Gov.  Chico's  orders  the  next  yoar,  I 
am  not  quite  certain.  Id.,  104,  116,  Bandini's  statement  is  in  his  llht.  ( 'nl., 
MS.,  79-80,  but  ho  gives  no  particulars.  Joa6  Maria  Estudillo,  Datos,  JIS., 
7,  says  that  his  father  was  invited  by  Figueroa  to  take  the  gefatura,  but  de- 
clined.   Botello,  Anales,  MS.,  17-18,  gives  the  same  version. 

*'  General  mention  of  Castro's  succession  and  rule,  including  in  most  casoa 
the  transfer  to  Gutierrez  in  Jan.  183G:  Alvarado,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  41-."), 
stating  that  Zamorano  worked  hard  to  iiduce  Figueroa  to  give  both  cimi- 
mauds  to  Gutierrez  at  the  first;  Larion,  Convulsionei,  MS.,  15-16;  Piulo, 
Aptiut.,  MS.,  14-15;  Pico,  Acont.,  MS.,  27-8,  saying  C.  expected  opposition 
from  G.,  and  gathered  some  of  his  friends  and  relatives  about  him;  Valle,  Lo 
Pasado,  MS.;  VaWjo,  Hist.  Vcd.,  MS.,  iii.  09-74,  mentioning  some  trouliks 
with  P.  Mercado;  Galiiido,  Apuntes,  MS.,  31-2,  characterizing  the  hesitation 
of  G.  to  accept  the  command  as  mere  pretence;  Serrano,  Apmitcs,  MS.,  .SO; 
Vallejo  (J.  J.),  Pemints.,  MS.,  117,  complimenting  C.  for  having  kept  the 
country  free  from  the  strife  of  factions;  Juarez,  Narr.,  MS.,  7,  offsettmg  C.'s 

food  record  at  this  time  against  his  bad  one  of  later  years;  Botello,  Antde^, 
IS.,  18-19;  TuthiU'H  Hint.  Cat.,  141;  Ord.  Ociirrencias,  MS.,  84-5;  Mofras, 
Explor.,  i.  298;  MarMs  Letter,  MS.,  7.  The  last  two  omit  all  mention  of 
C.'s  rule,  and  make  G.  succeed  Figueroa. 


lifi 


CHAPTER  XI. 

MISSIONS  AND  SECULAMZATIOIT. 

1831-183i<. 

Ecueandia's  Plan  of  1830 — Decree  of  1831— The  Comisionados— Views 
OK  THE  Padres — Carrillo's  Efforts  in  Mexico— The  Pious  Fund — 
Events  of  1832 — Diputacion  and  Friars — EcuEANoiA's  Reglamen- 
TO— Notes  of  Padre  Sanchez — Bachelot  and  Short — Exiles  from 
THE  Hawaiian  Islands — New  Missionaries  in  1833— The  Zacate- 
cANos— Division  of  the  Missions — Troubles  in  the  North — Flog- 
ging Neophytes — Supplies  for  San  Francisco— Misconduct  of  Padre 
Meecado  at  San  Rafael — Massacre  of  Gentiles — Figueroa's  In- 
structions ON  Secularization — Echeandja's  Regulations — Figue- 
roa's Policy — Experiments  in  the  South — Provisional  Rules — 
Emancipation  in  Practice — Projects  op  President  Duran — Figue- 
roa's Report  against  Secularization — Mexican  Decrees  of  1833 — 
President  and  Prefect. 


Most  important  of  general  matters  for  the  half- 
decade,  after  or  even  before  political  events  and  an- 
nals of  the  colony,  is  the  affairs  of  the  missions, 
especially  in  the  phase  of  secularization.  So  closely 
is  this  subject  connected  with  the  general  history  of 
the  territory,  that  I  have  been  obliged  frequently  to 
give  it  more  than  mere  passing  mention  in  the  last 
four  chapters;  yet  it  is  absolutely  necessary,  at  the 
cost  of  some  slight  repetition,  to  treat  the  matter  sep- 
arately and  fully.  As  a  fitting  introduction,  I  refer 
the  reader  to  what  I  have  written  on  secularization 
for  the  preceding  period  of  1826-30,  including  Echean- 
di'a's  instructions,  policy,  and  efforts.^  I  also  append 
ill  a  note  the  substance  of  Echeandia's  plan,  as  ap- 


'  See  chap.  iv.,this  volume. 


(801) 


332 


MISSIONS  AND  SECULARIZATION. 


proved  by  the  diputacioii  in  July  and  Aui^ust  1<S30, 
and  sent  to  the  supreme  government  in  Septemher 
for  approval.^     The  padres  made  httlc  opposition  to 


p    '■!;■: 


^  Echf.niidla,  Plan  para  convertir  en  Piirhlos  las  Miaioncs,  1S.?0-,W,  ^IS.  l. 
The  niissioun  slmll  lie  converted  into  pueblos  one  by  oneasthetemtoriiil  ^ovt 
may  detcnnine,  in  view  of  the  reports  of  the  missionaries  and  president,  .iinl 
in  coiiforiiiity  with  tlio  dip.  In  case  the  dip.  opposes  the  views  of  the  ;,'(.'fc', 
the  matter  is  to  bo  referred  to  the  sup.  govt.  2.  Beginning  at  once  witlmiit 
distinction  as  may  be  convenient  with  the  4  (7?)  nearest  the  presidios,  pudilos, 
and  villa;  then  following  also  without  distinction  with  S.  Buenaventura,  S. 
Juaii  Capistrano,  S.  Luis  Obi.spo,  and  S.  Antonio;  then  the  rest  in  succussidu 
— but  tlie  change  ia  not  to  bo  elFectcd  the  first  year  in  more  than  twD  mis- 
sions, in  order  to  observe  what  is  to  bo  done  later  with  the  rest.  3.  TherainiiMS 
joined  to  each  mission  will  continue  to  recognize  it  as  head  town,  being  niluil 
liy  an  auxiliary  alcalde  or  by  an  ayuntamiento,  as  may  seem  best  to  the  l;  nt 
in  accordance  with  the  laws.  4.  The  new  ayunt.  will  recognize  as  l;.iiil 
town  of  the  partido  the  presidio  or  pueblo  recognized  in  their  last  elect ijiist 
for  diputados.  5.  Farming  and  grazing  lands,  which  by  constant  use  down 
to  the  date  of  swearing  to  indeiiendenoe  or  by  approval  of  thoter.  govt  tiny 
have  cultivated  and  occupied  with  their  property,  are  to  remain  the  pruporty 
of  these  pueblos — which  will  bo  cimiposcd  of  their  neophytes  and  of  hiieli 
other  Mexicans  as  may  wish  to  settle  in  them  according  to  the  tfniis  <•{ 
following  articles  on  the  distribution  of  lands:  0.  To  neophytes,  iiichi'ling 
those  absent  with  leave,  and  to  other  servants  of  the  mission  wishing  tn  ro- 
main,  will  be  distributed  by  lot,  to  each  family  a  house-lot  75  varas  aiy.unv 
and  a  field  "200  v.  sq. — the  lots  in  blocks  of  four,  130  v.  sq.  with  suittxble  .stixLts 
and  plazas.  Some  details  respecting  eijuitable  division  of  lands  with  n '..'aril 
to  quality.  7.  To  each  pueblo  will  be  assigned  an  ei/'tdo  of  1  sq.  lca^,'ue  for 
each  500  head  of  live-stock— of  good  grazing  land  near  the  settlement.  8. 
Within  G  months  of  the  publication  of  the  change  of  any  mission  into  a  imc- 
blo,  there  shall  be  given  to  each  family  3  cows,  3  horses,  3  sheep,  a  yuki'  nf 
oxen,  a  mule  or  an  ass;  various  implements  named,  both  to  families  and  hit 
common  use;  and  they  are  also  to  receive  for  a  year  rations  proportioned  to 
the  preceding  crop.  [).  Other  families,  not  neophytes  or  with  leave  nt  ab- 
sence, will  liave  lots  and  fields  from  those  that  remain.  No  one  mny  pasture 
in  the  ci/ido  over  50  cattle  and  i,")  horses.  10.  All  property  thus  distrilnit;''! 
to  bo  indivisible  and  inalienable  for  5  years;  neither  can  tlio  settlers  or  tlicir 
heirs  encumber  this  property  with  any  mortgage,  lien,  etc.  II.  The  sittlt-M 
must  1)0  governed  by  the  general,  territorial,  and  local  laws  and  regulations, 
in  like  manner  as  tit  S.  Jos6  and  Los  Angeles  at  the  beginning,  all  paying 
tithes  of  course.  12.  Of  similar  purport,  each  individual  to  obey  the  laws 
of  Mex.  andCal.  13.  Details  respecting  later  distribution  of  stallions,  bulls, 
etc.  14.  Names  of  all  individuals  to  bo  recorded  with  the  distributioiiof 
property.  15.  The  pueblos  to  keep  the  names  of  the  missions,  but4li  ■  ^;et■ 
tlcr.s  may  propose  any  other  name  'of  laudable  origin '  to  the  dip.  andtoinn- 
gress.  10.  The  church  and  the  rooms  used  for  service  and  residence  of  tlio 
chaplain  or  curate  are  to  be  those  now  occupied  and  such  as  may  be  built 
later.  The  rest  of  the  mission  buildings  will  be  devoted  to  uses  of  thenyuut., 
prisons,  barracks,  schools,  hospital,  etc.,  and  the  pi'esent  dwellings  if  llie 
neophytes  will  serve  at  present  for  the  pueblo  officials.  17.  The  live  lock 
and  other  pi'operty  remaining  after  the  distribution  will  remain  in  cliar:.'c  of 
an  administrator  subject  to  the  inspection  of  the  ayunt.  and  of  the  dip.  JI"- 
maining  lands,  to  the  extent  of  4  sq.  leagues  for  1,000  head  of  large  stock,  ami 
3  St),  leagues  for  small  stock,  to  serve  forth©  suppcrt  of  the  flocks  and  Ik  ivls; 
and  exi)enses  of  labor,  etc.,  to  be  paid  from  the  product  of  the  capital.  IS. 
From  the  remainder  of  sai(l  capital,  rent  of  surplus  lands,  yield  of  vineyards, 
etc.,  will  be  paid  the  wages  of  a  school-master,  hospital  expenses,  and  oilier 


lil  lii;;: 


ECUEAXUtA'S  PLAN. 


303 


tills  plan  ill  California,  triistinjif  rather  to  offoi'ts  in 
^[t'xico,  and  especially  to  the  change  in  national  acl- 
niiiiistration,  which  was  to  furnish  for  the  territory 
a  new  governor  and  a  new  policy. 

There  had  been  no  avowed  intention  on  the  part  of 
governor  or  diputacion  to  carry  into  practical  eifect 
the  provisions  of  the  plan  without  the  consent  of  the 
superior  authorities,  and  in  forming  the  plan  Echeandi'a 
li.id  hut  obeyed  after  long  delay  his  instructions  fi'oni 
^[t'xico.  It  became,  however,  more  and  more  prob- 
aMe  as  the  months  passed  b}'  that  a  new  governor 
wMiild  arrive  in  advance  of  the  desired  ratification; 
hiK.-e  a  strong  temptation  to  act  without  that  ratili- 
catioii.^  In  a  letter  written  in  1833  Echeandi'a  de- 
li'uded  his  action  substantially  as  follows,  "At  the 
b^i^iiining  of  1831  I  found  myself,"  by  reason  of  im- 
pioved  organization  of  territorial  and  municipal  gov- 
Liiunent,  the  aid  of  an  asesor  and  ayudantc  inspector, 
till'  separation  of  Baja  California,  and  other  favorable 
(.•ircunistances,  "in  a  condition  to  attend  to  mission 
ivionns.  Knowing  that  Guadalupan  missionaries 
^\■e^e  coming,  and  that  it  was  as  important  to  prevent 
their  succession  to  the  temporal  administration  as  to 
secure  tlieir  succession  to  the  spiritual;  considering 
tliat  on  account  of  continual  wars  in  Mexico  my  plans 
could  not  have  received  attention,  and  had  perhaps 
b^cu  lost  on  the  way;  having  the  presidial  companies 

imtitutions  of  asylum,  corrcctioo,  and  instruction,  deemed  necessary.  19. 
Tiie  curatos  will  coiitiiiuo  to  receive,  as  tlie  missionaries  do  now,  §400  from 
tli.^  jiimu  fund;  which  will  be  increased  to  §700,  $800,  §900,  or  §1,000,  ac- 
t'ji'iliu^  to  the  size  of  the  pueblo,  from  the  product  of  the  funds  in  charge  of 
tlij  iiihniiiistrator.  If  these  funds  be  insufficient,  tlic  sum  may  be  made  up 
hy  a  pro-rata  tax  on  the  funds  of  other  pueblos;  or  in  extreme  cases  by  a  cou- 
triljuti.)u  in  the  intci'ested  pueblo.  20.  Tiic  ter.  govt,  with  approval  of  tlio 
^'Lii.  g'lvt,  will  provide  in  detail  for  whatever  may  seem  best  for  the  yirog- 
TL'ss  and  well-being  of  each  pueblo,  acting  provisionally  as  circumstances 
may  di  niand.  21.  The  missionaries  may  remain  in  charge  of  the  .spirit- 
ual a  Iministration,  receiving  the  allowance  of  art.  19;  or  they  may  go 
to  fuiiu  new  missions  in  the  ranchos  iiot  to  be  converted  into  pueblos,  or 
at  any  (jtlicr  points  in  the  interior.  Lcj.  Itec,  MS.,  i.  134-58;  Guerru,  Doc, 
MS.,  i.  0-14;  Dipt.  Ike,  MS.,  viii.  79. 

'  The  plan  was  favorably  reported  to  congress  by  the  minister.  Mexico, 
il')n.  Helucloiics,  1831,  p.  33;  Sup.  Govt  .SV.  Pap.,  MS.,  vii.  1;  and  it  waa 
uiily  Echeandia's  later  action  that  was  disapproved. 


I 


1 

ia 

III 


I 


i 


[l\ 


ti 


I: 


,l:ili: 


■l:i 


.1^1, 


i:H  !; 


^'if 


tii, 


M 


» 1 S '  K 


304 


MISSIONS  AND  SECULARIZATION. 


to  support  on  homo  resources;  being  in  constant  trou- 
ble on  account  of  the  soldiers  of  tho  escoltas,  often 
favorites  and  servants  of  tho  padres  and  corrupters  of 
tho  neophytes;  knowing  well  that  to  insure  the  intoi,'- 
rity  of  the  nation  and  tranquillity  and  prosperity  tit 
home,  it  was  best  to  abolish  once  for  all  the  oppression 
of  the  neophytes  by  establishing  a  secular  govorii- 
nicnt,  since  once  converted  from  slaves  to  proprietors 
they  would  become  enthusiastic  supporters  of  the  fed- 
eral system,  a  means  of  defence  against  foreign 
schemes,  and  of  support  to  the  territorial  government 
and  troops;  desiring  to  release  the  missionaries  for 
the  founding  of  new  missions;  therefore  I  proposed  to 
consolidate  the  security  and  good  order  of  the  terri- 
tory by  converting  into  free  men  and  proprietors  the 
18,000  forzadoSy  indlgfntes  reducidos  in  tho  old  mis- 
sions, in  order  to  advance  rapidly  to  the  civilization 
of  the  multitude  of  gentiles  who  also  with  their  lands 
belong  to  our  nation,  thus  avoiding  the  necessity  of 
foreign  colonization.  Therefore  I  repeat,  at  the  be- 
ginning of  1831,  all  being  ready  for  the  regeneration 
intrusted  to  me,  and  for  which  I  had  striven  so  liani, 
mindful  of  the  laws  and  of  the  benefits  to  result,  tak- 
ing advantage  of  the  most  fitting  occasion  to  develop 
the  power  of  right  by  which  was  to  be  restrained  the 
colossal  arbitrary  power  of  the  missionaries — I  took 
steps  to  put  the  neophytes  under  the  civil  authorities, 
deeming  this  the  fullest  possible  compliance  with  the 
laws  and  superior  orders."* 

The  special  pleading  quoted,  or  condensed  from  the 
author's  original  verbosity,  was  of  course  all  beside 
the  true  question  at  issue.  The  tortitorial  govern- 
ment, as  Echeandia  well  knew,  Lad  no  power  to 
secularize  the  missions.  Nevertheless,  a  decree  (jf 
secularization  was  issued  January  6,  1831.  It  was 
an  illegal  and  even  revolutionary  measure,  devised  by 

*  Echeandia,  Carta  que  dirige  d  Don  Joad  Hffueroa,  1833,  MS.,  p.  44-.'i0. 
Though  put  in  quotation-marks,  what  I  have  civen  is  but  a  brief  r^suuR'  of 
the  author's  endless  and  complicated  words  and  phrases. 


ilfl' 


DECREE  OF  JANUARY,  1831. 


305 


,T(»so  Mar  fa  Padres  in  supposed  furtherance  of  l»is 
own  interests  or  radical  theories,  and  those  of  a  few 
friends.  I  have  ah'eady  had  something  to  say  of  tliis 
(j'ljie  de  estado.^  Had  it  been  acconn)lished  some 
months  earher,  there  mii^ht  have  been  a  plausible 
liojte  on  the  part  of  Padres  and  his  i)arty  for  success; 
Idit  now  when  Victoria  was  already  in  California,  it 
A\as  a  most  absurd  and  aimless  scheme,  unless  indeed 
it  was  intended  to  have  the  effect  it  did  have;  that  is, 
to  (hive  Victoria  to  the  commission  of  arbitrary  acts 
and  thus  lay  the  foundation  for  a  revolution.  The 
results  politically  have  been  related. 

Tile  decree  of  January  G,  I80I,  was  for  the  most 
pait  in  accordance  with  the  plan  of  1830.  From  the 
original  in  my  |)ossession  I  form  the  appended  re- 
sume."   San  Ciirloa  and  San  Oabriel  were  to  be  or<;an- 


I 


•''  Sue  chap,  vii.,  this  vol.  The  views  of  Pa(h'»?s  in  this  connection,  already 
Veil  known  to  the  reader,  are  f^iven  at  sonic  len.r,^!!  in  Oslo,  I/ixt.  t'nL,  MS., 
l."):.-(;4;  I'allfjo,  lUxt.  Col.,  MS.,  ii.  2.")4-r)i;  Almrailo,  Ilht.  (Ml.,  MS.,  ii. 
l!i:i  1;  G'liirni,  in  Carrlllo  {J.),  Doc,  MS.,  ."Jl-'J;  JlobiiiDon's  Life  m  Cal.,  97; 
Fujticroa,  MimiJieKto,  2-.S. 

"  EchfUHiUa,  DcK.reto  dc  Srciilarizacion  dc  MixloneK,  G  di>  Enero,  18,11, 
MS.  Also  in  De/tt.  Ike,  .MS.,  i.v.  05-77;  Ar<-h.  Sla  B.,  ;SIS.,  ix.  4.35-70. 
TliL'  clociimcnt  is  signed  at  Monterey  on  Jan.  Cth,  by  E.  and,  in  the  secre- 
tary's absence,  by  Jo3(5  Maria  Piidriis. 

I'minible. — Whereas,  1.  .\11  Mexicans  enjoy  the  i-ights  granted  by  the 
orgiiiiic  law  except  the  mission  Iiulians;  'i.  Tin;  law  of  Sept.  13,  1813,  ox- 
jiifssly  provides  that  the  missions  1)0  formed  into  towns;  3.  Or.ave  evils  will 
r>-s.iilt  fi'om  the  continued  granting;  of  licenses  as  heretofore;  4.  The  dip. — be- 
lli;,' fdiivinced  that  the  neophytes  live  in  a  state  of  discontent,  that  most  of 
the  friars  have  declared  themselves  opposed  to  independence  and  the  national 
fT'ivt,  and  tlijxt  the  decay  of  the  missions  must  follow —decreed  in  August 
L.  ;t  ill  accord  with  my  propositions  the  manner  of  distributing  lands  and 
I'pipLrty;  therefore  I  have  deemed  it  proper  to  decree  for  the  present  as 
l.iUdws:  1.  S.  Gnbriel  and  S.  Carlos  are  to  be  organized  as  towns,  the  latter 
retaining  the  name  of  Carmelo.  2.  At  S.  IJabricl  4  comisarios  to  be  elected, 
ilipi  nik'iit  on  the  ayuut.  of  Los  Angeles  until  the  population  bo  determined, 
a'.nl  to  l)c  elected  under  the  direction  of  a  trustv.orthy  person  selected  by 
tluit  aynnt.  3.  Same  at  S.  Carlos,  dependent  on  ayunt.  of  Monterey.  Elec- 
tiiiiis  to  take  place  on  3d  and  4th  Sundays  of  Jan.;  ollicers  to  enter  upon  the 
ilisiliai'gc  of  their  duties  on  Feb.  1st.  4.  The  ranchos  of  each  mission  to  con- 
tiimu  subject  to  it,  and  to  have  a  sub-comisario  if  the  number  of  iiihabitiints 
111'  considerable.  5,  0.  Identical  with  art.  5,  (>,  of  the  i^lan  of  18.30.  7.  All 
inliiil).  of  the  two  missions  25  years  old,  or  18  years  if  married,  are  entitled 
to  jnaiits  of  land  in  fee  8imi?le;  but  the  lands  cannot  be  subjected  to  entail  or 
111' rtinain.  8,  0,  10.  Con-espoud  with  8,  7,  12,  of  the  jdan.  11.  Unmarried 
III'  'pliytos  of  25  years  or  more  to  have  only  half  the  house  lot  granted  by  art. 
•J:  ami  to  have  a  smaller  share  of  live-stock,  tools,  etc.,  than  the  others. 
I--I7.  ( 'orrcspond  in  substance  t j  art.  10,  14,  11-1,3,  10,  17,  18,  of  the  plan. 
Is.  All  administrator  is  to  bo  appointed  for  each  town;  and  for  this  purpose 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  UI.    2U 


il 


!!5^. 


306 


MISSIONS  AND  SECULARIZATION. 


ized  'vt  onco  into  towns,  the  surplus  property  after 
distnljutioii  to  neophytes  passing  under  the  control  (;f 
secular  administrators.  A  similar  change  was  to  l)e 
ertected  at  most  of  the  other  missions  as  rapidly  as 
the  comifeionados  appointed  to  superintend  the  distii- 
bution  could  attend  to  their  duties.  Suitable  pro- 
vision was  made  for  the  support  of  the  ministers, 
and  for  the  education  of  Indian  children. 

Governor  Victoria  had  arrived  at  Santa  Barbara 
on  his  way  to  assume  the  command,  the  transfei'  of 
which  Echeandia  purposely  delayed  for  the  advance- 
ment of  the  secularization  scheme,  and  he  took  .sto[)s 
to  prevent  the  official  publication  of  the  bando  of  Jan- 
uary Gth  in  the  south.'     His  exact  instructions  from 

heads  of  f.imilies  are  to  choose  three  men  to  be  named  to  the  ayunt.,  vIiIlIi 
body  will  forward  the  names  to  the  gov.  with  a  report  on  qualifications.  19. 
Tlie  administrator  to  have  charf^e  of  all  property  remaining  after  tiio  distri- 
bution, the  same  to  be  delivered  to  him  by  inventory.  20.  The  citizi'iis  in- 
terested will  appoint  the  necessary  majonlomos,  w-lio  will  be  uudir  tlic 
administrator's  direction.  2).  They  will  also  propose  to  the  coinisario  tlie 
proper  salaries  of  administrator  and  mnjord(jmos,  to  be  laid  before  the 
ayunt.  and  gov.  22.  Cori'csponds  to  art.  17-18  of  plan.  23.  The  niiiiisti'i' 
will  be  allowed  .SI, 000  at  S.  Gabriel  and  SOOO  at  (Jarmelo,  inclndiiiij;  tlie 
sliiodo  of  $-100.  24.  At  S.  F.,  S.  Josi?,  Sta  Clara,  S.  Juan  Bautista,  Solcila^l, 
S.  Antonio,  S.  Miguel,  Sta  Ines,  S.  IJuenaventura,  S.  Fernando,  S.  .lu  n 
Capistrano,  and  S.  I'iego,  comisarios,  administrators,  and  majordoinos  Mill 
be  chosen  as  provided  in  art.  2-4,  IS,  20;  but  in  other  respects  they  will  cmi- 
tinue  under  the  cor.iniuuity  system  until  the  comisionados  for  the  distribu- 
tion of  lands,  etc.,  shall  have  concluded  their  labors  at  S.  Gabriel  ami  S. 
Carlos,  when  they  will  attend  to  these.  '27i.  The  ministers  of  these  uiiM.sidiis 
will  be  furnished  by  the  administrators  with  support  and  servants  in  additiuu 
to  tlicir  nitioiloii  initil  a  i)roper  allowance  for  their  spiritual  services  is  diti'i'- 
niined  on.  20.  At  Sta  Cruz,  S.  Luis  Obispo,  Purisima,  Sta  Diirbaia,  and  S. 
Luis  Key  only  comisarios  and  majordomos  are  to  be  chosen,  tlie  administra- 
tion remaining  for  the  present  in  the  hands  of  the  padres.  27.  In  the  fntui'c, 
for  the  purposes  indicated,  S.  F.  will  belong  to  the  port  of  ihe  same  niinio;  S. 
Jose  and  Sta  Clara  to  the  ayunt.  of  S.  Josi';  Sta  Cruz,  S.  Juan,  Solidad,  S. 
Antonio,  S.  Miguel,  and  S.  Luis  Obispo  to  that  of  ^lonterey;  I'urisiiiia,  Sta 
Ines,  Sta  Jiiirbara,  and  S.  Buenaventura  to  the  comandaneia  of  Sta  .B^iiliaia; 
S.  Fernando  and  S.  Juan  Capistrano  to  the  ayunt.  of  Loa  Angeles;  and  S. 
Luis  Rey  and  S.  Diego  to  the  comandaneia  of  S.  Diego.  28.  'With  all  ih)s- 
sible  haste  a  school  is  to  be  establised  at  S.  Gabriel  and  at  Carnielo,  in  wliicii 
reading,  writing,  and  arithmetic  will  be  tauglit  aa  well  as  the  best  nmials 
and  politics.  20.  Each  of  the  southern  missions  up  to  Sta  Ines  will  semi  4 
clear-headed  pupils  over  18  years  of  age  to  the  school  at  Monterey,  .'fi^. 
Kach  of  the  northern  missions  will  .send  4  Indian  pupils  to  C'.irmel".  '!1. 
The  pupils  to  be  chosen  by  the  comisarios  and  administrators.  'A±  Teadiera 
to  have  $40  or  $.")0 according  to  skill;  and  to  have  also  .$15  for  each  pidlieirnt 
pupil  produced  in  0  months,  or  .^.")  for  each  at  the  end  of  a  year.  3.S.  iVr- 
eons  (lecming  themselves  competent  to  teach  will  make  application  to  lnoal 
authorities. 

'Jan.    7,   1831,  Guerra  says  the  now  mamlaria  expresses  very  scnsiMo 


ATTEMPT  TO  ENFORCE  THE  PLAN. 


307 


^^lexico  are  not  known,  but  the  spirit  of  the  adminis- 
tration whicli  ]ie  represented  was  favorable  to  the 
friars;  and  he  understood  perfectly  not  only  the  illo- 
oality  of  Echeandia's  act,  but  its  motive  and  thcinflu- 
oiRc  of  Padres  in  the  matter.  In  the  north  the  bando 
v.as  more  or  less  fully  published  in  Januar3\  Tlio 
document  with  the  proper  instructions  and  requests 
was  sent  not  only  to  local  officials,  but  to  the  padre 
prelect  and  bishop,  who  were  urged  to  instruct  and 
prepare  the  friars  for  the  change.*  The  ayuntamiento 
of  l[onterey  on  the  8tli  cliose  a  comisionado  for  each 
of  the  seven  missions  of  the  district."  Jose  Castro 
and  Juan  B.  Alvarado  were  sent  to  San  Miguel  and 
Sau  Luis  Obispo  respectively,  where  they  read  the 
decree  and  made  speeches  to  the  assembled  neopliy  tes. 
At  San  Luis,  and  probably  at  all  the  missions  of  tlio 
district,  the  comisarios  were  elected;  but  at  San  !Mi- 
<,niel,  after  listening  to  the  orators,  the  neophytes  ox- 
pressed  a  very  decided  preference  for  tlie  padre  and 

views  in  I'cgartl  to  the  missions — that  is,  of  course  his  views  were  favorable 
to  tlio  padres.  Carrillo  (•/.).  J^cc.,  MS.,  .^S.  Jan.  14th,  V.  to  K.  Has  ju-t 
sei'ii  Mjy  a  lucky  accident'  the  edict,  which  contains  provisions  entirely  con- 
tiary  to  superior  instructions  and  orders.  He  has  taken  steps  to  counteract 
the  tvil  results,  but  holds  E.  responsible  if  any  occur.  St.  Pap.,  Mixx.  ciiitl 
Ci!i>ii.,  MS.,  ii.  35-0.  Jan.  i'Jth,  V.  to  sup.  govt,  denouncing  the  decree  as 
!i  Si  liiiiio  for  plundering'  the  missions,  instigated  by  Padres.  It  was  published 
lit  MuMterey  and  probably  at  S.  Francisco;  but  elsewhere  it  was  deemed  too 
ri.sliy.  Siiji.  (,'ort  St.  Pup.y  MS.,  viii.  8-10.  Yet  the  decree  was  known  in 
the  simtli;  fur  on  Jan.  Ulst,  ("om.  Argiicllo  at  S.  Diego  directs  to  the  com. 
(.'I'll,  ill!  iiigunient  against  making  the  proposed  change  at  S.  (.'altviel,  chielly 
lieeaiise  tiie  troops  could  not  get  along  without  the  sivijlics  furnished  by 
tliiit  mission.  Ikpt.  St.  Pap.,  M8.,  iii.  1-3.  Eeheandia  in  18.32  suited  that 
the  ilevil  liad  prompted  Victoria  to  prevent  the  piiljlica*'  )ii  in  the  south  and 
at'teruuiils  to  nullify  the  decree  in  the  north,  M'^"ig  ""  reasons  fjr  sueli 
i'liuMH  fill  conduct!  St.  Pup.,  M ins.  re/di  t'o/o/).,  MS.,  li.  (!l.  On  tho  gencrnl 
fiet  of  V.",s  nullification  of  the  decree,  see  Tttl/iiU's  HUl.  Cnl.,  131;  llallrrk'.i 
U't«'rl,  Viry;  Ord,  Orurrcnrids,  MS.,  38-!);  Am  ulor,  Mcmoriftx,  MS.,  l-'ii-S. 
I'.Iaii.  (i,  1831,  E.  to  bishop  of  Sonora.  Ih'pt.  St.  Pnp.,  lim.  MIL,  ,MS., 
Ixxiii.  .")•_>.  Same  to  prefect.  Jd.,  lx.\i.  0-7;  J>''/>l.  Ii":,  MS.,  ix.  "7.  Sanu;  to 
coniaiiilaiitcs  and  ayuntaminentos.  />/.,  viii.  130.  .Ian.  12th.  same  to  Zaiiio- 
rar.o,  i-eeomuiendations  on  distribution  of  laud  at  S.  tlubriel.  Zamorano  may 
have  liyeii  appointed  comisionado  for  that  nassion.  Jd.,  ix.  78.  .Jan.  lJt!i, 
saiiin  to  eoiii.  of  Escoltas,  who  rre  to  aid  Alcalde  Huehui  in  publishing  the 
tleiivi,  and  to  obey  not  til'.  ;.,  '  es' orders  but  those  of  the  comisarios,  after 
siuli  have  been  cluwen.    /d.,  i\.  79. 

Mniitiriy,  .\ct(M  del  .Atpnilnmioito,  lSJl-5,  MS.,  2.5.  The  comisionados 
were  .liiaii  Ii.  Alvarado  for  S.  Luis  Oliispo,  Jose  Castro  for  S.  Miguel,  Ant(.;;i ) 
Castro  for  S.  Antonio,  Tibureio  ('astro  for  Soledad,  .luan  Higuer.a  for  8.  .Iimu 
liuutista,  .Sebastian  llodriguez  for  Sta  Cruz,  and  Manuel  Crespo  forS.  Carlos. 


808 


MISSIONS  AND  SECULARIZATION. 


!i  M   ■  % 


the  old  system.^*'  On  account  of  Victoria's  arri- 
val  the  matter  went  no  further  than  the  election  of 
coniisarios;  nor  is  there  any  record  that  it  went  so 
for  in  the  distric!;s  of  San  Jos^  and  San  Francisco, 

For  the  rest  of  1831,  during  the  exciting  epocli  of 
the  revolt  against  Victori.a,  there  is  little  to  be  said  of 
mission  history,  and  the  project  of  secularization  was 
at  a  stand-still.  There  is  a  notable  absence  in  the 
archives  of  missionary  correspondence  for  the  year; 
and  the  padres  have  thus  evaded — whether  to  any 
extent  voluntarily  or  through  accidental  loss  of  pa- 
pers I  am  not  quite  sure — a  definite  record  of  tluir 
attitude  in  the  quarrel  that  distracted  the  territory; 
though  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  their  sympathies 
were  strongly  in  Victoria's  favor.  The  bishop  repHod 
in  jNIarch,  by  stating  briefly  that  he  had  no  curates  at 
his  disposal,  and  by  requesting  information  upon  all 
that  concerned  the  welfare  of  California.^^  It  would 
seem  that  even  Victoria  had  sonie  instructions  not  al- 
together o]iposed  to  secularization,  for  in  August 
President  Duran  issued  a  circular,  in  which  he  asked 
of  the  padres,  apparently  by  the  governor's  order, 
their  opinions  of  a  scheme  for  emancipating  the  iro- 
phvtes  and  distributing  the  estates  on  a  basis  iiicliid- 
mg  the  maintenance  of  religious  service,  the  support  of 
the  padres,  and  the  retention  of  connnunity  property 


.il;: 


id;' 


^'>Dept.  St.  Pap.,  US.,  iii.  .^5;  Dept.  ^w.,  MS.,  ix.  85.  TIic  Tndians 
Baiil  they  respected  the  government  and  the  decree,  but  by  ronsou  (if  tk'ir 
jHivcrty  and  ignonuice  they  desired  no  change.  Ah-ariulo,  Jlist.  C(d..  MS,, 
lii.  ()-7,  narrates  his  efforts  at  S.  Miguel,  where  from  a  cart  in  the  iiu>sion 
courtyard  ho  vividly  pictured  the  advantages  of  freedom  to  the  Indians;  tlirn 
rcfjuosted  those  who  wished  to  remain  under  the  padre  to  stand  on  tlu'  loft 
nud  those  preferring  freedom  on  the  riglit.  Nearly  nil  went  to  the  li't't  at 
lirst,  where  they  were  soon  joined  by  the  small  minority  who  had  nut  the 
courage  of  their  convictions.  Alvnrado  says  the  Indians  of  S.  f.ui-  ami 
iS.  Antonio  expressed  the  same  views.  Jan.  '21st,  E.  to  alcalde  of  Moutdi)'. 
The  election  of  comisarioa  at  S.  Cdrlos  was  illegal  and  void;  and  a  urw  niie 
nmst  bo  held.  Dr/if.  lire,  MS.,  ix.  84.  Jan.  'Joth,  alcalde  of  M(.iitiiv\  to 
Sc'))astian  Rodriguez.  Will  introduce  the  new  system  (at  Sta  Cruz)  atti r  l'"i'l). 
1st.    Moitteny,  Atrh.,  MS.,  xvi.  9. 

"March '22,  1831,  bishop  at  Fucrte  to  gov.  St.  Pup.,  Mm.  ami  r.A  »., 
JIS.,  ii.  58.  Echenndia  interpreted  this  as  an  acceptance  of  tlie  chan-'>',  l'»t 
Bays  that  later,  when  lie  heard  of  Victoria's  acts,  the  bishop  began  t  >  ilaurt' 
obstaclea  in  the  way.  hi.,  ii.  53. 


t 


DURAN'S  COMMENTS. 


300 


to  a  certain  amount  with  which  to  found  new  missions. 
There  are  extant  the  replies  of  only  three  friars,  two 
of  wliom  opposed  and  one  approved  the  proposition." 
At  the  end  of  December  Duran  prepared — probably 
f(ir  use  in  Mexico,  with  a  view  to  prevent  a  renewal  of 
Eclieandia's  original  scheme,  now  that  Victoria  had 
fallen — a  series  of  commentaries  on  the  decree  of  Jan- 
uary. It  was  one  of  the  ablest  documents  that  was 
ever  written  by  a  friar  in  California,  but  one  which 
cannot  be  presented  en  rdsumd,  and  nmch  too  long  for 
literal  reproduction.  On  the  decree,  article  by  article. 
Padre  Narciso  expends  the  full  force  of  his  talent  and 
learniuL;.  v  ith  not  infrequent  volleys  of  wit,  sarcasm, 
ritlici'lo,  t!  ■  bitter  denunciation.  Not  a  weak  spot, 
nnci  ^li"7e  s,  ere  many,  is  overlooked,  and  not  a  weapon 
is  neglected.  In  the  paper  there  is  much  of  sound  ar- 
gument, shrewd  special  pleading,  evasion  of  real  issues, 
and  Franciscan  prejudice,  but  little  misrepresentation 
of  facts.  The  standard  position  of  all  missionaries, 
tliat  the  Indians  were  absolute  owners  of  the  soil  and 
all  the  mission  property,  but  that  they  were  still  chil- 
(hvii  requiring  parental  control,  and  that  the  friars 
alone  were  qualified  to  exerc'se  that  control,  was  pre- 
sented over  and  over  in  a  great  variety  of  ingenious 
inrnis.  Echeandia'.^  lack  of  authority  to  make  the 
changes  was  insist'^-'i  on ,  as  were  many  legal  discrep- 


'•Tlio  circular  wa  dii-i  'i  A^ijs.  13th,  and  is  not  extant,  its  contents  being 
kiKiwii  only  frini  li.e  ,luv?  rvp^is?.  ^'.  Juan  Cabot  ^\Titea  from  S.  Miguel 
AwL'.  'Jltli,  thiit  whilo  hrt  wui  '  I  bo  flml  to  be  ""reed  from  his  cares,  ho  can  seo 
iv>  way  of  ilistributing  tlic  ps  tc^  .  i^liout  producing;'  ruin.  The  Indians  of 
liis  miMsion  would  have  to  be  scaw^rcil  at  long  distances  in  order  to  get  a  liv- 
iiiL.',  jiiiil  lie  could  not  be  responsible  for  their  spiricual  care.  P.  Jos6  Sanchez 
lU'tiiii'il  tlie  execution  of  the  project  probably  inc  vital)lc,  but  sure  to  result,  as 
it  \v,is  iiitinidod  to,  in  total  destruction  to  the  missions.  Taking  into  consid- 
traliou  wlmt  had  happened  in  Baja  California  and  Sonora,  ho  could  see  no 
piSMliility  of  good  results  here.  'So  far  as  it  concerns  me  personally,' lie 
wiitis,  '  would  that  it  might  be  to-morrow,  that  I  might  retire  lietwecn  tlio 
foiu-  w  alls  of  a  cell  to  iveep  over  the  time  I  have  wasted  in  behalf  of  these 
niisoralilfs!'  P.  JobcS  .Tomiuin  Jimenez  of  Sta  Cruz  wrote  in  Octol)er  that  in 
vifw  (if  the  reasons  i'-  "d  ny  the  government,  and  of  the  fact  that  the  Imnlon 
WHS  Incoming  insun,,.  .iblo  tc  the  friars,  it  would  bo  wisest  to  free  the  In- 
•liaiw  and  distribui  ■".  property  on  the  basis  proposed ;  but  also  that  tlia 
Iiulians  should  be  oblift,  ^  la  keep  their  share  and  to  work.  Arch.  Sta  B., 
Ms.,  viii.  13-19. 


310 


MISSIONS  AND  SECULARIZATION. 


i  I  ;,  i 


,  i|,  ij ,:  • 


M'^ 


ancies  between  the  decree  and  the  law  of  1813  on 
wliich  it  purported  to  rest,  and  stroni;  points  were 
made  by  ridicuhng  the  pretended  desire  to  civiHze  and 
educate  the  Indians  in  view  of  what  the  gente  de  razoii 
had  accompHshed  in  that  direction  for  themselves. 
In  a  note  I  give  some  brief  quotations  from  Padre 
Duran's  epilogo}^ 

There  was  no  trouble  about  the  furnishing  of  sup- 
plies in  1831.  Naturally  the  padres  were  disposed  to 
do  their  best,  and  the  only  records  in  the  matter  are 
one  or  two  orders  from  Victoria  to  comandantes,  in- 
tended to  prevent  e  ^.^ssive  demands  on  the  mis- 
sionaries." At  the  begij  .)f  the  year,  and  probably 
in  consequence  of  the  u.  Jarization  movement,  a 
jmssport  for  Habana  was  tendered  to  Duran  as  soon  as 
a  successor  at  San  Jose  could  be  procured.  Ho  ap- 
jiarently  had  asked  license  to  retire.^"  Three  mission- 
aries died  at  their  posts,  padres  Boscana,  Barona,  and 
Suner,  while  no  Franciscans  came  to  fill  up  the  do- 

"  Duran,  Nolan  y  Comentarios  al  Bando  de  Echeandia  sobre  las  JZ/sioHc.*, 
IS.ll,  MS.  Dated  Dec.  Ill,  1831.  'It  would  bo  better,  with  less  bluster  about 
the  Indians,  to  l)egin  with  the  gente  de  razon.  Let  the  latter  begin  to  work, 
to  found  establishments  and  schools,  and  to  practise  arts  and  industries  ;  tlicn 
will  be  time  to  lead  the  Indians  to  follow  a  good  example.  Are  they,  but  yes- 
terday savages,  to  go  ahead  and  teach  the  way  to  civilized  men  ?  To  form 
such  projects  of  giving  freedom  to  Indians  after  having  taken  a  million  dollars 
of  their  hard  earnings  for  the  troops,  and  to  leave  in  their  endemic  sloth  the 
others,  who  as  a  rule  know  notliing  but  to  ride  on  horseback  ?  Truly,  I  know 
not  from  what  spirit  can  proceed  such  a  policy,  or  rather  I  know  too  well. 
Why  not  write  what  all  say  ?  Why  say  a  medlas  palahran  what  all  say  a  vora 
llrtid  ?  What  all  believe  is  that,  under  the  specious  pretext  of  this  plan,  tJRro 
was  a  secret  plan  for  a  general  sack  of  the  mission  property,  the  leaders  in  tlio 
plot  intending  to  convert  as  much  as  possible  of  the  booty  into  money,  to  be 
enjoyed  in  foreign  lands.  But  (lod  willed  that  Victoria  should  arrive,' etc. 
'  The  interested  parties,  including  certain  members  of  the  diputacion,  who 
counted  on  the  spoils,  were  disappointed,  and  their  disappointment  cliaugiJ 
into  hatred  for  Victoria,  whom  they  have  never  pardonetl  lor  having  rcsciml 
the  prey  which  they  deemed  already  within  their  clutches.'  Then  follows  an 
account  of  the  revolution  down  to  Victoria's  overthrow.  I  suppose  a  c(ipy  of 
this  document  may  have  been  carried  to  Mexico  by  P.  Peyri,  who  accompanied 
Victoria. 

^^DfTpt.  Rec,  MS.,  ix.  5;  Dtpt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  6-7. 

'» Dept.  Rec,  MS.,  ix.  86.  Mofras,  Explor.,  i.  272-3,  tells  us  that  in  1S31, 
P.  Sanchez  having  died  of  grief  at  the  invasions  of  the  civil  powers,  most  of 
the  other  friars  being  subjected  to  indignities,  determined  to  retire;  and  thus 
these  venerable  men,  who  iiad  devoted  30  or  40  years  of  their  life  to  civilizing 
Indians,  were  driven  from  a  country  'qu'ils  avaietit  arrosde  de  leurs  siu'urs 
et  f(:'cond(;e  par  la  parole  apostolique,'  taking  nothing  with  them  but  a  coarso 
Moolleu  robe — all  of  which  is  very  pathetic  aad  inaccurate. 


EFFORTS  OF  CARRIlLO. 


311 


plc'ted  ranks.  Padres  Jesus  Maria  ^Martinez  and 
Francisco  Cuculla,  Dominicans  t'roni  Baja  California, 
si'C'Ui  however  to  have  spent  a  considerable  portion  of 
the  year  in  the  territory. 

]\lean\vhile  in  the  Mexican  congress  Cdrlos  Carrillo 
was  exerting  all  his  influence  .and  eloquence  in  oppo- 
t>itic)n  to  any  change.  He  was  a  partisan  of  the  friars, 
ftiitl  foresaw  nothing  but  ruin  in  secularization.  He 
expressed  his  views  at  considerable  length  in  letters 
to  Caj)tain  Guerra,  which  may  be  taken  as  copies  for 
the  most  part  of  his  private  and  public  arguments  at 
tlio  capital.^*  A  branch  of  the  same  subject,  and  one 
of  luore  urgent  importance  at  the  time  than  secular- 
izciti(jn  proper,  was  the  disposition  to  be  made  of  the 
pious  fund,  a  topic  under  discussion  in  congress.  The 
estates  of  the  fund  had  been  for  twenty  years  neg- 
kt'ted,  and  for  the  most  part  unproductive;  the  ques- 
tion was  how  to  make  them  again  productive,  and 
how  to  apply  the  revenues.  Hitherto  the  estates  had 
Ixcii  administered  in  one  way  or  another  by  the  gov- 
eiiinient;  the  revenues  over  and  above  the  expenses  of 
lul ministration  had  been  constantly  dwindling;  and 
for  u  longtime  no  aid  had  been  given  to  the  missions. 
Now  it  was  proposed  to  dispose  of  the  property,  in 
pL'ipctuity  or  for  a  long  period,  by  emphyteutic  sale, 
wliicli  of  course  would  involve  a  great  sacrifice  of 
c'utual  value,  and  would  yield  a  very  slight  revenue, 
l>ut  which  would  put  into  the  hands  of  the  govern- 
iiKiit  a  large  amount  of  ready  money.  The  friends  of 
till'  missions  favored  a  renting  of  the  estates  on  the 
uiost  advantageous  terms  possible  for  short  periods, 
and  were  assisted  by  many  who  cared  nothing  for  the 
missions,  but  were  opposed  to  a  wanton  sacrifice  of 
property. 

1  )on  Cdrlos  prepared  an  elaborate  argument  against 
the  [)roposed  sale,  and  intrusted  it  to  a  fellow-inem- 

"V^'UT(7/o,  Cartas  del  Diputctdo,  MS.,  pasaim.  Especially  letter  of  April 
2."),  ls;il.  p.  200-9.  Oct.  19,  IS.'H,  the  nun.  of  justice  anileccl.  aff.  replies  to 
tliL'sMiilicoof  Cal.  missiona  that  the  miaaion  property  cannot  be  regarded  as  be- 
lunging  to  the  public  treasury.  S.  Luis  Oh.,  Arch.,  MS.,  11. 


!  >C 


i  "S 


tUT 


312 


MISSIONS  AND  SECULARIZATION. 


hi ,!  ■ 


:  :|  ii  ;■ 


ber  to  be  delivered  in  the  hall  of  congress ;  but  tlie 
'gran  picaro/  when  he  got  the  floor,  made  a  spuecli 
on  the  other  side."  Fortunately,  others  took  up  the 
defence  of  Carillo's  views  and  gained  a  victory,  tem- 
porarily, over  his  opponents.  Moreover,  his  argu- 
ment, a  strong  presentment  of  the  subject,  uiKltr 
date  of  September  loth,  was  made  public  in  print. '^ 
The  author  said  but  little  about  religion,  or  justice  to 
Indians  or  friars.  He  admitted  that  the  missions 
were  not  accomplishing  much  for  civilization,  but  ho 
considered  the  whole  matter  from  the  standpoint  of 
Mexican  interests.  He  extolled  California  as  a  most 
valuable  possession,  the  occupation  and  retention  of 
which  were  due  solely  to  the  missionaries.  Faulty  as 
the  system  might  he,  it  had  subdued  Indians  and 
gained  northern  territory  for  Spain  and  Mexico. 
During  the  troubles  of  the  past  twenty  years,  tho 
missions  had  not  only  been  self-supporting,  but  had 
contributed  over  half  a  million  dollars  to  the  sup- 
port of  the  troops,  besides  offering  the  only  encour- 
agement to  a  growing  and  profitable  commerce.  In 
other  words,  California  had  been  supported  and  saved 
for  Mexico  by  the  earnings  of  the  Indians,  under  the 
mission  system.  But  for  the  missions  the  territory 
to-day  would  be  in  possession  of  savages  or  of  a  for- 
eign power.  Only  by  maintaining  the  missions,  and 
especially  by  founding  new  ones  in  the  north,  could 
the  country  be  saved  from  foreign  aggression  in  the 
near  future.  Moreover,  this  method  involved  no  ex- 
pense to  the  national  treasury.  A  rich  property  ex- 
isted which  could  be  legitimately  applied  in  this  way 
to  national  defence.  The  duty  and  policy  of  Mexico 
were  clearly  to  make  that  property  as  productive  as 
possible,  and  to  apply  the  revenues  solely  to  the  sup- 
port and  extension  of  the  California  missions.^"    D<  m 


^iCarrillo,  Cartas  del  Dipvtado,  1831,  MS.,  p.  214-15. 

^"Carrillo, Exposicion dlrhjida a  la  Cdmara...aobre  A rreglo  y  Administmc!  ;i 
del  Fondo  Piadoao.    Mexico,  1831. 

"  If  there  was  any  weakness  in  Carrillo's  argument,  it  was  in  his  exaggci -i- 
tion  of  tlie  unanimity  of  sentiment  in  Cal.  in  favor  ot  tlio  friars  and  his  uwu 


MM! 


THEORIES  OF  1S32. 


818 


Ciirlos  won  the  victory,  for  his  propositions,  attached 
ill  thirteen  articles  to  the  exposicio)i,  wore  ahiiost  Uter- 
ally  adopted  in  the  law  of  May  25,  1832,-°  by  which 
the  estates  were  to  be  rented  for  terms  not  exceeding 
S(  v'cn  years,  and  the  product  was  to  be  devoted  ex- 
clusivel}'^  to  the  missions.  True,  the  victory  was  a 
barren  one,  for  the  missions  derived  little  or  no  bene- 
fit from  it ;  but  neither  had  they  profited  by  the  fund 
in  the  past  since  the  revolution  against  Spain  began. 
Nor  could  they  under  any  system  have  got  their  dues 
while  the  Mexican  revolutionary  troubles  continued 


21 


Naturally  little  was  done  or  even  attempted  in  the 
matter  of  secularization  during  the  political  and  mili- 
tary interregnum  of  1832,  yet  some  theorizing  was  in- 
tlulyed  in,  which  it  is  well  to  notice.  The  diputacion, 
ill  addition  to  defending  its  past  acts  toward  Victoria, 
or  rather  as  a  part  of  that  task,  spoke  very  bitterly 
against  the  friars  in  their  reports  of  February  and 
^lay.  By  means  of  their  wealth,  it  was  charged,  and 
through  the  fanaticism  of  the  people,  the  padres  had 
iiitluence,  and  used  it  unscrupulously  to  disseminate 
S[)aiii.sli  ideas,  and  plot  against  the  federal  system, 
breaking  the  laws,  corrupting  officials,  and  making 
tlit'iiiselves  abhorred  by  intelligent  citizens — that  is, 
by  the  writers  and  their  friends.  Some  had  fled  to 
Spain  with  gold  and  silver  belonging  to  the  missions. 
Tlieir  commercial  frauds  were  well  known.  Why 
should  they  be  allowed  to  profane  our  institutions, 
and  propagate  among  the  young  and  ignorant  their 
sentiments  in  favor  of  Fernando  VII.  ?  Why  had  not 
the  laws  against  them  been  enforced  in  California  as 


I 


views,  and  in  liis  fears  of  a  revolution  if  this  public  sentiment  should  be  (lis- 

regni'dt'd. 

'■"Ariillafia,  liecopilacion,  1832,  p.  114-16;  Fondo,  Piadoao  cle  Cali/ornias, 
I-'!/ .'/  It'iilnmento.  Mex.,  1833.  12mo.  20  p.  Gleeson,  J/ist.  Calh.  Church,  ii. 
''^^:  "J'l^^  ^'"**'  t'*^  fathers  were  by  this  act  deprived  of  §50,000  per  year. 

"'  Tlio  padres  entered  into  an  agreement  with  Enrique  Virmond  to  fur- 
iiisli  gdiuls  or  money  and  take  drafts  on  the  govt  to  the  amount  of  their  sti- 
pends; and  this  was  approved  by  the  govt  May  9th,  12th.  Espinosato  guardian 
and  to  guv.  Arch.  St.  Ji.,  MS.,  x.  271-2;  Sup.  Govt  St.  Paj>.,  MS.,  viii.  12. 


814 


MISSIONS  AND  SECULARIZATION. 


!  11  ■'■ 


y:. 


'    i   S; 


• ! :!  i, 

'  'r 

I'm 


i  it ;. ; 
I  - 

i  :L  ;.   ■ 

III: 


elsewhere?  By  them  the  neophytes  were  cruolly 
beaten,  forced  to  work,  treated  as  slaves,  witlioiit 
having  obtained  the  sliohtest  benefit  from  sixty ytars 
of  mission  training.  Truly  Pico,  Vallejo,  and  Osio 
were  becoming  very  radical  republicans  and  ardent 
patriots,  according  to  the  Mexican  ideal.'^^  However, 
they  were  angry  at  the  time,  and  were  declaiming  for 
effect  in  Mexico,  as  was  Carrillo  in  a  more  temperate 
way  at  the  capital. 

Acting  as  comandante  general  in  the  south,  accord- 
ing to  the  terms  of  the  treaty  with  Zamorano,  Eche- 
andia  had  the  assurance  to  meditate  the  enforcement 
of  his  decree  by  preparing  on  November  18th  a  sup- 
plementary reglamento,  as  if  the  events  of  the  past 
months  had  been  but  a  mere  temporary  interruption 
of  his  plans.     The  document,  appended  in  a  note,"' 

"Reports of  Feb.  24 and  May  15, 1832,  in  Leg.  Rec,  MS.,  i.  244-9,  2r,.-)-6. 
Alfi'rez  Jos(^  Sanchez  about  this  time,  as  prosecuting  otiicer  in  a  criminal  ca.se, 
made  use  of  some  very  violent  and  sweeping  denunciations  of  tlio  friai's 
for  tlicir  cruelty  to  the  Indians.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxiii.  (5-7. 
In  his  circular  of  Nov.  18th,  Echeandia  represented  the  Indians  as  coini)l:iiii- 
iug  bitterly  of  their  oppression  by  the  padres.  St.  Pap.,  Miss,  and  ('nlmi., 
MS.,  ii.  G3-4. 

^'^  Edwamlia,  Reglamento  de  Secalririzacion,  IS  de  Xov.  1832,  MS.  Tlie 
doc.  was  sent  on  Nov.  18th  to  Tudre  Sanchez,  to  each  of  the  soiitliLiu 
missions,  probably  to  local  authorities  in  the  south,  and  to  Pres.  iJuniii  in 
tlic  north.  On  Jan.  13,  1833,  it  was  sent  to  the  min.  of  rel.  in  Mexico;  .iihI 
on  Feb.  7th,  to  Figueroa.  The  copy  sent  to  F.  is  in  my  possession,  and  ti)  it 
are  joined  several  responses  from  the  friars.  Reglamento. — Art.  1.  Pursuant 
to  edict  of  Jan.  Gth,  aftsr  a  record  of  population  and  property  is  made,  tlic 
property  for  pobladores  is  to  be  distributed  to  neophytes  of  ten  years'  sfciinl- 
ing,  if  married  or  widowers  with  minor  ciiildren — except  those  who  may  wish 
to  continue  in  community,  those  incapacitated  for  work,  and  those  «lio 
neglect  their  families.  2.  The  distribution  to  be  made  at  tlie  mission  or  ran- 
ches not  far  distant,  and  having  a  settleil  population,  to  such  as  reside  tlicrc, 
or  were  born  there,  and  have  the  preceding  qualifications.  3.  The  iissign- 
ment  of  egidos  and  distribution  of  community  ])roperty,  etc.,  that  jiaiinot  bo 
efTected  at  once  will  await  the  first  opportunity.  4.  All  thus  dctarliin); 
themselves  from  the  community  shall  pay  from  their  private  property  jvirisli 
dues  according  to  their  circumstances,  and  in  due  time  tithes.  5.  The  licads 
of  families  will  choose  from  their  own  number  the  necessary  alcaldes  and  po- 
lice officers;  and  this  govt  will  appoint  a  comisionado  to  direct  and  correct 
them,  and  to  do  all  that  is  conducive  to  the  best  Christian  and  civil  order. 

6.  Other  neophytes  will  continue  to  work  in  community;  but  this  govt  will 
regulate  all  relating  to  their  food,  raiment,  wages,  labor,  and  punislinu  iits. 

7.  The  community  service  will  termmate  as  the  neoyhytes  may  fuUil  tlie  con- 
ditions prescribed  for  detachment,  or  as  it  is  seen  that  the  detached  maintain 
good  order  and  progress  in  their  town.  8.  Out  of  the  community  pi-opcrty  will 
bo  paid  tithes  and  parish  dues,  support  of  aged  and  sick,  expenses  of  ilivine 
worship,  schools,  jails,  and  others  conducive  to  public  welfare;  and  it  is  un- 


THE  GOVERNOR'S  EFFORTS. 


Slfl 


v,as  intended  to  apply  only  to  the  four  southernmost 
lais.sions.  It  did  not  go  so  far  in  some  respects  as 
was  provided  by  the  decree  of  January,  and  intro- 
duced some  new  features  not  authorized  by  that  de- 
cree. It  was  not  apparently  published  in  regular 
form  as  a  bando,  but  was  rather  submitted  for  approval 
to  the  friars.  It  was  prefaced  with  an  argument  on 
the  necessity  of  secularization  under  superior, laws 
and  instructions,  a  statement  of  the  enthusiasm  with 
which  the  Indians  had  welcomed  the  author's  efforts, 
a  presentment  of  their  complaints  of  injustice  and  a 
general  discontent  under  the  padres'  management 
wliich  threatened  serious  consequences,  a  mention 
of  good  results  at  San  Juan  Capistrano,  where  the 
j)a(hos  were  said  to  have  voluntarily  given  up  the 
temporalities,  and  a  plea  to  the  missionaries  to  accept 
their  duties  as  parish  priests. 

Padre  Sanchez  replied  in  a  long  series  of  critical 
notes  on  both  preface  and  reglamento.^*  This  crit- 
icism is  one  to  which  it  is  impossible  to  do  justice 


Tlie 
iouthora 
niu  ill 
i;  anil 
11(1  to  it 
unsuant 
lo,  the 
stand- 
y  wish 
who 
III-  ran- 
there, 
Lssign- 
M'lt  he 
taihing 
])aris!i 
heads 
and  po- 
corroct 
iirdcr. 
DVt  will 
himiits. 
the  con- 
laintain 
■rtywill 
iivine 
t  ii  un- 


derstood that  at  the  proper  time  a  part  will  be  used  for  the  foundation  of  new 
missiciim  among  neighboring  gentiles.  In  order  .,0  a  beginning  of  regular  ad- 
ministration, tlie  branch  of  vineyards  will  be  separated  at  once  so  that  all 
lalior  in  them  may  be  done  for  wages,  deducting  e\[}enaes  from  the  product. 
9.  The  missionaries  now  in  charge  will  be  treated  as  parish  priests  and  as  de- 
positaries of  the  community  projierty,  signing  the  account  to  bo  rendered  an- 
nually by  the  chief  steward,  who  on  recommendation  of  heads  of  families  will 
1  c  appfiiiited  from  their  number  by  this  govt.  The  curate  is  to  have  all  paro- 
cliial  dues  besides  his  ainodo  until  the  sup.  authority  may  decide. 

■'Srtiifhez,  Xotas  al  Re(}lamento  deSeculnrhacion,  1S33,  MS.  The  document 
lias  no  date.  The  concluding  note  is  as  follows:  'It  seems  to  me  that  I  have 
given  .'■■ome  convincing  proofs,  not  perhaps  of  absurdities— I  do  not  venture  to 
^ay  tiiat  — liut  of  incoiiretiientes  as  they  appear  to  me  at  first  reading.  I  do  not 
V.  isli  t<i  engage  in  a  prolonged  dispute  with  Echeandia;  let  him  do  what  may 
seem  liost.  I  have  expressed  my  views,  not  so  much  for  him,  as  for  an  in- 
stnietion  to  the  padres  that  they  are  by  no  means  to  lend  themselves  to  any 
Euch  eoiiperation  as  is  demanded  by  that  gentleman;  since  to  do  so  would  bo 
to  suljserilie  to  the  ruin  of  their  missions,  and  to  the  ignominy  of  all  the  iu- 
s  dts,  suspicions,  and  distrust  expressed  in  the  plan,  which  were  by  no  means 
necessary  if  only  the  welfare  of  the  Indians  were  sought.  Let  Sr  Echeandia 
then  do  what  he  pleases  about  the  missions,  but  let  him  not  count  on  the  co- 
operi  tioii  of  the  padres,  which  ho  himself  must  know  to  be  absurd.  The  r.iis- 
Bjonaru  H  will  serre  as  such  and  in  no  other  capacity,  until  the  curia  cclesiAs- 
tiea,  ill  accord  with  the  sup.  govt  communicating  with  us  through  our 
prelate,  may  see  fit  to  order  a  competent  change — and  so  long  as  they  are  given 
tlie  iieeessary  food  to  support  life,  which  failing  they  have  the  natural  and 
divine  right  to  shako  off  the  dust  of  their  shoes  and  go  to  other  labors  where- 
ever  they  may  be  found.' 


816 


MISSIONS  AND  SECULARIZATION. 


i  ;  I 


iflM 


here,  and  to  which  may  ho  apphecl  much  of  what  I 
have  said  about  Duran's  notes  on  the  original  decree. 
Sanchez,  giving  his  attention  chiefly  to  the  preamble, 
begins  by  suggesting  that  precepts  on  obedience  to 
law  would  come  with  better  grace  from  one  who  had 
given  a  better  example  than  Echeandia.  His  pro- 
tensions  to  teach  the  padres  their  obligations  and  rights, 
or  to  change  their  status,  are  met  with  protest  and 
ridicule.  If  the  laws  and  his  instructions  required 
him  to  secularize  the  missions,  why  had  he  waited 
six  years,  until  the  arrival  of  his  successor,  before 
acting?  If  the  Indians  of  the  south,  as  was  certainly 
true,  were  assuming  a  threatening  attitude,  it  was  due 
to  the  license  they  had  enjoyed  under  Echeandia,  and 
to  his  unwise  act  in  having  put  arms  in  their  hands 
against  Zamorano,  being  thus  a  reason  for  a  return  to 
the  old  restraint  rather  than  for  additional  license. 
As  to  the  enthusiasm  of  the  Indians  for  Echeandia, 
the  padre  has  little  to  say  beyond  reminding  him  that 
there  are  several  ways  of  winning  popularity  anion^f 
school-boys,  one  of  the  most  successful  being  to  let 
them  do  as  they  ])lease.  Of  course  he  dwells  on  the 
theory  that  the  Indians  were  children  and  'savages 
of  yesterday;'  and  of  course  he  fails  to  recognize  the 
fact  that  this  theory  in  itself  was  a  condemnation  of 
the  mission  system  in  all  but  missionary  eyes.  In  the 
reglamento  itself  the  padre  easily  found  no  end  of 
faults  and  inconsistencies;  yet  in  one  of  his  notes  lie 
expressed  a  degree  of  favor  for  an  experimental  eman- 
cipation and  distribution  of  property  at  a  few  of  the 
oldest  missions.  President  Duran  also  issued  at  his 
mission  of  San  Jose  a  series  of  notes  so  similar  in  argu- 
ment and  expression  to  those  of  Sanchez  as  to  require 
no  further  notice.'*"  The  answers  from  the  padres  of 
San  Diego,  San  Luis,  and  San  Juan,  that  from  San 
Gabriel  not  being  extant,  were  to  the  effect  that  they 
left   the  matter  entirely  with  the    prelate.     Martin 

^. Duran,  Notaa  d  una  Circular  6  Bando  intimado  par  El  Sr  D.  Jos6  Maria 
Echeandia  d  Ian  cualro  Mmones,  1S32,  MS.     20  p.     Original. 


FATHERS  BACHELOT  AND  SHORT. 


817 


paid  that  since  May  20th  the  neophytes  at  San  Diego 
liiid  managed  temporal  affairs  for  themselv(!S — excei)t 
till'  winc-ceHars.  Anzar  said  he  was  a  Mexican,  and 
uduld  cheerfully  cooperate  with  the  governor  if  per- 
mitted. Zalvidea  would  be  glad  personally  to  be  re- 
lio\ cd  of  the  burden.  He  had  toiled  over  twenty  years 
and  had  not  saved  a  medio  rexd.^  There  is  no  record 
tlint  Echeandia  took  any  further  steps  before  the  end 
of  1832. 

Padre  Antonio  Peyri  loft  California  at  the  begin- 
iiini;-  of  the  year  with  Victoria;  and  Padre  Antonio 
^kiicndez,  a  Dominican  who  for  some  six  years  had 
sirved  as  chaplain  at  different  places,  died  in  August. 
There  mav  be  noted  here  also  as  an  interesting  item, 
the  arrival  of  two  priests  who  remained  about  five 
ytars  in  the  country.  They  were  Jean  Alexis  Au- 
guste  Bachelot,  apostolic  prefect  of  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  and  Patrick  Short.  The  two,  with  a  com- 
panion, had  arrived  at  the  Islands  in  July  1827  from 
France,  to  establish  Catholic  missions;  but  prejudice 
\vas  aroused  against  their  teachings,  largely,  it  is  be- 
liL'VocI,  through  the  intrigues  of  protestant  mission- 
aries, and  in  December  1831  they  were  banished, 
"hecause  their  doings  are  different  from  ours,  and  be- 
cause we  cannot  agree,"  as  King  Kaahuamanu  stated 
it.  They  sailed  on  the  Wairrly,  Sumner,  master, 
Avliicli  landed  them  at  San  Pedro  on  January  21, 1832, 
Avhonoe  they  were  taken  to  San  Gabriel  and  kindly 
treated.  There  is  not  much  to  be  said  of  their  stay 
ill  California.  Bachelot  remained  at  San  Gabriel  as 
assistant  minister,  his  name  appearing  often  in  the 
niission  registers.  Short  soon  came  north,  and  he 
Was  engaged  with  Hartnell  in  an  educational  enter- 
I)rise  at  Monterey  in  1834.  An  order  came  from 
]\k'xico  to  expel  them  as  Jesuits  and  as  having  no 
JiajKis;  but  the  governor  did  not  enforce  it.  In  1837, 
liowover,  although  the  ayuntamiento  of  Los  Angeles 

-''  Valli'jo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxi.  25,  copies  of  the  letters  attached  to  the  regla- 

nicuto. 


:  m 


918 


MISSIONS  AND  SECULARIZATION. 


I  ;'  : 


■   rjr^ 


niado  an  effort  to  retain  hhn  as  curate,  Baeholot,  mc- 
conipunied  by  Sliort,  sailed  on  the  Clcuwutimi,  iind 
landed  at  the  Islands  in  Aj)ril.  Persecutions  woo 
renewed,  from  which  they  weie  relieved  by  the  French 
and  Enj^lish  navigators  Petit-Thouars  and  Beldur. 
Short  sailed  in  October  for  Valparaiso,  and  Bach*  lot 
soon  departed  for  the  South  Sea  Islands,  dying  (ui 
the  voyage  in  1838." 

With  Governor  Fiixueroa,  at  the  bemnninj;  of  Is.!.], 
there  came  to  California  a  missionary  reenforceniLiit 
of  ten  friars.  They  were  Franciscans,  all  Mexicans 
by  birth,  and  belonged  tc  the  college  of  Nuestra 
Seiiora  de  Guadalupe  de  Zacatecas,  being  called 
(jruadaluj)anos,  or  more  commoidy,  Zacatecanos,  as  the 
earlier  friars  had  been  known  as  Fernandinos  from 
the  name  of  their  college,  Inmiediately  after  their 
arrival,  that  is  in  February,  they  were  put  in  chaino 
of  the  seven  missions  from  San  Cdrlos  northwaid, 
their  jirefect,  Francisco  Garcfa  Diego,  going  to  resido 
at  Santa  Clara.  The  Fernandinos  of  these  niission.s 
retired  to  the  southern  establishments.^* 

"  Sec  full  and  interesting  accounts  in  Petit-Thouars,  Voy.,  ii.  Sio-JS;  llmi. 
Poh/iieKiaii,  ii.  .SI,  81,  from  X.  Amer.  liencu!,  Oct.  1840.  I  have  olit.iiiiud 
much  information  from  an  obituary  of  liachelot  anil  a  collection  of  ilocuiiiinta 
published  by  Capt.  Snmner  in  his  own  defence  against  the  cliarge  of  iriulty 
to  the  priests  en  voyage,  in  Honolulu,  S.  hi.  Onzette,  Oct.  G,  Nov.  I'!!,  is.'is. 
Autograph  letter  of  P.  Short,  Mar.  19,  1834.  S.  Antonio,  Doc.  SiwHo^,  MS., 
118.  Corresp.  on  the  order  of  expulsion  from  California.  Drjit.  St.  J'/iil, 
AiKj.,  MS.,  xi.  10,  M.  Los  Auiielns,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  2G9.  Rachelofs  services 
desired  as  curate.  /(/.,  iv.  289.  Short  at  Puriaima  March  1837.  Vallijo,  Ikic, 
MS.,  xxxii.  77.  Proposition  to  found  a  school  at  Monterey — mentioned  iilso 
by  several  Californinns.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  !MS.,  iii.  131-2;  i'altpjn,  I)o<-.,  MS., 
xxxi.  9.  Short  at  .S.  Gabriel  on  April  l(i,  1832.  Bachelot  on  various  dites 
from  18.T2-7.  S.  a.iliruf.  Lib.  JIhhn,  MS.,  10,  ,S9,  59.  Sliort  at  S.  .Inau 
f)ct.  1832,  and  called  a  member  of  the  '  Sacred  Congregation  of  tlie  i'eipi  tual 
Woi'ship  of  the  Most  Holy  Sacrament.'  S.  Juan  Ii.,  Lib.  Mision,  ^IS..  I.V 
Arrival  at  Honolulu  Apr.  17th;  and  departure  of  Sliort  Oct.  30th.  l/mi..  >'. 
/.  Gazftt,;  Apr.  22,  1837;  Pcircc'.'*  Jlom/h  SL,  MS.,  2.  Robinson,  Li/r  in  '  ■(/., 
122,  and  Mofras,  E.vplor.,  i.  294-.'),  mention  tiie  arrival  of  the  Frencli  ])ric'.st3. 
Alvarado,  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  ii.  191-3,  tells  us  that  Pres.  Duran  nmdi,'  tliuir 
arrival  an  excuse  to  call  for  contributions  for  the  cause  of  propaganda  tidi-'  in 
China  ami  .lapan,  and  that  .S2,000  were  collected. 

^*  The  new-comers  were  Francisco  (Jarcia  Diego,  prefect,  who  went  t'  ■  St:i 
Clara,  succeeding  Viader,  who  leftCal. ;  Jose  Maria  de  Jesus  (ionzalo/  Jlii'io, 
S.  Jos(?,  succeeding  Duran  who  went  to  Sta  ]}iVrbara;  Jos6  Maria  df  .Ic<'.'.3 
GutieiTez,  Solano,  in  place  of  Fortuui,  who  went  to  S.  Luis  llcy;  llaluil  de 


s:;s, 

MS., 

■I,  Ifoi:, 

.,  MS., 

IS  ilites 
, I  nail 

pctual 

S.,  I.">. 
/"((,.  >'. 
'ii  '■■/'., 

iriustd, 
\v  tliL'ir 

tUK'  in 

tt'.Sta 
J!u'  io, 


THE  ZACATECANOS. 


810 


V  i)nsicloring  tlio  iniportanco  of  the  suhjoct,  there  is 
a  niiifirkiiblo  ab.soiu'u  c»f  original  rc(M)r(ls  res|)LM'tiiig 
till'  I'oiiiing  of  the  Zacutecano.s  and  tlie  division  of  the 
missions;  thougli  it  cannot  be  donbtod  that  nmeh  was 
written  at  the  time  which  is  no  longer  extant,  as  is 
the  <'ase  respecting  many  important  topics  of  mission 
liistoiy  during  these  last  years.  It  will  be  remembered 
that  in  1817  the  southern  missions  were  ceded  by  the 
college  of  San  Fernando  to  that  of  Orizaba;  but  on 
account  of  troubles  in  Mexico  and  of  the  dissatisfac- 
tion (»t'Culifornian  friars — who  were,  however,  willing 
to  j^ive  up  the  northern,  deemed  the  poorest  estab- 
lisliiiKiits — the  change  was  not  consummated."'*  The 
necessity  for  a  reenforcement  continued  more  and 
iiiofc  urgent,  and  San  Fernando  was  in  a  state  of 
clisoigaiiization  so  complete  that  it  could  do  nothing 
of  itxif;  but  of  the  negotiations  of  that  college  M'ith 
otlurs  I  know  nothing  until  letters  of  1802  aimounced 
''•oiii  Tcpic  that  the  Zacatecanos  were  coming.'*'  The 
ion  of  the  northern  missions  was  evidently  agreed 
..  in  Mexico;   but  there  is  nothing  to  show   to 


JisHH  .Mdpcno,  with  Garcia  Diego  at  Sta  Clnra;  Josi5  Lorenzo  ile  la  Coneep- 
lioii  (.luij.is,  S.  Frauuiaco,  8iiecc<Hliiij.(  Esti'nefja,  who  went  to  S.  Oaln-ifl,  hut 
suiiii  i),  \v;is  tninsferred  to  Sohmo;  Antonio  Siiarcz  «h^l  Ileal,  who  siioivedod 
.liniriio  jit  sta  Cruz,  the  latter  going  to  Sta  Im's;  Jose  Mariii  del  Hofugio 
S. maili)  Siiarcz  del  Real,  hrother  of  Antonio,  at  S.  Ciirloa,  freeing  Ahclla  for 
tilt!  niiiiistiy  of  S.  Luis  Ohispn;  Jesus  -Maria  Va.si|uez  del  Mereado,  S.  Kafael, 
ill  ]. luce  of  Anioros,  who  had  died  the  year  hel'ore;  Jose  lieinardino  I'crez, 
w'lio  strvcil  for  a  time  as  secretary  to  Prefect  (.Jarci'a  ])iego;  and  fhially,  Frau- 
ciscndo  .lisus  Sanchez,  of  whom  we  know  nothing  in  Cal.  for  8  or !(  years, 
1111(1  will)  jiossildy  was  left  in  IJivja  California  to  arrive  later.  The  preceding 
is  ik'iivcil  from  the  registers  of  the  dilVereiit  missions,  showing  merely  the 
pvi'Sfiicc  (if  a  pailre  at  a  mission  on  a  given  date;  for  there  is  no  record  of  tho 
as^ij-'iiiiu'iitH  and  transfers,  witli  a  single  exception,  that  of  tionzalez  to  S. 
Jusroii  Fill,  i;{th.  Conr.v/*.  dr  Minioncx,  MS.,  o'J-41. 

•"Sec  vol.  ii.  p.  407,  of  this  work. 

'Mail.  '21,  18IU,  Martiarena  at  Topic  says  to  Capt.  Guerra,  in  announcing 
liisap|ioiiitincnt  aaslndico,  that  Fr.  Bern;irdino  I'acheco  is  going  toCal.  as  a 
friar  lit'  S.  I'Vi-iiando  college,  which  'according  to  tlio  agreement  is  to  furnish 
lOlriar.s  and  the  college  of  Zac.atecas  11:  the  latter  will  bo  able  to  comply, 
Imt  not  till'  former,  which  has  not  more  than  7  friars.'  Giicrm,  Doc,  MS.,  vi. 
h«».  April  21,  1832,  CVirlos  Carrillo,  in  Mex.,  says  10  friars  from  Zacatcc-.a 
m  giiiiii;,  as  he  is  told  by  the  min.  of  cccl.  all",  and  by  the  guardian,  wlit)  havo 
Iwil  pxat  (lilliculty  in  obtaining  so  many.  At  S.  Fernando  tiiero  aro  only  4. 
''(.,  iv.  •_'  fJ-3.  July  18th,  ^Lirtiarena  says  the  10  friars  aro  at  Tepio  and  are  to 
s^il  nil  tlio  Vatalina,  to  take  charge  of  the  ceded  uortheru  missions.  Id., 
vi.  1::'J.  *= 


M 


■  If, 


i 


320 


MISSIONS  AND  SECULARIZATION. 


.1. 


:ii'=.  I 


what  extent  the  Fernandinos  in  California  knew  or 
approved  what  was  being  done.  Beyond  the  presence 
of  the  ten  in  Baja  Cahfornia,  at  the  time  Figueroa's 
soldiers  revolted ,^^  there  is  no  account  of  their  journey, 
no  official  record  of  their  arrival,  and  no  list  of  their 
names.  President  Duran  in  a  circular  to  the  padres, 
January  23d,  devoted  to  several  general  matters,  but 
especially  to  the  urgent  calls  of  the  college  for  aid, 
alluded  to  the  cession  as  a  matter  in  which  he  should 
lose  no  time,  having  already  permitted  the  Zaeatecaii 
prelate  to  station  his  friars  so  as  to  learn  the  routine 
and  prepare  for  a  formal  delivery  of  the  missions. 
He  hoped  the  change  would  enable  some  of  their 
number  to  go  to  the  relief  of  the  mother  college,  and 
declared  that  no  one  might  hope  for  a  license  from  him 
to  retire  to  any  other  destination.^'  In  assigning  his 
padres  to  their  different  stations  on  and  about  Feb- 
ruary 13th,  Prefect  Garcia  Diego  used  the  follow- 
ing formula:  ''Inasmuch  as  the  supreme  govern- 
ment of  the  Mexican  republic  has  intrusted  to  our 
college  some  of  the  missions  of  Alta  California, 
which  hitherto  the  worthy  sons  of  the  college  of  San 
Fernando  have  administered  with  such  honor;  and  it 
having  been  agreed  between  the  venerable  discrctories 
of  both  "olleges  that  there  should  be  delivered  to  us 
the  missions  of  the  north  as  appears  from  orders 
which  I  have  shown  to  the  Very  Rev.  Padre  Pres- 
ident Fr.  Narciso  Duran;  therefore,"  etc.^*  Soon 
a  concordat  funeral  was  concluded  between  tlie  two 
bands  of  missionaries,  by  which  each  agreed  to  say 
twenty  masses  for  the  soul  of  any  member  of  the 
other  band  who  might  die;  and  thus  the  new  ordei  of 
things  was  permanently  established.'* 


Urf- 


*^Dfpt.  St.  Pav.,  Ben.  Cmt.-H.,  MS.,  i.  35. 

"  Duran,  Cordillera  d  loa  Padres  en  Eiiero  de  1333^  MS. 

"This  ill  the  appointtnont  of  Gonzalez  io  S.  Jos6.  Corresp.  dc  Mi.^ionc, 
MS.,  39-41.  Garcia  asaunied  fornial  cliarge  of  Sta  Clara  on  March  Otli.  <S^''> 
Clara,  Paroquia,  MS.,  19. 

".S\yo«(J,  PiUcuteit,  MS.,  190-1;  Coronet,  Doc.,  MS.,  11-12;  Ar<h.  ohU- 
pado,  MS.,  52.  General  mention  of  the  transfer  in  Mofras,  Explor.,  i.  -74, 
who  states  that  the  division  was  made  in  Cal.  to  avoid  disputes,  the  ulJ 


TROUBLES  OF  THE  NEW  FRIARS. 


321 


The  Zacatecanos  were  as  a  class  by  no  means  equal 
morally  or  intellectually  to  their  predecessors,  as  will 
be  apparent  from  fcheir  actions  in  later  years;  and  be- 
sides this  inferiority,  there  were  naturally  many  diffi- 
culties to  be  encountered  by  them  at  the  first,  arising 
from  their  inexperience  and  a  certain  degree  of  pre- 
judice felt  against  them  by  neophytes  and  others.  It 
did  not  take  them  long  to  learn  that  their  lines  had 
not  fallen  to  them  in  places  altogether  pleasant;  and 
in  September  we  find  their  prefect  begging  for  a  cer- 
tificate of  the  miserably  sad  condition  in  which  ho 
and  his  associates  found  themselves,  for  exhibition  to 
the  fjovernment  on  returning  to  his  colle<;e,  for  "we 
cannot  subsist  here  longer,  because  the  climate  is  de- 
stroying our  heaUh."^^ 

Their  troubles  in  1833,  to  say  nothing  of  the  cli- 
mate, were  of  a  threefold  nature,  arising  from  the 
unmanageable  character  of  the  neophytes,  from  the 
dirticulty  of  furnishing  supplies  to  the  presidio,  and 
fioni  Padre  Mercado's  conduct  at  San  Rafael.  The 
Lulians  did  not  behave  in  a  manner  at  all  satisfactory 
to  their  new  masters,  who  resorted  freely  to  the  use 
of  tlu!  lash.  Vallejo,  comandante  of  thj  San  Fran- 
cisco district,  made  complaint  to  Figueroa  on  the  sub- 
ject, and  the  latter  to  Prefect  Garcia  Diego,  with  a 
notification  that  flogging  was  forbidden  by  the  laws. 
The  prefect  seems  to  have  made  an  earnest  effort  to 
remedy  the  evil;  and  though  some  of  the  padres  were 
disposed  to  be  obstinate,  no  special  complaint  is  re- 
corded after  the  issuance  of  a  pastoral  letter  on  the 
subject  on  the  4th  of  July.  ' 


36 


Spaniflh  friars  not  being  able  to  tolerate  the  lax  morals  of  the  Mexicans. 
Alvaiuilo,  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  ii.  203,  1209-10,  says  the  Zacatecanos  wanted  all 
tlic  missions;  but  the  Femandiuos  refused,  and  finally  succecled  in  convincing 
till'  stupid  Mexicans  that,  as  there  were  21  missions  and  only  10  friars,  a 
•livision  was  necessary!  Wilkes,  Narrative,  v.  173,  states  that  the  new 
fi'iiirs  wiTo  in  every  way  inferior  to  the  old  ones,  and  totally  unfit  for  niission- 
crios.  Valhjo,  Hint.  Cnl.,  MS.,  ii.  197-8;  Rohimon's  Stuteimnt,  MS.,  8;  Oniy 
Ociirreniin.<>,  MS.,  65-0. 

'■'Sept.  ."),  183.3,  Garcia  Diego  to  Figueroa.   Arrh.  Azob.,  MS.,  v.  pt  i.  41. 

'"  Miiy  .Ith,  3l8t,  Vallejo  to  Figueroa.  VoIIpJo,  /)o".,  MS.,  ii.  41,  52.  The 
compLiiat  is  of  Hogging  at  the  4  tniasions,  uotiiing  iHiiag  said  of  S.  Joa6. 
Hmt.  Cm,:,  Vol.  III.    31 


322 


MISSIONS  AND  SECULARIZATION. 


Throughout  the  year  at  frequent  intervals  Vallcjo 
complained  that  the  soldiers  of  his  company  at  Sau 
Francisco  were  in  great  destitution,  and  tliat  the  mis- 
sions did  not  furnish  sufficient  food  for  the  garrison, 
or  even  for  the  escoltas.  He  gave  many  details  in' 
the  privations  endured  and  of  his  personal  efforts  to 
obtain  relief,  and  he  expressed  rather  freely  the  belief 
that  the  Fernandinos  would  not  have  permitted  the 
soldiers  to  suffer  so.'^^  The  complaints  were  forwarded 
by  Figueroa  to  the  prefect,  who  professed  the  b'\st 
possible  intentions,  but  pleaded  poverty,  and  could  not 
understand  "  why  Don  Guadalupe  was  making  so  much 
trouble  about  the  matter."  Fi^'ueroa  issued  an  order 
December  1st,  fixing  the  yearly  amount  of  supplies  to 
be  furnished  by  the  missions  of  Monterey  and  Sau 
Francisco  jurisdictions,  including  live-stock  with  whicli 
to  replenish  the  national  ranchos.^^ 

Vallejo  was  also  prominently  concerned  as  complain- 


■I     I 


' 


Vnllejo  had  an  interview  with  the  minister  of  S,  Francisco,  who  said  '  it  would 
not  be  expedient  it  any  tiino  to  discontinue  flogging  tho  Indians;  for  his  ]);:rt 
ho  would  perpetuate  tliia  paternal  correctional  mode  of  puuisliment  so  fitting 
for  that  class  of  people.  If  ho  were  forced  to  act  otherwise,  he  knew  the 
road  by  which  ho  had  come,'  that  is,  he  would  Icavo  tho  country.  On  being 
shown  tho  law  he  replied,  'Lashes,  lashes,  and  more  lashes  for  thcso  puoplo 
so  devoid  of  honor ! '  Vallejo  admitted  that  at  .Sta  Clara,  Garcia  Diego  had 
good  intentions,  yet  he  allowed  the  majordo.no,  Alviso,  to  flog.  May  bfth, 
June  14th,  F.  to  Garcia  Diego.  Id.,  ii.  142,  153;  Arch.  Ai-zoh.,  MS.,  v.  pt  i. 
80.  Juno  16th,  P.  Gutierrez  toF.,  claiming  that  the  Indians,  having  no 
shame  or  honor,  could  bo  controlled  only  by  fear;  and  that  the  law  was  in- 
tended for  more  advanced  people  in  Mexico.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.,  MS.,  ii. 
12-14.  Juno  30th,  Garcia  Diego  to  F.  Id.,  ii.  13;  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  v.  \t 
i.  80-1.  Ho  declares  his  intention  to  abolish  flogging.  'Mi  genio,  ini:dilcai, 
mi  aensibilidad,  todo  junto  so  opono  4  esta  costumbre  quo  jamas  nprol)aiV-.' 
Yet  ho  has  to  work  slowly.  July  4th,  Garcia  Diego,  Carta  Pastoral  dlus  p:i- 
drcii  Zacatvcunos  contra  la  coatiimbre  de  uzotnr  a  loKtndios,  1S33,  MS. 

3' Letters  of  V.  and  F.  VaUejo,  Doc.,  MS.,  ii.  15,  45,  47,  99-101,  107,  1 IC 
128,  148, 152,  179.  Feb.  21st,  F.  to  G.  D.  Dc)<t.  St.  Pap. ,  Ben.  Mil,  ]\IS. ,  Ixxix. 
4.  Apr.  15th,  O.  D.  to  F.,  explaining  his  difficulties,  the  poverty  of  tiio  ini-i- 
sions,  nis  efforts,  and  hopes  of  better  success.  •S'^.  Pap. ,  Miss,  and  Colon.,  .M>> , 
ii.  308-9.  May  25th,  June  15th,  same  to  same.  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  v.  i)t  i. 
77-8. 

^"Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS..  Ixxiv.  47-8;  /-/.,  Ben.  Cust.-II.,  -MS.,  ii. 
78-31.  The  requisition  was  for  1,458  fnnegas  of  wheat,  318  fan.  bean.",  !'.!<] 
arrobas  of  lard,  50  cargas  of  flour,  $1,G32  worth  of  soap,  834  jiairs  of  tsli^'c-, 
139  blankets,  80  shielila,  80  cueras,  80  cananas,  80  musket-cases,  8  saiMli', 
200  broken  horses,  34  pack-mules,  1,090  cows  and  heifers,  810  steers  and  \m\h, 
2J0  mares  and  foals,  20  oxen,  '20  ploughshares,  12  axes,  shovels,  hoes,  pii^kaxos, 
crowbars,  4  adzes,  chisels,  saws.  To  bo  contributed  pro  rata.  The  cattli'  lor 
the  rouchoB  wcro  to  be  a  loan  to  be  repaid  in  G  years. 


P4DRE  MERCADO'S  ]MISCOXDUCT. 


323 


so  litliii^ 
knew  tliL' 
On  iK'in,;; 
icso  pc(i;i!o 
Diego  liaJ 
May  l.'ith, 
V.  pt  i. 
having  ni 
aw  was  in- 
MS.,  ii. 
MS.,v.  I'fc 
mis  iilca'i, 
nproljari'.' 
«/  dlu-i pi- 

107,  111'. 
MS.,hxix. 
01  tlio  mis- 

V.  pt  i. 

.,  MS.,  ii. 
beans,  H.'iO 
of  slioes 
8  sa'Ml^-'. 
lantl  liiilis, 
I,  piokaxes, 
cttttU'  for 


ant  in  the  troubles  with  Paclre  Mercado  at  San  Kafacl. 
Ill  ^lay  a  controversy  arose  on  tlie  subject  of  mission 
clis(i})linc,  the  paclre  demanding  the  surrender  of  an 
offonder  arrested  by  the  corporal  of  the  escolta,  who 
rei'iised,  by  Vallojo's  order,  as  he  claimed.     Mercado 
in  an  arrogant  and  threatening  manner  defended  his 
authority  to  punish  the  ncophj'tes  as  he  pleased,  while 
the  comandante,  though  ordering  the  neophyte  in  this 
case  given  up,  denied  the  padre's  right  to  interfere  in 
any  hut  minor  offences.''''     In  August,  Corporal  Igna- 
cio  Pacheco  of  the  e.scolta,  asking  for  meat  for  his 
men,  was  told  by  Mercado  that  "he  did  not  furnish 
meat  to  feed  wolves,"  whereupon  Pacheco  caused  a 
sheep  of  the  mission  flock  to  be  killed,  and  the  padre 
^va«  furious.    In  the  resulting  correspondence  Mercado 
used  very  intemperate  and  insulting  language  both  to 
Vallejo  and  to  the  soldiers,  whom  he  repeatedly  des- 
ignated as  a  pack  of  thieves.     In  turn  he  was  charged 
by  Vallejo  with  falsehood.*"     Finally   on  November 
IGtli  a  body  of  gentiles  belonging  to  the  rancherias  of 
Pulia  approached  San  Rafael,  as  they  had  been  en- 
eouiaged  to  do  by  Figueroa  through  Vallejo,  with  a 
view  to  encourage  friendly  relations.     Fifteen  Indians 
of  the  party  came  under  Toribio  to  speak  with  the  pa- 
div,  who  put  off  the  interview  until  next  day.     Dur- 
ing tlie  night  a  robbery  was  committed,  which  was  at- 
tributed by  Mercado  to  the  guests,  and   they  were 
therefore  seized  and  sent  as  prisoners  to  San  Francisco. 
On  the  morning  of  the  20th,  the  warlike  missionary, 
fearing  as  he  claimed  thzit  th^  gentiles  would  attack 
the  mission  to  liberate  their  companions,  sent   out 
Ills  niajordomo  Molina  with  thirty-seven  armed  neo- 
I'hytes,  who  surprised  the  strangers,  killed  twenty- 
one,  wounded  many  more,  and  captured  twenty  men, 

"Letter  of  Vallejo  May  9th,  and  of  Mercado  May  0th,  17th,  in  Vallijo, 
Doc,  Ms.,  ii.  43,  141,  149. 

'"l.t-tteis  of  Pacheco  and  Mercado  Aug.  22d,  and  of  Vallejo  Ang.  2M, 
Oct.  iMli.  in  ['nllno,  Doc,  US.,  ii.  84,  110,  107-8.  Vallejo  advises  Pacheco 
ti)  net  v(  vy  carefully,  to  avoid  all  disputes,  and  to  take  uo  supplies  without 
iwlitil)  asking  the  missiouary  first. 


824 


MISSIONS  AND  SECULARIZATION. 


t  ' 


n  H 


'  i'. 


;  1' 


women,  and  children,  having  on  their  side  five 
wounded,  one  of  the  number  mortally.  This  aehiove- 
nient  was  coolly  reported  by  Mereado  to  Figueroa  in 
a  letter  of  the  25th,  with  a  request  for  reiinforcemeiits 
to  aid  in  pacifying  the  rancherias.  The  governor 
was  naturally  indignant  that  his  promises  to  the 
Indians  had  been  thus  shamefully  violated,  and  with 
the  advice  of  Asesor  Gomez,  sent  the  case  to  Pre- 
fect Garcfa  Diego,  the  competent  ecclesiastical  judge. 
The  prefect  suspended  Mereado  from  his  ministry', 
summoned  him  to  Santa  Clara,  and  announced  liis 
intention  to  send  him  to  his  college  for  trial.  Mean- 
while Vallejo,  by  Figueroa's  orders,  liberated  Toribio 
and  his  companions  at  San  Francisco;  went  to  San 
Rafael  with  a  military  force  and  freed  the  captives 
there;  and  then  made  a  tour  through  the  rancherias 
to  Solano,  pacifying  the  excited  Indians,  and  ox- 
plaining  to  them  Figueroa's  kind  intentions  and  the 
wickedness  of  Padre  Mereado,  dilating  on  the  latter 
topic  very  reluctantly — perhaps.  In  the  middle  of 
the  next  year,  Mereado  was  freed  from  arrest  and  re- 
stored to  San  Rafael,  two  friars  having  been  sent  to 
make  an  investigation,  and  having  learned  from  four- 
teen witnesses  that  the  padre  had  nothing  to  do  with 
the  outrage  I *^ 

Returning  to  the  topic  of  secularization,  or  to 
progress  in  that  direction  during  1833,  I  have  first  to 
notice  Figueroa's  instructions  on  this  point  from  the 
Mexican  government  —  instructions  that  emanated 
from  the  same  administration  which  had  appointed  Vic- 
toria, and  similar  in  spirit  probably  to  those  given  that 
oflficer,  and  certainly  to  those  under  which  Echeandia 

*^  Mereado,  Exfdiente  de  papeles  tocantex  d  la  matanza  de  Ind'ios  ln'chn  par 
drdcndel  P.  MiniMrode  S.  Jlr{fael,  1833,  MS.,  in  Montcrei/,  Arch.,  i.  .'i-'-7; 
Vallfjo,  Doe.,  MS.,  ii.  200;  xxxi.  58;  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  v.  pt  ii.  ;5;  J>'i'l- 
St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  1.37-8;  Id.,  Jien.,  ii.  9-10;  being  communications  of  M  r- 
cado,  Figueroa,  Vallejo,  Gomez,  Sanchez,  and  Oarcia  Diego,  some  of  tluiii 
duplicated  in  tlie  different  archives  referred  to.  The  afifair  is  also  In  it  tly 
mentioned  in  Vallejo,  Hid.  Col.,  MS.,  iii.  7i-5;  Alvarado,  Uitt.  Cat.,  M>., 
ii.  211. 


FIGUEROA'S  POLICY. 


325 


had  acted.  The  necessity  for  a  change  was  recognized, 
and  the  duty  of  the  new  ruler,  as  of  his  predecessors, 
was  to  ascertain  and  report  the  best  practical  methods. 
Minister  Alamau  disapproved  in  the  vice-president's 
nan)o  Echeandia's  decree  of  1831:  both  because  he 
lirul  gone  far  beyond  his  authority  in  issuing  such  a 
doereo,  and  because  some  of  its  provisions  were  not 
in  accord,  as  pointed  out,  with  the  law  of  1813,  on 
which  it  purported  to  be  founded;  and  he  ordered 
Fiifucroa,  if  Echeandia's  order  had  to  any  extent  been 
obeyed,  to  restore  the  missions  to  the  position  they 
held  before  its  publication.  Yet  he  was  to  study  the 
question  closely,  to  ascertain  what  missions  were  in  a 
condition  to  be  secularized  according  to  the  law  of 
1813,  and  to  report  such  a  plan  as  he  might  deem 
most  expedient." 

Figueroa's  general  instructions  from  Minister  Ortiz 
Monasterio,  also  bearing  the  date  of  JNIay  I7th,  au- 
thorized him  to  go  practically  much  further  toward 
secularization  than  did  the  document  just  mentioned. 
Article  4  was  as  follows:  "It  being  a  matter  of  the 
greatest  necessity  that  the  neophytes  rise  from  the 
state  of  abasement  to  which  they  find  themselves  re- 
duced, ym  will  cause  to  be  distributed  to  such  as  are 
fitted  for  it  such  fields  of  the  mission  lands  as  they 
may  be  capable  of  cultivating,  in  order  that  they  may 
thiis  become  fond  of  labor  and  may  go  on  acquiring 
property;  but  there  must  be  kept  undistributed  the 
luiuls  necessary  for  the  support  of  divine  worship, 
schools,  and  other  objects  of  common  utility.  By 
this  means,  for  the  mission  system  may  be  gradually 

'-'.Mfiy  17,  1832,  Alaman  to  F.,  in  St.  Pap.,  J/)m.  and  Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  3:i- 
">;  Ar.-h.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  v.  pt  i.  102-0.  Carlos  Carrillo  wrote  from  Mex.  in  I8;}2 
that  111)  fliange  would  at  present  be  made  in  the  mission  system.  Carrillo, 
Vui-tu.-',  MS.,  'l'i\.  As  an  eviilence  of  F.'s  feeling  on  the  mission  system,  I 
citu  ;i  ri'Liimmondation  in  favor  of  a  neophyte  of  S.  Juan  Capistrano,  directed 
to  Kcluandia  in  1820,  from  Sonora,  in  which  he  doubts  not  that  E.  'will 
protect  those  unfortunates  who  fi-om  necessity  have  to  bear  all  the  rigor  of 
thuso  friars.'  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  M8.,  Ivii.  21.  P.,  in  his  Mnnijietio, 
--•'t,  iiotes  his  instructions,  or  tiieir  general  purport.  July  7,  1332,  from  Aca- 
piilio  hi'  piomiscs  the  min.  of  rel,  to  obey  his  instructions  on  arrival.  St.  Pan., 
illeti.  uiid  Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  30-7. 


320 


MISSIONS  AXD  SECULARIZATION. 


lisn 


substituted  another  more  adapted  to  the  interests  of 
the  territory,  the  influence  of  the  missionaries  maybe 
lessened  until  they  retain  only  the  spiritual  adminis- 
tration, and  tlius  in  fact  the  missions  may  be  secular- 
ized. Yet  for  all  this,  it  is  necessary  to  act  with 
prudence  and  tact,  so  as  to  cause  no  discontent  among 
tlio  missionaries,  with  whom  care  is  to  be  taken  to 
preserve  the  greatest  harmony;  and  to  that  end  arc 
enclosed  private  letters  written  by  the  vice-president 
to  some  of  the  most  influential  friars."  ^ 

Before  Figueroa's  arrival  in  the  middle  of  January 
1833,  I  find  no  record  that  Echeandia  had  taken  any 
steps  to  carry  into  effect  liis  regulations  beyond  tlio 
appointment  of  comisionados;**  but  on  January  2i)tli, 
possibly  before  he  knew  of  Figueroa's  arrival,  he  i.s.siicd 
a  new  regulation  for  officers  of  justice  and  police  in 
the  missions  of  San  Diejjo  district.  The  order  di'ult 
chiefly  with  the  penalties  for  various  minor  offences  and 
the  routine  duties  of  the  local  officers  who  were  to 
inflict  them.  It  was  probably  never  enforced,  and 
requires  only  a  mention,  with  the  remark  that  it  was 
intended  to  relieve  the  Indians  from  arbitraiy  and 
excessive  punishments.*"  Echeandia  informed  Figue- 
roa  that  he  had  been  about  to  commence  the  tlistii- 
bution  of  lands  at  San  Diego,  but  had  sus})eudL(l 
operations  on  hearing  of  the  new  governor's  arrival. 
In  the  same  communication  he  denounced  the  policy 
and  acts  of  the  friars,  and  urged  Figueroa  to  vAo[>t 

*^  Figueroa,  IiiMrucciones  Gencrales,  MS.,  p.  33-4.  In  art.  5,  Indian  youilis 
arc  required  to  be  selected  and  sent  to  Mexico  for  education,  with  a  vi^w  tJ 
make;  ministers  of  them  later. 

^*  TIksc  were  Capt.  Portilla  at  S.  Luis  Rey,  Alf.  Ramirez  at  S.  Diego,  Alf. 
Roclia  at  S.  Juan  Capistrano,  and  Alf.  Vallo  at  S.  Gabriel.  Dept.  St.  l''ip-< 
MS.,  iii.  87,89.  Feb.  10th,  the  comandanto  of  S.  Luis  calls  for  reLutoicc- 
nients  to  check  disorders  among  the  Indians  arising  from  the  distributiuii  uf 
lands.  III.,  Ben.  Pre/,  y  Jiizfi.,v. 'lO. 

*■'  Echcandin,  licijlamento  para  Ion  encartjndoa  dcjuHtlcla  y  poVivia  cii  /"<  W'<- 
io)irt!  del  departanieiito  de  S.  Dkgo,  1S33,  MS.  An  anncseilnote  says:  'This 
rogulatiou  wjib  ordered  to  be  oljservcd  to  restrahi  the  arbitrary  way  in  w  li'i  li 
Tiiissionaries,  niajordomos,  and  corpomlsof  cscolta  caused  the  ncoiihytes  to  1)0 
flogg'.'d,  imprisoned,  and  tiutraged  in  otlicr  ways  for  any  fault  in  tliy  c-'iiiimi- 
nUy  labors  or  in  other  precepts  which  tiicy  were  tyrauically  forced  toulwtivc. 
Echeundia.' 


PROTECTION  OF  THE  INDIANS. 


327 


strict  measures  in  favor  of  the  Indians.*"  Finally'', 
on  March  19th,  Echeandia  directed  to  Figiieroa  the 
long  letter,  ah-eady  often  cited,  in  which  he  fully 
reported  and  defended  his  past  policy.  In  this  coni- 
inunication,  besides  the  arguments  already  noticed,  lie 
attempted,  in  a  manner  satisfactory  to  himself,  to 
overthrow  the  reasoning  of  Minister  Alaman  asjainst 
liis  famous  decree,  and  he  also  proposed  a  scheme  of 
converting  gentiles  on  the  frontiers,  through  the 
agency  of  old  neophytes  and  military  guards.*' 

Meanwhile  Figueroa  prepared  to  make  the  investi- 
gations required  by  his  instructions.  His  views  were 
for  the  most  part  identical  with  those  of  Echeandia, 
but  he  had  of  course  to  encounter  the  same  obstacles 
which  had  prevented  that  officer  during  the  earlier 
years  of  his  rule  from  carrying  out  his  instructions. 
He  announced  February  18th  to  Echeandia  his  policy 
and  his  general  approval  of  the  latter's  views,  stating 
that  he  hoped  to  begin  the  distribution  of  lands  at 
San  Diego  in  April.  This  was  to  be  made  known  to 
the  Indians,  who  were  to  be  informed  of  the  gov- 
ernor's purpose  to  protect  their  liberties  but  at  the 
mmo  time  to  allow  no  license.*^  After  some  delay  on 
account  of  illness,  Figueroa  went  south  at  the  end  of 

"Feb.  7,  1833,  E.  to  F.,  in  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxi.  2.'),  enclosing  docn- 
meuts  to  prove  the  abuses  committed  by  the  friars  of  the  south,  and  the 
liiilicious  exaggeration  of  all  they  say  ag.iinst  the  proposed  reforms.  Each 
li.-uho  does  as  ho  pleases,  on  the  excuse  that  to  do  otherwise  lie  must  have  his 
111  lute's  orders,  which  are  not  given.  The  prelate  is  Duran,  a  Spaniard  and 
luuiiouiiced  royalist,  only  saved  from  expulsion  Ijy  liia  intimate  friendship 
v.itli  Victoria.  The  ifeutf  dc  rmon  pay  no  parochial  tax,  are  entertained 
pi:iti.s  by  the  friars,  and  receive  loans  and  gifts  from  the  missions;  therefore 
tlie  magistrate  who  attem[)t3  to  protect  the  Indians  is  a  shining  mark  for 
lii>}iiilar  attack.  Still  ho  has  been  regaining  little  by  little  the  civil  authority 
11  iiipL'd  liy  the  friars,  and  urges  Figueroa  to  continue  the  same  policy.  On 
t!ii'  same  date  were  sent  the  complaints  of  a  S.  Diego  Indian,  Tomds  Tajachi, 
K.MJust  AigiicUo  particularly,  whom  Echeandia  thought  it  l>cst  to  repLace  v/ith 
fill  lit;  olUcer  less  obnoxious  to  the  Indians.  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  v.  pt  i.  7'4-0, 
107-!). 

^''  E'hmndia,  Carta  que  dirige  d  D.  Joai  Figueroa,  1833,  MS.,  p.  38-41, 
oC'-T. 

•"Feb.  18,  1833,  F.  to  E.,  and  also  to  Santiag'o  Argiiello.  Vallejo,  Doc., 
Ms.,  xxxi.  20-7.  F.  evidently  feared  a  revolt  of  the  Indians.  Feb.  10th, 
J-  A.  (  arrillo  writes  that  lie  lias  complied  with  orders  as  to  sustaining  the 
!:'  '•-'■'■■•  .'uithority;  and  will  go  to  .S.  G.-xbriel  with  the  sfndico  of  the  ayunt.  to 
kiiu'igui!  the  lud.  and  trauciuillize  them.  Arch.  Arzob,,  MS,,  v.  pt  i.  70. 


MISSIONS  AND  SECULARIZATION. 

June.  The  result  of  his  investiofations  was  to  convince 
him  that  any  general  measure  of  secularization  would 
be  ruinous,  and  that  a  change  of  system,  though 
necessary,  must  be  very  gradually  effected.  So  h(! 
reported  to  the  Mexican  government,  and  to  Presi- 
dent Duran  and  Prefect  Garcfa  Diego  in  July.*"  To 
tlie  secretary  of  the  interior  he  described  the  charac- 
ter and  circumstances  of  the  neophytes,  representing 
them  as  totally  unfit  by  nature  and  training  for  sud- 
den emancipation.  To  the  prelates  he  stated  that 
the  partition  of  lands  at  San  Diego  would  be  only 
partial  and  provisional,  though  insisting  that  all  quali- 
fied neophytes  must  be  freed  from  missionary  control, 
and  calling  for  their  views  on  the  general  subject. 
He  also  issued  a  series  of  regulations  on  gradual 
emancipation,  to  go  into  effect  provisionally  until  ap- 
proved by  the  diputacion  and  by  the  supreme  govern- 
ment.*^ 


«July  15,  1833,  F.  to  Duran;  July  20th,  to  sec.  of  int.;  July  '27th,  to 
Garcia  Uiego.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxi.  27,  33,  29.  P.  describes  tlic  mo- 
phytes  as  children,  with  a  natural  predilection  for  the  customs  of  their  anwa- 
tors,  and  for  a  savage  life  without  work.  During  tlieir  reduction  they  Imd 
learned,  perforce,  only  to  cultivate  the  soil  imperfectly,  to  practise  some 
rude  industries,  and  to  manage  horses,  besides  receiving  a  sliglit  and  sujicr- 
Hcial  I'cligious  instruction.  Tliey  had  been  kept  intentionally  in  the  must 
abject  ignorance,  the  padres  having  always  opposed  their  education.  If  freed 
iit  once  from  their  degrading  servitude,  they  would  soon  from  proprietors 
become  beggars,  having  bartered  their  )W83e3sion3  for  liquor  and  gewgaws. 
They  would  return  to  tl»e  wilderness  and  join  tlie  wild  Indians  in  stuaUiig 
cattle  and  horses  for  sale  to  New  Mexicans  and  foreigners. 

'" F'Kjueroa,  Preveiiciones  itruvmoncdeii  jxira  la  emandpacion  de  Indiosnilu- 
ados,  15  de  Julio,  1833,  MS. 

1.  Tlic  gefe  politico  will  determine  the  number  to  be  emancipated  in  each 
mission  and  the  time  at  wliich  it  is  to  be  done,  appointing  the  coniisionailos 
deemed  necessary  to  carry  out  these  pyevenciones.  2.  Tlioso  emancipated  Avill 
be  those  who  have  been  more  than  12  years  Christians,  married  or  widowers 
witli  children,  knowing  how  to  cultivate  the  soil  or  having  some  trade,  and 
having  'application  to  work.'  The  selection  is  to  be  made  Ijy  the  comisioii:i- 
dos  in  conjunction  witli  the  ministers  of  each  mission.  3.  Tiio  emancipatiil 
are  to  remain  subordinate  to  the  respective  authorities,  and  to  the  padres  of 
the  mission  wlio  will  exercise  over  them  the  functions  of  parish  priest  in  idl 
that  concerns  the  spiritual  administration.  4.  The  emancipsited  will  receive 
seed  for  their  first  sowing,  and  for  a  year  the  customary  mission  rations;  but 
during  that  time  they  must  assist  the  mission  during  planting  and  harvest, 
and  at  other  times  as  they  may  be  summoned— not  alTat  a  time — by  the  iiiiii- 
isterand  the  alcalde  actuig  in  concert  and  so  arranging  the  tasks  tliat  neitlier 
the  mission  work  nor  that  o*  private  individuals  shall  suffer.  5.  The  eoiii- 
isionados  in  accord  with  the  ministers  will  select  a  iitting  spot  asncartlio 
coast  OS  possible,  and  between  the  missions  on  the  high  road,  where  tiie 


REGULATIONS  OF  1833. 


329 


Shortly  before  the  prevenciones  de  emancipacion 
were  issued,  President  Duran  had  written  to  Fi<:juoroa 
a  strong  letter  on  the  subject,  basing  his  opposition 
to  emancipation  on  the  state  of  things  which  he  had 
found  to  exist  at  Los  Angeles,  and  by  which  he 
claimed  to  have  been  undeceived  and  surj)rised.     The 

eniaiicipnted  inay  form  a  pueblo  if  there  bo  a  sufficient  number  of  familii>8. 
Tlic'iv  tlicy  will  be  given  lot^  of  a  size  corresponding  to  the  amount  of  lantl 
at  the  pliicc,  where  they  uiuy  build  their  houses  so  us  to  fonn  streets  and 
plazu  symmetrically  us  provided  by  ancient  and  modern  laws.  Lands  will 
likcw  isu  be  assigned  for  eijidoa  of  the  pueblo.  0.  The  newly  founded  puel)lo3 — 
acuordiiig  to  decree  of  Alay  23,  18112 — will  rcmam  for  the  present  attached  to 
the  nearest  municipality  or  military  connnand,  which,  in  accordance  with  lawa 
nud  1  c;,'ulations  in  force  and  with  these  jireivncionen,  w  ill  care  for  tlie  police, 
cMiliollishmcnt,  order,  and  other  objects  of  economical  government  in  the 
puuljlds  intrusted  to  their  care.  7.  As  the  emancipated  ccaao  to  be  minora 
and  inter  upon  tl»e  enjoyment  of  citizens'  rights,  the  authorities  will  see  that 
tlicy  arc  considered  on  terms  of  equality  with  others  in  elections  and  hold 
nmnioipiil  oliices  according  to  lituess  and  good  conduct.  Still  in  order  that 
tlioy  may  be  accustomed  and  taught  to  govern  according  to  the  federal  sys- 
tem, there  are  to  be  appointed  annually  from  their  number  an  alcalde,  '2  regi- 
(loies,  and  a  si'ndico  procurador,  to  be  intrusted  with  the  economical  govern- 
ment of  their  pueblo,  but  to  remain  subject  in  the  administration  of  justice, 
civil  and  criminal,  to  the  judges  of  lirst  instance  and  other  superior  tribunals. 
8,  Tiicy  must  immediately  build  houses  in  regular  order  on  their  lots,  which 
they  must  enclose  witli  fruit  trees  or  other  useful  trees.  9.  Tlie  minister  and 
coiuisii)nado  will  assign  the  best  land  nearest  the  pueblo,  where  there  will  bo 
given  to  each  fanuly  a  field,  and  to  the  pueblo  grazing  lands  and  2  cabuUcruut 
of  land  fur  propioi,  all  in  tlie  name  of  the  Mexican  nation.  10.  Fields  to  bo 
200  \ai-as  S(|uare,  and  common  grazing  lands  in  proportion  to  tlie  amount  of 
live-stocli  np  to  2  sitios  or  a  little  more.  11.  Products  of  land  and  property 
of  tlie  iirojHoa  to  be  applied  to  expense  of  worship,  church,  public  buildings, 
8cli(j(ils,  etc.  Such  property  to  be  administered  by  a  majordomo,  elected  for 
4  yearn  from  the  emancipated  and  watched  by  the  alcalde  and  priest,  who 
may  remove  him  for  cause,  and  who  are  to  use  the  product  of  the  property 
fur  tlie  jnirposes  specified,  with  the  approval  of  the  gefe  politico.  Routine  of 
annual  reports  and  accounts.  12.  The  comisionado  and  priest  to  render  full 
rqiiirt  wiih  lists,  etc.,  of  the  new  foundations.  13.  The  gefe  politico  to  give 
titleri  til  L'.nds,  and  license  to  use  a  mark  for  cattle.  14,  15.  Each  family  to 
reeei\  (■  from  tlie  mission  property  2  marcs,  2  cows,  2  ewes,  with  implements, 
cte.,  but  all  subject  to  variation  according  to  the  circumstances  of  the 
luis.siou  au<l  judgment  of  comisionado  and  priest.  10.  100  cattle  and  25 
horses  to  be  given  for  the  propios  if  the  mission  has  sullicicnt  to  do  so;  other- 
wise, wliat  it  can  give.  17.  Each  individual  will  mark  his  animals;  but  for 
two  years  they  are  to  be  tended  in  common  by  persons  appointed  alternately 
hy  tlie  alcalde  for  the  purpose.  For  one  year  no  animal  can  be  killed  or  sold; 
im  aiterwaids  all  the  stock  of  any  individual.  Penalty,  a  return  to  mission 
life.  IS.  They  will  enjoy  in  conmion  the  use  of  water,  grass,  wood,  etc.,  on 
the  land.s  assigned  for  eijklos  and  pasturage.  19.  The  land  to  be  the  property 
of  the  individual  to  whom  it  is  assigned,  and  of  his  heirs;  but  it  cannot  bo 
iliviiled  nor  transferred.  20.  No  mortgage,  lien,  or  mortmain  title  can  bo 
iiuiiosed  on  the  land,  under  penalty  of  confiscation.  21.  The  emancipated 
nuist  ai.l  in  the  common  work  of  the  pueblo  on  ditches,  dams,  corrals,  ro- 
ileos,  eiiistnicting  church  and  other  public  buildhigs.  Tiiey  must  mark  tiio 
hiiui'.ilaiies  of  their  fields  with  useful  trees.  22.  Land  left  vacant  by  tho 
ueatli  uf  the  owner  without  heirs  reverts  to  the  nation.    23.  The  emancipated 


830 


MISSIONS  AND  SECULARIZATION. 


two  or  three  hundred  Indian  vccinos  of  that  town 
Averc  beyond  all  comparison  more  unfortunate  and 
oppressed  than  any  in  the  missions.  Not  one  had  a 
garden,  a  yoke  of  oxen,  a  horse,  or  a  house  fit  for  a 
rational  being.  Instead  of  the  equality  so  niueh 
talked  about,  the  Indians  swejtt  the  streets  and  diti 
all  the  menial  work.  For  oftcnces  scarcely  noticud 
in  others,  they  were  bound  naked  over  a  cannon  to 
receive  100  blows.  They  were  in  reality  slaves,  1  ic- 
ing bound  for  a  whole  year  by  an  advance  of  sonic 
trille,  since  no  Indian  ever  looked  beyond  the  present. 
They  had  no  ambition  for  liberty  except  for  savage 
liberty  and  vicious  license,  which  they  would  purchase 
at  the  cost  of  a  thousand  oppressions.  Duran  was 
convinced  by  experience  and  from  conversation  with 
practical  men  that  emancipation  would  result  in  slavery 
or  savagism  to  the  Indians  and  in  destruction  to  all 
their  property ;  and  he  begged  the  governor  to  con- 
sider well  the  results  before  deciding  a  subject  "  worthy 
the  wisdom  of  a  whole  congress." ^^  Yet  on  receipt 
of  the  regulations  Duran  offered  no  general  opposi- 
tion to  the  plan,  limiting  his  criticism  to  the  recom- 
mendation of  here  and  there  a  minor  change  in  some 
of  the  articles,  calling  for  no  special  attention.  His 
closing  suggestion  was  as  follows:  "If  after  three  or 
four  years  it  shall  be  noted  that  the  emanciixidus 
depend  on  wild  fruits  for  subsistence,  that  they 
allow  their  live-stock  to  decrease,  that  they  neglect 
their  planting  and  other  labors  in  a  spirit  of  vaga- 
bondage, or  that  they  manifest  no  zeal  or  liking  lor  a 
rational  and  civilized  life,  and  if,  being  several  times 
warned,  they  do  not  mend,  then  they  shall  be  returned 

who  may  neglect  their  woik  and  stock,  or  dissipate  them,  or  abandon  their 
liomes  to  give  themselves  up  to  vagabondage,  idleness,  and  vice,  will  l>e'  ;;ub- 
niittcd  anew  to  the  mission  by  decision  of  the  alcalde  and  priest,  vlio  uiiiat, 
howcvc  .  give  two  previous  warnings,  with  timo  to  reform.  24.  The  autlioii- 
tics  will  iittcnd  to  the  exact  enforcement  of  these  regulations,  and  will  be 
responsible  for  infractions  if  known  and  not  prevented. 

"'  July  3,  18.3.3,  D.  to  F.,  in  Arch.  Aitob.,  MS.,  v.  pt  1.  88-91.  On  June 
ITtli,  D.  had  written  on  the  misatisfactory  condition  of  the  Indians  :it  S. 
Diego  and  S.  Luis,  made  worse  by  the  pernicious  example  of  Portili;i  s  sol- 
diers. Id.,  V.  pt  i.  78-0.    Also  to  same  ciTect  on  July  10th.  Id.,  101. 


Si'  ' 


PARTIAL  EMANCIPATION. 


S31 


to  their  missions,"  the  author  having  of  course  little 
doubt  that  they  would  eventually  be  thus  returned.'*^ 
Wliile  Figueroa's  plan  was  not  so  radical  as  to 
^neatly  excite  the  opposition  even  of  friars,  yet  when 
lie  attempted  its  execution  he  encountered  obstacles 
and  found  no  popular  enthusiasm  in  its  favor.  It 
^vas  tolerated  by  the  padres  as  an  experiment  not 
sc'iiously  interfering  with  the  mission  system,  nor 
vc'iy  destructive  to  their  interest  in  the  mission  prop- 
erty, but  sure  to  result  in  proving  the  utter  incapac- 
ity of  the  Indians  for  self-government.  But,  for  the 
same  reasons  largely,  it  was  only  passively  ai)proved 
by  the  gente  de  razon,  who  saw  in  it  no  direct  avenue 
to  the  mission  lands  and  herds  and  servants,  wliile 
the  neophytes  themselves  were  ambitious  only  to 
luive  the  property  to  dispose  of  as  they  pleased,  and 
could  see  little  that  was  attractive  in  pueblo  life 
under  authority,  in  a  living  that  was  to  be  earned,  in 
having  fields  that  must  be  tilled,  and  cattle  that  could 
not  be  bartered.  The  governor,  however,  made  an 
earnest  eftbrt  to  give  the  Indians  the  civil  liberty  so 
little  prized  by  them,  but  so  valuable  in  the  eyes  of 
Mexican  theorists.  He  visited  the  southern  missions 
in  ])erson,  exhorting  the  assembled  neophytes  and  ex- 
])liiining  to  them  the  advantages  of  the  proffered 
IVeedoni.  Of  one  hundred  and  sixty  families  at  San 
Diego  and  San  Luis,  qualified  according  to  the  stand- 
ard established,  only  ten  could  be  induced  to  accept 
emancipation  before  Figueroa  started  on  his  return 
to  the  north. *^  He  persevered  in  his  efforts  never- 
theless, appointing  captains  Argiiello  and  Portilla 
as  eomisionados..  The  results  cannot  be  exactly 
kndwn.  Some  families  were  emancipated  at  San 
])iego  and  San  Luis,  but  not  enough  apparently  to 
iorm  a  new  pueblo;  though  they  received  lands, 
managed   their  own  property,  and  became  citizens. 


^-  Dumn,   Critica  sobre  las  PrevnKiones    de  Emancipacion,  1S33,   MS. 
Diit.'il  ut  S.  Diego  July  lOtli. 

"•'  Utt.  Jth,  1-'.  at  bta  B.    St.  Pap.,  ^liss.  and  Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  72. 


332 


MISSIONS  AND  SECULARIZATION. 


m 


At  San  Juan  Capistmno  the  experiment  was  tiled 
on  a  larger  scale.  All  seem  to  have  been  emanci- 
pated, and  lands  were  assigned  at  the  mission,  whidi 
thus  became  virtually  a  pueblo  in  October,  under  tho 
prevcnciones  of  July,  and  certain  special  supplemen- 
tary rules  issued  at  this  time.  I  find  no  evideiico 
that  any  neophytes  at  all  were  emancipated  this  yvuv 
north  of  San  Juan.*^ 

In  addition  to  his  efforts  in  the  direction  of  experi- 
mental and  partial  emancipation,  Figueroa  also  kept 
in  view  his  obligation  to  report  on  a  plan  for  fonn.il 
secularization.  In  August  he  called  upon  the  dij)!!- 
tacion,  and  on  the  prelates  of  the  two  missionaiy 

**  July  19,  188.3,  F.  appoints  Argtiello  coiniaionado  for  S.  l>iego,  notifviiit; 
also  lluran.  Vallejo,  Dor.,  MS.,  xxxi.  31-*2.  Sept.  'ilst,  Poitilla  to  V.  '  On 
the  2.3il  ho  will  begin  tho  distribution  to  the  neophytes  of  San  Juan  Cupia- 
trauo  ot  their  lanus  at  S.  Miiteo,  the  best  site  on  the  mission  truut.  Tliu 
Ind.  of  S.  Luis  will  build  their  houses  at  onuo  (where  it  is  not  stated),  wliilu 
the  women  harvest  tho  melons.  In  another  letter  of  tho  same  date  I*,  sny^ 
the  Ind.  of  S.  Juan  are  not  willing  to  go  to  S.  Mateo,  not  undsratanding  wliy 
their  lands  should  not  be  assigncif  at  tho  mission,  where  they  have  alnaily 
well  watered  lots  on  which  they  arc  supporting  themselves  without  aiil  fidiu 
the  mission.  F.  at  first  ordered  a  temporary  suspension  of  the  listributii>ii  :it 
8.  Muteo,  and  on  Oct.  K^th  granted  tho  petition  of  tho  lud.,  ordered  hiinlj 
to  bo  assigned  at  the  mission  under  the  rules,  and  issued  some  suppleiiicntnry 
rules  for  their  guidance.  Id.,  xxxi.  38.  On  Oct.  5th,  ho  had  aunouni-cil  his 
inti'ntioa  in  a  report  to  Mexico  to  emancipate  all  the  neophytes  of  S.  .lunii, 
wlio  seemed  more  civilized  than  others.  St.  Pap.,  Miss,  ana  Colon.,  MS.,  ii. 
72.  It  may  therefore  be  supposed  that  these  regulations  were  |)ut  in  fnivi'. 
Sept.  27th,  Argiiello  to  F.  Keports  progress,  or  lack  of  it,  at  8.  Diego  ami 
S.  Luis.  Ho  says  that  of  50  heads  of  families  at  8.  Diego  only  two  w  i^hcil 
for  emancipation,  unless  they  could  have  their  property  to  do  what  tlit'y 
pleased  with  it;  but  there  were  14  families  of  33  persons  from  8.  DioLriiito 
who  wished  to  join  tho  two  and  form  a  pueblo,  and  he  had  grantinl  their 
petition  and  was  going  to  assign  their  lands.  (It  is  not  stated  where,  nor  ii 
there  any  evidence  that  he  did  so.)  At  8.  Luis  Rey  he  was  evta  lens  suc- 
cessful; for  out  of  108  families  none  desired  emancipation,  though  4  uianicil 
men  were  somewhat  non-committal  on  the  subject.  Id.,  xxxi.  30-7.  "ct. 
3d,  M.  G.  Valleio  to  F.  Thanks  (Jod  that  the  true  owners  of  tlic  missions 
begin  to  enjoy  their  "ights.  '  I  have  rejoiced  from  the  bottom  of  my  li^'it 
at  tho  liberation  of  these  poor  people  from  the  clutches  of  the  missionai  iis, 
The  great  supply  of  men  iind  dollars  the  padres  have  hitherto  had  will  imw, 
though  rather  late,  cot;ie  to  an  end!'  St.  Pnp.,  Mi»s.  and  Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  MIS. 
Oct.  15tli,  in  a  decree  on  elections  F.  declares  that  the  neophytes  ntu  nit 
citizens,  but  the  eniancipadot  can  vote.  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  Amj.,  MS.,  xi.  I-; 
Id.,  S.  Jos6,  MS.,  iv.  131.  Nov.  2Gth,  F.  directs  Portilla  to  warn  tho  'tow  ns- 
men'  of  8.  Juan  that  they  must  do  nothing  but  what  is  allowed  in  the  ii'irla- 
meiito,  and  must  obey  orders  sent  to  Portilla.  The  ayunt.  of  Los  AIlL;<•k'■^ 
has  nothing  to  do  with  the  management  of  their  property— onlv  liavin,' 
jurisdiction  in  civil  and  criminal  matters.  P.  is  to  instruct  theiu  n  tlnir 
rights  and  duties,  and  bid  them  pay  no  heed  to  idle  rumors.  Dept.  St.  x'up., 
lieu.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxix.  12. 


VIEWS  OF  PREFECT  AND  PRESIDENT. 


333 


bands,  to  state  what  missions  were  in  a  condition  to 
hv  st'oularized  under  tholawof  1811];  what  objections 
to  secularization  existed;  and  wliat  would  be  the  best 
means  to  be  employed."'  The  diputaeion  held  no 
si'ssion  this  year,  or  at  !cu8t  has  left  no  record  of  its 
reply;  but  both  Duran  and  Garcia  Diego  jj^ave  their 
views  on  the  subject,  the  former  in  several  ctmimuni- 
cations,  the  latter  iu  a  single  one  dated  September 
24th.  There  was  nothing  in  the  argument  of  the 
Zacatecan  prefect  that  demands  extended  notice, 
lie  admitted  that  all  the  missions  under  his  charge — 
except  Solano,  which  lacked  some  weeks  of  the  re- 
(juired  ten  years — were  subject  to  secularization  ac- 
cording to  the  law  of  ISiri;  but  he  believed  that  law 
could  not  be  applied  to  California  without  inevitable 
ruin  to  the  missions  and  to  the  neophytes. °' 

President  Duran  of  course  opposed  the  change,  and 
usi'd  to  some  extent  the  old  arguments,  with  which, 
couiing  from  him  and  others,  the  reader  is  familiar; 
l»ut  lie  also  seems  to  have  put  himself  as  fully  as  pos- 
sible in  ihi;  governor's  place,  and  admitting  for  the 
time  il.it  a  change  was  inevitable,  to  have  given  in 
good  faith  his  views  respecting  the  best  means  to  be 
employed.  He  noted  two  great  obstacles  to  be  over- 
come: first,  the  natural  apathy,  indolence,  and  in- 
competency of  the  neophytes,  acknowledged  by  every 
intelligent  man  who  had  any  experience  in  the  matter; 
aiul  s(!cond,  the  burdens  imposed  on  the  missions  by 
circumstances,  chiefly  that  of  supporting  the  troops 


'^Aug.  2,  1833.  St.  Pap.,  JUUs.  and  Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  96;  Arch.  Arzob., 
MS.,  V.  pti.  lOfl. 

'•"^Gniria  Diego,  Parecer  del  Padre  Prefectoaohre  Proyecto  de  SecnlnrhMciov, 
IS.ll,  MS.  The  law,  he  claims,  was  made  2,000  leaj5ucs  away  by  men  w))0  had 
no  km  iwloilge  of  the  character  and  needs  of  Californian  Indians.  Emancipated, 
thu  Iiiil.  would  return  to  nakedness  and  savagism.  Good  men  would  not  be 
chosen  for  alcaldes.  The  govt  had  never  secularized  the  missions  of  Tarahu- 
iiiara  anil  Sonora,  though  older  than  those  of  Cal.  The  padres  would  content 
tliuiiisilves  with  sayincr  mass  and  confessing  applicants.  It  is  only  by  force 
tliat  Iml.  can  be  made  to  attend  to  religious  duties.  The  bishop  has  no 
curatcii,  (ind  the  friars  would  not  serve  as  such,  etc.  It  would  seem  that  F. 
also  iulilrcssed  his  inquiries  to  others;  for  Oct.  19th,  Alf.  Jos<S  Sanchez  re- 
ports s.  1''.,  ,s.  Jos(5,  and  Solano  as  in  a  condition  to  be  secularized,  the  In- 
diaus  being  altogether  competent.  St,  Pap.,  MUa.  and  Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  96. 


1 1'i?" 


334 


HUSSIONS  AND  SECULARIZATION. 


as  tbcy  bad  clone  for  over  twenty  years.  Of  course 
the  Iiidian.s  would  do  notliing  tor  the  support  of  tlio 
troops  after  secularization,  and  if  any  of  their  proper- 
ty were  taken  by  force,  tbey  would  find  means  to  do 
away  with  tbo  rest  and  escape  to  tlie  wilderness  and 
savai^isni.  Therefore,  before  effecting  any  radical 
change,  the  government  must  bo  sure  respecting  iv- 
sources  for  the  future.  The  padre  disclaimed  any 
opposition  bv  bimself  or  bis  associates  from  motives 
of  interest  to  their  college  or  to  themselves.  The  law 
of  1813  was  altogether  inadequate,  liaving  beiii 
framed  l)y  men  wlit)  knew  nothing  of  the  subject  in 
its  Californian  phases.  The  ten-year  rule  should  l»o 
ignored,  and  some  other  adopted,  if  the  results  of 
half  a  century's  work  were  to  be  saved. 

Tliree  plans  were  suggested  b}'^  Duran.  The  lirst 
was  to  establish  a  new  line  of  missions  and  presidii)s 
east  of  the  old  line,  secularize  the  old  establishments 
into  Indian  pueblos,  and  give  the  neophytes  their 
choice  between  remaining  in  the  pueblos  or  being  at- 
tached to  the  new  missions.  This  would  effectually  jiro- 
vent  them  from  escaping  from  civilization,  and  would 
also  free  the  territory  from  the  danger  of  attack  and 
outrage  at  the  hands  of  renegade  neophytes,  iiostile  i^tii- 
tiles,  and  and)itious  foreigners.  This  plan,  thougli  the 
best,  was  probably  impracticable,  because  the  national 
government  could  not  be  induced  to  bear  the  expense. 
The  second  plan,  though  not  so  expeditious,  was  suiv, 
and  would  lead  to  the  same  result.  It  was  to  ]ia\c 
a  bishop  appointed  for  California,  a  live  man,  not  heiit 
on  leading  a  life  of  ease,  and  to  give  him  the  exohisivi! 
control  of  all  tithes  under  the  protection  but  not 
directioii  of  the  governor.  With  the  means  placed  iit 
his  disposal,  the  bishop  could  in  a  few  years  ha\o  iu 
operation  a  seminary  of  ecclesiastical  education,  a  col- 
lege of  missionaries,  a  cathedral,  and  all  the  nece>s>ary 
agencies  for  converting  gen  lea  and  furnishing  cuiatcs. 
Then  the  missions  might  be  secularized  without  ri-^k. 
The  third  expedient,  less  desirable  than  the  others 


■il 


DURAX'S  PLAN. 


sat 


UillltllU 

atioiial 
[)i'iise. 
as  siiiv, 
()  liavi; 
t  l)riit 
olu.sivo 
ut  Ili't 
accd  at 
n\Vi'  ia 
a  (•<'!- 
ci's>iiry 
urat'S. 

it  li-^k- 
otlKi's 


\v;,s  a  partial  and  ex})orimental  secularization  of  oor- 
titin  old  missions,  ei<j[ht  of  which  are  named,  wliero 
till  IV  liave  been  no  new  conversions  for  many  years. 
A  portion  of  the  property  might  be  distributed,  and 
tilt.'  ivst  kept  as  a  community  fund,  administered  by 
s  (Wards  of  their  own  choice,  free  from  tithes,  and  de- 
voted to  the  support  of  the  spiritual  administration. 
T!n'  missionary  should  have  for  a  tinje  a  fatherly 
t'oiitiol,  and  the  alcaldes  and  iiiajordomos  should  be 
nspoiisible  for  losses  rad  evils  rosulting  from  a  failure 
ti»  I'ollow  his  advice.  Tiie  neopliytes  should  be  made 
to  understand  that  if  they  noglect  their  privileges 
tlu  V  will  be  again  put  under  the  ]iadres.  With  these 
picnititions,  if  also  the  government  will  see  that  the 
uvnto  do  razon  are  obliged  to  set  a  better  exainple, 
tilt'  evils  of  secularization  may  be  reduced  to  a  mini- 

liUltil." 

Fiijfucroa  had  now  become  convinced  that  any 
jjfeneral  measure  of  secularization  would  be  productive 
(if  i(ivat  injury  to  the  interests  of  California.  In  lii:4 
rejiort  of  July  20th,  ho  had  advocated  a  gradual 
eiiia!icii)ation,  in  whicli  he  thought  the  friars  might 
lie  induced  to  cooperate.'"'  Now,  having  heard  that  a 
l)ili  I'ui' secularization  had  been  introduced  in  congress, 
lie  iiiado  haste  to  lay  before  the  government,  in  his 
report  of  October  5th,  the  results  of  his  own  expe- 
ri'Mco  and  the  views  of  Duran  and  Garcia  Diego, 
with  whom  he  agreed  to  the  extent  of  o[)posing  any 
siulden  and  radical  change  in  the  mission  system,  as 
involving  total  destruction  of  all  the  property  with 
]i"ssiiilo  danger  to  the  security  of  the  territory.  He 
was  'iielined  to  favor  Duran's  plan  of  a  partial  and 
e\|iriiniontal    change    at    the   oklest   missions.""      It 

•Jhimii,  ProyrctoK  de  SeeidarizdcJon  dc  Minionrs,  ISJo,  MS.  On  Oct. 
lOt'i  hill, 111  (laks  earnestly  that  (Jov.  V.  use  liis  infliicneo  to  have  tlie  iiadrts 
rilii  \-i  ,|  i,f  tli(<  n)is><inn  temporalities,  jn-oniisiiig  to  serve  rn  lo  csjiiritiinl  until 
miiii^ti  I  s  eiiu  b(!  sent  to  reiilace  them.  No  rcixsou  ia  given  except  that  tlio 
IucIk  s  nw  (iM  and  worn  ont. 

;'^'  Vnllrjn,  Jjor.  Hid.  (W.,  MS.,  xxxi.  .13. 

'/■';/'/(  core,  i'liforme  fin  que  ne  fpnne  <U  Proyrrto  dfl  Srcidnnzncion,  ISOC,  M!^. 
Til'  s  iiii-'Hinna  mentioned  hy  Duran  were:  S.  Juan  Capistrano,  S.  IJueiiaviu* 
tiuM,  sta  Barburu,  Puriisiiua,  S.  Antonio,  S.  Curloa,  Stal'mz,  and  8,  Frunci^co. 


336 


MISSIONS  AND  SECULARIZATION, 


must  be  noticed  that  Figueroa  had  reported  in  ftivor 
of  expelling  Padres  Duran  and  Sarria  from  the  terri- 
tory. Their  conduct  in  private  and  religious  matters 
was  praiseworthy;  but  politically  they  were  opposed 
to  the  national  interests,  and  they  had  not  scrupled 
to  use  their  official  position,  influence,  and  wealth  to 
spread  their  opinions,  opposing  the  distribution  of 
lands,  freedom  of  the  press,  and  popular  sovereigiitv, 
and  desiring  the  reestablishment  of  the  inquisition.*^ 
Figueroa's  advice,  whatever  might  otherwise  have 
been  its  effect,  came  too  late.  The  national  congress, 
without  waiting  for  the  governor's  report,  and  largely 
through  the  influence  of  the  Hijar  and  Padres  |)arty, 
as  we  have  seen,  had  not  onlv  discussed  a  bill  for 
secularization,  but  had  passed  it  on  the  17th  of  Aug- 
ust.*"    This  law  simply  provided  that  the  missions 


t'     i:' 


if :  -i'  i'f 


•"  Aua;.  17,  1833,  F.  to  sup.  govt,  in  arswcr  to  an  onler  referring  to  liin 
Echeandia'a  complaints  a<rain3t  the  friars  and  Victoria's  defense  of  tlieir  v.m- 
duct.  J)<i,t.  St.  Pap.,  M.S.,  iii.  139-40. 

^^  Ihnrto  (Id  ('oiiijrfxo  Mfjic^mo  wcidnrizando  Ina  MiaiontK,  17  de  .-l.'/ov/i  '/'• 
1S33.  In  Arrillatfa,  ReropUadon,  1833,  p.  19-'21;  JJuhlan  and  Lozniid,  /,"/. 
Mcx\,  ii.  548,  iii.  90;  raltejo.  Dor.,  MS.,  ii.  105;  IMlrrk'.i  Report,  I'.V),  1  }S H; 
Bwinfli'i's  Colon.  Hist.,  add.,  20-7;  Jones'  Report,  59;  /.  Roehnll,  4."i,"i; 
Wheder^s  Land  Titles.  9-10;  liaiidim.  Doc,  MS.,  30;  J/ai/en' Mi.sxioii  Jinn!:,}. 
218;  Ld-^sepas,  Bnja  C.il.,  200-7;  Muhlenpfordt,  Mejico,  ii.  4,')0.  Art.  I.  'J'l,- 
govt  will  proceed  to  secularize  the  misaioas  of  Upper  and  Lower  California. 

2.  In  each  mission  shall  be  established  a  parish  under  a  priest  of  the  scculni' 
clergy,  with  a  salary  of  from  .?2,000  to  $2,500,  as  the  govt  may  dcterniiiic. 

3.  These  curates  can  collect  no  fee  for  marriages,  baptisms,  burials,  <ir  any 
other  service.  As  to  fees  of  pomp,  they  may  receive  such  as  may  be  I'.xpri.ssly 
allowed  in  the  tiiriffto  be  formed  with  the  le.ist  possible  delay  for  that  imr- 
pose  liy  the  bishop  of  tiie  diocese  and  approved  by  tho  sup.  govt.  4.  To  tlio 
parishes  arc  given  the  churclies  of  each  mission,  with  the  sacred  veasd.-i,  \  r  ;t- 
ments,  and  otlier  appurtenances  now  possessed  by  each;  and  also  such  rooms 
adjoining  the  church  as  in  tlie  judgment  of  the  govt  may  be  deemod  nccds- 
sary  for  the  most  fitting  service  of  the  parish.  5.  For  each  parish  the  ;^o\t 
will  provide  a  burial-ground  outside  the  settlement,  fl.  .?o00  per  yiai  iiu 
assigned  as  an  endowment  for  puMic  worship  and  fur  servitors  in  eaoh  p.ii  ish. 
7.  of  the  buildings  belonging  to  each  mission,  there  shall  be  assi;  •  'd  tlie 
most  appropriate  as  a  dwelling  for  the  curate,  witli  land  not  exceeding  -00 
varas  sijuare;  and  the  other  buildings  shall  Iw  used  as  an  ayuutaiui.  nto- 
house,  primary  schools,  public  establislnnents,  and  work-shops.  8.  In  oi-doi- 
to  provide  promptly  ami  effectually  for  the  spiritual  ncods  of  the  C;difi>nii;iii, 
there  is  to  bo  established  a  vicar-gcucralshin  at  the  capital  of  Alta  Cal.,  v.ith 
jurisdiction  over  both  territories;  and  the  diocesan  will  confer  the  corivspond- 
ing  powers,  as  complete  as  pos,sibIe.  9.  As  an  endowment  of  tliis  vicarsiiip 
ip3.0loO  are  assigned,  from  which  nil  expenses  of  the  office  must  be  paid,  no  tcr:) 
being  allowed  on  any  pretext.  10.  If  for  any  reason  the  curate  of  tin:  I'p- 
ital  or  of  any  other  parish  «hall  hold  the  vicarsiiip,  he  will  receive  $!l,.")(i  Mii 
addition  to  hia  allowance  as  curate.     11.   No  custom  can  be  introduced  oblig 


MEX'.JAX  LAW  OF  1833. 


337 


//,  4.m: 
on  Jtoiil:,  i. 
J'l.. 
'alifofiii!!. 

C  KCCIlllll' 

Icteniiiiic. 
s,  or  any 
i.'X|iri'ssly 
that  imr- 
To  1 1  If 

^Scl.-",   Vl':lt- 

I'li  mollis 

li'd  lic'ccs- 
tlic  .^ovt 
year  aix' 
(■h  iiarisli. 

1   tlM' 

iMliii-  -'ItO 
tiiiiii'  ut'i- 

111  urM 
liforiiiii!', 
'al.,  v.itli 
)rrt's|)ouil- 
vicavsliip 
il,  no  fi'i'S 
f  tli.M'.i>- 
$l,M-^  ill 
ceil  oblij;- 


hiiould  bo  converted  into  parishes,  under  the  manage- 
i.iciit  of  the  ordinary  eeclesiastical  authorities,  and 
ic'julated  some  details  of  that  management.  Respeet- 
i;i'4-  ihe  real  difficulties  of  secularization,  the  dis'^  ^sition 
to  Ite  made  of  mission  property,  and  the  o..  aides 
existing  in  California,  it  was  silent.  Supplementary 
icgiiiations  Avere  ap[)arently  contemplated,  though 
IK  it  mentioned;  nud  such  regulations,  or  what  may  in 
il  crtain  sense  Iju  construed  as  such,  will  he  noticed  a 
little  later  in  the  instructions  to  Jose  Maria  Hijar. 
])y  tlie  law  of  August  l7th,  the  expense  of  putting 
(Uiatcs  and  a  vicii  in  charge  of  the  missions,  and  also 
as  it  appears  of  supporting  them  in  their  new  j>osi- 
tioiis — that  is,  all  the  expense  arising  from  the  execu- 
tion (if  the  law — was  to  be  paid  from  the  pi»)us  fund. 
1)V  a  later  decree  of  Xovember  2Gtli,  the  government 
Wi»>!  authorized  "to  ado])t  jdl  measui'es  to  insure  the 
cnjoiii/ation,  and  make  effective  tlie  secularization  of 
till'  missions,  of  Alta  and  Jiaja  California,  using  for 
tliiit  j)urpose  in  the  most  convenient  manner  the 
estates  of  the  pious  fund  of  those  territories,  in  order 
to  lurnish  resources  to  the  (Minmiission  and  families 
now  in  this  capital  and  intending  to  go  there.""" 

We  have  seen  that  ten  new  padres  had  come  to 
(alilornia  in  1H.'>3  to  recnibree  the  missionary  hand; 
liiit  two  of  the  Fernandinos  died  this  yeai',  .lose  j]er- 
iiai'do  Sanchez,  ex-president,  and  Luis  Oily  TubtAula; 

ill.'  till'  inhabitants  of  Cal.  to  nuike  ohhitioUs,  however  jiious  thoy  may  be  or 
lucessaiT  they  may  bo  decliireil;  ami  iieitlier  time  nor  eoiisiiit  of  tlic  eitizena 
i"iii  ^'ive  tiieni  any  force  or  virtue.  12.  The  j;o.t  will  ;;ee  to  it  thiit  the 
(liiKL'saii  ilo  Ills  jiart  m  carryiuij  out  tlic  olijeels  of  this  l.iw.  I'.i.  When  tlio 
Il  u  eaiates  have  lieen  iiameil,  tlie  ^;o\  t  \\  ill  yratuitoii:  ly  furnish  a  |iaii  a^'o  for 
llii;ii  and  their  families  by  wea;  aiid  besides  may  j;ive  to  eaeli  for  the  joiirnry 
li>  l.nid  iroin  .'?KK)  t,)  §800,  nceordin^'  to  the  distani'e  and  number  of  family. 
11.  liu'  ;^ovt  will  ])ay  the  puisa^ie  of  retuinin.;  i:iis:q marii's;  and  in  order 
tiKit  tliry  m:iy  return  comfortably  by  land  to  theii-  e:ille,!.'(^  or  eoiiveiit,  may 
t!Ai'  t  I  eaeh  from  SJlK)  to  $'M)i\  and  at  cli.seretioii  v  hatever  may  bi!  neeessary 
ia  oidir  that  those  wiio  have  not  sworn  the  iiuh  pendeiiei'  may  leave  tlio 
I'l'iililii-.  b"i.  The  ,sui).  ),'ovt  will  meet  the  exiiei.ses  aiithoii/.ed  by  this  i.iw 
t.  'Ill  the  produet  (if  the  estates,  capitiil,  and  rexenues  at  'iresent  recognized 
a-  the  jiiuiis  fund  of  Cal.  missions. 

''■'  l».  eree  of  Xov.  'J(l,  |S.;;{,  eireulateil  by  the  seeretaiy  on  the  same  ilatc, 
and  p.iMislied  ia  a  bando  of  Pee.  'Jd.   Arrill((  I'l,  /><■'>/>.,  ISi.'!,  p.  :UI    IJ;  .^(7^ 
0:irtSl.  J'.,/,..  MS.,  ix.  I;  /Ini/i^'  jy,Wo/<  JJouk;  i.  'JIS. 
IllsT.  Cal.,  Vol.  IU.    i!i 


338 


MISSIONS  AND  SECULARIZATION. 


f.3 


and  one,  Jose  Viader,  loft  the  country.  If  we  add  to 
these  losses  the  five  padres  who  had  died,  and  oi»o 
who  haa  eft  California  in  1831-2,  we  have  a  <^ain  of 
only  one  during  the  three  years  covered  by  this  cha[)- 
ter,  notwithstanding  the  coming  of  the  Zacatecanos. 

Narciso  Duran  succeeded  Sanchez  as  president  of 
the  jnissions  in  June  1831,  being  also  prelate,  vic;ir, 
ecclesiastical  judge,  and  apparently  vice-prefecto, 
there  being  no  change  in  183  4-5  or  the  period  in- 
cluded in  the  following  chapter.  Duran's  authoriry 
was  confined  to  the  missions  south  of  San  Antonio 
after  the  coming  of  the  Zacatecanos  in  March  IB;];). 
Padre  Sarria,  as  already  noted,  had  held  the  office  of 
comisario  prefecto  down  to  1830;  but  while  there  is 
no  record  of  his  ceasing  to  hold  that  office  or  that  a 
successor  was  appointed,  neither  is  there  any  evidenco 
that  he  or  any  other  friar  performed  any  duties  of 
the  position  after  1830,  and  he  is  spoken  of  in  IS.j.'J 
as  ex-prefect.*'*  Therefore  we  must  conclude  that  the 
office  of  prefect  was  abolished  during  these  years  so 
fiir  as  tlie  Fernandinos  were  concerned.  It  is  to  l)c 
noted  that  Padre  Sanchez  issued  several  papers  aftor 
he  loft  tlie  presidency  in  1831,  which  by  their  tone 
would  indicate  that  he  still  held  some  authority  over 
the  friars,  but  there  is  no  other  evidence  that  such  was 
the  case.  In  tlie  north.  Garcia  Diego  was  comisario 
prefecto  of  the  Zacatecanos  during  the  period  covcrnl 
by  this  chapter  and  the  next,  Rafael  Moreno  iKin;^' 
president  and  vice-prefect  from  the  beginning  of  1834.'"' 

i»Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  v.  pt  i.  43;  S.  Gubrkl.,  JAh.  Mmon,  MS.,  41;  .1///. 
Sfn  J}.,  MS.,  vii.  7;  Arch.,  Olmpculn,  I\[S.,  23.  Ho  is  iua  fevvdoourtiuatsjul- 
dressed  as  prefect,  but  this  was  probably  an  error. 

*^  Arch.,  MiHionaty  MS.,  ii.  078.  in  Id.,  702,  Duran  is  addreasid  1>; 
Figneroa  as  presidente  prefecto. 

".V.  Jos:',  /'atente.%  }>IH.,  I!K)-21.S.  Both  were  re-olected  in  lS3o>.  1' 
Gonzalez  waij  made  prefect  provisionally  in  1835. 


>v 


Hw\ 


CHAPTER  XII. 


MISSION  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 
1834-1835. 

Emuvcipation— Indiax  Pcrblos — The  Diputacion — ^Fioureoa's  Policy — 
Mi.xicAN  Law  of  April  1834— Pkovisional  Regulation's  of  AriifsT 
fliii— HijAR's  Instructions— Their  Meaning — The  Reolament*  i^ 
Puacticb — Local  Results — Ten  Missions  Secularized — Views  of  the 
Padres — Supplementary  Regulations  of  Nov.  4rii— Destructiov  up 
Mission  Property  by  the  Friars— Slaughter  of  Cattle— Stiim.nks 
IN  1835 — Mission  Supplies — Mission  Ranchos — Garcia  Diego's  Si c- 
<!r.-!iioNS — Local  Iiemsoi  l^^o — Six  Missions  Secularized — The  Fi:u- 
NANDiN'os  Content — Mexican  Decree  of  Nov.  Otii-j-Mission  Statis- 
Tii'-s,  1831-5— Seasons— Pestilence — Lndian  Affairs,  1831-5. 

Th?:re  is  no  positive  record  that  Figuoroa's  eman- 
cipatory experiments  had  led  to  the  foundation  of  any 
otlu'i"  Indian  pueblo  than  that  at  San  Juan  Capistiano 
Ixiuro  tU.;  end  of  1833.  It  is  po.ssible,  however,  that 
two  others  were  founded  before  that  date,  San  Diegulto 
hy  tlie  ex-ncophytes  of  San  Diego,  and  Las  Flores  by 
those  of  San  Luis  Rev.  At  any  rate,  Figueroa  in 
liis  (ipoiiing  adth'ess  before  the  thputaeion,  May  1, 
\<\\,  stated  that  the  three  pueblos  had  not  only  been 
(siahlishetl,  but  were  flourishing,  the  difference  be- 
twci'ii  the  C(^ndition  of  the  townsmen  and  of  the  noo- 
jilivtcs  being  already  n()ticeal)le.^  And  this  is  all 
tliat  is  known  of  secularization  in  the  first  quarter  of 
tlic  y^-ar. 

Ill  his  discourse  the  governor  recapitulated  his  past 
til'nits,  and  announced  that  the  results  of  his  plan  of 
ynuhial  emancipation,  though  impeded  by  j.is  other 

'  I'ljutfoa,  Dhcurmo  de  Apertura,  1SJ4>  MS. 

(338) 


IP'  I 


li  !l  i 


340 


MISSION  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


onerous  duties  and  by  laclv  of  competent  subordinates, 
liad  been  most  encouraoing  until  interrui)ted  1)V  the 
arrival  of  the  secularization  law  of  August  17th,  whii  li 
conipelled  him  to  await  further  instructions.  The 
law  was  submitted  to  the  di|)utacion  with  a  reipiest 
f  )r  advice  as  to  its  enforcement.  The  deliberations  nf 
that  body  on  mission  manaLTement  in  Mav  and  Juno 
were  extensive,  but  barren  of  results.  Various  pr<>]ii)- 
sitions,  relating  to  the  measurement  or  assijjfnnn'iit 
of  mission  lands,  to  the  prevention  of  unnecessary 
slaughter  of  mission  cattle,  to  the  enforced  ren- 
dering of  inventories  by  the  padres  pending  secular- 
ization, were  introduced,  referred  to  committees,  le- 
ported  back,  and  discussed;  but  practicalh'  notliiiig 
was  accomplished.  In  view  of  the  Mexican  law  of 
August  1833,  and  of  the  knowledge  that  Hijar  liad 
been  appointed  commissioner  of  colonization,  FiguoiM.i 
i'elt  doubtful  about  his  powers  to  take  an}^  action,  and 
the  vocales  were  easily  induced  to  adopt  his  views.  It 
"was  resolved  June  3d  that  the  gefe  poh'tico  had  in) 
authority  to  execute  the  law,  though  some  steps 
might  be  taken  should  circumstances  recjuire  it;  that 
the  diputacion  should  recommend  the  assignment  of 
certain  property  to  the  numicipal  funds  of  the  new 
juieblos,  and  that  the  government  should  also  he 
urged  not  to  delay  secularization  even  in  the  al)sen<o 
of  regular  curates,  since  the  friars  could  act  as  such 
temporarily." 

Though  still  doubtful,  or  at  least  affecting  doiihf, 
as  to  his  powers  in  the  matter,  Figueroa  was  indmid 
to  chanjre  his  mind  so  far  as  to  admit  that  tiie  'lii- 


n.pg.  R,;c.,  MS.,  ii.  44-0,  .-)!,  fiO-l,  07-8,  70-2,  S.VO,  SS-0,  9-2-.'>,  OS  I 
lOS-1 1.  The  mission  itropcrty  recoiiiiiK'iiilecl  foi'tlit'./b//'/u  ilf  iivopios  iiu'lu. 
l,00(tliou<l  of  ciittlc  ami  liornes,  the  ^aniens  ami  vineyards,  laud  foi-  tii'^ 
nnd  for  the  stock,  and  the;  .suri)his  Imildini^s  after  seculai'ization  was  i>ri>\  i 
for.  May  '2d,  the  governor's  old  in(]uiry  of  Aug.  'J,  ISIU,  as  to  what  uii-i-^  < 
Were  ill  a  condition  to  lie  (secularizeil  under  the  law  of  I81H,  was  rcniv 
which  is  auotlier  proof  tliat  there  had  been  no  session  iu  ISIW.  ]>y  tlut  ii'l 
of  May  2"2d  and  June  l.")tli  the  unnecessary  slaugliter  of  mission  cattl*  was  | 
hioitcd.  IJut  more  on  tiiis  elsewlieie.  It  was  ordered  tlu't  vacant  mid- 
lands shoultl  he  granted  aeconliii;,'  to  tlie  eol)ni/ation  law.  This  \\as  \ 
lidlied  in  tt  baudo.  Arch.  Obisitmlo,  M.S.,  DO;  S/a  Cruz,  Anh.,  M.S.,  11. 


Inl 

ii;e 

ir.l 
I  HIS 

i"U 

'•■»■ 
iuU 
U'o- 


FIGUEROA'.S  POSITION  1834. 


341 


cniustanccs'  required  action  as  provitlcfl  for  in  the 
j)rivi()us  lesolutions,  without  awaiting  special  instruc- 
llciis  iVoni  tlie  governnicut  or  the  arrival  of  its  com- 
missioner. The  reason  alleiied  was  that  in  the  lon<jf 
iiitcjval  hotween  the  passage  and  enforcement  of  tlie 
sicnhuiziition  law,  the  mission  property  was  in  danger 
ut"  heiiiLj  wasted  bv  maleadministration — a  reason  not 
wliolly  without  force.  In  reality,  however,  the  posi- 
tion of  Figueroa  in  1834  did  not  differ  much  from  that 
of  Kclieandia  in  183 J.  Each  desired  to  advance  the 
scluiue  of  secularization,  each  had  instructions  to  that 
ciKtt,  each  fountled  his  action  on  a  national  law — of 
Spain  in  one  case  and  of  jMexico  in  the  other — each 
c\})ected  the  early  arrival  of  a  successor,  each  preferred 
fi'oiH  motives  of  |»ersonal  pride  and  for  the  personal 
interests  of  friends  and  sup[)orters  that  the  change 
should  be  inaugurated  by  himself  rather  than  by  his 
successor,  and  each  had  the  support  of  the  diputacion. 
Botli  knew  perfectly  well  that  they  had  strictly  no 
legal  riglit  to  act  in  the  matter,  and  that  the  motives 
nllcgcd,  tliou!>h  of  some  weii>ht,  were  not  urgent  for 
immediate  action;  yet  both  chose  to  assume  the  re- 
sj>()nsil)ility  of  such  action.  Figueroa's  act,  if  some- 
what less  arbitrary  and  uncalled  for  than  that  of 
Echeandi'a,  was  none  the  less  a  trick.  Unlike  Eche- 
aiuh'a's,  but  largely  from  accidental  causes,  it  proved 
to  a  certain  extent  successful.  It  is  by  no  means  iin- 
l>nssiblc  that  more  was  known  in  California  of  the  in- 
structions to  Hijar  and  the  plans  of  Padres  than  was 
admitted  in  public  discussions  and  correspondence. ** 

'  April  10,  1834,  congress  passed  a  docreo,  published  hy  bando  on  April 
lOtli,  a.s  follows:  '1.  All  the  missions  of  the  republic  shall  be  secularized.  2. 
Tlio  missions  shall  be  converted  into  curacies,  the  limits  of  which  siiall  bo  dea- 
i;:iiMti'cl  l)y  tlio  governors  of  the  stiites  where  said  missions  exist.  3.  This  de- 
cro'?  isi  to  go  into  full  effect  within  four  months  from  the  date  of  its  publica- 
tion.' Arrillmia,  liocop.,  1834,  p.  134-5;  Drpt.  St.  Pap.,  Mont.,  MS.,  vii. 
(>:  Soy.  (lort  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  x.  1;  IfnticiC  MUmon  Book,  i.  ±20;  /(/.,  Le(jal  Jlisf. 
S.  J)ic;io,\.  57;  Joiuh'  Rrport,  no.  1.3.  This  law  seems  never  to  have  l)een 
ninitidiicd  in  Californian  discussions,  and  was  probably  not  understood  to  ap- 
ply to  (.'al.,  as  very  likely — from  the  use  of  the  terms  'govemors'  and  'sbites,' 
nnil  lliu  existence  of  a  special  law— it  was  net  intended  to  apply;  yet  had  F. 
KMiiwn  <]f  this  tlecrep,  he  might  have  used  it  somewhat  plausibly  in  defence 
of  Ills  course,     lu  Fijiitroa,  Maiiijiesto,  passim,  thero  is  much  argument  for 


342 


MISSION  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


\h- 


I  r  I: 


'r; 


Provisional  rcj^fulations  for  the  secularization  and 
administration  of  the  missions  were  proposed  to  tlic 
diputaeion  July  19th  by  the  Carrillos.  Don  Ciiilos 
was  for  some  reason,  doubtless  satisfactory  to  himself, 
loss  radically  opposed  to  secularization  than  he  liail 
l)een  a  few  years  earlier.  After  full  discussion,  Fi- 
H'ueroa  still  maintaining  a  slight  pretence  of  opposi- 
tion, they  were  approved  article  by  article  in  the 
secret  sessions  of  July  30th  and  31st,  re-read  and 
finally  approved  August  2d,  and  officially  promulgated 
in  a  printed  bando  by  the  governor  August  9th.* 

mid  against  his  action.  In  Mexico,  Mem.  Jimticia,  18.34,  p.  30,  it  is  statol 
t'.mt  the  execution  of  the  laws  of  Aug.  1833  anil  April  1834  lias  been  inu- 
vented  by  lack  of  priests,  largely  due  to  the  ravages  of  cholera. 

*Fiijueroa,  Ittijlamento  Provmomil  para  la  Keciilarizacioii  ile  las  Miniovnxk 
hi  Alia  California,  0  tie  A<mti>,  1834.  Printed  document  in  Eariiext  I'rint- 
i.i'l  ill  Ciil.  Al«o  in  St.  Pap.,  Miss,  and  Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  253-02;  li'iinliir, 
Doc,  MS.,  .37;  An-h.  Sta  B.,  MS.,  viii.  204-7o;  x.  254-Co;  Dept.  St.  /'»/-., 
Jfout.,  MS.,  iii.  .30-42;  and  with  something  of  the  discussions  in  Lrfj.  I!(r., 
V.S.,  ii.  12-28.  English  translations  in  Jlalleck's  Jkport,  147-53;  Joms'  Ih'- 
j.nrt.  ().');  Du'inelle's  Colon.  Hist.  S.  F'co,  append.,  31;  /.  Rorha-U,  ■\7)\\\ 
J f 'I lie-i'  Mission  Book,  i.  220.  1.  The  gcfepoliijco,  according  to  tlie  spirit  «t' 
t'.ic'  law  of  Aug.  17i  1833,  and  to  his  instr.  iroin  the  sup.  govt,  acting  in 
at-'coid  with  the  prelates  of  the  friars,  will  partially  convert  into  pucblns  tl:o 
)<ns3ions  of  this  territory;  beginning  in  Aug.  (erroneously  printed  'next 
August,'  it  having  been  discussed  in  July)  with  10  missions  and  coutiiiniiig 
with  the  others  successively.  (In  the  original  proposition  the  last  clause  w-m 
'.so  far  as  his  duties  may  allow,'  the  dclinite  date  and  the  specilicatimi  uf 
i-.iissions  being  substituted  after  much  debate. )  2.  The  friars  will  bo  rcliovoil 
f'.T)iu  the  administration  of  temporalities,  and  will  exercise  only  the  functioiH 
(f  their  ministry  in  spiritual  matters  until  the  formal  division  of  parishes  lie 
made  and  curates  provided  by  the  govt  and  bishop.  3.  The  ter.  govt  will  le- 
nsHunio  the  admin,  of  temporalities,  directively,  on  the  following  plan.  -1. 
'J  lie  approval  of  this  regl.  will  be  solicited  from  the  sup.  govt  by  the  quickest 
route. 

Distribution  of  property  and  lands. — 5.  To  each  head  of  a  family,  and  to 
nil  over  20  years  old,  will  be  given  from  the  mission  lands  a  lot  not  over  ((M) 
nor  less  than  100  varas  square.  In  common,  will  be  given  them  enough  land 
to  }msture  their  stock.  Egidos  shall  be  assigned  for  each  pueblo,  and  at  tliu 
pi'opcr  time  propios  also.  6.  Among  the  same  individuals  there  shall  be  ilis- 
trilmted  pro  rata,,  according  to  the  judgment  of  the  gefc  pol.,  one  half  of  llie 
live-stock,  taking  as  a  basis  the  latest  inventories  rendered  by  the  nii^simi- 
ftiies.  7.  There  will  also  bo  distributed  to  them,  proportionally,  half  or  loss 
of  existing  chattels,  tools,  and  seed  indispensable  for  the  cultivation  of  tliu 
ground.  8.  All  the  remaiuing  lands  and  property  of  every  kind  will  leniaiu 
under  the  charge  and  responsibility  of  the  majordomo  or  employee  named  liy 
the  gefc  pol.,  at  the  disposal  of  the  sup.  govt.  9.  From  the  common  mass  ^i 
this  property  provision  shall  be  made  for  the  subsistence  of  the  imdres,  pay 
of  majordomo  and  other  servants,  expenses  of  worship,  schools,  and  otlur 
o'ojocts  of  public  order  and  improvement.  10.  The  gew  pol.,  intrusted  with 
t'.ic  direction  of  temporalities,  will  determine  and  regulate  after  proper  uivcsti- 
gation,  the  expenses  which  it  may  be  necessary  to  incur,  both  for  the  executii  m 
of  tliis  x)lan  and  for  the  preservation  and  increase  of  the  property.     11.  Tlie 


BANDO  OF  AUGUST  1834. 


843 


Tlicsc  regulations,  wliich  I  give  nearly  in  full,  wero 
cri'tainl}',  whatever  may  have  been  the  legality  of 
tlicir  issue,  mu(,'h  more  wisely  and  carefully  i)rej)ared 
than  any  that  had  preceded  them,  resembling  in  many 
jMtiiits  the  prevcncioncs  on  gradnal  emancipation, 
leaving   much   to   the  judgment  of  the  friars,  and 

iiiis.-iiiiiary  will  choose  that  one  of  the  inisHion  Iniiltlinga  which  suits  him  bc»t 
fill'  lii.i  ilwcUing  and  tiiat  of  his  attendants;  and  he  will  lic  provided  wiih  tho 
tii'ci's.sary  furniture  and  utensils.  I'J.  The  library,  sacred  vessels,  churcli 
fiirnitiuv,  etc.,  shall  be  in  charge  of  the  padre,  under  the  responsibility  of  a 
sai'iistan  cliosen  by  him  and  paid  a  fair  salary,  l.'l.  General  inventories 
sliall  lu'  made  of  all  ndssion  property  duly  classified,  account  books,  docu- 
iiu'iits  (if  every  class,  debts,  and  credits — all  to  bo  reported  to  tiie  sup.  g'>vt. 

I'lilitioal  government  of  the  pueblos. — 14.  The  political  govt  shall  bo  or- 
gaiii/x'd  in  conformity  with  existing  laws;  and  tho  gcfo  pol.  will  give  tho 
j)i'o|ic'r  rules  for  the  establishment  ofayuntamientos  and  iioldingof  elections. 
I,').  Tliu  economical  management  of  tho  pueldos  shall  belong  to  the  ayunt. ; 
but  ill  the  admin,  of  justice  they  will  be  subject  to  tho  judges  of  1st  instance 
c!iii.'<titutionally  established  in  the  nearest  places.  10.  The  emancipated  will 
lie  iililigcd  to  aid  in  the  common  work  which  in  tho  judgment  of  tho  gefc  pol, 
may  bi'  deemed  necessary  for  tho  cultivation  of  the  vineyards,  gardens,  and 
lieMs  remaining  for  the  present  undistributed.  17.  They  will  render  to  tho 
)iaili('  tiic  necessary  personal  service. 

llestrictions. — 18.  They  may  not  sell,  burden,  nor  convey  the  lands  given 
thi'Mi;  nor  may  they  sell  their  stock.  Contracts  made  against  these  orders 
jilwU  lie  void;  tho  govt  will  reclaim  the  property  and  tlie  buyers  Mill  lose 
t!:(ir  iiiouey.  10.  Lands,  the  owners  of  wiiicli  die  without  heirs,  shall  revert 
to  tlio  nation. 

•  iencral  rules. — 20.  The  gefe  pol.  will  appoint  the  comisionadoa  whom  he 
may  ileem  necessary  lor  the  cxecutiim  of  this  plan.  21.  Tho  gefo  pol.  is  au- 
thorized to  settle  whatever  iloubt  or  matter  may  arise  in  connection  with  the 
cxeiiitiou  of  this  regulation.  22.  Until  this  regul.  is  put  in  force  tho  mission- 
ai'ies  are  prohibited  from  slaughtering  cattle  in  considerable  quantities,  ex- 
cf'jit  the  usual  slaughter  for  tlic  subsistence  of  neophytes,  without  waste. 
'2'X  'i'lie  debts  of  the  missions  shall  l>e  paid  in  preference  out  of  the  common 
jiropcrty,  on  such  tenns  as  the  gefc  may  determine.  And  for  exact  compli- 
uiK-e  there  shall  bo  observed  the  following  rules:  1.  The  comisionados  as  soon 
asaiipointcd  will  go  to  their  respective  missions  to  citrry  into  effect  the  plan, 
piesi  uting  their  credentials  to  the  friar,  with  whom  they  are  to  preserve  har- 
mony, p( 'iteness,  and  duo  respect.  2,  At  first  the  com.  will  receive  all  ac- 
c'luiits  an.!  documents  relating  to  property;  then  the  general  inventories  will 
1)0  formed  in  tho  order  given,  an  estimate  of  two  intelligent  persons  sutUcinj; 
for  tlie  live-stock.  As  entered  in  tlie  inventory,  all  passes  from  the  control  or 
the  friar  to  that  of  the  com. ;  but  no  innovation  is  to  be  made  in  the  system 
of  Work,  etc.,  until  experience  proves  it  to  be  necessary.  .3.  The  com.  and 
majoiilomo  are  to  see  tliat  all  superfluous  expenses  cease.  4.  Before  making 
nil  inventory  of  field  property  the  com.  must  explain  to  the  Indians  this  reg- 
iilatioii  and  the  change  it  is  to  effect  in  their  condition.  Their  lots  are  to  be 
iniini  iliately  distributed.  The  com.,  padre,  and  majordomo  will  select  the 
lihiic,  give  to  each  what  he  can  cultivate  within  the  fixed  limits,  and  allow 
each  to  mark  his  land  in  the  most  convenient  way.  5.  Tho  com.  must  pay 
no  (Irtits  of  the  mission  without  an  express  order  from  the  govt,  to  which  a 
rcjMiit  must  be  made  in  order  that  tho  number  of  cattle  to  bo  distributed  may 
lie  il.  temiined.  G.  Implements  will  be  distributed  for  individual  or  common 
n^e  as  the  com.  and  padre  may  decide;  but  grain  is  to  remain  undistributed, 
and  Uie  neophytes  will  receixc  the  usual  rations.     7.  What  is  known  as  the 


In 

1!'  ■:  i 


m 


344 


SUASION  AND  INDIAN  AFI'AIRS. 


t       !!; 


fvidi'iitly  intt'!i(U;il  to  conciliato  as  far  as  po.ssiljk'  tin' 
giKxl-will  of  tlie  niissioiiarios  and  to  use  all  possiliK; 
j)ioc-autioiis  against  the  evils  to  be  feared  from  a  sud- 
den an<l  radical  elianu^e. 

In  the  middle  of  October,  after  some  })rogress  IukI 
been  made  in  carryini^  into  effect  the  law  under  Fi;^iii - 
roa's  regulations,  Hijar  appeared  ou  the  scene  with 
instructions  <lated  April  2.')d  which  contained  ceitain 
articles  regulatin;^'  the  law  of  August  1883,  or  at  le.ist 
\veie  the  only  r(;gulations  on  the  subject  that  tlic 
Mexican  government  had  deigned  to  'ssue.  I  apjuiid 
those  articles  in  a  note."  Their  exact  meaning  i> 
not  quite  clear,  since,  literally  interpreted,  they  con- 
tain not  a  word  to  authorize  the  distribution  of  ;iiiv 
portion  of  the  mission  property  to  neophytes,  'i'liis 
fact  enabled  Fiiiueroa  and  his  friends  to  denoumc 
Avith  much  plausibility  the  whole  scheme  as  one  of  de- 
liberate plunder.  I  supjiose,  however,  that  thefaihm; 
of  the  government  to  define  specifically  the  Indians' 
rights  was  but  a  part  of  the  general  carelessness  oli- 
servable  in  all  oflficial  transactions  rclatinsr  to  the  col- 


li ■  n 


in 


i,  .' 


i   7  Ti]l         ■,  ■ 


'  nunnery '  is  to  be  abolished  at  once.  Tlie  girls  and  boys  arc  to  be  given  to 
their  parents,  to  whom  tlicir  parental  duties  tare  to  be  explained.  cS.  'i'lio 
eorn.,  after  investigation,  will  propose  as  soon  as  possible  one  or  more  jRTsdiis 
deemed  iit  for  niajordomos,  witli  tlie  salary  that  sliould  be  paitl  thtiii.  !•. 
Kancherias  at  a  distance  having  'i.'i  families  may  form  a  separate  pueliln  it 
they  wisii  to  do  so,  otlierwise  they  Mill  form  a  harrio  or  ward  of  the  iiiiiiu 
puebh).  10.  The  com.  will  report  the  population,  in  order  to  prepare  fonKc- 
tions,  which  so  far  as  possible  are  to  conform  to  the  law  of  June  !•_',  ls:>0. 
1  i.  The  com.  will  take  all  necessary  executive  steps  ilemanded  i)y  tlie  state 
of  business,  reporting  to  the  govt  and  consulting  it  in  serious  or  dunlitful 
ca.sos.  VI.  In  all  else  tlie  com.,  padre,  majordomo,  and  Indiana  will  iu-t  as 
prescribed  in  the  reglamento. — Monterey,  Aug.  0,  18.34.  Jose  Fij^iifiia; 
Agustin  v.  Zamorano,  secretary. 

''Ilijnr,  Iiixtnirrioiifn.  Art.  1.  He  will  begin  by  taking  possession  df  all 
the  property  belonging  tr)  the  missions  of  both  Californiaa.  Art.  7.  S]i('<  i.  I 
care  shall  be  taken  to  attach  the  Indians  to  the  settlements,  mixing  Hum 
witli  the  other  inhabitants,  but  not  permitting  any  settlement  coniposiil  ■  f 
them  only.  Art.  D.  Kacli  family  of  colonists  to  receive  certain  land,  li\'- 
stock,  and  implements  (of  course  from  the  mission  property).  Art.  II.  ilii-' 
distribution  of  movable  property  belonging  to  the  missions  iiaving  been  iikmIu 
(was  this  merely  the  distribution  to  the  colonists  as  per  art.  9?  or  did  it  i;i- 
elude  also  a  distribution  to  neophytes  as  a  part  of  secularization  ?),  one  lia'f 
of  what  is  left  shall  be  sold  in  the  most  advantageous  manner.  Art.  l.'l.  'I  lie 
remaining  half  is  to  be  kept  on  account  of  the  govt,  to  jmy  expenses  of  wt- 
ship,  education,  etc.  Art.  14.  An  annual  report  on  the  mission  property  re- 
quired from  the  director  of  colonization. 


;  I:.  I 


HIJAR'.S  IN.STIiUCTiON.S. 


S45 


niiv.  Socularization  inolutlod  as  an  essential  clement, 
l»v  the  whole  spirit  of  Spanisii  laws,  the  distributiou 
,»r  mission  lands  and  property  to  the  Indians,  Hijar 
anil  Padres  always  claimed  to  be  advocates  and  de- 
triidiTs  of  aboriginal  rights;  and  while  their  strongest 
iiiittives,  as  in  the  case  of  all  men  in  a  like  situation, 
\vt  re  personal  rather  than  humanitarian,  I  deem  it 
uiiHkcly  that  there  was  any  intention  of  ])erpetratiiig 
so  gios  •  un  ou^^rago  as  was  im[)lied  in  a  literal  inter- 
jmtation  of  the  instructions  considered  independently 
(.rdtlur  laws.  I  suppose  rather  that  the  jdan  was  to 
jiut  the  nco|)hytes,  at  least  in  theory,  on  equal  terms 
with  the  colonists  in  the  distribution  of  property.  It 
can  serve  no  useful  purpose  to  speculate  upon  what 
iiiii;lit  have  been  the  results  if  Hijar's  instructions 
had  been  carried  out.  The  revocation  of  his  connnis- 
sjoii  as  gefe  politico  enabled  Figueroa  very  justly  to 
annul  tliose  instructions;  else  he  would  have  found 
hinisolC  with  his  rcglamento  very  much  in  the  position 
(if  l'>heandia  with  his  decree  of  January  1831.  The 
controversy  has  been  fully  treated  elsewhere;  and  the 
argmnents  of  the  twcj  rivals  on  their  respective  sys- 
tiins  and  authority  for  regulating  secularization, 
thoiigli  lengthy  and  interesting,  do  not  call  for  further 
iidtiie."  The  Ilijar  and  Padres  colony  as  ])lanned 
sinned  destined  to  exert  a  radical  and  controlling  in- 
tliKiice  on  the  fate  of  the  California  missions;  but  in 
nahty  it  h  id  no  effect  beyond  the  imposition  of  a 
heavy  tax.  for  a  year  or  two  to  support  the  families, 
and  a  diminution  of  the  op[»osition  which  Figueroa 
mii^ht  otherwise  have  expected  from  the  friars."^ 


Mi 


The  records  of  what  was  actually  accomplished  this 
year  under  Figucroa's  provisional  regulations  are 
meagre,  as  we  shall  find  the  annals  of  secularization 


^S(c  Fiijueroa,  ManiJicMo,  44-80. 

'•huisHPiis,  Ilijar,  and  other  nieinbers  of  tlie  colony  ore  inclined  to  insist 
that  till'  ojtiM^sition  to  the  directors  arose  largely  from  their  efforts  in  behalf 
of  tliu  luJiuns,  whoac  property  the  other  party  wished  to  control. 


M6 


MISSION  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


ff   ■ 


■  \-''.  i 


^ifi.t 


in  nil  ycar8.  There  are  in  the  archives  vftofuo  local 
iteniH  in(Iicatin<»  the  presence  of  a  coinisionado  aiid 
the  introduction  of  the  new  system  in  nine  inissi»»iis. 
Such  IVagnientary  information  as  can  he  derived  IVoia 
these  items,  I  give  in  a  note.**  The  tenth  mission  was 
perhaps  San  Cilrlos,  which  would  naturally  have  Ihcii 
one  of  the  first,  thoujjh  there  is  no  evidence  on  tliu 
Buhject.  Most  of  the  items  bear  date  of  Noveinlx-r, 
and  in  hut  few  missions  was  much  progress  made  lie- 
fore  December. 

The  padres  have  not  left  themselves  on  the  record 
on  either  side  of  the  contest  between  Figueroa  and  I  [i- 
jar;  nor  do  they  appear  to  have  made  any  attempt  to 
interfere  seriously  with  the  enforcement  of  tiie  pro- 
visional regulations.  Before  their  publication,  INcsi- 
dent  Duran  had  written  a  letter  of  general  discoMttiit 
to  the  governor,  complaining  of  the  uncertain  pros- 
pects in  the  matter  of  secularization,  of  the  scarcity 
and  illness  of  friars,  of  the  refusal  of  the  Zacatecaiios 
to  take  charge  of  more  than  eight  missions,  of  the 

•Thfic  is  nothing  in  relation  to  S.  Diego.  At  S.  Luis  Rey,  Capt.  I'ortilla 
was  conii.iionailo  in  Nov. ,  and  the  accointa  turned  «vcrl»y  I'.  Fortiinishtiwcil 
assets  of  t'4(i,013  and  liabilities  of  $14,420.  In  Dec.  tlio  Ind.  rcfiusod  to  w mk, 
iiiid  ran  iiway,  taking  most  of  the  horses  and  killing  many  cattle;  but  in  >l:ui. 
tliey  bef.'an  to  come  back  and  behave  better.  St.  I'fip.,  M!iu.,  MS.,  xi.  411  "ilt; 
Jlai/en'Mixnion  Book,  i.  'ii.*?,  '227.  No  record  for  S.  Juan  Capistrann,  exccp  t  hat 
Juan  JosO  Kocha,  probably  the  comisionado.  ocknowledges  on  Nov.  '-'.^il  re- 
ceipt of  resolution  to  secularize  the  mission.  JJo/>t.  iSt.  I'ap.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS., 
Ixxxviii.  18.  At  S.  Gabriel  an  inventory  was  made  in  Nov.  18.S4.  St.  I'nj)., 
Mini<.,  M.S.,  vi.  12-14;  and  Lieut-col.  Gutierrez  was  doubtless  the  com.,  luinj; 
in  charj,'c  early  the  next  year.  Lieut  Antonio  del  Vallo  was  the  ooin.  at  S. 
Fernando,  and  was  engaged  in  Oct.  in  making  inventories.  Vwrrii,  Jh»\, 
»IS.,  vi.  IJO;  Valkjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxi.  134.  At  Sta  Bdrbara  Alf.  .\iia8t,isio 
Carrillo  was  com.  from  Sept.,  with  Jos»5  Maria  Garcia  as  majordomo  from  ( (ct. 
•SV.  Pap.,  Miss.,  MS.,ix.  24-31;  xi.  I.  Domingo  Carrillo  was  com.  of  I'lins- 
inia  in  Nov.  /(/.,  xi.  23.  There  is  no  record  for  S.  Luis,  S.  Miguel,  S.  Anto- 
nio, S.  C'arh)s,  S.  Juan,  or  Soledad,  Santa  Cruz  was  delivered  to  .Vlf.  li;ii:uio 
<lel  Vallc  as  com.  on  Aug.  24tli;  and  Juan  Gonzalez  was  majordomo  from  <  M. 
This  establishment  was  now  known  as  Pueblo  do  Figuero.;;  ind  the  Iml.  wi  le 
reported  to  behave  admirably  under  the  new  system;  though  tii^^re  wus  a  lit- 
tle trouble  with  the  padre  alK)ut  the  rooms  to  be  occupied  by  him.  St.  /'"/'■, 
Miss.,  M8.,ix.  OG-71;  x.  6;  Sta  CrHz,Arch.,  MS.,  12,  23;  lalle,  Lo  PaM,,!,,, 
MS.,  0-10.  There  is  no  record  of  secularization  this  year  at  Sta  Citiia  oi'  '^. 
Joa6.  At  S.  F.  de  Asis,  Joaquin  Estudillo  took  charge  as  com.  in  S(  jit. 
St.  Pap.,  Miss.,  MS.,  ix.  G2.  At  S.  Rafael  an  inventory  was  taken  ii>  Sipt. ; 
the  pueblo  was  marked  out  in  Oct.  by  Ignacio  Martinez,  who  was  probal'lj  tli« 
com.;  and  stock  was  distributed  in  Dec.  Id.,  v.  58-0;  x.  11.  S.  F.  'Mliuio 
was  perhaps  not  fully  secularized  until  next  yeur. 


RULES  OF  SECULARIZATION. 


347 


Oft  inn  of  HoiiKj  troops  who  luul  Hustaincd  the  Iii(.linn!9 
iiillicr  tluiM  the  pjulriiH,  and  of  mnv  trouMos,  not  ox- 
jiIhiikmI,  which  \nu\  come  upon  liiniself.  "Tlie  In<lians 
shoiiltl  not  be  entirely  subjectod  nor  entirely  free," 
vet  lie  waw  no  practicable  niidibe  course,  and  begj^ed 
J'imKToa  to  take  counsel  of  unprejudiced  persons  such 
as  luieij^ners."  Prefect  Garcfa  Diego  received  in  May 
I'll  nil  the  guardian  of  his  college  a  copy  of  the  secu- 
liii  iziition  law,  M'ith  orders  to  obey  its  provisions  and 
Inst  ructions  on  tlic  methods  of  surrender  to  curates. 
][v  congratulated  the  Zacatecanos  on  the  adoption  of  a 
intasure  which  would  enable  them  to  retire.  About 
llic  siune  time  he  received  and  circulated  an  order  for- 
l.iddiiig  the  padres  to  take  any  part  in  politics,  or  to 
iritif'ise  the  policy  of  the  government.'" 

]  )iu'an  seems  to  have  made  a  report  on  the  plan 
eiulMxlied  in  the  provisional  reglamento,  which  is  not 
extant,  but  which,  on  being  presented  to  the  diputa- 
(ion,  was  referred  to  a  committee,  and  resulted  in  a 
sorks  of  supplementary  regulations  adopted  in  the 
extra  session  of  Noven)ber  (3d  and  issued  in  a  bando 
1)V  rigueroa  on  the  4tb,  No  radical  changes  were 
intioduced  by  this  document,  which  seems  to  indicate 
that  Duran  and  the  other  friars  were  inclined  to  look 
somewhat  favorably  on  the  new  system  as  adminis- 
tered by  the  governor,  or  at  least,  that  it  was  more 
favorable  to  their  interests  than  any  substitute  likely 
to  be  obtained." 

Miilv  22,  1834,  D.  to  F.   Arch.  Anob.,  MS.,  v.  pt  ii.  4-5. 

'".May  22,  18M,  F.  to  Casarin.  JJe/it.  St.  Pap.,  iMout.,  MS.,  vi.  .30.  June 
20tli,  (larcia  Diego  to  nadres.  Arch.  Obiniiado,  MS.,  90.  May  2.'kl,  same  to 
saiiif.  S.  Joxt,  Pateiites,  MS.,  203-8.  Alvarado,  Ilht.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  217-23, 
tells  lis  tiiat  the  Zacatccans  were  in  a  fury.  They  prepared  a  protest  to  tlio 
III  OS.  against  the  plundering  policy,  calling  for  F.  's  trial  and  removal.  Backed 
by  Za  III!  iiano  and  Sanchez,  they  sent  the  protest  south  for  the  signatures  (f 
tlic  Fi'inundinos,  not  one  of  whom  would  sign  the  document,  and  some  of 
wlidiii  talked  very  warmly  in  favor  of  the  regl.,  mainly  to  annoy  the  Zaca- 
tceaiiosi,  wiiom  they  despised  as  intruders.  I  believe,  however,  there  is  no 
reaaiiu  to  credit  Alvarado's  statements  on  this  and  like  subjects. 

"  Ht'jlameiito  de  JUisioiiai  secularizailas,  aprobadopor  la  Diputacionen  Sde 
Xor.  is.i.'t,  MS.,  in  Vidlejo,  Doc.,  xxxi.  131;  Leg.  Jiee.,  MS.,  ii.  199-20); 
translation  in  IMUck'a  Report,  153-4;  Jonen'  Heport,  60;  Dwinelle'g  Colon. 
Hi'<i.,  S.  Fro,  add.,  34;  Ilnyes'  Leijul  JJkt.  S.  Diego,  i.  57.  Art.  1.  Con- 
tinuably  to  the  law  of  Aug.  17, 1833,  salaries  of  $1,500  ore  assigned  to  curates. 


II  ^1 


318 


MISSION  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


A  special  matter  that  may  best  bo  noticed  heio  is 
the  slaii<(liter  of  mission  cattle  by  the  friars  in  ls;34 
anil  the  followinij  years,  tojjcther  with  a  wantf)n  lu-r- 
lect  and  destruction  of  other  property.  Many  ot'tlio 
missionaries  regfarded  secularization  as  an  outr;i<>e 
upon  themselves,  their  coUei^o,  and  their  neophytes; 
and  vhen  they  became  convinced  that  the  chs.istcr 
could  not  be  averted,  at  different  times,  but  chicHy 
in  18o4,  they  ceased  to  care  for  the  buildings,  \  im  - 
yards,  and  ij^ardens  as  in  former  times,  and  atteniptid 
to  realize  in  ready  money  as  larjjfe  an  amount  as  pos- 
sible,  which  of  course  could  best  be  done  by  a  sJaiiuh- 
ter  of  cattle  for  their  hides  and  tallow.  Accordingly 
such  a  ylaui^hter  was  eftected,  to  some  extent  in  all 
the  missions,  but  notably  at  San  Luis  Hey,  San  ilu- 


ii 


tl  firf.t-cliiKs  jiarishoa,  mid  81,000  to  those  of  the  aoeond  cUiss.  2.  Parislic^uf 
the  lirnt  tliiss  yliall  l>e,  S.  l)ie,uo  and  S.  Dicguito;  S.  Luis  Key,  l.as  I'l  nvs, 
and  amiexi'd  settlements;  S.  (iaiiriel  and  Los  Angeles;  Sta  JJiirliara.  iiiis.,i<i!i 
and  |)ie.siilio;  S.  Carlos  and  .Munterey;  Sta  Clam  and  .Icwi'ide  S.  ( ;n;;i|.ihi])c; 
and  S.  .lose,  S.  Frnneiseo  Solano,  S.  .I{afael,  and  the  eolony  (7  in  all,  iiirui- 
rectly  t^ionped  in  Halleek's  anil  other  translations).  Parishes  of  the  si'UhI 
elass,  S.  .Inan  Capistrano,  S.  Fernamlo,  S.  JUienavcntura,  Sta  Ines  an  1  I'li- 
rfsinia,  S.  Lui.s  Ofiispo,  S.  Miffiiel,  S.  Antonio  and  .SDledail,  S.  .hian  I'miti  ;t;i 
and  Sta  Cruz.  S.  Kraueiseo  mission  and  presidio.  In  parishes  of  morr  tiiai) 
one  pl;iee,  the  eiir.ite  will  reside  at  that  lirst  named.  'A.  Tlie  eoinisari-i  ]<n- 
leeto  ( iai-eia  I)ief;o  will  reside  at  tliiseapital.  The  jrefe  pol.  will  ask  frinii  tli/ 
hishop  in  hishehalf  the  faeultiesof  vieario  foraneo.  His  salary  shidl  hc'-ll^irJ. 
4.  in  all  othei- respeets  the  vicar  and  eurates  arc  to  eonform  t"  tli,-  l.i»  nf 
.Xu;.'.  ITlh.  .').  I'ntil  tlu"  fiovt  shall  jirovide  rej^ular  e'';ates,  the  ju'elati  s  \  ill 
do  fo  (iViiiM  tli(!  friars)  j)ro\  isionaliy.  I)y  .'onsent  of  the  gefo  pol.  (!.  .S'lOil  |ht 
annum  shall  he  paid  ineaeh  parish  for  ehureh  expensesiind  servants.  7.  All 
these  salaries  and  expenses  of  worship  s'lall  he  paid  fnjm  the  eomnion  prnp- 
erty  of  the  extinguished  mis.sicns,  in  money  if  there  he  any,  or  in  prmln  e  at 
eurreiil  I'ates -the  gefe  jiol.  to  give  the  neeeas;<ry  orders.  H,  Art.  17  "f  the 
regl.,  rei|uiriiig  the  Ind  to  render  personal  servieo  to  the  friars,  is  ahroi:.itiil. 
St.  Till'  gefe  will  eausi'  to  he  a.ssigned  l)iiildin;;s  for  the  residence  of  cui-.i;'  ;■. 
Hyuiitamientos,  schools,  etc.,  according  to  art.  7  of  the  law.  ■  10.  (ttlior 
points  of  I  (loan's  recommendations  may  lie  attended  to  by  the  gefe  pol.  iiiiikr 
art.  17  of  the  regl.  II.  All  to  he  eomnuinieatetl  to  tlic  prelates  and  hy  tinia 
to  their  suhcirdinates. 

My  original  Is  the  one  sent  hy  Figueroa  to  Coniisionado  Vallo  at  S.  Kcr- 
nando,  whdin  he  directs  to  assign  the  curate's  dwelling  at  once.  Salariisaro 
to  comnu  nee  on  Dee.  1st,  after  whicli  ('ate  it  will  not  he  necessary  to  .•■ii|)iily 
the  padre  with  suhsistenee  or  service,  ex  .ept  on  salary  account.  On  ( )•  t.  .'iiitli 
F.  hail  issued  a  resolution  of  the  dip.  tlii.t  although  the  Ind.  towns  still  l")i'0 


the  name  of  missions,  they 
Beculari/ed  ere  this,  and  slii 


were  not  lawfully  .so,  since  they  ought  to  lia\  c  I't't'ii 
onsidered  as  townsof  the  i  ■  |iiih- 
lie,  siiliject  to  the  same  laws  as  other  towns,  being  under  the  civil  aiitliii  itii'S 
of  the  head  towua  of  the  reapeutivo  diHtricts.  St.  Pof.,Mi>in.  and  Colon.,  M'^m 
ii.  •2C3-4. 


jf 


SLAUGHTER  OF  CATTLE. 


349 


l)rii  1,  ami  Purisinm,  by  outsiders  wlio  contracted  to 
kill  the  cattle  and  deliver  h^ilf  the  hides  to  the  padres. 
SiK  li  is  the  charge,  and  though  exaggerated  in  detail, 
1  have  no  doubt  it  is  well  founded;  indeed,  so  far  as 
1  kii:»\v,  the  padres  have  left  in  the  records  no  denial 
nf  its  truth.  Naturally  the  documentary  evidence 
(111  this  subject  is  slight;  but  \ve  haxo  seen  that  in 
June  the  diputacion  forbade  the  slaughter  of  cattle 
(•X(e[)t  in  the  usual  (puintities,  and  by  inenibers  of  the 
(•iiiiiiiiunity;  and  a  similar  })rohibition  was  decwd 
iirccssary  in  the  reglamento  of  August.  I  appead  a 
i'rw  notes  from  the  archivi>s  and  something  '»f  what 
has  been  said  on  the  subject.^- 


'  .Inly  1(5,  I8:{4,  V.  to  .-ilciiMfs,  publishing'  tlic  not  of  t!ic  .lip.  of  t!u>  \-2t\i. 
It  i-^  s:,!!!.!!  tliat  till!  slaiiglitcr  was  tli"ii  goin.u;  on  at  I'unsiiiia,  S.  Luis,  aiiil  S. 
C.il.ii.l.  P!ro,  J>or.  Hint,  ('ill.,  M.S.,  i.  !l 'iO;  VA/-/.  St.  J''!/).,  A,,;/.,  MS., 
.\i.  ■:\  •-':  StaCnn,  Arrh.,  .MS..  10-11;  WcHrJo,  Jhir..  .MS.,  \xxi.  1».V(;.  ,l,,nc 
■Jitli.  I'riU'ct  «iar>--ia  JJicyo  ciiviilati'S  tlio  oiiU'i-  to  tlic  Zai'ati'uanos.  Ar-fi. 
(ii,i^l,)i,h.,  .MS.,  !)(!.  July  Stii,  loth,  Titli,  ]>iTMiissioii  askc.l  liy  S.  ( '.iilos  :  lA 
^.  l/.iis  to  sliiu,L,'hter  cattle  for  payniciit  of  dclilti.  A;/.  /''C,  .MS.,  ii.  MS  ."il, 
ir;i.  '.■Vnin  May  to  .luly  .">,7iK)  cattle  wore  killed,  leavin.i,'  'J.S.'iO  hides  for  tliu 
iii>-ii  11,  the  rest  beloiiyiii;;  to  the   '  poreioneros.'  St.   J'"/!.,  A/iix.,  MS.,  \.  4. 

'Mo,  //;.s7,  <'ii/.,  MS.,  •_';):!-(),  attriimtes  the  .«iau^'hter  largely  to  the  leeiiii;^ 
of  the  I'l'niandinos  against tlieZaeateeanos.  Tlie  padiv  of  S.  Luis  (Mii.sp.)  was 
okK'iiI  Ky  liis  ])rehite  to  convert  the  niis.sioii  wealth  as  rapidly  as  j)os,sii:Ie; 
iuul  i;e  liouu'ht  .S'JO.OOO  Worth  of  cotton,  woollen,  and  silk  goods  «  hicli  iio  di.i- 
tiiljiiteil  aiiioiij;  the  nuo])hytes.  Over  .">,(>!)()  hides  from  S.  (lalniel  \.ii-o 
sliiplicil  at  S.  I'edi'o.  When  1*.  Ksteiiej,'a  c.iine  to  that  nii.ssion  hu  fciind  ;.!i 
thiMjtlle  destroyed,  so  that  iio  had  to  a|ij)e,il  to  tlm  Yorha  ranelio  for  meat, 
f.it..iihl  milk.  (lov.  (Jhico  in  18Il(i  said  tlie  friars  'aiuiihilateil  the  liestjiartof 
till'  Iiiiid-,  to  allay  the  eovetousne.;s  tiiat  they  deemed  to  ho  the  jiiiniary  i  .-iiLso 
nt  .•<coiilaii/ation,' executin'4  'matanzas  espantosas  de  j^'anado,' and  a'landon- 
iii',' 'to.'i;i  elase  do  arliitrios  do  su  jiroLtreso.'  J^(,,  'ifat  /'riiitiiiii  in  ('at.  J{,i!i- 
iliiii,  11, st.  ('(tl.,  MS.,  r>l-:i,  tells  lis  that  "J, (<in»  cati,  •  were  killeil  in  a  siii.^h! 
tl:!y  lit  oiii- i!:i.ssion,  the  meat  and  fat  Iiiiiii.-'  left  in  the  lielda.  I'.'.s  j.'o\erii- 
1111  111  Lilly  pretended  to  iiitcrfen;,  to  i-a\>'  a  portion  of  tin-  stock  for  a  paiticii- 
\  v  iiuiiiosL  indicated  in  a  letter  to  friemti  in  .Mexico,  which  the  aiithur  saw, 
1  It  wliic'i  h  !  takes  (u'ood  care  not  to  (piote  or  explain.  .1.  .1.  Vallcjo,  /.'<  •nini-'., 
;1"^..  .'4  .1,  t  lougli  a  friend  of  the  padres,  admits  the  destruction,  and  thinks 
i  «.i-.  .jiistili'd  l>y  eireumstancea.  I'io  I'ico,  Hist,  ('at.,  MS.,  1,")7.  bays  lie 
liid  ,1  cuiitract  at  S.  (Jahviel,  iun?.loyin<,'  10  vaipieros  and  liO  Lidiaiis,  i.iid 
l.iilii',' iivir  .").OI»;t  cattle.  I'ieo.  J'■'■;/^,  .MS.,  I'l.  sjieaks  of  a  \  cry  (  xteii-ive 
.••l.ii  -III  r  at  I'uri'.  'ma  under  iJomiiij,'  >  ( 'arrilio,  the  adiiiinistrator.  llsiiid.no, 
J'<i'.<,  Ms.,  .'{;?  4,  ^i.lls  us  that  after  a  time  nothing  Imt  the  hides  was  save  '. 
Sm,,.  -JiLlMIO   hea  .   \\no  killed   at  the  S.   Jacinto   ranch  <;f    S.    Luis    Ley. 

J'"''iii* /.{/'•  ii   t'lil.,  IjO-OI,  say.s   the  ruin  wa.s  mnre  jiieccptilile  at  .S, 

'■iiliiiil  tiian  elsi  vlicre.  The  contractors  really  took  two  hides  lor  <'Vcry 
•  lie  t!icy  giivo  tl  )  padres.  Hayes,  L'niiij.  A'«/(.^,  I.Sti,  thinks  the  Nlan.;iiter 
I"  Mil  ill  |,>s;t'2.  .\l  1  (Jrd,  Ornr.r'iirifts,  M.S.,  7t)-;i,  is  inclined  to  doiiht  tiir.t 
|iii,\  v.aiitou  slatij,'..li>r  was  etlected  at  most  missions;  Imtfdie  tinder.slood  t'lat 
HMlii;ti:ittle  were  killed  at  S.  (iabriel,  ;;nd  len'cuilicrs  t'lat  there  AM'ie  fc.r.s 
i>i  u  l>r>til..iice  from  the  rotting  earc.i;.i<es.    Tiumaii,  in  the  (.'as!rui-illc  Al•<J!l■■^, 


m 


860 


MISSION  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


li 


n-i^ 


The  venerable  ex-prefect  Padre  Francisco  Vicente 
Sarria,  of  the  Fernandinos,  died  in  1835;  and  his  as- 
sociate, Francisco  Javier  Uri'a,  had  died  the  year 
before.  Tiiese  are  the  only  chanj^es  to  be  noted  in 
tlie  missionary  personnel,  except  that  Padre  Perez  of 
the  Zacatecanos  disappears  from  the  records  after 
1835.     I  do  not  know  what  became  of  him. 

Py  submitting  to  heavy  discounts,  certain  friars 
seem  to  have  succeeded  in  collecting  a  portion  of  the 
sums  due  them  on  account  of  sinodos  this  year.  Tliis 
was  accomplished  through  the  agency  of  Vinnoud, 
who  for  approved  missionary  drafts  on  the  pious  fiiml 
obtained  others  on  the  national  treasury  wliicji  were 
paid  in  custom-house  orders  negotiable  at  25  oi-  ;iO 
per  cent  discount  for  cash.  As  usual,  the  accounts  aie 
incomplete,  and  it  is  impossible  to  state  exactly  what 
sums  were  obtained;  but  at  one  time  $7,200  wen'  paid 
to  the  padres  of  six  missions;  and  the  college  of  Sail 
Fernando  seems  to  have  got  a  bill  accepted  for  tlu' 
siuodos  of  nine  friars  from  the  bcffinnincj  of  1830  dowu 
to  the  respective  dates  of  their  decease.  Meanwliilo 
the  pious-fund  estates  remained,  not  yet  rented  ac- 
cording to  the  law,  in  the  hands  of  a  directive  jnnla. 
Of  the  revenue  from  June  1832  to  March  Is.Jt, 
amounting  to  65G, 250,  the  sum  of  .$25,091  had  Iteiii 
expended  on  the  colony;  $23,507  had  been  taken  as  a 
loan  by  the  government;  $4,713  paid  out  in  mist  '1- 
laneous  expenses;  and  $1,523  paid  over  in  missionary 
stipends.' 


13 


m 


i: 


Sept.  23,  1S71,  gives  a  very  exaggerated  ncconnt  of  the  destruction  and  -liip- 
incut  to  Spain  of  all  the  property  at  S.  Juan  Capistrano  by  1*.  Zilvi  li;i; 
and  Taylor,  Cat,  Ihnner,  I"cb.  1,  1801,  tells  us  that  the  padre  of  S.  (i.i'iiil 
unroofed  the  buildings,  used  the  timbers  for  firewood,  had  the  cattle  killid 
on  halves,  and  distiilmted  the  utensils  to  the  neophytes,  who  were  ord^  •,  1  to 
cut  down  the  vineyards,  but  refused. 

"iUrar/Vo.  Mini.  Ikkirionen,  18,15,  p.  30-7,  no.  10.  May  2,  1S3.').  F.  to  tlio 
govt  says  that  Deppe,  Virmond's  agent,  had  jioid  §7,200  to  padres  <if  S.  An- 
tonio. Sta  InOs,  Purisimn,  8.  Miguel,  S.  Juan  (,'apistrano,  and  S.  Frani  isoo, 
fur  1831-2-3.  Ho  advises  a  8Usj)cn8ion  of  such  allowances,  orof  siicl:  piiy- 
nients,  on  the  ground  that  the  iMidrcs  manage  the  missions  in  their  own  u:iy 
and  have  plenty  of  resources.  In  cases  of  actual  necessity,  the  sinodos  '  "uM 
lio  paid  from  the  mission  products,  and  the  whole  considered  as  a  loan  t'>  the 
govt.     (lu  view  of  the  Bcculurizution  laws  already  enforced  or  to  bo  cnf'H-td 


PROGRESS  IN  1S35. 


8S1 


Demands)  for  supplies  from  the  missions  were  often 
refused  in  1835,  both  by  the  padres  and  by  the  com- 
isidiiados,  but  always  on  the  plea  of  absolute  want  of 
imaiis.  The  chanires  of  tlie  last  few  years  ha<l  left 
iiiaiiv  of  the  establishments  in  such  a  condition  tliat 
they  could  barely  feed  and  clothe  the  Indians,  who 
wc'R'  not  disposed  to  look  at  all  favorably  on  any  sliar- 
iiii;  (»r  their  earninjifs  With  the  troops.  To  what  ex- 
tent, it' any,  the  com)nunity  cattle  and  other  pro[)erty 
\\\'\v  saeriliced  in  aid  of  the  troops  or  for  the  further- 
aiiee  of  private  interests  I  have  no  means  of  knowinijf; 
hut  1  suppose  that  the  swindling  operations  charged 
u|i(t!i  the  government  and  the  administrators,  with 
iinnh  probabllitv  of  truth,  did  not  commence  u.;til 
later,  and  that  in  1834-5  the  authorities  contciited 
themselves  for  the  most  part  with  the  legitimate  taxes 
»»ii  mission  products. 

Ill  iisi  ,  t  to  general  regulations  and  progress  of 
f;e(ulariza(i"n.  there  is  little  to  be  noted  in  the  annals 
(if  ls;!r).  No  approval  of  the  reglamento  came  from 
Mexico,  nor  disa[)proval  lor  that  matter,  and  in  Cali- 
I'liniia  little  or  nothing  was  changed  in  the  current 
Mstciii.  Figucroa  devised  a  ]»lan  for  establishing  soj)- 
aratr  lanehos  at  each  mission  for  the  sui)port  of  the 
]i;".ili'e  and  of  public  worshi[);  and  even  made  a  hegin- 
iiiii'4' at  San  Carlos  and  Santa  Cruz.  Garcia  ])i(\go 
ii[)[trnve(l  the  measure  warmly  in  Ma}',  perhaps  had 


M 

m 


.;-: 


35i 


MISSION  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


sugjLjfcsted  it  first  liiinsolf,  but  in  August,  aftir  ro- 
Hcction,  changed  his  opinion,  basing  his  opposition 
on  the  governor's  hxek  t)f  authority  to  make  sudi  ;iii 
innovation  on  t\w  Mexican  hiws  against  the  foundation 
of  any  ohras  pkahtftas  wliatever,  on  the  animosity  tliat 
uould  be  felt  against  the  padres  «o  long  as  they  ad- 
ministered any  property,  on  the  insufticiency  of  tlai 
means  pro[)o.sed,  and  on  the  injustice  of  freeing  the 
gente  de  razon  from  all  responsibility  for  the  supjjoit 
of  religion/*  (hi  account  of  this  opposition  or  of  Fi- 
gueroa's  eai-ly  death,  the  scheme  was  carried  no  further. 
From  the  Fernandinos  we  hear  nothing;  antl  tluirsi- 
lence  may  indicate  that  in  the  south  secularization  was 
proving  more  or  less  satisfactt^ry.  In  the  nortli,  how- 
ever there  were  complaints  of  demoralization  anion.,' 
the  Indians,  and  of  other  difficulties,  which  ])roni]it((l 
]?refect  Garcia  Diego  to  suggest  certain  motlifications 
of  the  rules,  not  adopted  so  far  as  can  be  known.'' 

i*Mny  20,  Aug.  .3,  1835,  (1.  D.  to  F.  Sf.  Pap.,  J/m«.  and  Colon..  MS.,  ii. 
3.3.1,  .'W(j-9.  Juni!  l.'ith,  gnimliaii  of  tliecol.  at  Zacatccas  wrote  to  jji-tfrct  that 
t!u'  nii^jsions  iiinst  not  be  consiilereil  nor  called  parishes,  nor  the  iiiissiniijiiici 
curates),  since  no  h\!,'al  and  fornial  transfer  liatl  been  ellected.  And  tln'tr:iiis- 
fcr  could  Itc  madi^  lawfully  to  mily  pi'ie.sts  aide  to  show  all  their  iiaiuTs  in  iliie 
foiMu.  f'o/vr.'<;).  (/(' .1//n(o//'.i,  MS.,  4.5-7.  Aug.  loth,  (t.  I>.  tothe  i>iicli'es.  Tlie 
guardian  renuires  statistical  iufornuition  about  the  uiissiuns.  .S'.  Ju^i',  I'nh  ifr-^, 
MS., -Jll-l-i. 

^'' Unrein  Dicijo.  Ikfijlnn que  jiropone  fl  P.  PfffiHo  parn  f/ohicruo  iiiti  n^rik. 
I  IK  I  r-mixiniirit,  IS.l,',,  .SlS.  His  su^Ltestiona  wci'e:  1.  Total  sepai-ation  of  the 
tjiuii'ters  chosen  by  the  padre  for  himself  and  servants  and  those  <if  tin'  I'liiii- 
si.mado  and  niajordonio.  "2.  That  the  Ind.  be  eompcUed  to  render  ini-soiial 
^ie^vice  to  the  padre,  whose  servants  should  not  only  l)e  supported  by  liiiii,  Imt 
controlled  and  corrected  in  a  jjarental  way,  independently  of  all  iiitiTlVriine 
from  the  coin.  .'{.  That  in  view  of  disorders  that  have  resulted  aniniiL,'  tlio 
Riu,!,de  women  since  tlioy  were  set  fi'ee,  they  should  bo  I'eturned  to  the  |i,iiliv's 
exclusive  conti'ol,  aidetl  by  an  alcalde  of  his  own  ch(»icc.  4.  That  the  ;il!n\v- 
unce  of  .'?,■)()()  per  year  for  expcns<'9  of  religious  worship  should  be.  |iaid  In  the 
]):i(1re  at  the  beginning  of  the  year,  he  to  keep  a  book  of  accounts  vviii  li  h;is 
t>  be  inspected  by  his  prelate,  ^t.  That  the  padres  should  be  authmi/rd  to 
enforce  attendance  on  religious  duties  by  the  same  means  used  in  the  im^^i'  nf 
eliildren.  (i.  That  com.  be  instructed  to  aid  the  i>relate  with  aniiiiii!^  ;iim1 
vaijuei'os  when  travelling,  or  the  friars  travelling  by  order  of  theii'piel  ifi.  7. 
'I'he  coni.  and  majonlomos  also  to  furnish  carriers  of  correspondenci'  liilNvn'a 
tiie  (irelate  and  friars. 

I>ana,  Tn-o  Ykii-x  hcfmr  the  Ufant,  199,  speaks  of  the  prevalent  inuiinr:ility 
inniing  the  Indian  women  in  l.SIt.'i-d.  .May  -1st,  F.  orders  com.  nut  tn  make 
lo.uis  of  mission  I'U'eets  which  niay  prejudice  the  establishment.  S/.  /'iii>..  .'/'•■'■'•i 
AIS.,  i.\.  '27.  ^\.^  pjtl,,  Valli  jo  ti  F.,  expressing  the  opinion  that  not  all  tlie 
neophytes  arc  lit  to  be  intrusted  with  the  nia.iagenu'nt  of  their  i>\\  n  p:c'|  irfy; 
n;n!  advising  tlmt  a  part  be  made  to  live  in  community,  the  property  ln-in;,' 


LOCAL  it::ms  of  seculaiuzatiox. 


333 


Locally  wo  have  a  scries  of  items  in  (.'ontintiati  )ii 
dl"  those  presented  fur  1884.  These  sliow  that  six  ad- 
Jitional  missions  were  seenlarized  this  yc-ar,  San 
l)icL,f(),  San  Luis  Obispo,  San  Antonio,  Soleilad,  Sau 
Juan  Bautista,  antl  San  Francisco  Solano.  Xo 
chaiiLije  had  yet  been  made  so  far  as  the  records  show 
at  San  Buenaventura,  Santa  Ines,  San  ]\Iiguel,  Santa 
Clara,  and  San  Josd.  Thus  in  sixteen  missions  the 
trials  had  been  deprived  of  the  temporal  management; 
(.•oiuisionados  had  at  first  taken  charge,  and  at  sevei-al 
of  the  establishments  had  completed  their  labors;  in- 
vriitories  of  all  mission  proj)erty  had  been  made;  a 
portion  of  the  lands  and  other  [)roperty  had  been 
(Hstributed  to  the  neophytes;  the  padres  had  be- 
CKiiie  temporarily  curates;  and  majordomos,  often  un 
oiiicially  called  administrators,  had  succeeded  the 
(Oiuisionados,  or  were  manaojing  the  estates  under 
tiK'ir  supervisi<in.  Figueroa's  provisional  reglamento 
was  practically  in  force,  though  the  author  was 
(lead,  and,  so  far  as  can  be  determined  from  meagre 
records,  the  result  at  many  missions  was  not  un- 
satisi'actory.*"     It  is  unfortunate  that  we  may  know 

mann'.'cd  by  mnjorilomos.  Vallrjo,  Dor.,  ^IS.,  iii.  43.  T>pc,  27th,  F.  saystliat 
t!:f  -  ii:i  (if  S')M  fur  church  expenses  is  excessive;  and  onlcrs  that  iiayiiient  ho 
iiimk' iiiily  tor  wliat  i.s  actually  needcil.  .SV.  I'(ij>.,  MisM.,  MS.,  ix.  10. 

''At  S.  JJicgo  Ju:i(juiii  (jitega  became  niiijordonio  in  April.  .SV.  Pa/)., 
MiM,,  vi.  .'{S-!).  There  is  no  reconl  of  any  com.  has  ill:,'  servoil  since  \H',V,i. 
Ill  N'(,v.  the  Ind.  puehlo  of  Sau  I'asciial  was  in  existence  with  .'U  t'auiilies. 
I'luuim'iit  ill  y/«*/r.s'  .l//«.s«()«  JJouL;  i.  'J30;  /(/.,  Kmhj.  .\oti.i,  407.  No  record 
of  S,  Dif^'uito.  At  S.  Luis  liey  I'oitilla  as  com.  had  troubles  of  a  not  im- 
liiiitiuit  nature  with  Ortej^a  of  S.  Diego,  and  with  the  jiadre,  wiio  was  ii<«t 
jilcasc'ii  with  the  rooms  assi;,'iied  him.  Jjfjif.  SI.  J'dji.,  MS.,  iii.  ;{-7;  S'.  i'n/i., 
Miix.HinlCnloii.,  MS.,  ii.  ;U0-1.  Karly  in  the  summer  ho  transferred  tiiechai'ge 
of  the  property  to  I'io  Pico,  as  niajordoiiio,  against  wlioiu  in  Xov.  the  ind. 
made  l.iiiij  eoniplaints.  //(!»/(«'  Jlin.iioii  Hook.  i.  'J'JO:  ./»/((i-'  '•  mi\  ( 'iwrv  il<  Indhi.^, 
.M<.,  4-.->.^  Inventory  of  August,  assets,  .'r!20:t.7:{7:  .hbts,  .S'.»,:«)l).  Si.  r^iji., 
.'//■«.,  Ms.,  vi.  10-11.  Ail  inventory  of  S.  .Tuan  Capistraiio  niahis  the  assets 
8->4.4."i(l;  <lebts.Sl,4'J0.  /(/.,  v.  48-0.  "  At  S.  tiabriel  there  is  no  record  «i  tlie 
aiiiiuiiitiiient  of  a  luajordomo,  <  liitierrez  beiiiif  still  in  eharje  in  .Ian.  />r//^ 
•V.  /'■'/'•,  An;/.,  MS.,  ii.  .S.  Antonio  del  N'alle  becaiiK!  iiiajordoiiio  of  S. 
teniaiiilo  on  .June  1st;  and  to  him  the  Ind.  complained  of  I'.  Ibarra's  re- 
moval of  money  aiid  goods.  St.  Pa/).,  J//'>.-i.,  MS.,ix..S;  xi.  X  In  A/.,  xi.  Hi.  is 
•■'  r  i-oid  tiiiit  Carlos  Carrillo  was  ."ieiit  to  secularize  S.  Fernando,  but  tiu;  Ind. 
itliisi-ij  to  recognize  him.  This  is  aiiintelligilile,  uiile.-^s  the  name  ;;|ioulil  be  S. 
I'laiiiivciitiira.  For  Sta  Barbara  there  are  several  invent. tries  f^r  the  yc;ir; 
"iiil  ill  May  .Jose  Maria  (Jarcia  took  charge  as  maj.  /(/.,  ix.  -4-5.  At  I'uri- 
lIi»T.  c.AL.,  Vol.  III.    ua 


m 

ii 


,« 


MfJv. 


S34 


MISSION  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


Ill 


SO  little  u1)out  the  practical  workiiii^  and  immerliato 
n'snlts  of  the  new  system;  and  espeeially  that  tliu 
p.ulres'  views  are  not  extant,  liere  and  there  a  f'liar 
had  a  personal  quarrel  with  the  new  adniinistratinii 
al>out  the  assi_L>'innent  of  rooms  or  scsrvants,  or  juv- 
sented  a  com])luint  that  the  e\-neo[)hytes  were  ill 
t;vated,  but  tor  the  most  j>ai't  they  were  silent. 
They  seem,  more  jiartieulariy  tlie  Fernandinos  in  the 

eiMia.Ioaijiiin  Cn.rvill(i  na  niaj.  was  put  in  charge  in  Ang.  I)y  his  hrothur  l>ii- 
iiiinsCit.     Assets  were  .Sl'!(,!)S I.   A/.,  vi.  Ki. 

M.uiuel  .liiiieuu  was  oi.lereil  l)y  llio  gov.  in  Oct.  to  secularize  S.  \.\\\i 
()!)i'.p();  and  Saiitia;,'!)  Mon  iii)  was  nunle  niaj.  the  name  month.  /</.,  ix.  14  II, 
No  recovil  r.»r  S.  Miguel.  Maniici  (Vespo  was  the  com.  to  secnlari/e  S.  ,Vm- 
toiiio;  an<1  MaiiauoSoheranes  was  niaj.  until  Si:|)t.  lOtli,  wlien  he  wassiicieideil 
In-  .Jose  Iiami"ez.  The  inventory  at  the  transfer  siioweil  assets  of  only  ;-7.>i>.'i. 
/(/.,  vi.  Ki;  xi.  'M.  I".  Morcailo  niaile  very  hitter  complaints  in  Dec.  of  the 
treiitniint  of  the  inilians  l)y  lliiniirez,  aixl  of  tlie  ileploruhle  results,  the  re_'ii- 
lations  liein^;  llaj,'rantly  ilisrej.'ar(leil,  iind  tin;  iirosperity  of  the  mission  niiii  d. 
Li'ij.  AV.-.,  M.'\,'iii.  ;{"();  S'.  Aiili,iii\  hw.  Smli(j<,  MS.,  I'JO-I.  At  S.  Cailos. 
'i'orre,  III  tnin'iKii miKu,  MS.,  ,S7-0,  tells  ns  that  .loa(|uin  (ionicz  was  tlie  ciiii. 
([  r.)h.il)ly  in  l.S;$4),  and  .losii  .\ntonio  Romero  the  first  n)aj(,rdomo.  Fi^^iiena, 
rs  I  have  said  elsewhere,  issued  sonic  orders  for  the  formation  of  arancliD  fur 
tlie  suppoi't  of  the  ehureh.  Si.  I'lip.,  Mixn.  and  Ctiloii.,  MS.,  ii.  ;^.^4  .").  Ivu' 
!Sta  (.'riiz  there  are  full  inventories  in  1S.V>.  'J'otal,  8.St,.'{;H.  S/n  Cnr.,  Lih. 
J/'(.s,"o//,  MS.,  l-.'f;  ,SV.  J'tiji.,  il/(,s'-i.,  MS.,  V.  "14.   Seeuhi;  ization  wasdeenieil  i-oni- 

Iilete  on  Dec.  1st,  at  which  time  .Slt),,")7(>  had  heeii  distriliuted  in  elieets  tollio 
,i;d.  /(/.,  ix.  (i(i-7.  iLTiiacio  del  Velle  was  to  reeeivo  a  gratuity  of  )<.HM  for 
his  services  as  com.  /'/.,  ix.  (i'.t;  Sta  Crn-.,  J't'irix/iiif;,  MS.,  "JO.  .Iiuui  (iou- 
zalez  Vias  tlu!  maj.  of  this  I'uelih)  de  Figud'on.  Snraijc,  J)oi'.,  MS.,  i.  ii). 
Nii'oliis  Alviso  wa-i  the  tirst  niaj.  in  charge  of  Solcdad,  where  lie  liad  pi  rli:i|i3 
Ik-mi  I'Miii.  as  well.  I>i'j,/,  S>.  I'lt/i.,  Jim.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxx.  iO.  The  invciituiy 
of  Auk.  allowed  a  total  of  .?4y.'_".l7.  Sf.  I'd/).,  MUh.,  .MS.,  v.  oT.  At  S.  .Iiiaii 
]>;ait.i:ita  the  aggregate  value  was  put  down  as  .S|;!,S,!»7J,  after  S,S,4.'V.t  hail  iiteii 
di^itrih.  to  theJiid.;  and  the  deht  was  only  ::>-.")(>.  A/.,  vi.  17-lS.  'liliiuriu 
('.vstro  wa.'i  tlu'  maj.  and  apparently  tiie  com.,  there  iieing  some  troiihle  hutli 
witli  the  Ind.  ai.d  the  patlre.  Id.,  x.  Lj-lO;  .S7.  l'<ip.,JJm.  mid  Colon.,  .MS., 
ii.  :!!•-'-;!. 

No  sccularizati<.n  was  yet  attempted  at  Sta  Clara,  though  many  noepliytea 
Mere  given  licenses  tf  eiiiancipation.  Airh.  ArZ'ih.,  M.S.,  v.  pt  ii.  14;  I'liHijo, 
J)oi\,  Ms.,  iii.  17.  Xeithcr  is  tiiere  any  record  of  secularization  atS.  .hiv. 
In  tln'  inventories  f'f  .1  ily  the  San  Frauci.sco  property  was  valued  at  .'!^(i7,--7, 
the  huildings  heing  8;J;;."(Ui!»;  and  there  was  !?7,-l2-J  of  deht.  St.  Pap.,  .l/'-i., 
MS.,  vi.  H)-"_'0;  I'tiit'jo.  J/of.,  MS.,  xxxi.  '2'20.  The  inventory  isveryc  ■iiii|ilite 
in  detail.  Com.  Estudillo,  having  trouhle  with  I'.  (Jutierrez,  wa.«  replar'd  Im' 
a  v.hile  hy  Ignaeio  del  Valle;  anil  (lumeciinlo  Flores  took  charge  in  .Inly 
a-i  maj.  Sii,.  Cm'.,  Arch.,  MS.,  74;  .S7.  Pnji.,  Mus.,  MS.,  ix.  (13;  \i.  l;': 
I'li/h;  Ln  P(i.<ai/o,  MS.,  10.  Tiiero  is  nothing  anout  S.  Rafael  in  1S;{,")  t\ee[it 
a  grant  of  hinds  at  '*'  ja.sio  to  ex-iie;iphyte8.  r<(//./o,  V^oc,  MS.,  iii.  "J'l.  .M. 
(i.  \'anejo  was  the  com.  who  .seeu!arizcd  S.  F  Solano,  and  api'"iiiteil 
Antonio  Ortega  as  maj.  There  was  a  (plan el  with  1*.  Quijas,  who  went  in  his 
V  rath  to  live  at  S.  Rafael;  and  the  Ind.  were  also  somewhat  trouhlesome  uii 
account  fif  their  desire  to  live  in  their  old  raiuherias.  N'allejo  resii'iii  d  ui 
Dec.  lullrjn,  ]>0'\,  MS.,  iii.  1 1-  !•_>,  40,  4.'),  47,  .")7;  St.  J'ap.,  Mi.t.t.  nmh  •nhm., 
MS.,  ii.  ;U.'i;  Pinto,  Dor.,  .MS.,  i.  ."il.  The  foundation  of  Souoina,  really  a 
part  of  the  aeculariaitiou  of  this  mission,  'n  noticed  elsewhere. 


statistics;. 


355 


SKiUli,  to  liavo  aecoj)tL'(l  tlio  new  system  as  tlie  least 
iiiiiavorahle  that  could  he  hoped  for;  and  to  have  de- 
voted themselves  in  «^ood  faith  to  the  [lerf'orniance  of 
their  new  duties.  Their  cause  was  lost ;  hut  they  had 
iiiatli'  a  long  light,  and  were  |»ersonally  glad  to  he  re- 
lieved of  onerous  duties;  and  their  [)rospects  were  not 
uiil'avorahle  for  passing  their  last  years  in  comfort. 
It  was  unfortunate  for  the  country  that  the  system 
was  to  he  disturhed,  and  the  old  controversies  were 
til  l)e  to  some  extent  revived. 

TIh'  disturhance  was  to  come  from  Mexico,  where 
radical  changes  in  the  form  of  government  were  ef- 
i'eeted  in  IS'jf),  centralism  as  interpn.-ti'd  hy  the  am- 
li'itious  dictator,  Santa  Anna,  gaining  a  victory  over 
iederalism.  This  change,  re(juiring  hut  mere  nn'u- 
li'iii  l(»i-  my  present  purpose,  was  in  its  general  as[)ects 
i'avorahle  to  the  church  and  to  the  friars;  and  one  ot 
it-  JMimediate  results  was  the  passage  hy  the  I'ongreso 
coiistituyente  on  Xovemher  7th,  of  the  following  <le- 
creo:  "Until  the  curates  mentioned  in  article  2  of  the 
law  (if  August  17,  183;],  shall  have  taken  possessi(>n, 
tlio  g(»vernment  will  susjkmuI  the  execution  of  t\n; 
dtlter  articles,  and  will  lufiintain  things  in  the  stat(>  iu 
vliieh  they  M'ere  hefore  the  said  law  was  made."" 
This  decree,  practically  repealing  the  secularization 
law,  and  sure  if  enforced  to  create  greattir  conlVisioii 
ill  ilie  management  of  the  missions  than  had  ever  e\- 
i-ted  hefore,  was  not  known  in  California  until  after 
t!ie  end  of  1835,  and  therefore  a  presentation  of  its 
<  fleets  helongs  to  the  next  hulf-decade  of  mission  an- 
nals. 


Iie;4ular  mission  statistics  cease  almost  entirely  with 
the  ;>eeularization  in  ]S;)4,even  lor  theestahlishnients 
tliat  were  not  secularized  until  s(>m<>  vears  later.  Xolli- 
liig  liiit  occasional,  special,  and  IVagmentary  rcpoits 
«ie  .  \tant  for  the  period  from   1835  to  184(5,  ail  ol)- 

'"IViroe  of  Nov.  7.  .S3.'.,  iu  Arri'lwia,  Horop.  18.3.'>,  p.  .".S3-4;  Ilulkdci 
"iV"'  ,  l>l;  Jowa''  lirporf.  Go;  JJ(ii/<.,i'  JJi.isioii  JJuof.,  i.  'j;'J-3. 


-4 

liii 


856 


MISSION  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


Mi.,-! 


taliuiblo  (lata  from  wliicli  reports  I  shall  give  from 
time  to  time  us  occasion  may  roquiro.  Tiiererori'  I 
dorm  it  Ijcst  to  })resL'iit  hero  for  the  period  of  luiir 
yeai's  a  statistical  statement  like  that  which  I  liuvo 
before  appended  to  the  annals  of  each  decade.  It  is 
not,  liowever,  likely  that  the  reports  were  as  careful ly 
made  during  the  last  few  years  as  for  earlier  periods. 
JVIost  of  the  padres  were  careless  in  the  matter,  and  .i 
few  probably  misrepresented  the  condition  of  tliuir 
missions  in  res[)ect  of  agriculture  and  live-stock. 

In  I  S-'jO  there  had  been  26  missionaries  in  (•hiiri^o 
of  the  21  missions.  In  1835  there  were  still  2G,  since 
lU  Zacatecan<»s  had  come  to  take  the  place  of  the  8 
Fernandinos  who  died  and  the  two  who  left  the  conn- 
try.  Only  one,  Padre  Abella,  was  left  of  those  who 
came  before  1  800. 

The  neojihyte  population  decreased  from  18,000  to 
1.5,000,  only  one  mission,  San  Luis  Key,  showin'^' a 
gain.  San  Luis  had  still  the  largest  population,  and 
as  to  the  smallest  there  was  close  rivalry  between 
San  Ciiilos  and  San  Francisco.  San  I'afael  slidwcd 
the  largest  percentage  of  loss,  but  the  figures  in  tlii-< 
case  are  not  reliable,  Santa  Clara  and  Santa  ( Vnz 
coming  next.  Baptisms  numbered  3,500,  an  average 
of  875  against  1,300  for  the  past  decade.  Solano  liad 
the  largest  munber,  555,  followed  by  San  Jose  wilh 
414  and  San  Luis  Key  with  385;  while  Santa  (Vn/. 
had  only  23,  and  San  Francisco  perhaps  less.  Deatlis 
numbered  4,250,  an  average  of  1,0G2  against  1,4  IJ 
for  the  [)ast  decade,  San  Jose  having  the  largest  nran- 
ber,  G5J),  and  San  Francisco  the  smallest,  3(3. 

Li  cattle  tliere  was  a  loss  of  16,000  head,  from  1. "'('),- 
000  to  140,000;  though  10  missions  showed  again, 
chieily  in  the  north.  Horses  decreased  from  1(!,<)00 
to  12,000;  though  8  missicms  gained.  Sheoj)  do- 
creased  from  150,000  to  130,000,  there  being  a  gain 
in  8  missioi.s.  San  Luis  Key  still  led  in  cattle  and 
sheep,  closely  followed  by  San  Jose  and  Santa  Chira. 
The  average  yield  of  grain  crops  decreased  from  a/,- 


'i);,    ' 


SEASOXS-PESTILENCE. 


857 


500  fanoi^as  to  32,700  faiiegas  per  year,  or  more  than 
JO  per  cent.  Solano  and  San  Jo.se  were  the  only 
missioiis  that  «^ahied  in  their  av(^rage;  while  the  larg- 
est loss  was  73  per  cent  at  San  Juau  Ca[)i.stran«>. 
Tilt'  I  test  total  orop  was  40,000  f'anogas  in  1831,  and 
<lu'  worst  was  25,000  fanegas  in  1833. 

I'\)r  this  period  of  four  years  I  may  sa}',  as  I  have 
said  of  the  last  decade,  that  the  losses  in  the  different 
hraiuhes  represented  in  the  statistics  ohtainahle  are 
iiiiich  less  than  would  be  expected  from  what  is  known 
(it"  the  current  mission  history;  but,  as  I  have  already 
warned  the  reader,  these  statistics  are  much  less  reli- 
altle  than  those  of  former  vears. 

I  luid  no  evidence  that  there  occurred  in  the  years 
IHIU-j  any  noticeable  season  of  Hood  or  drought; 
thnii'^li  both  have  been  rather  vaguely  ascribed  to 
that  [)eriod  by  newspaper  writers,  who  founded  their 
statements  ostensibly  on  the  recollections  of  old  ri'si- 
(leiits.  As  there  is  no  agreement  on  the  subject,  the 
statements  are  not  worth  particular  reference,  otu;  of 
the  most  widely  circulated  being  that  of  a  ilood  in 
18:!2 — tiiough  a  terrible  drought  is  also  ascribed  to 
the  same  year — in  support  of  Ihe  theory  of  tlecennially 
(Hruri'iiig  inundations,  !^^emoranda  of  Thomas  ().  Lar- 
kiii  at  ^Monterey  show  light  rains  in  the  autunm  of 
iSo.!,  heavy  rains  in  February  and  A})ril  1834,  a  dry 
spiliig,  with  three  days'  rain  after  tlu^  middle  of  May, 
aiul  IK)  heavy  rains  until  the  last  half  of  J)eceniber  in 
ls;].V^  A  terrible  pestilence,  an  interiuitte'ut  iV'ver 
oi'ten  prevalent  in  that  region,  is  re[)orted  as  having 
iihiKot  dei)opulated  the  whole  valleys  of  the  Saera- 
imiitn  and  San  Joaquin  in  1833.  Warner,  with  Ew- 
iiii;'  \  Dimg  and  a  party  of  ti*a[>[)cM's,  passed  U[)  the  val- 
leys ill  the  autumn  of  18.")2,  noting  a  dense  Indian 
p'lpuhition;  but  in  the  following  summer  when  the 
liiuty  returned  the  country  was  strewn  with  the  re- 
iiuihis  of  the  dead  wherever  a  village  had  stood,  and 


"'Lfiilaii  ill  S.  F.  Chronklr,  March  25,  1S50,  iu  Valhjo,  Doc,  xxxvi.  214. 


m 


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If  ■:- 


S88 


MISSION  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


fi'Diu  tlio  licad  waters  oft  lie  Sacramonto  to  Kin;^«  TJiv- 
IT  only  live  liviiij^  Indians  wore  seen.  TIio  tia]>|»(is 
ilu'inselves  were  attacked  by  the  lever,  and  sonic  of 
their  siu'vants  died.  Tliero  may  he  soniethinijj  i>\'  v\- 
a,Lr;4<  ration  •"  t^'*'*^  narrative;  but  there  is  no  leasmi  to 
(jiiestion  tlie  j^(!neral  accuraty  of  VVarni'r's  stateimiit; 
especially  as  X'^allejo  wrote  in  May  of  the  same  ycii- 
tliat  a  pestilence,  which  he  su[)posed  to  bo  the  small- 
pox, was  oausiniLj  fearful  ravages  on  the  iiortliciii 
IVontier.s;  and  as  Edwar<ls  in  IHoT  found  on  cNciy 
liand  abundant  aiul  revoltiiii;  si<j;ns  of  the  pestiKiicc, 
which  was  described  to  him  by  I'^wiiii^  Young  iVoiii 
jiersonal  observation.  Young  said  he  saw  humhi'ds 
lying  dead  in  a  single  rancheiia."' 

The  topic  of  Indian  airairs,asdistiiiguis]icd  from  mis- 
sion annals,  or  ivlating  mainly  to  the  hostile  acts  oC  the 
native  gentiles  or  refugees,  assumes  no  special  iiii|M>i- 
tance  in  1831-5,  and  may  be  noticed  as  ai)pro[)ii;itrly 
here  as  anywhere.  Local  alarms  of  minor  importaiuo 
and  generally  unfounded  need  not  be  mentioned  ;it  all 
in  this  connection,  nor  the  constant  but  petty  dcpiv- 
dations  of  prowling  thieves  on  live-stock  from  one  cihI 
«>f  the  territory  to  the  other.  In  188:3,  from  Frluu- 
nry  to  June,  there  was  an  excitement  in  tlu'  Saii 
Diego  disti'ict  consequent  U[)oii  the  reported  jilaii  i^t' 
the  neophytes  to  unite  with  the  gentiles  and  si'izc  tiio 
mission  property.  •  Ther.e  was  some  evidence  that  in- 
vitations had  been  sent  to  the  tlifferent  missions;  ami 
that  El  Cajoii  was  the  rendezvous  from  which  tlio  at- 
tack was  to  be  made  the  20tli  of  June.  It  was  also 
rumored  that  the  movement  had  a  political  sigiiiticaiict', 
being  intended  to  su[)port  Echeandia's  views  rcs[i  ct- 
^'WarncriiiZo.')  j//.r/(7f.i.s'/'rtc,  lS7t;  ffai/flu' Lphu!  Hid.  ff.  Dlt'tjo,  i.  34-7; 

YiihaCo.,  //m,'.,  •_'4.  Dr.yin  Jhsji' riiui,  u.  •2;  Mii.y  iStli,  Vallt'jo  to  rnmaii- 
daiiti'R,  etc.,  ill  \'ft!l<j«,  J>0':,  MS.,  iii.  MJ;  Eihrnnli'  Dianj,  MS.,  'H.  V:il!<j') 
eiiyM  the  cout4i,i,'ioii  laine  first  from  tlieiiortliuni  Kiiglisli  seltlciiR'nts  iiinl  liter 
from  Uos.s.  lie  ivi'diiiineiiils  vjU'Liiiitinii  and  otliiT  ])irc;nitiiins.  Tlu'  tr;i\i'I- 
lir  from  wliom  tlic  jiciomit  in  the  Ihsinrian  %v;i3  tiihoii  ia;i\  l::ivo  Iil'lii  W tir* 
ucr  or  unutlitT  of  liia  party. 


•*H, 


INDIAN  HOSTILITIES. 


330 


h\'X  tlio  (ll;stributi()!»  of  mission  laihls.  AfltT  much 
(•iiii(s|»oii(lcncu  liL'twt'C'ii  tlio  ^ov<riior  and  local  au- 
tliniitics,  including  calls  upon  the  comandantcs  and 
alcaldes  for  aid.  a  small  force  was  sent  to  El  Cajon 
unit  r  corporal  Gonzalez  to  seize  Tajochi  and  other 
riir^leaders.  No  resistance  was  made,  the  Yuma  al- 
lies, if  there  had  been  any  such,  having  run  away. 
Tajochi  was  sentenctsd  after  trial  to  two  years  of  pul>- 
lic  woik,  and  three  of  his  associates  received  shorter 
tmiis  of  punishment.  The  political  element  was  j)er- 
liaps  imaginary;  and  it  is  not  impossible  that  the  plot 
\'<iv  a  general  revolt  was  equally  so.""  Palomares  and 
Jiiijorges,  old  Indian-tighters,  mention  rather  vaguely 
sitiiie  expeditions  from  San  Jose  out  into  the  valleys 
the  same  year,  in  one  of  which  the  name  Calaveras 
was  applied  to  a  battle-field  on  which  thirty  unburiwd 
liddies  of  the  foe  were  left.  This  is  partially  confirmed 
hy  a  report  in  the  archives  of  an  expedition  b}-  llegi- 
diii'  IVralta  from  San  Jose,  in  which  he  killed  twenty- 
t\v(t  AFociuelumnes  in  November.^' 

(  oiiiplaints  were  frequent  of  depredatif)ns  eommit- 
li  il  near  each  of  the  southern  missions  in  18o4,  and 
especially  at  San  Gabriel.  The  Indians  went  so  far 
as  t(»  steal  the  holy  vessels  used  at  the  ranclio  of  San 
ill  iiiardino,  and  to  hold  Padre  Estenega  as  prisoner 
1  li  a  while  when  he  went  there  to  i)rotest.  Lieuten- 
ant Araujo  and  others  connected  with  the  Ilijar  col- 
niily  wei-e  supposed  to  be  in  some  way  implicated  in 
the  troubles  here,  referred  to  in  current  eorresj)ond- 
i-\u-r  as  a  'revolt,'  in  which  four  or  five  Indians  seem 
to  have  been  killed.'-'*  This  was  in  October,  and  at 
the  end  of  December  San  Bernardino  was  attacked 


■'/''/'^  .SV.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  80,  117-2.1;  Id.,  Den.  Mil,  Ixxv.  5-8;  Ixxix. 
I"'  It;  7'/.,  Bin.  Pre/.  ;/  Jnz;/.,  v.  39;  /(/.,  An;/.,  i.  !)9-I0();  xi.  .3,  !). 

-' /'(i/'»mf()c.v,  Mem,  }tlii.,  ^2-8;  Uojonje-f,  Jterucnfoi,  MS..  1)-11;  Drpf. 
y>.  /''II'.,  Ikn.  Pre/,  y  '(zij.,  ^IS.,  i.  1,"),  v.  4.");  S.  J,M,  Arch.,  MS.,  v.  -JT. 
lyr;ilt;i  met  Juuquiii  J^veii  (Ewiiig  Young) ami  liis  cattle-thieves,  ulsouparty 
of  IVi'in.liini.'n. 

■  /A/-/.  ,SV.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  17.-)-20.");  hi..  Dm.  J//7.,  Ixxxviii.  14-17.  Au 
'  "jii  ilitiou  iiguinst  the  Xiivjijos  by  citizens  of  Los  Angeles  is  mentioned  iu 
•'.umarv.  hi,  A.kj.,  i.  13'J,  141. 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
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33  WEST  MAIN  ST«EET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

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360 


MISSION  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


again,  the  buildings  were  sacked  and  burned,  and  sev- 
eral persons  killed,  wounded,  or  captured,  the  surviv- 
ors taking  refuge  at  San  Gabriel  or  the  other  ranclios. 
The  excitement  was  great  in  January  and  February; 
but  the  records  afford  but  slight  information  about 
details  or  results.'^  The  campaigns  of  Vallejo  and 
Figueroa  in  the  north,  and  their  bloody  battles  witli 
the  fierce  Satiyomes  near  Santa  Kosa,  which  must 
have  occurred  in  1834  if  at  all,  I  have  noticed  else- 
where, expressing  my  opinion  that,  if  not  purely  im- 
aginary, these  events  as  related  by  several  writers 
were  grossly  exaggerated.'^  I  may  also  allude  to  the 
hostilities  said  to  have  accompanied  the  founding  of 
Sonoma  with  like  incredulity. 

In  1835  Vallejo  seems  to  have  marched  northward 
from  Sonoma  to  aid  the  chief,  Solano,  in  reducing  the 
rebellious  Yolos.-"  He  had  in  view  also  an  expedition 
to  the  Tulares  in  July;  but  it  was  given  up,^"  Rob- 
bers from  the  Tulares  gave  great  trouble  at  San  Jose 
and  the  adjoining  region;  and  it  appears  that  the 
citizens  became  somewhat  too  fond  of  making  raids  in 
that  dir.  ition,  and  were  apt  to  make  no  distinction 
between  horse-thieves  and  inoff'  "  *  e  women  and 
children.  Figueroa  was  obliged  1  ^ue  strict  orders 
to  prevent  outrages. ^^  The  native  inhabitants  of  San 
Nicolas  Island  in  the  Santa  Btlrbara  Channel  are  said 


Lih 


2»  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  1-3;  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  xii.  6-8,  being  rcpdits 
to  Figueroa  with  calls  for  aid.  Tins  and  other  similar  events  will  be  uutii  liI 
somewhat  more  fully  in  local  annals. 

'•"See  chap.  ix.  of  this  vol.  Tlio  writers  who  narrate  this  affair  arc  tlicro 
named.  I  may  bo  in  error;  but  I  do  not  believe  that  such  an  event;  cspuciiil- 
ly  as  it  involved  the  ileath  of  a  dozen  soldiers,  could  have  occurrctl  wil  limit 
leaving  some  slight  trace  in  the  archives.  The  killing  of  even  a  single  soklicr 
in  an  Indian  fight  of  those  days  was  a  very  startling  event. 

''">  Valli'jo,  licport  on  Couiitji Names,  ISj'o,  p.  r)32,  m  Cat.,  Journal  o/Si'ii'i'r, 
1850.  Charles  Hrown  claims  to  haTe  accompanied  an  expedition  apparently 
identical  with  this.  He  says  the  force  consisted  of  00  Califoriiians,  '22  furi'igii- 
ers,  and  200  Indians,  lasting  nearly  thruc  weeks  in  the  rainy  season.  K'O 
captives  wore  taken,  and  some  acts  of  I'lendish  barbarity  were  comuiitted  by 
Solano  and  his  men.     Narrator  was  wounded. 

■•'*  I'allejo,  Doc.,  MS.,  iii.  6"),  51).     Letter  of  Vallejo  and  Fictueron. 

^'Drpt.  .St.  Pap.,  S.  Josf,  MS.,  iv.  1G4-5,  Oslo,  I  lint.  Cat.,  .MS.,  .U-C<, 
is  diL^posed  to  blame  Figueroa  for  his  leniency  toward  Indians,  which  to  souio 
extent  accounted  fur  their  depredations. 


NATIVE  MARAUDERS. 


361 


to  have  been  removed  in  1835  to  the  main,  with  the 
exception  of  one  woman,  who  was  found  and  brought 
over  eighteen  years  later. ^^  At  San  Luis  Rey  a  plot 
was  revealed  to  capture  no  less  a  personage  than  the 
governor  when  he  should  arrive  from  the  north.  An 
oxaiiiination  of  arrested  plotters  in  April  indicated, 
however,  nothing  more  serious  than  a  design  to  protest 
against  the  granting  of  Temecula  rancho,  which  the 
LuiJaus  claimed  as  their  own  i)roperty.^ 

While  Indian  hostilities  were  thus  for  the  most 
part  trifling  as  recorded,  yet  in  one  phase  of  the  sub- 
ject they  were  much  more  serious  than  could  be  made 
to  appear  from  a  series  of  petty  local  items,  even  if  all 
those  items  were  extant,  which  is  far  from  being  the 
case.  The  constant  depredations  of  renegade  nco- 
])hytes,  in  alliance  with  gentile  bands,  and  instigated 
by  Xew  Mexican  vagabond  traders  and  foreign  hunt- 
ers, kept  the  country  in  a  state  of  chronic  disquietude 
ill  tliese  and  later  years,  being  the  most  serious  obsta- 
cle to  progress  and  prosperity.  Murders  of  gente  do 
lazou  were  of  comparatively  rare  occurrence,  but  in 
otlier  respects  the  scourge  was  similar  to  that  of  the 
Apache  ravages  in  Sonora  and  Chihuahua.  Over  a 
laroo  extent  of  country  the  Indians  lived  mainly  on 
the  liesh  of  stolen  horses,  and  cattle  were  killed  for 
their  liides  when  money  to  buy  liquor  could  not  be 
less  laboriously  obtained  by  the  sale  of  other  stolen 
articles.  The  presence  of  the  neophytes  and  their 
iiitiiiiate  relations  with  other  inhabitants  doubtless 
tended  to  prevent  general  attacks  and  bloody  massa- 
cres, [IS  any  plot  was  sure  to  be  revealed  by  sonic- 
Ijody;  but  they  also  rendered  it  wellnigh  impossible 
to  hieak  up  the  complicated  and  destructive  system 
of  rohhory.  Far  be  it  from  me  to  blame  the  Ind- 
ians fur  their  conduct;  for  there  was  little  in  their 


^'  Xhkver^s  Life  avd  Advfntiiren,  MS.,  08-72.  Sparks  and  Williams  were 
anion;;  the  men  wlio  removed  the  Indiana  in  1835,  aa  they  stated  to  Nidover, 
«h  J  liiiiisclf  found  the  woman  in  IH.'jS. 

'"UqA.  St.  Pap.,  Beit.  Jlti,  MS.,  Ixxx.  Kl-IO. 


MISSION  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


past  training  or  present  treatment  by  white  men  to 
encourage  honest  industry/^ 


30 


'"Davis,  Olimp/<ea  of  the  Past,  MS.,  282-9,  relates  at  some  length  tlie  ex- 
ploits of  Estauislao  and  Yoscolo,  two  ex-neophyte  chiefs.  Yoscolo  made  a 
revolt  at  Sta  Clara,  seized  200  Indian  girls  from  the  nunnery,  took  large  nuin- 
1)ers  of  cattle,  and  went  to  the  Mariposa  region  to  join  Estanislao,  who  liad 
ran  away  before.  Vallejo  made  an  expju-dition  against  them,  but  was  outgcii- 
cralled  by  tJie  Indians.  Later  Yoscolo  made  another  successful  raid  on  the 
missions,  and  retired  with  his  force  to  the  Sta  Cruz  mountains,  where  liu  vas 
soon  defeated  after  a  hard  battle,  and  his  head  exhibited  on  a  pole  at  Sia 
Cbra,  Thfireinmu?h  oorfurior.  e"iJ,'iJtlj' in  ',!;o  cv3iit3  thuu  oatilue.l;  out 
there  is  probably  some  foundation  of  fact  besides  what  is  recorded  in  a  pre- 
vious  chapter  allout  Estauislao  aud  Vallejo's  campaign. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

MARITIME,  COMMERCIAL,  AND  FINANCIAT.  AFFAIRS, 

1831-1S35. 

Anntai.  Lists  of  Vessels  ox  the  Coast — Revenur  Statistics— Smto- 
GLiN'G  Items — Seizure  of  the  'Loriot' — Commercial  REfjULATioNS — 
Victoria  and  Bandini — Contraband — Ports— Banuini  and  Angel 
Ramirez — A  Disappointed  Inspector  of  Customs — Fur  Tuade — Salt 
—Abel  Stearns'  Operations  at  San  Pedro — Treasury  Oificiai.s — 
C'ojiiSARios — Bandini,  Gomez,  Gonzalez,  Estrada,  and  Herrera — 
Minor  Revenue  Officers — Local  Items — Financial  Correspond- 
ence—Statistics—Municipal Ffnds — Taxation — Tithes — Pl.vn  op 
Ways  and  Means — Alphabetical  List  of  Vessels. 


XiNETEEN  vessels  were  on  the  coast  in  1831,  in- 
cluding one  launched  this  year  from  a  California  port, 
most  of  them  laden  with  goods  from  different  lands, 
chiefly  from  Boston,  to  be  exchanged  in  the  regular 
\viiy  for  hides  and  tallow.^  Respecting  the  fleet  of 
this  year,  as  to  a  great  extent  of  most  others  at  this 
period,  we  have  to  content  ourselves  with  the  vessels' 
luuiies,  those  of  their  officers  in  most  cases,  and  various 
items  of  destination,  nationality,  tonnage,  cargo,  and 
dates,  collected  from  many  sources  and  embodied  as 

'  Xoc  list  for  1831-5  in  this  chapter.  Vessels  of  1S31:  Ayacucho,  Baikal, 
Ciili/driiia,  Catalina,  Convoij,  Dri/ad,  Eliza,  Fiinny,  Fihiaii,  Globe  (?),  Omtda- 
liijic,  Jffiniet,  Ltonor,  Louisa,  Marcus,  Margarita,  Pocahontas,  Urup,  Vol- 
viiti'fi;  ]\'hal(kouH(l{^},  and  Win  Little.  The  OMarfai«/)e  wa.s  a  schooner  of  6 
tons,  trained  by  Joseph  Chapman  at  S.  Gabriel,  Iiauled  in  carts  to  S.  Pedro, 
will  TO  slie  was  put  togctlier  and  lauiichod.  Robinson,  Life  in  Cal.,  100,  was 
inc  sent  ut  the  launching,  and  describes  her  as  the  second  vessel  built  in  Cal. 
\\:inm',  Rnnin.,  MS.,  C:j-7,  says  she  was  built  in  1831-2  for  Wolfskill, 
\  ouut,  and  other  ottcr-huntera.     He  calls  her  the  licfuqio. 

Customs  revenue  at  S.  Francisco  for  8  months  in  1831,  82,419.  Unznetn, 
Iii/nniK',  doc.  9.  Revenue  at  S.  Diego,  Juno  1830  to  Juno  1S31,  $389. 
JVixKo,  Mem,  Hacienda,  1832,  doc,  3;  Prieto,  lientas,  204,  doc.  2. 

(303) 


1 


'IE     f 
It 


36i     IiIARITIME,  COMMERCIAL,  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS. 

before  in  a  list  note.  What  adventures  the  traders 
had,  if  any;  what  obstacles  they  encountered;  what 
goods  they  smuggled ;  what  duties  they  paid;  what 
])rofits  they  gained — must  be  left  to  the  imagination. 
There  is  nothing  to  indicate  that  they  had  any  es- 
pecial difficulty  in  obtaining  cargoes  on  account  of  tho 
current  political  disturbances,  or  that  controversies^  on 
commercial  topics  arose  with  Victoria. 

The  fleet  of  1832  numbered  twenty-four  vessels,  of 
which  four  were  old  acquaintances,  seven  were  whalers, 
and  five  doubtful  names  from  the  lists  of  Spence  uiul 
Haycs.^  In  several  respects  available  items  about 
these  vessels  are  even  less  complete  than  before;  hut 
a  few  of  these  items,  in  the  absence  of  maritime  top- 
ics more  exciting,  mav  be  noticed  as  follows:  The 
Pocahontas  carried  away  the  exiled  governor,  Victoria, 
W'ith  some  comy)anions  in  misfortune,  including Pa( he 
Peyri.  The  Waverlt/  brought  padres  Bachelot  and 
Short,  who  had  been  exiled  by  protestant  influence 
from  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  who  spent  several 
years  in  California  as  already  related.  Captain  Sum- 
ner on  touching  at  Santa  Bdrbara  for  water  was  ar- 
rested with  his  officers,  and  his  vessel  put  under  a 
guard;  but  investigation  revealing  no  cause  of  suspi- 
cion, he  was  permitted  to  sail  after  a  few  days.  Tho 
Ncivcastlc  brought  Thomas  O.  Larkin  as  a  passenger, 
and  from  this  year  a  resident.  The  whaler  M'ui 
T'hompmn,sStQV  obtaining  fresh  supplies  at  San  Fran- 
cisco, came  back  into  port  a  few  days  after  sailing  with 
a  part  of  her  crew  in  a  state  of  mutiny.  By  oidc^r 
of  General  Zamorano,  aid  was  rendered  to'resti>re 
obedience;  the  mutineers  were  put  in  irons;  and  luur 
deserters  from  another  vessel  were  added  tothecrt  \v; 
but  the  territorial  treasury  could  not  bear  the  expense 


IH  ' 


'Vessels  of  1832:  American,  Anchorite,  Ayacucho,  Balance,  Bolivar,  <''tl- 
i/ornia,  ('halcedony,  Uruxadtr,  Don  Quixote  {?),  Friend,  Joxephine  (?),  ./'>''^'» 
Victoriano,  Newcastle,  Plant,  Phwhc  (?),  Pocahontas,  J'oxana,  Sinrjujiaii'tn, 
SpijC.),  Trnnqn'dina,  Urnp,   \'irtoria(1),   W'arerhj,  and  Wm  Thomiison. 

Cnstonia  revenue  iit  S.  Francisco  for  tho  ycarendiug  June  30,  1S82,§30  (?). 
Prieto  lieiitas,  204,  doc.  '2. 


FLEET  OF  1833. 


3C5 


rsios  oil 


of  sending  the  criminals  to  San  Bias,  as  was  desired 
l)y  the  captain.  Finally  the  JJolivar,  under  a  permit 
to  })urchase  horses  for  coin  at  San  Francisco  by  pay- 
ing- tonnage  dues,  managed  to  snuiggle  goods  to  the 
jiniount  oit*  $10,000,  Padre  Viader  of  Santa  Clara  be- 
inU  the  purchaser,  it'  we  may  credit  the  charges  of 
Alicrez  Vallejo. 

There  were  thirty-one  vessels  in  the  fleet  of  1833, 
jnckidinG:  six  whalers  and  live  doubtful  nanies.^  The 
Catalina,  a  Mexican  brig,  brought  from  Cape  San  Li'i- 
cas  in  January  Figueroa,  the  new  governor,  and  the 
ten  padres  Zacatecanos,  carrying  away  in  May  Ex- 
governor  Echeandia,  Congressman  Juan  Bandini,  and 
Captain  Barroso.  The  Facio  brought  Don  Juan  Fors- 
ter  on  his  first  visit  to  California,  atid  also  brought 
the  news  that  Gomez  Pedraza  had  occupied  the  pres- 
ielcntial  chair.  The  Volunteer  on  approaching  San 
Francisco  defeated  in  a  race  the  Ayacucho,  thought 
to  be  the  fastest  sailer  on  the  coast.  So  states  Davis, 
who  was  on  the  Volunteer;  and  the  same  writer  re- 
cords the  festivities  attending  the  marriatje  of  Thomas 
0.  Larkin  on  board  the  same  vessel  at  Santa  Bdrbara. 
This  hark  also  brought  reports  of  a  privateer  on  the 
coast  with  hostile  intent,  but  nothing  came  of  it. 
The  only  other  vessel  requiring  special  mention  was 
the  Loriot,  which,  by  reason  of  alleged  otter-catching 
and  other  smuggling  operations,  was  seized  at  San 
Francisco  in  September  by  Alferez  Sanchez.  The 
sails  were  put  on  shore  to  prevent  flight,  but  the  rud- 
der could  not  be  removed.  The  cargo  was  transferred 
by  water  from  the  Yerba  Buena  anchoraoje  to  tlio 
presidio  landing,  and  thence,  as  rapidly  as  one  small 
cart  could  carry  it,  to  Vallejo's  house,  where  Super- 
cargo Thompson  was  at  first  confined.  Soon  he  was 
released  on  bail,  with  John  Reed  on  the  bond,  and  in 

'Vessels  of  1833:  Alert {^),  Ayacncho,  Baikal,  Barnstnlle  (?),  Bolivar  (1), 
Calijhrnia,  Catalina,  Chalcedoni/,  Charles  Eyes,  Crusader,  Don  Quixotr,  Dryad, 
E>ir:qiii(n(^),  Facio,  F,theja,  Friends,  General  Jarkson,  Harriet  Blam-hard, 
Ildirtiii.t,  Jmbel,  Kitty,  Lapoda,  Leonid  is  (?),  Leonor,  Loriot,  Margarita, 
^orth  America,  Pol^'emo,  lioxana,  Hta  Barbara,  Volunteer, 


;  lli 


3G0     MARITIME,  COxMMERCIAL,  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS. 

November,  after  Judge  Jose  Antonio  Carrillo  at  Lew 
Angeli'H  had  considered  the  case,  both  captain  and 
vessel  were  permitted  to  de[)art,  John  C.  Jones  hav- 
ing given  bonds  tor  submission  to  the  results  of  a  sub- 
sequent trial.  Of  final  results  nothing  is  known. 
Jones,  owner  of  several  of  the  vessels  trading  at  tliis 
time  from  Honolulu,  was  United  States  consul  for 
the  Hawaiian  Islands. 

Thirty-two  vessels  are  named  as  being  in  Cali- 
fornia ports  in  1834,*  a  year  in  which  the  hide-aiul- 
tallow  trade  was  more  brisk  than  usual,  in  consequeiico 
])erhaps  of  the  unwonted  slaughter  of  mission  cattle. 
Items  of  revenue  as  given  in  my  note  are  somewliat 
less  incomplete  than  in  previous  years;"  and  for  many 
of  the  vessels  there  are  records  of  the  numbi,]'  of 
hides  and  the  hotas  of  tallow  taken  away  from  differ- 
ent ports,  indicating  that  there  was  but  little  difficulty 
in  obtaining  cargoes  this  year.  The  coming  of  the 
colony  on  the  Natalia  and  MoreloH  has  been  noted 
elsewhere;  as  have  the  wreck  of  the  former  vessel  at 
Monterey,  and  the  tradition  of  her  identity  witli  the 
craft  that  took  Napoleon  from  Elba;  and  I  find  no 
circumstances  connected  with  the  presence  ol^  other 
vessels  of  the  year  that  call  for  special  notice. 

The  fleet  of  1835  consisted  of  twenty -three  vessels, 
besides  nine  doubtfully  recorded,  most  of  them  lu 
David  Spence's  list."     Custom-house  records  are  com- 


'^    ,:( 


■  :i:i.i:; 


I  •'!  M- 1  (• 


*  Vessels  of  1S34:  Avon,  Ayacucho,  Bonanza  (t),  By  Chance,  California, 
Clarita  (?),  Crusader,  Don  Quixote,  Europe  (?),  Facto  (?),  Feighton  (':),  Jv'-ni, 
Dorotea,  Lnqoda,  Leonor,  Llama,  Loriot,  Mnrjruder,  Marijarita,  J\fiii-ili", 
Ilorelos,  Natalia,  Paclfico,  Peor  es  Xada,  Polifemia,  Pulga  (?),  Ri/ifjio, 
Jiond,  South  Carolina,  Sferiton,  Tmuviero  (?),  Uinip,  Wm  Si/e. 

'' Miscellaneous  items  of  revenuo  not  belonging  to  particular  vessels:  lie- 
ceipts  at  the  Monterey  custom-house,  Jiily-l)ec.  1834,  $28,531 ;  expenses, 
$2,'270;  balance  paid  to  comisaria.  Dipt.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Cus'.-If.,  MS.,  vii. 
[390-G71.  Receipts  June  .30,  18.33,  to  June  30,  1834,  .?50,109.  Prieto,  /,'"''(>■, 
p.  204,  doc.  2-3.  About  1834  the  exports  from  S.  Pedro  were  over  100,000 
hides  and  2,500  quintals  of  tallow.  Mofras,  Explor.,  i.  302. 

•*  Vessels  of  1835— see  list  of  1831-5 at  end  of  this  chapter:  Alert,  A  von,  A;ia- 
eveho,  Bolivar,  California,  Catalina,  Clementina,  Clementine,  Diana,  Facto, 
Framen  (?),  Oavge,  Garrajilia,  lolani,  Juan  Jo86  (?),  Lagoda,  LeonC.),  Lvonor, 
Liverpool  Packet,  Loriot,  Margarita,  Mariquita,  Maria  Tercua  (?),  MatadiryT), 
Peor  es  Xada,  Pilgrim,  Polifemia,  Primavera  (?),  Bona,  Sitka,  Trinidad  (':), 
Wilmington.     Revenue  statistics  for  1835:   Receipts  at  Monterey  custom- 


COMMERCIAL  REGULATIONS. 


.".67 


pnratively  complete,  showing  the  total  revenue  from 
(lilt  ies  to  have  been  about  850,000  Cor  the  vear.  Of  the 
vessels,  the  Rim.i  and  the  Loriot  were  employed  by  the 
teiiitorial  government  for  the  exile  of  the  colony 
icvohitionists;  while  the  Pilgrim  and  Alert  were  tlie 
]j()ston  ships  on  which  Richard  H.  Dana  had  his 
experience  of  'Two  Years  before  the  Mast,'  resulting 
in  one  of  the  most  fascinating  and  widely  read  books 
ever  written  al)out  California.  I  refer  the  reader  to 
a  list  at  the  end  of  this  chapter  f(jr  more  particulars 
about  the  vessels  of  1831-5. 


eU:  lie- 

SJUIISUS, 

.,  vii. 

100,000 

m,  Aj/a- 
Fncio, 
Lt  oitor, 

■dud  (':), 
custom- 


I  have  now  to  notice  commercial  regulations  and 
other  general  phases  of  the  subject — briefly,  for  modi- 
tications  were  neither  frequent  nor  radical.  Governor 
Victoria  issued  an  order  a  few  days  after  assuming  his 
office,  by  which  he  required  a  strict  enforcement  of 
the  ^lexican  revenue  laws.  Declaring  JMonterey  the 
diily  legal  port,  at  which  exclusively  foreign  vessels 
must  discharge  their  cargoes  and  pay  duties,  he  forbade 
the  introduction  of  prohibited  goods,  the  continuance 
of  retail  trade  by  the  vessels,  and  the  payment  of 
(hities  in  kind.  Bandini,  then  in  charge  of  the  comi- 
san'a,  not  only  denied  Victoria's  right  to  interfere  at 
all  ill  matters  of  revenue,  but  defended  the  abuses 
complained  of,  on  the  ground  that  they  had  arisen 
chieiiy  from  the  peculiar  circumstances  and  necessities 
of  California,  and  that  they  had  the  tacit  sanction  of 
the  government.^     It  does  not  appear  that  Victoria's 

hoiiso  for  the  year,  $43,125,  thoufrh  there  is  a  variation  of  a  few  thousand 
(UiUar.s  in  different  accounts;  salaries  and  otiier  expenses,  $G,991;  balance  paid 
into  the  coniisarla. 

'l'\h.  9,  1831,  V.  to  B.  and  Gomez.  Sup.  Govt  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  vii.  1;  L,^;. 
lie-;  MS.,  i.  2G8-9.  Mar.  7th,  15. 's  reply.  Id.,  i.  209-7.'5.  April  l.'Jth,  V. 
in-oposud  the  imposition  of  tonnage  dues  on  whalers  and  the  abatement  of  the 
ihitios  exacted  Irom  Russian  vessels.  Dept.  llec,  MS.,  ix.  123.  Echeandi'a 
reprosciited  that  trade  with  foreign  vessels  had  been  well  regulated  at  the  be- 
ginning of  1831.  St.  Pap.,  Minn,  and  Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  43,  45.  June  27th,  Mexi- 
c;m  regulations.  Arrillaga,  Jlecop.,  1831,  p.  324-4G.  May  17,  1832,  instruc- 
tions to  Figueroa.  Commerce  to  be  fostered  and  exports  of  surplus  products, 
to  M hiili  end  the  missions  should  be  induced  to  build  small  vessels  for  tlio 
coasting  tr.ade;  Californians  should  bo  encouraged  to  engage  in  commercial 
pursuits,  especially  in  otter-lmnting,  with  a  view  to  drive  out  foreigners;  and 


■i'-'  !■ 


'sm\ 


3CS     MARITIME,  COMMERCIAL,  AXD  FINANCIAL  AFPAIRR. 

order  had  any  real  effect,  though  for  the  next  f  )ur 
years  the  law  requiring  each  vessel  to  come  first  tu 
Monterey  for  a  settlement  of  duties  was  more  strictly 
enforced  than  before.  After  an  understanding  had  hecii 
readied  with  the  customs  officers  by  means  of  stiito- 
ments,  exhibition  of  papers,  inspection  and  appraisal 
of  cargo,  the  vessel  became  at  once  a  movable  sales- 
room, opened  successively  at  each  port  up  and  down 
the  coast  until  the  cargo  had  been  disposed  of  and  tliu 
hides  received  in  payment  had  been  stored  at  San 
]3iego — a  process  generally  requiring  two  years  of 
time  and  several  visits  to  each  port.  The  aim  of  the 
traders  was  to  make  the  agreement  at  Monterey  as 
favorable  as  possible;  and  so  entirely  dependent  oa 
customs  receipts  was  the  government,  that  the  super- 
cargoes could  often  dictate  terms.  By  the  connivance 
or  carelessness  of  officials,  the  way  was  often  left  open 
for  a  transfer  of  cargo  at  sea  or  at  the  islands,  so  that 
several  cargoes  could  be  sold  under  one  permit.  Tliis 
method  of  smuggling  was  more  common  among  tlic 
Sandwich-Island  than  the  Boston  ships;  and  many 
carofoes  were  thus  transferred  without  the  vessel  that 
brought  them  ever  entering  Californid  ports.  Whalers 
in  quest  of  fresh  supplies  smuggled  large  quantities  of 
goods,  and  the  Russians  engaged  to  less  extent  in 
similar  operations,  both  these  classes  being  favored  on 
account  of  the  fact  that  their  coming  afforded  the  inhab- 
itants  a  market  for  vegetables  and  grain.  So  far  as  the 
records  indicate,  there  was  very  little  smuggling  car- 
ried on  by  vessels  that  touched  on  the  coast  without 
a  permit  of  some  sort. 

Under  Figueroa's  political  administration  durinsjf 
1833-5,  no  evidence  appears  that  changes  were  effected 
in  the  commercial  system,^  though  there  were  frequent 

complete  reports  on  commercial  topics  should  be  rendered.  Sup.  Gort  St. 
Pap.,  MS.,  viii.  13,  35,  3S-9.  Oct.  2Gtli,  Zamorano  approved  of  exempting 
•nhalera  from  all  charges,  as  the  sale  of  supplies  to  them  was  a  direct  bcmlit 
to  the  inhahitants;  but  he  required  them,  like  other  vessels,  to  couie  fust  to 
Monterey.    Vallfjo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  327. 

"Jan. -Feb.  1S33,  Pavon,  director  general  de  rentas,  to  officers  in  C:il. 
about  the  taking  of  govt  drafts  for  past  loans  in  payment  of  duties.     The  lust 


....       .•  It"  ;  ■! 


CALIFORNIAX  PORTS. 


3(W 


Feetod 
queiit 

Gort  Sf. 

bciielit 
first  to 

m  C:il 
L'hc  lust 


!sncr,UfeRti()ns  of  needed  reforms.  In  October  18:{.'{ 
BaiK'ini  introduced  in  conijresB  a  proposition  to  open 
Man  ])iego  and  San  Francisco  to  foieij^'n  trade,  niak- 
vv,f  ^Monterey,  Santa  Barbara,  and  San  Pedro  minor 
I Dits  for  coasting  trade  in  national  vessels;  but  ho 
was  unable  to  carry  the  point,  and  Monterey  still  re- 
order was  that  they  might  l)e  taken  to  the  extent  of  40  per  cent  if  the  balancu 
was  ill  money.  JJcjit.  .St.  I'a/t.,  Mont.,  MS.,  vii.  1-2.  Feb.  5tli,  h'javv  ton- 
iia^'i'  tUu's  have  driven  away  tlic  whalers  to  tlie  Sandwich  Islands,  j,'reatly  to 
Vm  injury  of  Cal.  The  rate  Rliould  he  reduced  to  1  real  per  ton.  Id.,  Bva. 
C'lM.-IL,  ii.  8.  Feb.  IGth,  allow  no  discharge  of  cargo  Mithont  a  certilicate 
from  Monterey.  Let  no  ships  enter  mission  hari)ors.  /(/.,  ii.  17.  March  4th, 
liiivign  vessels  mock  the  laws.  Having  puid  a  small  duty,  tiiey  manayo  to 
iiiukc  several  trips.  /(/.,  ii.  0.  May  7th,  S.  Francisco  and  Sta  Barbara  nro 
the  iiot-bods  of  smuggling.  Additional  guards  required.  /'^,  ii.  1;>-14.  May 
Hist,  introduction  of  prohibited  goods  still  continued.  Any  attempts  of  tlio 
rivuiiue  otiicurs  to  enforce  the  laws  meet  with  a  storm  of  popular  discontezit 
mill  threats.  National  vessels  afford  no  relief,  selling  at  high  prices  and 
iivoitliug  payment  of  duties  on  the  claim  of  having  paid  in  Mexico.  /(/.,  ii. 
14-l."t,  Juno  5th,  gov.  not  in  favor  of  export  duties.  Id.,  ii.  23-4.  July  27th, 
siib-L'oniisario  favors  granting  permit  to  a  Russian  vessel  to  get  .salt  ami  to 
Siilt  meat  without  paying  tonnage.  Id.,  ii.  l!>-20.  Sept.  IDth,  a  full  list  of 
vissels  with  details  must  be  sent  to  Mcx.  by  each  mail.  Id.,  Moid.,  vii.  2-,3. 
Oct.  i.")tli,  IJandini's  proposition  in  congress.  St.  I'aj>.,  Soi'.,  MS.,  xviii.  lA. 
Oi.'t.  "J'-M,  seizure  of  83,711  in  gold-dust  at  S.  Diego,  from  (iuaymas.  IJcpf.  St. 
I'np.,  Bill.  MIL,  MS.,  Ixxix.  38-9.  Oct.  24th,  decree  of  congress  Foreign 
j.-  iikIs  liiought  in  Mex.  vessels  will  enjoy  a  discount  of  20  per  cent  in  duties. 
J  I.,  .l/o///.,  vii.  3-4.  Nov.  2d,  order  respecting  manifests.  ArrUliKju,  Uecop., 
]•::;!,  p.  i;!4-{);  Pinto,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  (il-2;  Dfj,!.  St.  Pap.,  Moid.,  MS.,  vii. 
•1  ."i,  Nov.  ISth,  all  trade  with  gentiles  forbidden;  and  all  traders  in  such 
i;i.(K  to  be  treated  as  smugglers.  /</.,  ii.  28;  Id.,  lien.  Mil.,  Ixxix.  10;  Sta 
(  <•'•.,  Arrh.,  MS.,  'M.  Nov.  ISth,  order  from  Mcx.  that  whalers  pay  $10. ")0 
c;ili  f..rtiie  building  of  picr-s.  I)e]it.  St.  Pup.,  lien.  Oust. -If.,  M.S.,  ii.  28. 
lA'c.  ■.'7th,  govt  orders  to  be  received  in  part  payment  of  duties.  /(/.,  Com. 
dial  Tirus.,  iii.  20.  Aug.  21,  1S.S4,  administrator  of  customs  to  the  receptor 
r..  8.  F.  He  must  go  on  board  of  any  foreign  vessel  arriving  and  demand  a 
certilicate  that  duties  have  been  paid  at  Monterey.  If  she  has  no  certificate, 
r.:i  i>  u't  of  her  cargo  can  be  landed  and  no  trade  allowed;  but  she  nnist  pro- 
cicii  to  M(mterey.  A  Mexican  vessel  with  national  goods  may  discharge  i>ll 
l.ci-  cargo  and  trade  on  paying  duti-^s  or  giving  bonds  for  such  payment;  but 
if  fi'iiin  a  foreign  port  or  laden  with  Tcign  goods  she  must  proceed  to  Moiitc- 
ity  lijii!  a  foreign  vessel.  Lighters  and  boats  from  Ross  or  Rodega  need  not 
li.;  S(Jiit  to  Monterey;  but  may  trade  by  submitting  to  inspection  and  appraisal 
iuid  paying  duties.  Any  attempt  to  abuse  this  privilege  to  be  punished  with 
C'lilisciition.  Pinto,  Due.  ///««.  Ccd.,  MS.,  i.  11.1-19;  D'pt.  St.  Pap.,  Ben. 
'''■•'•'.-//.,  MS.,  ii.  1-3.  Foreigners  seem  to  have  paid  85  permonth  for  use  of 
sl.aiiiics  and  salting-places  at  S.  Diego.  /(/.,  Pre/,  y  Jn':).,  vi.  CO.  Aug.  0th, 
1  igiicroa  s  decree  on  duties  imposed  for  municipal  revenues.  Ihciiitlli'ii  Colon. 
1''^'.  S.  F'co,  add.,  29-30:  .S'.  Dirijo,  Arch.,  MS.,  54.  March  15,  1835,  2  per 
e^iit  'derecho  do  circulacion'  paid  on  money  sent  from  Cal.  to  S.  Bias.  .S'. 
1  li'j",  Arch.,  MS.,  3.  July,  Aug.,  no  sailor  from  a  Mex.  vessel  shall  bo 
nUuwod  to  land  in  Cal.  without  special  cause.  Di'pt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  47-8; 
'*>■'•  /'"p.,  MiKs.,  MS.,  xiv.  43.  Sept.  5th,  Mcx.  custom-house  regulations. 
Ai-riVnju.  liecop.,  18So,  p.  4r)2-5.  Bandini's  report  on  the  administration  of 
revciniks  in  1824-3.i,  dated  May  ISoJ.  liundini,  Iiiformuciou  del  Vtnilador 
oeAi.iuaiws.lSJS,  MS. 

Hi8i.  Cal.,  Vol.  III.    24 


u 


'U 


370     MARITIMK,  COMMERCIAL,  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS. 

luained  tlie  puorto  hnJiUitudo  of  California  in  the  eyes 
of  everybody  but  Don  Juan  ami  his  Sau  JJiego  friends. 

Bandini's  troubles,  and  especially  his  controversy 
^vith  Angel  Ramirez,  constitute  a  prominent  featinf 
of  commercial  history  at  this  period,  even  if  they  wnv 
not,  as  JJon  Juan  was  disj)osed  to  believe,  the  griiiKl 
turninj^-point  of  Californian  destinies.  Bandini  was, 
as  we  have  seen,  a  leadinji?  spirit  in  the  grand  scheme 
of  Hijarand  Pachcs,  and  in  the  Compauia  Cosmopol- 
itana.  Though  not  able  to  close  the  port  of  ^loii- 
terey  in  favor  of  San  Diego  as  he  wished,  he  did  ohtaiii 
an  appointment  as  visitador,  or  inspector  of  the  Cali- 
fornia custom-houses.  He  started  for  home  with  the 
colony  in  1834,  filled  with  the  most  enthusiastic  hopes. 
Mendjor  of  a  groat  connnerclal  company  without  in- 
investing  a  cent  of  capital,  in  a  sense  the  ro[)resent- 
ative  of  the  company  in  California,  having  at  his  dis- 
posal a  stanch  vessel,  Hijar  and  Padres  in  full  |)os- 
session  of  the  political  and  military  power,  the  missieii 
wealth  virtually  under  the  control  of  his  associates, 
and  last,  but  far  from  least,  himself  provided  with  a 
commission  by  virtue  of  which  he  could  remove  such 
obstacles  to  his  interests  v  ^  mirfit  arise  in  the  revenue 
department,  the  road  to  a  princely  fortune  seemed 
broad  and  open  before  the  ambitious  ex-congressman. 

The  failure  of  the  general  scheme,  in  its  politieal, 
military,  and  even  commercial  aspects,  has  been  siifii- 
ciently  noticed,  and  it  is  only  of  Bandini's  experience 
as  visitador  that  I  have  now  to  speak.  He  was  net 
more  successful  than  Hijar  in  securing  recogiiition  nf 
his  authority.  In  the  autumn  of  1834,  soon  after  his 
arrival,  he  presented  his  credentials  to  Ramirez,  the 
administrator,  and  announced  his  purpose  to  begin  liy 
inspecting  the  Monterey  custom-house.  Ramirez,  of 
whom  I  shall  have  something  to  say  later,  was  a  man 
always  disposed  to  look  out  for  his  own  interests;  and 
though  supposed  to  be  a  partisan  of  the  colony  clique, 
he  foresaw  the  triumph  of  Figueroa,  and  deemed  it 


BAXDINI  AND  RAMIREZ. 


871 


wiser  to  save  soinctliiii'^  from  tlio  ooncrnl  wreck  for 
liiiiisolfthan  for  ]^niulini.  Ho  iieoordini'Iydcclined  to 
jicniiit  any  intorforoiu'o  in  lii.s  offico  until  orilerH  to 
tliat  c'troct  should  conio  from  his  suj)i'rior  otiicor,  the 
(liit'ctor  do  rentas  in  Mexico.  In  vain  did  Don  Juan 
entreat  and  arijfuoand  protest;  Don  An^el  had  the  ad- 
vaiitaufe,  beins^  doubtless  supported  by  Figueroa.  Ho 
(Ict'lined  to  yield  or  to  enter  into  any  controversy,  and 
reported  the  state  of  affairs  to  his  super-ior.  He  nlso 
(ir.lered  subordinate  officials  at  other  [torts  not  to  .sub- 
i:iit  to  IJandini's  interference,  thouijfh  the  l,L<(<^rhad 
tliiii'^s  very  nuich  his  own  way  for  a  time  at  San 
]3i('L>(),  which  he  persisted  in  regarding  as  the  o[ien 
port  of  California." 

Whether  Ilamirez  over  received  any  order  from  the 
ilirecto'^  do  's  not  appear,  liandini  afterward  <let:iare<l 
tliat  such  an  order  was  received  and  disre^'arded. 
J;,  twever  this  may  have  been,  Don  Angel  soon  found 
a  more  effective  weapon  against  his  opponent,  in  an 
accusation  of  smuggling.  Bandini  had  brought  from 
Acapulco  on  the  Natalia,  of  which  he  was  the  super- 
cargo, various  cfTects,  exceeding  $2,000  in  value,  for 
liis  own  use  and  for  sale  on  his  own  account.  These 
snoods  were  landed  at  San  Diego  free  of  duties,  on 
the  assurance  of  the  visitador  that  all  was  en  rcijlc, 
cxce[)t  a  small  quantity  lost  in  the  wreck  at  Monterey. 

"Sept.  13,  1834,  Figucroa  congratulates  Baiulini  on  Ilia  appointment.  Ban- 
dim,  Jjoc,  MS.,  3S.  Dec.  7,  IS.SI,  15.  to  Itiiniircz.  witli  his  apjiointniont  of 
Miuxh  17tli.  B.'a  salary  was  to  l>c  ><.S,0()0,  ami  lie  had  received  ^1,0(X)  in  ad- 
vaiui',  l{eply  of  U.  same  date.  J)c/it.  ,SV.  Pnp.,  Bpii.  Cnst.-If.,  MS.,  vii.  1-4; 
fililitional,  correspondence  between  the  t\\o  at  Monterey,  Dec.  9tli-llth.  /</. 
yii.  4-.'i,  7-8;  S.  Die<jo,  Arch.,  MS.,  "J-'H].  Dec.  l'2tii,K  to  dir.  gen.,  enclos- 
h[i^  Ci)rie.spondenco  with  IJ.  JJrj)!.  St.  I'np  ,  Bi-u.  ('"iv.  mid  Tnas.,  MS.,  iii. 


•111'.  ;;(n.,  licensing  \i.  of  a  well  understood  plan  to  use  his  appointment  as  visi 

tailn:'  loi*  tlio  1iii)l;iiicr  rif  .o.   fni't.nno  nf.  flin  OYnpiiso.  c*   f.lip  tronwiii'V!   lift  f'vi'kldins 

th- 


tailiii' fiir  the  making  of  a  fortune  at  the  expense  e*  the  treasury;  ho  cxpla 
til''  stips  lie  has  taken,  his  determination  not  to  ret,.>^nixe  15. 's  authority  wi... 
out  fiieci  il  orders,  and  also  alhules  to  complaints  of  Kiiiuggling  to  lie  investi- 
g:itcil.  /,/.,  Ilfii.  Com.  ami  Treat.,  iii.  8-10.  ^lay  f)th,  B.  to  nin  of  hacienda, 
■' '"'1  report  on  administration  of  customs  in  past  and  present.  Bandini,  In- 
!ci'.io.(,  J\iS. 


(I  full 
fonu 


II 


w 


372     MARITIME,  COMMERCIAL,  AND  FIXAXCIAL  AFFAIRS. 

All  investigation  Avas  made  by  Judge  Castillo  Negrote. 
The  facts  were  clear  enough.  Bandini  liiniseU*  cdii- 
fessed  the  introduction  of  the  goods,  with  no  exjila- 
nation  so  fiir  as  can  be  known.  Indeed,  in  his  later 
ravings  he  never  deigned  to  deny  the  charge,  nor  to 
e:q)lain  his  action,  but  simply  aftected  to  regard  it  as 
an  absurdity  that  he  could  have  been  engaged  in  con- 
traband trade.  The  judge  accordingly  suspended  hiia 
from  office,  decla^'ing  the  goods  conliscated,  together 
with  the  sum  of  $700  due  the  accused  from  the  terri- 
torial treasury.^" 

Bandini's  disappointment  and  indignation  at  tliis 
disastrous  ending  of  all  his  brilliant  hopes  for  wealth 
and  power  may  be  more  adequately  imagined  than 
doscribetl."  He  lost  no  opportunity  during  the  next 
lew  years  of  reporting  in  writing  upon  his  wrongs, 


ii;;^ 


'"  Investig.  of  the  charge  of  smupglintr,  comprisinjj  a  dozen  ilocninpnts,  in 
S.  JJh<jo,  Arch.,  M8.,  44-ii;  J)rpt.  .V.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  71-87;  /-/.,  Jlc;i.  l',y'.  y 
J:'z<i.,  ii.  lJ-l-5;/(;.,  JJni.  Cud. -11.,  vii.  ]•_';  Pinlo,  Jkic,  MS.,  i.  14j-fi.  Tliu 
temporary  Ruspcusiim  'vvaa  ilated  May  7,  IS.'Jj,  ami  the  permanent  .siispca- 
Bion  May  14,  ISoU.  The  goods  smuggled  in  liy  B.  inchulL'd  ti  Lak's  cf  tr.m^ir, 
1*3  cases  of  taljle  oil,  1  Iiarrel  of  tobacco,  some  wine,  ribbons,  and  jiwdiy, 
and  (]  or  8  bales  of  unknown  clTeets.  iSantiago  Argiiello  was  rcprinuuidid  fur 
r.cgligence  in  the  matter.  Lawsuits  begun  respectively  by  llamire/.  iiiiJ  Jim- 
dini  were  left  unaHccted  by  tlic  decision;  but  we  bear  no  more  of  tliein. 

"Richard  IL  Dana,  Tii-o  )Vom  he/ore  (he  jl/a.sV,  '270-7,  speaks  of  ]\.  iim  ful- 
lows:  'Among  our  ptis.sengers  [from  Monterey  to  Staliarbara on  the  AIni,  .bin. 
ISrO]  wasn  young  man  who  was  a  good  representation  of  a  decayed  gentlomiui. 
lioriinindedmennich  of  sonieof  theeharaetersinCilBlas.  lie  wasiif  t  lie. 'iris- 
toeracy  of  the  country,  his  family  being  of  pure  Spanish  blood,  i.nd  oine  of 
considerable  importance  in  !Me:;ieo.  llis  father  had  been  governor  of  (ho 
province  fall  these  items  .ire  erroneous],  and  having  amassed  a  largo  pii  p- 
crty,  settled  at  San  l)iego,  where  he  built  a  largo  house  with  a  eourt-yrnl 
in  front,  kept  a  retinue  of  Indians,  and  set  up  for  the  grandee  of  tli.it  ]iiirl  'f 
t!:e  country.  His  son  was  sent  to  Mexico,  where  lie  received  an  ediK'uUoa, 
and  went  into  the  lirst  society  of  the  capital.  ^.lisfortuii>,  eNtravaganer,  ;iiul 
the  want  of  any  manner  of  getting  interest  on  money  coon  ato  the  cr.tat:^  uii, 
and  Don  Juan  ISandini  returned  from  INIexieo  accomplished,  poor,  and  jumu  !, 
and  without  any  oliico  or  ceeupation,  to  leail  the  life  of  most  young  iiu  n  ef 
the  better  families — di.ssipated  and  extravagant  when  the  means  are  at  l.iiiid; 
ambitious  at  heart,  and  impotent  in  act;  often  pinched  for  bread;  heepiii-'  i'.]) 
an  appearance  of  style,  when  their  ]iovcrty  is  known  to  each  half-naked  J:k[- 
ian  lioy  in  the  slrcct,  and  standing  in  dread  ef  every  small  trader  and  slicp- 
keeper  in  the  place.  ]Ic  had  a  .slight  and  elegant  li!:nre,  moved  graecfiiiiy, 
d.-.!'.c.d  and  Wiiltzcd  beautifully,  ;  poke  good  Castilian,  vith  a  pleasant  i':Ml 
ici'.nid  Voice  and  i'.cccnt,  and  had  througlu^ut  the  bearing  of  a  man  ot'  lii'ili 
r.nd  iigure.  Yet  hero  he  was,  with  his  passage  given  him,  for  he  had  no 
r..canj  of  paying  for  it,  and  living  on  the  charity  of  our  agent.  He  vas  po- 
litic to  every  one,  !,pokc  to  tlie  sailors,  and  g-.vo  i.iur  real  i— 1  dare  say  the  last 
ho  had  in  his  pocket — to  the  fjtcv.ard  v, ho  waited  upon  him ' ! 


teilti^ 


BANDINI'S  ^^TvAT^. 


373 


and  even  tried  to  collect  his  salary;  but  lie  received 
11(1  attention  whatever  from  the  !^Iexican  authorities, 
and  was  exasperated  the  more  on  that  account.  His 
treatment  at  the  hands  of  Ramirez  and  Fio-ueroa — 
for  he  blamed  the  governor  hardly  less  than  the  ad- 
iiiiiiistrator — was  in  his  view  not  only  the  greatest 
outrage  of  modern  times,  but  the  cause  from  whi<'h 
sprung  all  of  California's  subsequent  evils.  His  writ- 
ings on  the  subject  are  but  wordy  and  declamatory  pro- 
testations of  his  own  patriotism  and  the  baseness  of 
\\'b',  foes,  always  in  general  terms,  for  ho  avoided  spe- 
cilication  both  in  defence  and  attack.  Once,  however, 
lie  determined  after  much  hesitation  to  produce  evi- 
dence that  could  but  prove  Ramirez's  revenue  frauds 
and  triumphantly  justify  his  own  acts.  The  evidence 
turned  out  to  be  a  statement  of  Jose  Antonio  Carrillo 
that  Don  Angel  was  an  'apostate friar '!^^  The  truth 
is,  that  while  Angel  Ramirez  was  a  scoundrel  in 
comparison  with  Juan  Bandini,  the  latter  allowed 
his  disappointment  to  run  away  with  his  judgment 
in  tliis  quarrel,  and  did  not  leave  a  dignified  or  tlattcr- 
ing  record.  Subsequently  he  retrieved  his  fortunes 
to  some  extent,  and  rcgahicd  his  temper.  He  also 
had  the  pleasure  of  knowing  that  his  foe  had  died  in 
disgrace  and  poverty. 

In  1834  Figueroa  made  a  report  to  the  Mexican 
government  on  tlie  condition  ami  past  history  of  com- 
inorcial  industries,  including  something  also  of  finan- 
cial management.  Ho  explained  his  own  eflbrts  to 
introduce  order  and  compliance  with  the  national  laws; 
l)ut  admitted  that  in  some  respect  such  com|)liance 
v.a.s  impracticable  under  the  circumstances.  His  con- 
cluding suggestions  were  that  ]\Ionterey  should  bo 
opened  to  foreign  trade,  and  the  other  ports  to  tlio 
coasting  trade;  that  foreign  vessels  bo  allowed  to  en- 
gage  f(jr  five  years  more  in  the  coasting  trade;  and 


pi 
* 

if 
I 


t  If 


III 


"  IlftinUvi,  Acumrionm  coufra  Aiir/d  linminz,  1S34-7,  MS.    Directed  to 
tlic  luiu,  of  liac,  pres.  of  Mcx.,  director  de  rcutas,  aud  Gov.  L'liico. 


374     aiARITIME,  COMMERCIAL,  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS. 


I  I  '^ 


I  > 


tluit  a  regular  custom-house  be  established  at  Mon- 
terey. 

The  fui  trade  is  a  branch  of  Californian  commerce 
respecting  which  we  have  but  little  information  fn* 
the  period  covered  by  this  chapter.  Foreigners  se- 
cured most  of  the  otter  skins  by  contraband  methods; 
the  Indians  killed  a  few  animals  as  in  former  years; 
and  in  several  instances  Californians  were  regularly 
licensed  by  the  territorial  authorities  to  engage  in 
otter-hunting  on  the  coast.  Hardly  a  vessel  sailed 
v^ithout  carrviniy  awav  niore  or  less  skins,  which  all 
traders  were  eager  to  obtain.  The  authorities,  both  of 
nation  and  territory,  understood  the  importance  of  this 
export,  and  made  some  weak  and  unsuccessful  efforts 
to  develop  it,  or  at  least  to  secure  the  legal  revenue 
V.  hich  even  as  carried  on  at  the  time  it  should  yield.'' 

A  slight  controversy  about  the  obtaining  of  salt 
from  the  scdinas  near  Los  Ans^eles  in  1804  brought 
the  general  subject  before  the  authorities.  The  pueblo 
claimed  the  scdinas  and  refused  the  request  of  San 
rernando  and  San  Gabriel  to  use  them.  The  deti- 
iiion  locally  is  not  known,  but  from  communications 
between  Ramirez,  Herrera,  and  Figueroa,  it  appears 
that  the  estanco  on  salt,  had  not  been  very  strictly  en- 


un 


^^Firfucroa,  Cosas  r'nanderas,  1S34,  MS.  March,  1831,  Victoria  pcrmi::3 
ottci'-liiinting  on  condition  tliat  two  tliinla  of  the  crews  bo  C;»lifornians;  tiiat 
S.  Francisco  be  tlic  nortliern  limit  of  hunting;  and  that  duties  bcpiiid  on  ilie 
fckin.s  talicn  by  the  Aleuts  for  their  sliarc.  Dept.  Iter.,  M8.,  ix.  94;  A]r,'il, 
Iho  Kadiaks  ollcrcd  to  give  instruction  in  the  art  of  taking  otter.  Vv.Vejo, 
Dor.,  MS.,  XXX.  200.  April,  I'aclieco  at  Sta  I5drbai-a  denies  having  iicriiiitccil 
otter-hunting.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.,  MS.,  ii.  5.  Aug.,  hunting  free  to  Cal- 
ifornians, 80  long  as  there  is  no  intei'coursc  witli  foreigners  or  abuse  of  gciitilcg. 
Dipt,  lice,  MS.,  ix.  41.  In  1832  Estrada,  Castro,  Ortega,  and  Alvdrado  \v(  lo 
licensed  to  take  otter  in  S.  Francisco  15ay;  hired  Aleuts  and  bidarkan  from 
the  Itussians;  obtained  the  services  of  mission  Indians  from  S.  J()S(5;  and  did 
quite  a  prosperous  business  for  a  time.  Alrarmlo,  lllst.  Vol.,  MS.,  ii.  ;i!l-10; 
iii.  8;  Vallcjo,  Notax,  MS.,  3G-8.  .Sept.  8th,  Zamorano  to  com.  of  S.  I'^rau- 
ci.sco.  Valk'Jo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  3"J3.  Suljjcct  mentioned  in  the  instnictioii.s  to 
Figueroa,  -S7.  Pap.,  !\Ih^.  ami  Colwi.,  MS.,  ii.  221-2.  Feb.  10,  18.13,  Figue- 
roa permits  Teodoro  Gonadez  to  hunt  otters  from  Jilontcrcy  to  Sta  ISarliara. 
Dipt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  92-5.  May  2,  1834,  proposition  to  impose  a  tax  on 
Bkins  exported  considered  in  the  dip.  Leij.  J'ec,  MS.,  ii.  51.  Robinson, 
Statement,  MS.,  19,  Bays  ho  collected  about  3,000  c^ter  skiua  in  one  year, 
V  hich  he  sent  to  China.     The  best  were  worth  §G0. 


STEARNS  AS  A  SMUGGLER. 


37J 


forced,  and  that  oven  foreign  vessels  had  taken  away 
loads  without  paying  duties.'* 

In  1835  Abel  Stearns  was  suspected  of  carrying  on 
extensive  contraband  operations  ut  San  Pedro.  Ho 
had  a  warehouse  near  the  shore  never  inspected  by 
anv  revenue  officers,  and  used,  as  was  believed,  for  the 
.storing  of  hides  purchased  of  settlers  who  paid  no 
i^laiighter  tax,  and  goods  illegally  landed  from  vessels. 
The  pueblo  was  so  far  away  that  on  the  arrival  of  a 
shi[)  there  was  plenty  of  time  for  smuggling  goods 
ash(;ro  at  San  Pedro  or  Sta  Catalina  before  Receptor 
Osio  could  arrive  on  the  spot.  In  March  the  citizeir.^ 
of  Los  Angeles  complained  to  the  governor,  and  asked 
that  Stearns'  establishment  be  suppressed.  An  inves- 
tigation was  ordered,  i)ut  all  we  know  of  the  result  v.i 
that  a  committee  reported  in  September  against  the 
spoliation  of  Stearns'  property  and  the  blotting-out  of 
Sau  Pedro  as  a  prospective  settlement.  It  was  recoi.i- 
nu'iidcd  rather  that  guards  be  established  to  ])revent 
l^llulggling,  and  that  the  complainants  present  some 
proof  of  Don  Abel's  guilt  if  they  had  such  proof. '^ 

Financial  topics  are  not  very  distinct  from  those  of 
coiiniiorce,  and  the  personnel  of  treasury  and  revenue 
otHcials  may  be  taken  as  a  connecting  link.  Their 
names  may  be  presented  with  a  greater  approximation 
to  accuracy  than  their  exact  titles  and  powers,  to  say 
nothing  of  their  accounts.  Juan  Bandini  had  received 
in  1830  the  appointment  of  comisario  principal  ad  in- 
terim, virtually  the  same  position  that  Herrera  had 
held;  but  he  in  reality  exercised  no  authority,  and, 
as  lie  himself  confessed,  was  prevented  "by  many  cir- 
cumstances" from  carrying  out  su[)erior  orders  or  or- 
^^aui/ing  his  department.  Victoria  refused  to  recog- 
iiizt!  liantlini's  authority  except  locally  at  San  Diego, 

"//V7<^  S:.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  88-07. 

' ' Siriini",  Expedkute  de  Covtmhando,  S.  Pedro,  1,935,  MS.,  in  Loh  Anrjchi*, 
A,rh.,  MS.,  i.  44-59;  DcpL  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  VuM.-IL,  MS.,  vii.  U-lL';  Id., 
A  ivj( '( >,  ii.  t  •>.  JJcing  communications  of  Gov.  Figueroa,  Admu:  iatrator  llami- 
iti:,  Ucccptor  Osio,  and  tlie  complaint  of  citizens. 


370     MARITIME,  COMMERCIAL,  AXD  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS. 


and  refused  to  be  moved  by  his  arguments  and  protests. 
Don  Juan  succeeded  in  liaving  his  resignation  accepted 
before  the  end  of  1832.  Victoria  at  the  begiimin**-  of 
1831  seems  to  have  found  Joaquin  Gomez,  administra- 
tor of  customs,  in  charge  at  Monterey,  Antonio  Maria 
Osio,  contador  and  perhaps  sub-comisario  under  ]^aii- 
dini,  being  temporarily  in  charge  at  San  Francisco. 
No  change  was  made,  except  that  Gomez  was  regardoil 
as  sub-comisario  and  Osio  was  not  allowed  to  return, 
though  ordered  to  do  so  by  Bandini.  At  the  saiiiu 
time  Jose  Maria  Padres  held  the  office  of  visitador  {>( 
customs  by  Eclieandia's  appointment  dated  January 
15th.'« 

The  nominal  control  of  Bandini  ceased  at  an  un- 
known date  in  1832.  In  October,  Jose  Mariano  Es- 
trada, by  Zamorano's  appointment,  succeeded  Joaquin 
Gomez  as  sub-comisario  at  Monterey,  the  latter 
having  resigned  after  many  complaints  of  irregulari- 
ties on  his  part;  and  Figueroa,  who  re-appointed  him 
in  February,  states  that  on  his  arrival  in  January 
1833  Estrada  was  the  only  treasury  official  in  Cali- 
fi)riiia.^'  With  Figueroa  came  Rafael  Gonzalez  with 
an  appointment  as  administrator  of  customs,  assuininj,' 


-1'  I  1 


'^'^ Bniidin'i,  Mavifiesto  d  la  Dipntarion  sohre  liamoit  de  Hacienda  Terrifo- 
rhdj  ISJ.J,  MS.  Correspondence  of  Buntlini  anJ  Victoria  in  Id.,  i.  '2TI5-SO; 
JJijit.  lict:.,  MS.,  ix.  lP.i-13.  Sept.  18,  1S31,  V.  to  min.  of  war  on  treasury 
and  revenue  alniscs.  He  iiUudes  to  Bundini  as  a  'mercenary  cmj)loyee,'  witli 
wiioiu  traders  make  illegal  arrangements,  and  who  believes  himself  dcpfiidiiit 
only  on  the  com.  gen.  JJept.  lice,  MS.,  ix.  143-4.  May  21st,  law  goveriiiiii,' 
the  odices  of  coraisarios  an<l  subalterns.  F«//';/o, -Doc,  MS.,  xxx.  21.1.  It  is 
possible  that  CJomcz  was  put  in  otRce  at  Monterey  by  Victoria  and  not  liot'oro 
Ins  arrival,  though  Figueroa  says  he  took  charge  in  January.  Dcpt.  St.  Pup., 
M.S.,  iii.  210;  and  he  is  spoken  of  as  comisario  on  Jiin.  14th.  S.  Jos^,  Arch., 
JIS.,  V.  39.  April  7th,  Gomez  writes  to  IJandini  that  liis  placc-^'so  good  ii 
thing'  in  most  countries — is  full  of  hardships  in  this;  and  he  is  anxious  to  gi't 
out  of  it  to  eat  his  frijoles  in  peace.  S.  Vieijo,  A)-ch.,  MS.,  18.  App' iut- 
nient  of  PadrC^s.  Dept.  LW.,  MS.,  ix.  80.  It  seems  that  Francisco  raolaco 
was  acting  as  j7H((rt/a  without  pay.  /(/.,  ix.  03.  Osio  at  8.  Francisco.  JJi]i>. 
St.  Pnp.,  Bm.  Mil,  MS.,  Ixxiii.  fl4;   Vidlejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxi.  14. 

"  Dec.  0,  \8M,  F.  in  Depf.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  210.  Estrada  succeeds  Gomez 
Oct.  18th.  S.  Jo.if,  ^rt/t.,  MS.,  v.  23;  Vallrjo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  320.  Reports jf 
the  matter  by  Zamorano  and  Estrada;  also  the  appointment  by  F.  Feb.  Itith. 
Dept.  St.  Pup.,  lien.  Cast. -U.,  MS.,  viii.  307-8,312,  310-22.  There  is  iu  y^-;;/. 
St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Com.  and  Trcas.,  MS.,  ii.  94,  what  seems  to  be  a  resiguatioa 
of  the  comisarfa  by  Bandini  on  March  20,  1833;  though  in  his  Iitjormacm 
be  says  his  resignation  was  accepted  iii  1832, 


REVENUE  OFFICERS. 


377 


tho  office  in  January;  and  in  May,  Estrada  resigninof, 
Gonzalez  became  also  sub-comisario  ad  interim.  Ho 
JiL'ld  the  former  position  until  succeeded  by  Angel 
liainirez  in  July  1834,  and  the  latter  until  October  of 
thut  year,  when  our  old  friend  Jose  Maria  Herrera 
returned  from  Mexico  with  the  colony  to  resume  liis 
former  position.^^  Bandini  came  back  as  visitador  do 
aduanas  in  1834;  but  his  troubles  in  that  connection 
lui\  0  been  already  noticed. 

From  1833  a  few  subordinate  revenue  officers  wore 
appointed,  not  only  for  Monterey,  but  for  the  other 
ports.  Pedro  del  Castillo  was  made  receptor  at  Sau 
Francisco.  Santiago  E.  ArgUello  held  the  same  posi- 
tion at  San  Diego  until  October  1834,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  Martin  S.  Cabello,  who  canpe  with  an 
appointment  from  Mexico.  Jose  Maria  Maldonado 
liad  cliarixe  of  the  customs  at  Santa  Bilrbara  until 
July  1835,  and  later  Benito  Diaz.  Antonio  Maria 
Oslo  was  receptor  at  Los  Angeles,  having  jurisdiction 
over  San  Pedro,  and  having  also  to  watch  over  the 
inland  trade  with  Sonora.     At  the  capital  four  auh- 

" Gonzalez  appointed  Aug.  0,  18.'?2.  Salary,  §1,000.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Bm. 
Com.  and  Treax.,  M8.,  ii.  '24.  Took  possession  Jan.  14  (?).  Id.,  Cust.-Jf.,  ii.  .")- 
0;  S.  Ju-tr,  Aich.,  M8.,  ii.  53.  Becomes  coniisario  May  1-4,  1833.  Dcpt.  St. 
Pep.,  Dm.  Ciist.-ir.,  J»IS.,  ii.  16-17.  Osio,  JJid.  Cat.,  MS.,  357-0,  ridicules 
(loii:;:il';z,  alias  'Pintito.'as  a  very  stupid  fellow,  appointed  by  favor  of  l)i- 
rtctnr-niMi.  I'avon.  He  once  pompously  objected  to  the  large  quantity  of 
idcM  imported  according  to  the  invoices.  Also  noted  by  Robinson,  Life  in 
CuK,  I  iO.  Angel  Raminez  appointed  admin.  Sept.  I'J,  1833.  Dept.  Sf.  Pap., 
Ben.  Com.  and  Treas.,  MS.,  ii.  58.  Took  jtosscssion  July  1,  1834.  Drp!.  iit. 
Pa/K,  MS.,  iii.  '211;  Id.,  Urn.  Ciist.-H.,  ii.  1.  rurnis.hcs  bonds  in  S'2,000  (or 
84,000)  .iuno  '23,  1S.'J5.  Id.,  iii.  80,  Sfi;  but  is  also  said  to  have  been  in  posses- 
sion in  Mav.  JJcpt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  1.'52;  Id.,  Ben.  Mil.,  Ixxviii.  '24;  Leif. 
Pre,  MS,,  ii.  2-3.  Herrcra's  appoin'ncnt  Jan.  12,  1833,  or  Dec.  24,  1832. 
Vcpf.  SI.  r  Ilea.  Com.  and  Trea.<i.,  MS.,  ii.  GO;  Id.,  Ben.  Mil.,  Ixxix.  51, 
81.  llucer.  lb  1,110  office  from  Gonzalez  Oct.  7th  or  lltli.  /(/.,  iii.  4();  /(/.,  Ben. 
J/(7.,  Ixxviii.;  St.  Pap.,  Sae.,  MS.,  xii.  14;  or  as  Figueroa  says  on  Oct. 
1st,  Dyit.  St.  Pap.,V.H.,in.  211.  Fob.  1,  1833,  Admin.  Gonzalez  complains  (.f 
lick  (if  a  suitable  pier  and  buildings,  boats,  furniture,  scales,  etc.,  for  want  of 
wliioli  two  thirds  of  tlic  revenue  is  lost;  also  of  calumnies  against  himself  as 
ng.iiiist  all  wlio  came  from  Mexico.  He  recommends  0  employees  at  Monterey, 
nnd  a  rti'eptor  at  each  of  tho  other  ports.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Cii.it. -/)., 
MS.,  ii.  (i-7,  \'2.  .July  1,  1834,  Admin,  Raminez  to  dir.  gen.,  explaining 
dilliciilties  and  recommending  additional  officers.  Id.,  Com.  and  Treax., 
iii.  'J  1.  Dec.  0,  1834,  Figueroa  to  the  sec.  de  estado  on  tho  past  succession  of 
oiUcials  aud  tlielr  failure  to  leave  any  records.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii. 
200-11. 


u 


I 


II 


378     MARITIME,  COMMERCIAL,  AKD  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS. 

ordinate  officials  wero  appointed  in  July  1834,  by  the 
recommendation  of  Ramirez:  Francisco  Figueroa  as 
contador,  Juan  B.  Alvarado  as  vista,  Francisco  I*. 
Pachoco  as  comandante  of  the  guard,  and  Eugenio 
Montenegro  as  corporal  of  the  guard.  The  two 
former  had  a  salary  of  6G00,  and  the  latter  of  8400. 
Lieutenant  Araujo,  who  came  and  departed  witli  Hi- 
jar  and  Padrds,  was  a  naval  officer  who  was  sent,  with 
j)erhaps  a  few  subordinates,  to  command  the  Cah- 
Ibrnia  marine  service.^'* 


Jt 


There  was  no  lack  of  official  correspondence  respect- 
ing the  theory  and  practice  of  financial  manageniL'iit 
in  this  as  in  other  periods;  but  nmch  of  what  was 
written  related  to  petty  routine  details,  none  of  it 
had  any  apparent  effect  in  the  way  of  reform,  and 
part  was  clearly  not  intended  to  have  any  other  eflbct 
than  the  throwing  of  responsibility  for  existing  evils 
upon  other  shoulders  than  those  of  the  writers.  The 
receipts  at  the  custom-house  were  far  from  sufficient 
to  meet  the  expenditures  of  the  civil  and  mihtaiy 
budgets;  and  the  complaints  from  all  quarters  of 
liard  times  were  constant,  as  were  also  contentions 
respecting  the  division  of  revenues,  each  official  and 
class  of  officials  fearing  with  much  reason  that  some- 
other  would  afain  an  advantage.  In  the  absence  of 
complete  statistical  data,  we  may  only  conjecture  tliat 
mutual  jealousy  and  precautions  secured  a  compara- 
tively just  distribution  among  military,  political,  and 
treasury  employees.'^'' 

'•Authorities  on  local  revenue  officers.  Drpt.  St,  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  100;  LK, 
Aii'idc-!,  xi.  S;  IiL,  Mont.,  vii.  5;  Id.,  S.  Josf,  v.  122;  Id.,  Ben.  Oust. -/I.,  ii. 
1,  10,  lti-17,  23,  Sf);  iv.  .^;  vii.  8-14;  viii.  14;  /(/.,  Com.  ami  Trccis.,  ii.  jkS; 
iii.  4-."!,  09,  07-8;  Id.,  Prrf.  y  Jiiz/j.,  ii.  IJO;  fd.,  ilil.,  Ixxv.  1-3;  Ixxvi.  .SO; 
Ixxvii.  14-20;  Ixxviii.  1 ;  Ixxx.  3;  Alont<rfii,  Arch.,  .MS.,  vii.  Gl ;  St.  Pap-^Sfc-., 
MS.,  xvi.  J3-14;  .S'.  Ukf/o,  Arch.,  MS.,' 33,  44;  S.  Joi>f,  Arch.,  MS.,  ii.  SO; 
Pinto,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  25-0;   Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  ii.  72;  xxiii.  1. 

'"July  20,  1831,  a  general  reglamento  for  treasury  officers  in  all  parts  of 
the  republic.  Mexico,  I'cgl.  Tcioreria  Oen.,  p.  14,  23.  Juno  '>,  1832,  (loivnsio 
Argiiello  is  ordered  to  conclude  his  duties  as  habilitado  general  at  (.iuinl.i la- 
jara  and  return  to  California.  Snp.  Govt  St.  Pep.,  MS.,  viii.  41.  Arguillo 
had  for  a  long  time  performed  no  duties;  whether  he  had  succeeded  in  diau'- 
ing  any  part  of  his  pay  as  lieutenant  of  the  S.  Diego  company  does  not 


ISH 


TAXATION. 


870 


The  Californiana  wore  not  much  troubled  by  taxation 
in  tliese  days,  having  in  1831-3  to  pay  only  a  tax  on  the 
.sale  of  liquors,  which  was  rather  a  duty  than  a  tax,  to 
provide  for  municipal  expenses.  A  high  official  hav- 
ing in  1832  refused  to  pay  the  duty  on  divers  barrels 
of  l)randy,  the  merchants  also  declined  payment  until 
lie  should  be  forced  to  comply  with  the  law ;  and  in 
consequence  the  public  schools  had  to  be  closed  for  a 
time.  A  timber  and  wood  impost  was  also  collected 
at  Monterey.  Expenses  of  the  diputacion  had  to  bo 
|)ui(l  from  the  surplus  of  local  funds,  a  surplus  usually 
not  existing,  as  Figueroa  learned  by  repeated  applica- 
tions for  money  with  which  to  iit  up  a  legislative  hall. 
No  tax  was  ever  collected  in  California  for  national 
piu'[)oses,  though  there  were  occasional  vague  refer- 

appeiir.  Ho  did  not  return.  April  1833,  complaints  of  liabilitados'  hardships 
liy  Vuliejo.  VciUejo,  Doc,  MS.,  ii.  34.  A  visitador  to  go  to  Cal.  from  Mexico 
1 1  restore  order  in  the  treasury  departments  and  put  tlie  presidial  companies 
oa  tlu'iv  old  footing.  Mexico,  Mem.  Giierra,  1883,  p.  5;  Id. ,  Mem.  line,  1831 , 
\\.  '2S;  Arrillar/a,  Recop.,  1832-3,  p.  110.  Of  course  nothing  of  the  kind  was 
(lu:ic.  Dec.  1833,  for  many  years  retired  officers  and  men  li.ivc  not  been  paid. 
]>c}.t.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  t'liM.-ll.,  MS.,  ii.  40.  Jan.  1834,  Figueroa  had  to  borrow 
SIjOO  to  iit  up  a  room  for  tlie  dip.  Id.,  Ben.  Mil.,  Ixxxviii.  Feb.,  etc.,  con- 
f;;sio;i  as  to  whether  Cal.  belonged  to  the  comisaria  of  SinaloaorSonora,  orders 
coining'  from  both  witli  complaints.  The  com.  gen.  of  Sonora  liad  the  real 
coiniuantl.  Id.,  Ben.  Com.  and  Treas.,  iii.  20-7,  riT-OG.  Officers  may  have 
oiitiiicates  so  as  to  negotiate  for  their  pay.  Siqi.  Govt  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xxi.  10. 
A[)vil,  Figueroa  appeals  to  missions  for  relief.  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  v.  pt  ii.  'J. 
Sc'iJt.,  troops  to  be  paid  in  preference  to  others.  Sup.  Govt  St.  Pap.,  M.S.,  x. 
S;  xi.  1.  llcgulations  of  Sept.  'Jl,  1834,  for  comisarios,  etc.,  in  Arrilhuja, 
Uccop.,  1833,  p.  38G-5.36.  Dec.  8th,  gov.  to  min.  of  war  on  his  financial 
tr!:ul ilea  and  the  urgent  necessity  for  aid  from  Mexico.  iS'^.  Pap.,  Miss.  a:id 
Colon.,  M.S.,  ii.  289.  Nov.  1835,  Com.  Gen.  Gutierrez  to  Gov.  Castro,  coni- 
I'iaiiiiiii:;  that  the  troops  are  not  getting  half  rations.  iJrjit.  S(.  Pap.,  Ben. 
Mil.,  .MS.  Ixxxviii.  Complaints  that  tlie  civil  employees  ilo  not  get  tlioir 
jiropcr  share  of  the  revenues.  Uept.  St.  Pa).,  ^18.,  iv.  00.  Items  of  fin. 
statistics  1831-5.  1831,  receipts  for  Jan.,  .?•-',  1.3-2,  including  $,7)00  in  goods 
on  hand  Jan.  1st,  and  §201  in  supplies  from  missions;  expenditures,  §1297. 
\uUf-ji),  Dor.  MS.,  xxi.  1,  15.  llevenuc  of  the  year,  §32,000;  expenacs, 
8i:>l,(;tM).  Soulc'sAn.  S.  Fran.,  80.  1832,  Aug.  11th,  Capt.  Gutierrez  received 
fiuiu  OMin.  gen.  of  Sinaloa  §20,000  at  Rosario  to  bring  to  Cal.  Dept.  St.  Pap., 
llai.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxiv.  40.  1833,  estimates  for  the  (>  presidial  companies  of  tlio 
C'ulifoinias,  §123,440.  Mexico,  Mem.  Hacienda,  1332,  doc.  0.  Paymcnta  from 
6ul>ei)niisana  July  to  Dec.,  §22,954.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Com.' and  Trcni'.., 
Ms.,  ii,  39.  Xet  proceeds,  July  18.33  to  Juno  1834,  §47,708,  expenses  being 
S2,;;42.  1834,  total  payments  from  sub-comisaria,  §70,587.  Loans  from  mis- 
sions arc  among  the  receipts.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Com.  and  Treas.,  MS.,  iii. 
39-48.  Due  to  officers  and  men  June  30th,  as  per  adjustments,  dating  chiefly 
from  iS.IS,  but  7  from  earlier  dates,  §53,835.  Id.,  Ben.  Mil.,  Ixxvii.  15-10. 
1S.1,"),  total  payments  from  sub-comisaria,  §40,.304.  Id.,  Com,  and  Treaa., 
Hi.  lo,  83-5;  iv.  1-2. 


.^1!^ 


r'ffi 

m 


3S0     MARITIME,  COMMERCIAL,  AND  FIXAXCIAL  AFFAIRS. 


4i  'i 


ences  to  the  matter  in  communications  from  Mexico; 
and  no  tax  was  ever  assessed  upon  property  accorclinij 
to  its  value,  all  exactions  being  in  the  nature  of  du- 
ties on  articles  changing  owners,  or  of  licenses.  By 
a  law  of  October  1833  all  citizens  were  relieved  fiom 
the  civil  obligation  to  pay  tithes,  and  niost  citizens 
took  advantage  of  the  privilege,  some  officers  settling 
with  their  conscience  by  offering  in  payment  claims 
of  the  government  for  back  pay.  What  tithes  inay 
liave  been  collected  before  the  law  was  publislied  in 
California  in  May  1834,  there  are  no  means  of  know- 
ing. Deliberations  on  ways  and  means  for  nuniicipal 
funds  were  frequent  in  meetings  of  ayuntamiento  and 
diputacion  from  November  1833,  and  the  result  was 
a  law  or  plan  published  by  the  governor  on  August 
G,  1834,  and  appended  substantially  in  a  note. ^^ 

I  append  also  an  alphabetical  list  of  all  the  vessels 
that  touched  at  Caliibrnian  ports  in  1831-5.  Tho 
names  number  ninety-nine,  but   more  than  twenty 

"Plan  ile  Proploa  y  Arlnfriosj^arafondoRmjinicipaJen  delon  Ayunta.iventos 
ilel  territorio  de  la  Alfa  California,  ISJ/f.  Printed  baiido  signed  liy  Fi.riioioa 
and  Zaniorano,  in  Earliest  Printiw];  also  in  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Mont.,  iii.  :J.")-;;9; 
Lns  An'jel<:%  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  23-30;  J)winelle'.i  Colon.  IJi-it.,  add.,  29-.S().  Tlu 
snljstanco  is  also  given  several  times  over  in  proceedings  of  dit>.  uvA 
ay unt.,  with  reports  of  committees,  discussion,  articles  not  linally  oniljndieJ 
in  the  plan,  etc.,  in  St.  Pap.,  JUiss.  and  Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  2'2'2-r)3;  Lrj.  /.'cc, 
MS.,  ii.  154-07,  lSl-2.  Art.  1.  Ayunt.  to  apply  for  assignment  ot'  cjidoi 
ami  prnpioK  lands.  Art.  2.  The  propio.t  in  small  tracts  may  be  leased  at  mic- 
tion; and  present  holders  will  pay  as  required  by  the  ayunt.  Art.  3.  (Iran- 
tecs  of  town  lots  for  building,  of  100  varaa  square,  will  pay  §0.25,  iind'JocLuta 
per  front  vara  for  a  emaller  lot  or  for  the  excess  in  a  larger  one.  .\it.  4,  5. 
For  the  grant  and  registration  of  a  brand  for  cattle,  $1.50.  Art.  G.  Fmldll- 
ing  cattle  or  sheep  for  market,  0.25  cents  per  head;  hogs,  25  cents.  Art.  7. 
Shops  for  sale  of  dry  goods  are  to  pay  §1  per  month ;  grocery  and  other  sIhiji^, 
and  bar-rooms,  50  cents.  Art.  8.  Each  weight  and  measure,  scaled  liy  tin. /Vi 
ejccutor,  12.5  cents.  Art.  9.  Circuses  and  other  shows,  $2  for  each  pcifoiin- 
nnco.  Art.  10.  Killiard-rooms,  $1  per  month.  Art.  11.  Atthc5port!<,  induilj 
ing  S.  Pedro,  12.5  cents  for  each  parcel  landed  from  foreign  vessels,  iiiid  (!.-•> 
cents  from  national  vessels.  Art.  12.  The  25  cents  per  ton  on  foreign  vcs-si  Is  to 
bo  asked  for  in  behalf  of  the  treasuary  of  the  dip.  Art.  13.  Hunters  arc  to 
pay  50  cents  each  on  largo  otter  and  beaver  skins.  Art.  14.  Fines  for  iniiior 
ofTences,  imposed  by  alcalde  or  gefc,  to  go  into  the  munic.  fund.  Art.  I."i,  l(j. 
Liquor  taxes  are  reduced  as  follows:  National  brandy  to  §3,  Angi'lii'.a,  .S'2, 
and  wine  $1.50,  per  barrel;  foreign  brandy  to  $1,  gin  §1,  wine  and  li((;r.")0 
cents,  per  gallon.  Art,  17.  A  voluntary  contribution  to  be  requested  I'loiu 
each  vessel  anchoring  at  Monterey,  for  the  building  of  a  whnrf.  Ait.  IS. 
Tax  of  §3  on  each  auction  sale.  Aa-t.  19-21.  "Provisions  for  execution  of  the 
law. 


VESSELS  OF  1S31-5. 


381 


rest  on  doubtful  records.  Eleven  had  visited  the 
coast  in  the  preceding  half-decade.  Twenty-two 
■wc'io  whalers  in  quest  of  supplies.  Of  tlie  rest, 
twenty-three  were  under  United  States  colors;  thir- 
teen carried  the  Mexican  flaor,  seven  the  English, 
four  the  Russian,  three  the  Hawaiian,  and  one  the 
Italian.  One  was  a  government  vessel;  two  came 
iVoiii  the  Columbia  liiver  for  supplies;  and  the  rest 
e;inic  to  trade  for  Californian  products — seventeen 
i'loiii  Honolulu,  fourteen  from  South  American  and 
Mexican  ports,  and  nine  from  Boston.^^ 


"  Alphabetical  list  of  vessels  in  Californian  ports  in  the  years  1831-5: 

Alert.  Amcr.  ship,  342  tons;  Faucon,  master,  transferring  comnuuul  on 
nrriviil  to  Thompson;  Brj'ant  &  ytiirgis,  owners;  Alf.  Ilobiusou,  resident 
Eiijicrcargo;  arrived  from  Boston  in  June  lS3o.  Davis  tliicka  slie  was  also  on 
tlif  cuast  in  1833  under  Pcnhallow. 

American,  whaler;  at  S.  Fran,  in  Nov.  1S32. 

Anchorite,  whaler;  at  S.  Fran,  in  Nov.  1832 

Aran,  Amer.  hermaph.  brig,  88  tons,  10  men;  Wm  S.  Hinckley,  master; 
Joliu  C.  Jones,  owner;  two  or  three  trips  from  Honolulu  in  1834-J;  duties, 
§-',101,  $1,719,  and  $2,374.  According  to  Dana,  she  idso  engaged  in  sniug- 
iiliiiL.'.  Jones  was  on  board  in  1835.  She  carried  Gov.  Figueroa's  remains  to 
l^l:a  IJ.  from  Monterey. 

Aijacncho,  Engl,  brig,  204  or  IGO  tons,  13-25  men:  John  Wilson,  master; 
Steplicu  Anderson,  and  later  Jas  Scott,  supercargo;  on  the  coast  from  Callao 
each  year  1831-5  for  hides  and  tallow;  duties,  84,721  in  1832;  §4,410  ia  18;}4; 
§l,()Jt)  in  1835.     She  was  regarded  as  the  fastest  sailer  on  the  coast. 

Biukiil,  Russ.  brig,  202  tons;  Livovicli  Iliasovich  (?),  master;  at  S.  Fran. 
spiin.'of  1S31  and  autumn  of  1833. 

H'daiice,  whaler;  Ed  Daggett,  master;  at  S.  Fran.  Nov.  1832;  21  men, 
most  of  them  ill  with  scurvy. 

Durnatable,  Jas  B.  Hatch,  master;  Henry  Melius,  sup.  Probably  errone- 
ous record  in  Hayes'  list  for  1833. 

llolicar,  Amer.  brig,  212  tons;  from  Honolulu  to  buy  horses  1832;  $400 
toiin:ii:o;  accused  of  smuggling;  ijcrhaps  in  1833;  Nye,  master;  also  at  cad 
of  iMiia;  Dominis,  master. 

li'iiicuiza,  Engl,  echr,  doubtful  record  of  1834. 

Jli/  Chance,  Amer.  schr;  84  tons;  Uirani  Covell,  master;  at  Mont.  1834, 
from  ranamd;  duties,  §1,907. 

VnUj'ornia,  Amer.  ship,  379  tons;  Bryant  &  Sturgis,  owners;  arr.  from 

Boston  in  1831,  and  left  in  April  1833;  'C ,'  master;  Wni  A.  Gale,  sup., 

vilio  remained  at  her  departure;  came  back  in  1834,  remaining  until  1835; 
Jiis  Artlicr,  master. 

'  'atidina,  Mex.  brig,  100  or  138  tons,  13  men;  brought  govt  stores  in  1S31 ; 
John  C.  Holmes,  master.  Brought  Gov.  Figueroa  in  Jan.  1833,  and  made  an- 
otlier  trip  to  Mazatlan  and  back  in  1833.  Jos  Snook  (called  Esnuco),  master. 
Also  on  the  coast  in  1834-5;  Fred.  Bcchcr,  sup.  (R.  ^Marshall,  master;  and  E. 
Cells,  p\ip.,  according  to  Spence).  Under  U.  S.  flag,  according  to  Dana. 
C'aruo,  §12,555;  duties,  §1,550. 

Cli'ilcedoiiy,  Amer.  brig;  Jos  Steel,  master;  on  the  coast  in  1832-3. 

Charles  Eyi^,  Engl,  bark,  255  or  219  tons,  14  men;  Thos  Cliapman,  master; 
on  t!x  coast  1833  from  Callao. 

Chuitu,  doubtful  record  of  1834. 


k  1 


p 


ll!f| 
It,*  ' 

! 


382     MARITIME,  COMMERCIAL,  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS. 

dcmentiiitt,  !Mcx.  schr;  doubtful  record  of  183.). 

Vli'iMidiiK',  Engl,  brig;  Jus  Huuly,  master;  from  IIouolulu  18.3.',  ion- 
signed  to  Nuthun  Speur;  duties,  $3,'JU1;  carried  away  liorsea  and  hiilcs  in 
Dec. 

Convoy,  Amer.  brig,  137  tons,  13  men;  Fickcns,  master;  from  Iloiidliilu 
in  1831. 

Cnimder,  Anicr.  brig,  (later  perhaps  Mexican),  100  or  110  tons;  fniiii 
Saiidw.  Is!.  1832-.'{;  Thos  Hincliley  or  Thos  Sturgis,  muster  or  snp. ;  (lutics, 
^•2,'27.'{;  from  Callao  in  1834;  Wm  A.  Richardson,  master. 

jyiuiKi,  Amer.  brig,  170  tons;  from  Honolulu  via  Sitka  in  18.15;  duties, 
e3(]3. 

Don  Quixote,  Amer.  bark;  John  Meek,  master;  Wm  S.  Hinckley,  sup., 
from  Honolulu  1833-4;  duties,  817.">.  Complaint  of  unlawful  pririli'L^s 
granted  her.     .Spenco  puts  her  in  his  list  for  1832,  also  with  Smitii  iis  master, 

Dryad,  Engl,  brig;  from  Columbia  River;  paid  duties,  61.410,  in  .Inn.  I  -i,;!, 
but  had  arrived  in  Dec.  18.30.  Toiiched  at  8.  Fran,  ai'aiii  iu  Nov.  ls;j;!,  t'.ir 
Honolulu,  with  David  Douglas,  the  scientist,  and  Chief  Factor  Finhiysoii  m\ 
buard.  Douglas  had  also  como  to  Cul.  ou  the  lirst  trip,  remaining  sumu  liiiio 
in  the  country. 

AVer,,  nt  Sta  Bi'irbara  Oct.  1831. 

Eiinqncta,  Amer.  schr.,  02  tons;  Lewis  (or  Levi)  Young,  master;  on  tho 
coast  181)3.     Perliapssame  as  tho  Harriet,  q.  v. 

Europe,  1834.     See  Urup. 

F(uio,  Mex.  brig,  11  men;  Santiago  .Johnson,  master;  Johnson  &  Aguirre, 
owncrn;  from  Guaymas  iu  1833.  John  Forster  took  her  back.  l'cili;i]is  iii 
tlie  cojist  in  1834.  In  1835  she  was  grounded  at  S.  Pedro,  and  was  rcsiucd 
by  tho  Pilifrim. 

Fitlceja  (Fakir  ?),  whaler,  339  tons;  R.  Smith,  master;  at  Mont,  iu  Dec. 
1833. 

Fanny,  whaler;   atS.  Fran.  Oct.  1831. 

Fif/laii  (Phvd)i'  Ann?),  on  tlic  coast  to  trade  in  1831. 

Framen,  doubtful  name  of  1835. 

Friend,  Amer.  whaler,  40-4  tons;  L.  B.  Blindcnburg,  master,  1832-3.  Alao 
2  whalers  not  named  atS.  Fran.  Oct.  18.32. 

O'auf/e,  French  whaler;  H.  Chaudiere,  master;  Mont.  Sept.  18.35. 

Garrajilla,  Amer.  brig,  170  tons;  at  Mont.  1835;  duties,  §301. 

VeneralJackmn,  Amer.  whaler;  at  Mont.  Nov.  1833. 

(ilobe,  mentioned  ou  doubtful  authority  1831. 

Guadidupe,  Cal.  schr,  00  tons;  built  by  Jos  Chapman,  and  launched  at  S, 
Pedro  in  183!.  J!obinsou\i  Life  in  Cnl.,  100. 

J[arri('t,v,\m\cr,  417  terns,  .34  men;  atS.  Fran.  Oct.  1831. 

Harriet Blanchard,  Amer.  schr,  02 or  00  tons;  Carter,  master;  Shaw,  sup.; 
Jones,  owner;  took  30  horses  for  Honolulu  in  183.3. 

Jlclvc'ias,  Aiiicr.  whaler;  at  8.  Fran.  Oct.-Nov.  1833.  Possibly  on  the 
coast  before;  as  Chas  Brown  always  claimed  to  have  como  on  her  iu  ISJil. 

lolani,  Hawaiian  schr,  48  tons,  0  men;  Jas  Rogers,  master;  Nic.  Ua!i.ia, 
consignee;  at  Mout.  in  spring  of  1835;  duties,  §770. 

Isabel,  Amer.  whaler,  242  tons;  J.  C.  Albert,  master;  S.  Fran,  and  Mont. 
18.33. 

Josephine,  schr  under  Wm  A.  Richardson,  lost  at  Sta  Catalina  Isl.  in  1832, 
ace.  to  Hayes'  list. 

JorenDoroten,  Mex.  schr;  Benito Machado,  master;  at  Mont.  May  ISUl. 

Jdven  Victoriano,  brig;  at  8.  Fran.  Sept.  1832. 

Juan.  Jos6,  Mex.  brig;  consigned  to  Pedrorena  in  1835,  ace.  to  Spence's 
list. 

Kitty,  whaler;  at  S.  Fran,  in  Nov.  1833. 

Lajoda,  Amer.  ship,  202  tons;  John  Bradshaw,  master;  Bryant  &  Stiird^j, 
owners;  Robinson,  owner's  agent;  on  tho  coast  from  autumn  of  1833  to  spring 
of  1835. 

Leon,  Fi'cnch  ship;  Bonnet,  master.     Mentioned  on  uncertain  authority 


MARINE  LIST. 


383 


as  liaving  come  to  the  coast  in  1835  for  cattle  and  hay  for  French  troopa  in 
tliu  I'acilic;  probably  later. 

l.roiiitltis,  Mcx.  brigj  formerly  the  U.  S.  Doliihln;  Malarin,  master;  named 
by  l);ivi8  for  18;J3. 

Liiiiwr,  Mcx.  ship,  '207  tons;  Henry  D.  Fitch,  master;  on  the  coast  from 
S.  liliia  in  1S31;  came  back  in  )8:>:i-4,  and  also  in  1635,  under  (Jhas  VVolter; 
lic'il.  Iteclior,  sup.;  duties,  §1,41!). 

lAicqiDol  t'ackvl  {''),  whaler  of  1835. 

Ll'diin,  Engl,  brig,  i4'J  tons;  Wm  M.  Neill,  master;  from  Columbia  River 
in  INIU  for  supplies;  duties,  $874. 

Lm-iut,  Amor,  schr,  70  tous;  Gorham  H.  Nye  and  A.  B.  Thompson,  mas- 
ter aii<l  sup.;  on  the  coast  183;i-4.  See  text  for  her  seizure  at  S.  Fran. 
]iiu!i  again  in  1835  and  carried  Hijar  and  I'adrtSa  to  S.  Bias  in  May,  returning 
ia  Aug. ;  duties,  §4,0'J4.     More  smuggling. 

Louisa,  Amer.  bark,  174  tons,  1(1  men;  Geo.  Wowl,  master;  J.  C.  .Tone."*, 
owner  and  sup. ;  from  Honolulu  via  Sitka  in  1831 ;  took  hides  and  horses. 
Wiu  II.  Davis,  since  well  known  in  Cal.,  was  on  board  as  a  boy  I)  years  of 

Mwjrmhr,  Amer.  schr,  15  tons,  4  men;  Wm  Taylor,  or  Faiton,  master; 
from  iionolulu  in  1834  for  sale. 

Mairits,  whaler,  2SG  tons,  23  men;  N.  S.  Bassett,  master;  at  S.  Fran.  Oct. 
l,s:i). 

Mdrifarita,  Mex.  schr.;  carried  J.  M.  Padrds  from  Mont.  1831;  back  on 
Wvi  coast  1834-5;  duties,  6"i47,  §170. 

Marid  Teresn,  Mex.  brig;  Spenco'a  list  1835. 

Miiritiiiita,  !Mcx.  sloop;  Agustin  PoncaliarcS,  master  (or  J.  Chascagre); 
from  S.  JUus  1833,  and  again  1835;  duties,  $171. 

Marl  ha,  whaler,  359  tous,  31  men;  Tim.  W.  Uiddell,  master;  at  Mont.  Oct.  - 
Xov.  i,s:;4. 

Matuilor,  Mcx.  brig;  cons,  to  J.  Parrott  in  1835,  ncc.  to  Spence's  list. 

Mirdos,  Mex.  sloop  of  war;  Lieut  L.  F.  Manso,  com.;  Luis  Valle, 
niiisUi'.  Brought  part  'I"  the  colony  and  several  officers  to  Cal.  in  Sept. 
It>;i4. 

Xiifdiia,  "Mex.  brig,  185  tons,  13  men;  Juan  Gomez,  master;  Comp.  Cos- 
mop.,  uv.ncr;  Juan  Bandini,  sup.  Brought  part  of  the  colony  to  Cal.,  and 
was  wrecked  at  Mont,  in  Dec.  1834. 

XiiccasUc,  iViner.  brig;  Stephen  Hersey,  master;  from  Boston  via  Honolulu 
in  LS;J2. 

yoft/i  America,  Amer.  whaler,  388  tons;  Nathaniel  Richards,  master;  at 
Mont.  Nov.  1833. 

Pwijlco,  Mcx.  brig;  from  Guaymas,  cons,  to  Aguirre,  in  1834;  duties,  §280. 
.Some  trouble  about  1,150  marks  of  silver  bullion. 

I't'iir  en  Nadu,  Mcx.  schr,  20  tous;  built  at  Mont,  by  Joaquin  Gomez  and 
launched  Aug.  30,  1834;  sailed  for  south  in  Oct.  under  Chas  Hubbard,  luidcr 
cliaiier  to  Isaac  V.  Sparks  and  others  for  otter-hunting;  returned  Mar.  1835 
under  John  Colfiu,  making  a  second  trip  to  south  in  the  autumn. 

Phuh,'  (?),  whaler  of  1832. 

Pi/'jriiii,  Amer.  brig,  155  tons,  14  men;  Frank  A.  Thompson,  master,  sue- 
cocileil  liy  VA  II.  Faucon;  Bryant  &  Sturgis,  owners;  Robinson,  ugcnt;  on 
the  coast  from  Jan.  1835,  having  perhaps  arrived  in  1834;  cargo,  §12,000. 

J'I'iu/,  Anicr.  brig;  B.  &  S.,  owners;  sailed  from  Boston  with  the  ValiJ'or- 
I'lii,  liut  iuul  to  put  in  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  for  rcp.iirs;  arr.  in  1832  and  soon  sailed 
for  lioino  via  Honolulu. 

Pijiiiliontas,  Amer.  ship,  300  tons;  Bradshaw,  master;  Shaw,  sup.;  rc- 
maiiieil  on  the  coast  from  1830  to  Jan.  1832,  carrying  away  Gov.  Victoria  and 
I'adrel'eyri.  >  .>     o         J- 

Polifnitia,  Russ.  brig,  180  tons;  N.  Rosenberg,  master;  on  the  coast  in 
183IV4-5;  duties,  §383;  accused  of  suniggling. 

Pri'iiuvcra;  Mex.  brig;  C.  Bane,  master;  in  Spence's  list  for  1835. 

Ptdj.i,  at  Mont.  Sept.  1834;  doubtful. 


884     MARITIMK,  COMMERCIAL,  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS. 


poop-ileck,  looking  liko  an  oht  woman  with  a  ci'ipplud  back,'  hiij.s  |),-i 
All',  in  1834,  and  in  li)35  carried  tlie  colony  conspiratora  front  S.  Fran. 


Iif/iiijh,  Mcx.  schr;  nt  S.  Fran.  1834;  duties  on  salt,  $ir).  S.iid  liy 
Wiinitr  to  liavc  been  built  ut  W.  I'ldro  in  18t)l-2.  I'criiaps  iiuniu  an  tlia 
(jluudalupc,  or  confounded  with  that  vessel. 

/'nsii,  Sardinian  ship,  42j  tons,  '2t  men;  Nic.  Bianehi,  master;  A.  A.  Cot, 
consi^^nec.    'A  largo,  clumsy  ship,  with  her  top-masts  stayed  forward  and  liiu' 

'■  iiiii. 

Sta  H. 

L'oxana,  Amer.  brig;  Frank  Thompson,  master;  B.  &  S.,  owners;  on  tlio 
coast  in  1H.32-H;  Gale  k  Itobinson,  assents.  The  Jiiojuna,  Cal.  sclii ;  \\  in 
Ayala,  master;  probably  the  same  craft. 

.S'.  J'f'fjhton,  whaler,  'Sol  tons,  'J5  men;  Benj.  H.  Lawton,  master;  at  Mont. 
Oct.  18;i4. 

Saiitii  lidrhnra,  Mex.  schr,  40  tons,  5  men;  Thos  Bobbins,  master;  nt  Sta 
B.  June  1833  from  Mazatlan  with  0  passengers;  built  in  Cal.    Scolist  KsJl). 

Siii;inpnrlnn  {SiTtiHiainitim  oi  1830?),  Engl,  wlialer;  at  S.  Fran.  ls;;j. 

SitLri,  lluss.  bark,  '202  tons;  liasilio  Waccodzy  (?),  master;  at  S.  Fr;iii.  nml 
Mont.  1835. 

South  Carolina,  Amer.  ship;  Jos  Steel,  master;  at  Mont.  Aug.  1834;  du- 
ties, §10,031. 

Spy,  doubtful  mention,  1832. 

Slerilon,  whaler;  at  Mont.  Sept.  1834. 

TitnsHero  (or  Traumare),  Engl,  brig,  215  tons;  L.  Amist,  master;  from 
Sandw.  Isl.  in  18.34. 

Tntnquiltna,  whaler,  309  tons,  22  men;  Geo.  Prince,  master;  at  8.  Fran. 
Nov.  18.32. 

Trinidad,  Mcx.  brig  of  Spence's  list  for  18,35. 

Urup,  Russ.  brig;  Dionisio  Zarcmbo,  master;  wintered  1831-2;  duties, 
§1,107;  also  1834;  Basilio  Idirbe  (?),  master;  duties,  §1,953. 

Voluntcfr,  Amer.  bark,  220  or  150  tons,  11  men;  Jos  O.  Carter,  m.-ntcr; 
John  Ebbetts,  sup. ;  on  the  coast  1829-31;  also  in  1833;  Sliaw,  muster;  .loac*, 
owner  and  sup.;  Sherman  Peck,  asst  sup.  Carter  took  her  back,  Junes  and 
Shaw  returning  on  the  //.  Dlanchanl  to  Honolulu. 

Victoria,  Brewer,  master;  in  Spence's  list  for  1832. 

Waverli/,  Hawaiian  brig;  Win  Sumner,  master;  aiT.  S.  Pedro  Jan.  1S'?2, 
bringing  the  exiled  priests  Bachelot  and  Short  from  Houoluhi.  llciiiuinid 
but  a  few  days. 

Wlialehound,  doubtfully  recorded  whaler  1831. 

William  Little  (Guillcrmo  Chiquito),  sloop,  SOtons,  7  men;  Little  orlltniy 
Carter,  master;  from  Honolulu  for  produce  and  horses  in  1831. 

William  Lye  (ov  Syne),  whaler,  389  tons,  30  men;  D.  A.  lliddcll  (or  Kty- 
der),  master;  at  Mont.  Oct.    1834. 

William  Thompson,  whaler;  Stephen  Potter,  master;  at  S.  Fran,  Nov. 
1832;  crew  mutinous. 

Wilmi  'ijton,  whaler;  at  Sta  B.  Ncv.  1835;  1,900  bbls  oil. 


il- 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

PIONEERS  AND  FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 

•  1«''1-1833. 

OvEitJ-AND  Immigration — New  Mexican  Route — Wolfskill's  Paktv — 
Ydi'NT  a\d  Buktov — Jackson's  Company— Warneu—Ewino  Yn^No'^^ 
Skc(ini)  Visit — Carson,  Williams,  Sparks,  and  Dye— Graham  and 
Lekse— Across  the  Sierra — Caitain  Job  Walker— Nidever—Bon- 
nkville's  Narrative— HrusoN's  Bay  Company  Trappers— Oiter- 
iirsTiNn  IN  California— New  Mexican  Horse-tuieves— Ciiino  1'ani>o 
— FoHEioN  Policy — Fears — Offer  of  Purchase  by  U.  S. — Spaniards 
— rioNKER  Names — Those  Who  Came  before  1830 — New-comers  op 
Each  Year — Alphabetical  Lists — Douglas  the  Botanist — Thomas 
Cohlter's  Visit— Morineau's  Memoir— Visit  of  Hall  J.  Kelley — 
John  Coulter's  Lies — Dana's  'Two  Years  before  the  Mast.' 


Overland  immigration  of  trappers  and  traders  into 
Calitornia  continued  to  some  extent  durinaf  1831-5. 
.Sevend  parties  came  in  by  the  Gila  routes  from  New 
^Icxico,  and  at  least  one  crossed  the  mountains  farther 
north,  as  the  companies  of  James  O.  Pattie  and  E\v- 
\m  Younaf  and  Jedediah  Smith  had  done  at  an  ear- 
iier  (late.^  The  subject  retains  all  its  fascination  and 
importance  of  the  preceding  period,  and  also,  unfor- 
tuuatcily,  its  meagreness  of  record.  Warner  and  Ni- 
(lever  furnished  me  in  their  personal  recollections 
most  interesting  and  valuable  information,  as  have 
other  immigrants  of  that  epoch  in  greater  or  less  de- 
tifri  0.  Bonneville  and  Joe  Meek  have  had  their  recol- 
lections recorded  by  the  pens  of  Irving  and  Victor. 
Statements  of  Joe  Walker  and  other  path-finding 
pioneers  have  found  their  way  more  or  less  fully  and 

'See  chnp.  vi.  of  this  vol.  on  overland  expeditions  of  1826-30. 
Hut.  Cal.,  Vol.  III.    25  (  38S  ) 


lit; 


3SG 


I'iONEERS  AND  FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


\m 


accurately  into  newspaper  print;  and  the  archives  intli- 
cate  from  time  to  time  the  presence  of  trapper  bands 
at  the  coast  settlements  or  in  the  interior  valleys. 
With  all  this,  the  record  is  neither  complete  nor  sat- 
isfactory in  all  respects,  and  there  is  little  likelihood 
that  it  can  ever  be  much  improved. 

In  the  autumn  of  1830,  William  Wolfskill  fitted 
out  a  company  in  New  Mexico  to  trap  in  the  o-ioat 
valleys  of  California.     He  was  a  Kentuckian  by  liiitli, 
thirty-two  years  of  age,  with  some  eight  years'  ex- 
perience of  trapping  and  trading  in  the  broad  territo- 
ries surrounding  Santa  Fe  from  the    north   to  tlio 
south-west.     He  had  l)een  a  partner  of  Ewing  Youii'^^ 
then  absent  in  California,  and  he  was  assisted  pecuni- 
arily in  this  enterprise  by  Hook,  a  Santa  Ee  tradt'i-. 
T  .ire  is  extant  neither  list  of  the  company  nor  diary 
of  the  trip;  but  the  expedition  took  a  route  consider- 
ably north  of  that  usually  followed,  left  Taos  in  Sep- 
tember, crossed  the   Colorado  into  the   great  basin, 
and  pressed  on  north- westwardly  across  the  Grande, 
Green,  and  Sevier  rivers,  then  southward  to  the  llio 
Virgen,  trapping  as  they  went.     It  seems  to  have 
been  the  intention  to  cross  the  mountains  betu  een 
latitudes  3G°  and  37°;  but  cold  weather,  with  symp- 
toms of  disorganization  in  the  company,  compelled 
the  leader  to  turn  southward  to  Mojave.     Thence  lie 
crossed   the    desert  westward,  and  arrived   at   Los 
Angeles  early  in  February  1831.     Here  the  party  was 
broken  up,  some  of  its  members  returning  to  Xew 
Mexico  a  few  months  after  their  arrival,  and  others 
remaining  in  California.     Of  the  latter  those  subse- 
quently best  known  as  residents  were,  besides  Wolfs- 
kill, George  C.  Yount  and  Lewis  Burton.     Of  tlio 
individuals  of  this  and  other  companies  I  shall  have 
more  to  say  later.'' 

'The  authorities  on  Wolfskill's  company  are  Wamfr'n  Remin.,  MS.,  .10- 
41,  C3-7;  aud  the  Stori/  of  an  Old  Pioneer  written  by  '  B.'  for  the  Wilmiii'jion 
Journal,  ISGC;  also  in  substance  in  the  S.  F.  Dulht'm  of  Dec.  17,  l^'S. 
Otlicr  newspaper  sketches  are  either  t.iken  from  these,  or  are  inacLurate. 
Other  members  of  the  party,  remaining  for  a  time  or  permanently  in  Culiior- 


I  ; 


JACKSON  AND  YOUNG. 


3S7 


The  next  expedition  to  be  noticed  came  al.-^^o  from 
Saiiui  Fo  under  the  command  of  David  E.  Jackson, 
fonuerly  a  partner  of  Sublette,  but  now  associated 
Avith  Young  and  Waldo.  He  left  Santa  Fu  in  Sep- 
tcinber  1831,  with  nine  hired  men  and  a  negro  slave. 
His  purpose  was  to  purchase  mules  in  California  for 
the  Louisiana  market,  and  he  brought,  besides  lettoi-s 
from  Young  and  Hook  to  Cooper,  a  largo  amount  of 
silver  for  that  purpose.  Coming  by  way  of  Santa 
Eita,  Tucson,  and  the  Gila,  he  reached  San  Diego  in 
November,  starting  on  his  return  in  February  1832. 

I  liave  several  of  his  letters  to  Captain  Cooper.  The 
only  member  of  Jackson's  party  who  is  known  to 
Lave  remained  in  California  was  J.  J.  Warner.^  It 
should  be  noted  that  some  members  of  all  these  early 
parties,  after  returning  to  New  ]\Iexico,  came  back  to 
live  in  California  in  later  years;  and  these  men  are 
accustomed  to  date  their  pioneership  from  the  year 
of  their  first  visit,  as  I  would  gladly  do  if  it  were  pos- 
siljlc  to  ascertain  the  names  and  dates. 

I'.wing  Y'^oung  started  on  his  second  trip  to  Califor- 
nia from  Taos  in  September  1831,  but  as  he  trapped 
tlio  C»ila  and  other  streams  on  the  way,  he  did  not 
ivacli  Los  Angeles  until  April  1832.  He  had  with 
liiiii  thirty  men,  most  of  whom,  with  Jackson's  party, 
Mi'i'o  soon  sent  back  to  Xew  Mexico  in  charge  of  the 
mules  and  horses  purchased,  not  so  many  as  the  part- 
in  is  had  hoped  to  obtain,  and  part  of  which  were  lo.st 
ill  lording  the  C  )lorado.  Owing  to  defective  traps, 
Young's  beaver  catch  had  not  been  large,  and  ho  re- 
solved to  retrieve  his  fortunes  by  a  hunt  in  California, 

nil,  w cic  Samuel  Shields,  Francis  Z.  Branch,  John  Rhea,  Zacariaa  Ham, 
i'l.iiii'iiiilo  Fourri,  Ba  otisto  St  CJermaia,  Bautista  Guerra,  and  Juan  L'H.ar. 
Ki  Jit  of  the  11  are  mentioned  under  date  of  April  1831,  in  Dtiit.  Uic,  !MS., 
ix.  !!.").  A  Mr  Cooper  la  named  in  the  Story,  c<c.,asoneof  the  company, 
Wliicli  fif  the  Coopers  is  not  apparent. 

'  lV//.,/o,  l>oc,  MS.,  XXX.  237,  241,  2S0;  xxxi.  4;   Warner's  Dcmin.,  MS., 

II  l"i,  4'_'-3.  There  are  2  or  3  men  in  the  arrivals  of  1831,  not  otherwise 
aemrnted  for,  who  may  have  come  with  Jackson  or  Wolfskill.  Such  aro 
l''iiiiiii,  (jilmon,  Cebet,  Romero,  and  Pardo.    There  are  many  newspaper  itcmj 

III  vliich  Warner's  arrival  this  year  is  mentioned,  with  no  details.  I've, 
lii-coikcliom,  MS.,  also  relates  from  memory  the  flttiug-out  of  Jackson's  party. 


S88 


PIONEERS  AND  FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


I 

i 


i1 


=  HI  III 


it-iif 


l:-  I 


m-l !' 


where  he  spent  several  years  before  going  to  Oregon. 
Eight  or  ten  of  his  men  also  remained,  prominent 
among  whom  were  Moses  Carson,  Isaac  Williams, 
Isaac  Sparks,  and  Job  F.  Dye.* 

In  the  winter  of  1832-3  another  party  arrived  from 
New  Mexico,  under  circumstances  nowheio  recorded, 
so  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  learn.  This  party,  the 
exact  date  of  whose  arrival  is  not  known,  included 
Joseph  Paulding,  Samuel  Carpenter,  William  Chard, 
and  Daniel  Sill."  There  are  half  a  dozen  other  men 
of  some  prominence  whose  arrival  is  accredited  to  this 
period,  and  some  of  whom  may  have  come  with  tliis 
company.  Such  were  Cyrus  Alexander  of  18;3'2; 
Lawrence  Carmichael,  Isaac  Graham,  and  Jact>b  P. 
Leese  of  1833 ;  and  Joseph  L.  Majors  of  1 834.«  Most 
of  these  men  were  well  known  in  California  a  little 
later;  but  of  their  coming  there  is  nothing  more  to 
be  said.  The  way  from  the  south-east,  notwithstand- 
ing the  natural  perils  of  the  desert  and  the  ever  im- 
minent danger  of  Apache  hostilities,  was  in  a  certain 
sense  an  open  one,  and  was  often  traversed  by  parties 
of  two  or  three  persons.     It  may  be  noted  in  this 


*  Dye,  in  his  Recollections  of  Cal. ,  a  MS.  written  for  me,  and  RerolhctlnM 
of  a  Pioiacr,  pnbliahed  iu  tlie  Sla  Cruz  Sentinel,  May  1,  Juno  10,  ISO'J,  jiivos 
a  complete  narrative  of  this  expedition,  with  many  interesting  details  <if  piT- 
sonal  adventure.  Other  authorities  are  Warner'-i  liemin.,  MS.,  1 1-'2I,  4;S-')I; 
Lot  Anijeles  Jlist.,  10;  Nidever's  Life  and  Adeen.,  MS.,  3G-7.  Warner luuiies 
as  those  who  remained  in  Cal.,  Carson,  Williams,  Sparks,  Andjrose  Toinliiisnn, 
Joseph  Dougherty,  Wm  Emerson,  and  Denton.  Dye  names  as  meinbeis  of 
the  company,  Moses  Carson,  Sparks,  Williams,  Dye,  Wm  Day,  Reiij.  I'ay, 
Sidney  Cooper,  Jos  Gale,  Jos  Dofit,  John  Higgins,  James  Green,  Cainhriilge 
Green,  James  Anderson,  Thomas  Low,  .Julian  Vargas,  Jos6  Tcforia,  and  Julm 
Price.  He  also  names  as  members  of  \\u  original  company  from  Arkniisas, 
whom  Nidover  represents  as  having  left  that  company  and  joined  Yomw:, 
I'leasant  Austin,  I'owell  Weaver,  .Tames  Bacey,  and  James  Wilkinson,  ll.ico 
is  added  by  Nidever.  Some  of  these  names  are  doubtless  erroneous.  -M<ist 
of  the  men  returned  to  N.  Mexico,  and  some  came  back  again.  The  two  1  'ays 
and  Price  at  any  rate  were  in  Cal.  a  few  years  later,  and  may  possibly  liavo 
remained  on  this  trip.  Both  Dye  and  Nidever  mention  the  nninlcr  of  Amlir- 
Bon  by  Cambridge  Green  in  Arizona,  for  M'hieh  Green  was  delivered  to  the 
authorities  at  Los  Angeles.     He  escaped  from  prison  some  time  later. 

•'•  AG'S  .4 h;/"/m ///«<.,  19,  Wanier  being  the  authority. 

'  Warner\'i  Remin.,  MS.,  58-Gl;  and  miscellaneous  records  of  indiyiJiml 
arrivals.  Wm  Ware  and  James  Craig  should  perhaps  be  named  iu  this  cyn- 
ncction. 


h 


BONNEVILLE'S  TRAPPERS.  389 

connection  that  John  Forstcr  came  up  from  Guaymaa 
to  Los  Angeles  by  land  in  1833,  guided  by  a  native  ^ 

Still  one  more  detachment  from  the  army  of  trap- 
pers in  the  great  basin  came  into  California  before 
1835,  and  this  time  by  a  northern  route  over  the  Si- 
crni.  The  general  operations  of  this  army  in  tlie 
l)io;id  interior,  and  the  summer  rendezvous  of  1832-3 
ill  the  Green  River  Valley,  have  been  described  by 
IivIihj:  in  his  narrative  of  Bonneville's  adventures. 
The  same  author  records  the  formation  of  a  company 
SL'iit  by  Captain  Bonneville  under  Joseph  Walker 
to  make  explorations  west  of  Great  Salt  Lake,  and 
devotes  a  chapter  to  the  adventures  of  that  company.' 
The  aim,  as  given  by  this  authority,  was  to  explore 
tlie  region  surrounding  the  lake,  the  extent  of  which 
liody  of  water  was  greatly  exaggerated  by  Bonneville. 
The  company  consisted  of  about  forty  men,  some  fif- 
teen of  whom  were  free  trappers."  The  start  from 
Green  River  was  in  July  1833,  and  after  hunting  a 
few  days  on  Bear  River,  they  went  on  to  the  region 
just  north  of  the  lake.  Whatever  may  have  been 
Walker's  original  intentions  or  instructions,  his  men 
eould  not  live  in  the  desert,  and  they  went  westward 
in  search  of  water,  which  was  found  in  the  head 
streams  of  the  Mary  or  Ogden  river,  since  called  the 
llumljoldt.  I  suppose  their  destination  from  the  first 
luiil  boon  California,  though  Bonneville  may  perhaps 
have  had  different  views;  at  any  rate  Walker's  men 

'•  Fomtcys  Pioneer  Data,  MS.,  10. 

*  I  mix/ s  Adventiurx  of  Bonneville,  184-8,  .3'24-4'2;  also  given  in  substance 
in  Wiin-vii's  Memoir,  in  J'dc.  U.  li.  Iiei>ls.,  xi.  pt  i.  p.  lU—l.  The  first  pub- 
lidln'il  iiuirative  of  this  expedition  was  in  the  JuucsliorotKjh,  Ti-.nn.,  Scntim I, 
iif  MaiLh  8,  1837,  a  brief  account  from  the  stiitcnient  of  iSteplien  Meek,  who 
iiinl  icturueil  to  Tennessee,  and  reprinted  in  Xiles'  lietjisttr,  of  March  23th, 
Vol,  Hi.  p.  ,")0. 

"'!{'().  Xidever,  Llfa  and  Adven.,  MS.,  was  one  of  these.  The  original 
compiuiy  of  about  40  under  Robert  IJean  had  left  Ft  Smith  in  May  ISIiO.  It 
iii'.luiled  tiraliaui,  Xaile,  Williams,  Price,  Leeae,  and  Dye.  It  was  divided 
!u  X.  Mex.  in  the  spring  of  IS.'Jl.  IJotii  Nidevcr  and  Dye  give  many  details 
ilowii  to  this  division,  and  N.  later.  Ho  says  notliiug  of  any  instruction  to 
Pxpl'  lo  the  lake,  but  states  that  Walker  when  joined  by  the  writer  was 
hound  fur  Cal. 


390 


PIONEERS  AND  FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


:?!,    I,': 


followed  the  Humboldt  down  to  its  sink.  There  was 
trouble  with  the  Indians  along  the  way,  respectiii"- 
which  the  exact  truth  can  hardly  be  known,  exeo|»t 
that  the  trappers'  conduct  was  dastardly,  thougli  tla  ir 
outrages  were  exaggerated  by  Bonneville  and  otlicio."^ 
From  the  Humboldt  sink  Walker's  men  crossed 
the  desert  and  the  Sierra  into  California  by  a  route 
about  which  there  is  much  uncertainty.  Said  Bon- 
neville to  Irving:  "  They  struck  directly  wcstwnid, 
across  the  great  chain  of  Californian  mountains. 
For  three  and  twenty  days  they  were  entangled 
among  these  mountains,  the  peaks  and  ridges  of 
which  are  in  many  places  covered  with  perpetual 
snow.  For  a  part  of  the  time  they  were  nearly 
starved;  at  length  they  made  their  way  tlir()UL;li 
them,  and  came  down  upon  the  plains  of  New  Cali- 
fornia. They  now  turned  toward  the  south,  and 
arrived  at  the  Spanish  village  and  post  of  Monterey." 
Stephen  Meek  tells  us  "they  travelled  now  four  days 
across  the  salt  plains,  when  they  struck  the  Califor- 
nian mountains,  crossing  which  took  fifteen  days,  and 
in  fourteen  days  more  they  reached  the  two  Laries"— 
Tulares — "killed  a  horse,  and  subsisting  on  the  same 
eleven  days,  came  to  the  Spanish  settlements."  Josepli 
Meek  is  represented  as  giving  the  route  somewhat 
definitely  westward  to  Pyramid  Lake,  up  the  Truekoe 
Biver,  and  across  the  mountains — by  the  present  rail- 
road line  very  neaily — into  the  Sacramento  Valley, 
and  thence  southward.  This  authority  also  states 
that  they  met  a  company  of  soldiers  out  hunting  for 
cattle-thieves  in  the  San  Jose  Valley,  and  were  taken 
as  prisoners  to  Monterey."  Finally  a  newspaper 
version,  founded  on  Walker's  own  statements,  and 
corroborated  to  some  extent  by  that  of  Nidever,  gives 
what  I  suppose  to  have  been  the  correct  route  from 
the  sink,  south-westward  by  what  are  now  Carson 


'"  For  some  details,  see  Hid.  Utah,  chap,  ii.,  this  scries. 
"  Vidor't  liiv.  Went.      And  Sebastian   Pcralta  witli  .1  party  of  voiiuou 

I  coiupiniy  of  so-culled  French  ti;i['in.M 
'11. 


from  S.  Jofa(?  did  meet  carl 3'  in  Nov 
bouuil  to  Monterey.  S.  Jom',  Arch,  ilS.,  v 


WALKER'S  VISIT. 


391 


lit  rail- 

^allcy, 
states 

n-4  for 
taken 

q)apei' 

,,  and 

o'ives 

Iroiu 

arson 


Lake  and  Walker  lake  and  river,  over  the  Sierra  near 
the  licad  waters  of  the  Merced,  and  down  into  the 
Sail  Joaquin  Valley." 

Whatever  the  route,  they  reached  Monterey  in  No- 
voiiiber  1833;  and  all  authorities  agree  that  with  fan- 
dangos and  aguardiente  they  passed  a  gay  winter  at 
the  capital;  though  somewhat  strangely  their  presence 
tlicvo  has  left  but  slight  traces  in  the  archives.''^ 
(jeorge  Nidever  and  John  Price  are  the  only  members 
(if  tlie  company  known  to  have  remained  in  California, 
though  Frazer  and  Moz  were  probably  of  this  party. 
Several  other  men  known  to  have  arrived  in  1833 
may  have  belonged  to  it,"  In  the  spring  Walker  with 
in(jst  of  his  men  started  to  return,  skirting  the  Sierra 
southward  and  discovering  Walker  Pass.  Thence 
they  kept  to  the  north-east,  and  by  a  route  not  exactly 
luiown,  rejoined  Bonneville  on  Bear  Piver  in  June 
1834.^^     That  officer  was  altogether   disgusted  with 

'-'  Biographical  sketches  of  Capt.  Jos  R.  Walker  in  Sonoma  Democrat, 
Xuv.  '!'),  1S7C;  ami  iii  S.  Jos6  Pioneer,  Sept.  1,  1877.  Thompson  of  the 
I><  iiiocrut  was  well  acquainted  with  Walker;  and  the  article  in  the  Pioneer 
\'.:is  fouiidcd  on  an  interview.  One  account  says  he  saw  Mono  Lake,  and  the 
ct'itr  that  he  discovered  Yoscmite.  On  Walker's  tombstone  is  an  inscrip- 
timi:  'Camped  at  Yosemito  Nov.  13,  1833.'  According  to  the  AoHCf^r,  '  liis 
r,:'.st  atti'uipt  to  descend  to  the  west  was  near  the  head  waters  of  the  Tuol- 
iiiimo,  wliich  he  found  impossible;  but  working  a  little  to  the  south-west  he 
i-a'iiili  tlui  waters  of  the  Merced.'  Nidever  states  that  they  came  down 
litv.oL'u  tlie  Merced  and  Tuolumne,  and  soon  arrived  at  Gilroy's  raneho. 

'■•  Tlic  only  allusions  to  Walker's  party  that  I  have  found  arc,  1st,  a  letter 
(I  Will  L.  Saunders  to  Walker  of  June  (Jan.?)  1,  183-4,  in  relation  to  a  bill 
;,.;;iiiist  S.  left  with  Capt.  Cooper  for  collection.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxi.  91 ; 
!i  111.  2cl,  John  Price's  petition  for  a  permit  to  remain,  in  which  he  is  said  to 
1. VI' come  with  Walker  late  in  1834.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Den.  C'ust.-IJ,,  MS., 
Vii.  I-.'OI], 

"A  writer  in  the  Sla  Criiz  Sentinel,  Juno  14,  1873,  names  John  Nidever. 
•I'hii  lloarde,  Tlios  Bond,  Daily,  Capt.  Merritt,  ^Vm  Ware,  and  Fran^oi.s 
1.:  j  nuL'SMC  as  having  come  with  Walker. 

'Irving  says  'they  passed  round  their  southern  extremity  [of  the  nioun- 
tuiiifj,  and  crossing  a  range  of  low  hills,  found  themselves  in  tlie  sandy  plains 
p  nil  'if  Ogdcn's  River;  in  traversing  which  they  ugaiii  sulfcred  grievously  for 
v.aut  uf  water.'  Two  Mexicans  had  joined  the  trappers  on  their  return,  and 
{.l.i  ily  aided  in  their  atrocities.  Stephen  Meek  says  they  '  left  on  April  hst, 
i.id  ill  10  days  struck  the  snow  bank  on  the  south  side  of  the  Salt  or  Califor- 
1  ia  iiinuntaiu.  Befox'c  reaching  the  plains  on  tlic  north  side  of  tlie  monn- 
1  ill.  tliey  had  to  leave  30  horses,  9  mules,  and  25  cattle  in  the  snow.  In  the 
f  ■'  '  jiart  of  May,  reached  St.  Mary's  River,' and  July  4th  the  Bear  River. 
\^  ii:  r>  11  say.s  the  return  route  was  nearly  that  of  Fremont  in  1842,  known  as 
t  ."  Sta  J'Y'  trail  to  California.  Finally  Joseph  Meek  carries  his  party  to  the 
t.'lurailo,  down  to  the  Gila,  back  to  Bill  Williams  Fork,  across  to  the  Colo- 


*!'"■ 


!'■  ■ 


802 


PIONEERS  AND  FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


such  details  of  "this  most  disgraceful  expedition"  as 
he  had  patience  to  he'T.  "Had  he  exerted  a  little  of 
the  lynch  law  of  the  wilderness,"  says  Irving,  "and 
handed  these  dexterous  horsemen  in  their  own  laiios. 
it  would  but  have  been  a  well  merited  and  salutary  act 
of  retributive  justice.  The  failure  of  this  expedition 
was  a  blow  to  his  pride,  and  a  still  greater  blow  to  liis 
purse.  The  Great  Salt  Lake  still  remained  unex- 
plored; at  the  same  time  the  means  furnished  so  lib- 
erally to  fit  out  this  favorite  expedition  had  all  been 
squandered  at  Monterey" — so  infinitely  more  ini[ior- 
tant  was  it  to  explore  the  desert  lake  than  to  cross  tho 
continent  1 


U' !  ;■. 


lN!;i 


r.?i,r 


'^v.\ 


I  have  thus  mentioned  all  the  parties  of  trappers 
known  to  have  entered  California  in  this  period,  ex- 
cept those  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Comp^^ny  from  the 
north,  respecting  whose  presence  I  find  only  a  few- 
vague  allusions.  Warner  tells  us  that  Young,  in  the 
autumn  of  1832,  found  the  San  Joaquin  ahoudy 
hunted,  and  on  American  Fork  met  Michel  with  a 
large  force  of  Hudson's  Bay  Company  trappers.  In 
March  1833  John  Work  applied  to  Figueroa  f^ir  a 
permit  to  get  supplies  for  his  trappers,  and  in  April 
Padre  Gutierrez  at  Solano  complained  of  the  presence 
of  forty  men  at  Suisun  calling  themselves  hunteis, 
but  willing  to  buy  stolen  cattle,  and  otherwise  chs- 
posed  to  corrupt  the  neophytes.^"  Kelley  on  his  way 
to  Oregon  in  the  autumn  of  1834  was  overtaken  by 
Laframboise  and  party  coming  from  tho  south.  In 
June  1835  it  was  reported  that  the  trappers  had 
their  headquarters  upon  an  island  formed  by  the 
Sacramento  and  Jesus  Maria  rivers;  and  in  Noveiii- 

rado  Chiquito  antl  Moqui  towns,  and  thence  north  to  the  starting-point,  aoci  )in- 
panicd  most  of  tho  way  by  a  large  party  of  hunters  nnder  Frapp  and  Jcr\;iia! 
i«  March  18,  1833,  Work  to  Figueroa.  March  20th,  0  bcaver-liuiitcis  :it 
Solano  desiring  leave  to  visit  S.  F.  Dc/.t.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  101-'2.  Apr.  Ttli, 
P.  Gutierrez  to  F.  Id.,  iii.  111.  Warner,  Iternbi.,  MS.,  47,  says  that  be- 
tween 1832  and  1840  Frapp,  Breager,  and  Fitzpatrick  of  the  llocUy  Mouiitiiiu 
Fur  Co.  each  camo  to  Cal.  with  a  party  of  trappers.  See  Hid.  2iortlnvi.it 
Coast,  this  series. 


THE  BEAVER-HUNTERS. 


bor,  Laframboise,  the  leader  of  the  beaver-hunters, 
was  warned  by  Coniandante  Vallejo  at  Sonoma  to 
suspend  his  operations.^^ 

Over  thirty  hunters  had  been  added  to  the  popula- 
tion of  California  by  the  expeditions  that  have  been 
mentioned,  and  most  of  them  resorted  to  huntini^nnd 
trapping  as  a  means  of  living,  for  some  years  at  least. 
This  they  did  with  and  without  license,  with  their 
own  license  or  with  that  of  another,  separately  or  in 
bands  of  foreign  comrades  or  in  partnership  with 
Californians  and  Mexicans,  and  paying  taxes  when 
they  could  not  avoid  it.^^  Wolfskill  on  his  arrival 
associated  himself,  as  did  Yount,  with  the  earlier 
coiners,  Prentice,  Pryor,  and  Laughlin.  He  built  a 
seliooner  at  San  Pedro,  and  in  her  hunted  otter  up 
and  down  the  coast  in  1832.  Being  a  Mexican 
citizen,  with  a  passport  from  the  governor  of  New 
Mexico,  he  was  able  to  get  a  license,  but  he  soon 
abandoned  the  business  to  become  a  settler.  Ewing 
Young,  with  Warner  and  others,  also  engaged  in  otter- 
hunting  for  a  time  in  1832,  building  two  canoes  at  San 
Pedro  with  the  aid  of  a  ship-carpenter;  and  with  these 

"  Villi,  jo,  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  55,  81.  The  Columbia-river  trappers  antl  traders 
usuiilly  retired  in  summer  northward,  to  return  in  Sept.  \'aIlcjo  speaks  of 
orders  of  the  govt  made  known  to  Laframboise  the  year  befoi-e  against  taking 
beiivcr;  but  in  a  spirit  of  hospitality  be  offered  to  permit  a  temporary  en- 
oam|iiueiit  at  Sonoma,  otherwise  the  Frenchman  must  retire  witliin  '2-i  lioura 
or  be  treated  as  a  smuggler. 

'"  in  liis  report  to  the  min.  of  rel.  on  June  7,  1831,  Victoria  complains  that 
lie  is  unable  to  prevent  foreigners  from  reaping  all  the  profits  of  the  fur  trade. 
For  M  aiit  of  a  vessel  he  could  not  prevent  tr.iudulent  hunting  at  the  islands, 
and  the  interior  was  overrun  by  foreigners  who  cared  nothing  for  law. 
i>'!'t.  7iVc.,  MS.,  ix.  135-6.  A.  B.  Thompson's  arrest  and  the  seizure  of  hia 
Vessel  at  S.  P.  have  been  already  noticed.  Pryor,  Prentice,  Lewis,  and 
A\liit(!were  accused  of  complicity  with  Thompson,  and  the  confiscation  of 
tliiir  Ijoat  and  goods  was  ordered  in  Sept.  1833.  Monterry,  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  29- 
aO;  l)r,,i.  St.  Pap.,  Dm.  Pnf.  y  Jiiz(/.,  MS.,  iii.  24-5.  In  July  1833  Figue- 
roa  siiy.s  that  vessels  have  taken  otter  in  notorious  violation  of  law  of  nations, 
aiiil  Mkli  craft  must  be  seized.  S.  Diego,  Arch.,  MS.,  2.  18.34,  a  legal  argu- 
ment citing  authorities  on  eminent  domain  in  the  matter  of  taking  otter.  Doc, 
lll'i.  Vnl.,  MS.,  i.  184,  1.34.  April  10,  18.34,  the  Russian  colonial  gov. 
rejiiivteil  that  sea-otter  and  beaver  would  soon  be  exterminated  by  Americans, 
«itli  the  aid  of  Indians,  in  violation  of  Mexican  laws.  ZavcdiMn ,  J)elo  o 
Ko'mihj  Ross,  9.  Alfred  Robinson,  Statement,  MS.,  18-20,  gives  some  details 
nhfMit  otter-hunting  during  this  period.  So  does  Wm  H.  Davis,  Glimpses, 
^i''>.,  passim. 


•  '  II 


li 


394 


PIONEERS  AND  FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


I  :^ii 


canoes,  a  yawl,  and  two  kanakas,  they  visited  Point 
Concepcion  and  the  channel  islands.  Soon,  how- 
ever, they  startetl  inland  with  a  larger  party  to 
trap  on  Kings  River  in  October.  In  1833  Youn^^ 
trapped  up  to  Klamath  Lake  and  back,  then  made  a 
short  trip  to  the  Gila  and  Colorado,  and  went  to 
Oregon  with  horses  in  1834.  He  lived  and  died  in 
Oregon,  making  several  visits  to  California  to  buy 
live-stock  in  later  years.  The  presence  of  'Joaquin 
J6ven'  and  his  hunters  is  noted  in  the  archives." 
George  Nidever  with  Yount  at  first  hunted  on  the 
north  side  of  San  Francisco  Bay  and  at  the  mouth 
of  the  San  Joaquin,  and  later  with  Sill  and  otliers 
on  the  southern  coast  and  Santa  Bdrbara  islands 
under  Captain  Dana's  license.'**'  This  hunting  under 
another's  license  was  a  common  method  of  evadini^-  the 
spirit  of  the  laws,  and  avoiding  inconvenient  dehiys; 
and  it  was  profitable  to  the  holder  of  the  document, 
who  exacted  a  large  percentage  of  the  skins  talven, 
having  it  in  his  power  to  effect  a  confiscation  of  all  in 
case  of  non-compliance  with  his  demands.  Job  ]Jyo 
represents  himself  as  having  lost  five  months'  time 
and  all  the  skins  he  had  taken,  by  venturing-  to 
question  Don  Roberto  Pardo's  system  of  dividing'  the 
spoils.'*^  He  later  hunted  in  partnership  with  the 
padre  of  San  Luis  Obispo,  and  then  made  a   tii|) 


rii^-':: 


■lit"  1  '■  ■ 


''Elsewhere  in  this  chapter  I  notice  Young's  departure  for  Oregon,  witli 
HallJ.  KcUey.  Oct. -Nov.  1833,  a  party  of  S.  Jos6  vecinos  out  in  .soiucli  «f 
stolen  horses  met  JcJven'a  party  in  tlic  valley,  and  recovered  '27  .■iniinids, 
thougli  there  were  many  more  which  ho  would  not  give  up.  Youni,'  nh-y 
visited  S.  Jose  with  4  of  his  men.  The  S.  Jose  party,  under  Sebastian  lVr:ilt:i, 
killed  '2'2  Moquelumnea  on  this  expedition.  S.  Jos6,  Arch.,  v.  27;  V'j'f-  ■'^'^ 
Pap.,  Ben.  Pre/,  y  Jttzfj.,  MS.,  v.  4')-().  In  Juno  1835  Vallcjo  writes  tliiit  7 
foreign  fugitives  from  Monterey  had  passe  I  on  toward  the  Cohnnhia  witli 
stolen  horses.  One  named  Oliver  was  found  sick  at  Suisun,  and  said  his  cuiii- 
panions  had  gone  on  to  join  Joaquin  Joven.    VaUrjo,  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  oo. 

'"Brown,  Narrative,  MS.,  27-8,  mentions  the  operations  of  Yoimt  and 
Nidever  in  S.  F.  Bay.  Capt.  Cooper  and  other  foreigners  got  license  s  to 
hunt  in  18.3;i-4,  on  condition  that  not  over  one  third  of  their  crows  should  lio 
forcignei's;  but  on  one  occasion  Castro  and  Estrada  were  authorized  to  coin- 
plete  their  crews  with  foreign  sailors.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  70,  lU-5, 
157-8,  107,  187-9;  VaUejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxi.  3,  18. 

*'In  1831  Victoria  revoked  Ortega's  license  h  cause  he  allowed  foreigners 
to  hunt  under  it.  Dept.  llec,  MS.,  ix.  1,  42,  80-1. 


HEW  MEXICAN  TRADERS. 


SOS 


[  l^yo 

tiino 

in-     t() 

li   tlio 

i   trip 

iii;i!s, 

tll.SD 

■  j.l.  St. 


mt  and 

;n^i.-s  to 

ti)  cum- 
141-"), 

■•cii'iiura 


down  the  coast  with  Mcintosh.  Meanwhile  Burton, 
Sparks,  and  others  made  a  not  very  successful  trip  to 
the  peninsular  coasts  in  the  Feor  es  Nada. 

Another  phase  of  overland  communication  demands 
passinj^  notice.  New  Mexicans  of  Spanish  hlood 
caino  like  the  foreigners  by  the  Colorado  routes  to 
Calitbrnia,  where  as  a  rule  they  had  a  bad  reputation. 
They  came  ostensibly  for  purposes  of  trade,  bartering 
sarapes  and  blankets  for  mules  and  horses;  ^^  but  they 
wire  suspected  with  much  reason  of  driving  away 
stolen  as  well  as  purchased  animals,  of  inciting  the 
neophytes  to  steal,  and  even  of  being  in  league  with 
gentile  bands  of  the  Tulares.  Complaints  were  fre- 
quent during  1831-5,  but  it  was  in  1833  that  the 
greatest  excitement  was  felt,  as  indicated  by  contem- 
j)orary  correspondence.  Early  in  January,  the  ayun- 
tauiiento  of  Los  Angeles  passed  strong  resolutions  on 
the  subject,  and  forbade  the  purchase  of  any  animal 
without  the  intervention  of  some  local  jucz;^^  and  an 
attempt  was  made  to  enforce  the  rule  and  punish  of- 
feiKJers,  with  Figueroa's  authority  and  support.  Par- 
ties of  armed  vecinos,  under  various  jueces  del  campo, 

^-  There  were  of  course  legitimate  traders,  and  a  few  Xew  ^Mexicans  be- 
c:iino  iiunnanent  and  respectable  citizens  of  California.  On  tbo  overland  trade 
I  qiiotu  from  tbe  Loii  Amjekn,  Hid.,  18:  '  Witli  Mr  Wolfskill's  party  tliero 
uoit;  a  number  of  Xew  ^Icxicans,  some  of  whom  had  taken  sarapes  and 
fra/adas  with  them  for  the  purpose  of  trading  them  to  the  Indians  in  cxchanj,'o 
fur  1  leaver  skins.  On  their  arrival  in  Cal.  they  advantageously  disposed  of 
tliL'ii-  blankets  to  the  ranchcros  in  exchange  for  mules.  The  appearance  of 
these  mules  in  New  Mexico,  owing  to  their  large  size  compared  with  those  at 
that  time  used  in  the  Missouri  and  Sta  Fti  trade,  and  their  very  line  form,  as 
well  as  the  price  at  which  they  had  been  bought  in  barter  for  blankets,  caused 
quito  a  sensation,  out  of  which  sprung  up  a  trade  carried  on  by  means  of  cara- 
vans or  pack-animals,  which  flourished  for  some  10  or  12  years.  These  cara- 
vans reached  Cal.  yearly.  They  brought  the  woollen  fabrics  of  New  Mexico, 
and  carried  back  mules,  silk,  and  other  Chinese  goods.  Los  Angeles  was  the 
ci'iitral  point  in  Cal.  of  this  trade.  Coming  by  the  northern,  or  Green  and 
\  I'rgcn  river  routes,  the  caravans  came  through  the  Cajon  l*ass  and  reached 
Los  Angeles.  From  thence  they  scattered  themselves  over  the  country  from 
!S.  1  )iego  to  S.  Jos(5  and  across  the  bay  to  Sonoma  and  S.  Rafael.  Having 
bavtered  and  disposed  of  the  goods  brought,  and  procured  such  as  they  wished 
ti)  carry  back  and  what  mules  they  could  drive,  they  concentrated  at  Loa 
Aiyuks  for  their  yearly  return.' 

'^Los  Anyeks,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  8C-7. 


'H 


396 


PIONEERS  AND  FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


scoured  the  country  to  seize  all  animals  for  which  no 
proper  bills  of  sale  could  be  shown,  at  the  same  time 
arrestinj^  offenders;  and  though  the  main  success  was 
in  covering  much  paper  with  ink,  yet  Antonio  AviJa 
succeeded  in  restoring  a  large  band  of  mules  sUAcn 
from  San  Luis  Obispo  mission,  and  in  arresting  one 
or  two  parties  of  New  Mexicans,  including  Juan  do 
Jesus  Villapando,  or  'Chino  Pando,'  the  leading  cul- 
prit, who  soon  broke  jail  and  escaped  to  New  jMux- 
Other  parties  were  pursued  unsuccessfully,  hut 


ico 


all  had  the  effect  to  open  the  eyes  of  the  authorities 
to  the  extensive  thieving  operations  going  on.  Au 
appeal  was  sent  to  the  governor  of  New  Mexico,  who 
was  informed  by  Figueroa  that,  so  general  had  become 
the  outrages  committed,  "every  man  coming  from 
that  territory  is  believed  to  be  an  adventurer  and  a 
thief"  Legal  proceedings  were  instituted  against 
Villapando  at  Santa  Fe,  and  against  the  parties  ar- 
rested in  California,  most  of  whom  escaped  from  the 
jail,  and  a  grand  military  expedition  was  sent  out  under 
Alferez  Dtlmaso  Rodriguez  against  the  robbers.  The 
exact  result  is  not  known,  for  little  appears  on  the 
subject  after  1833.  It  is  probable  that  the  archive 
record  is  incomplete,  but  also  that  this  New  Mexican 
branch  of  industry  was  subsequently  conducted  on  a 
smaller  scale  and  with  more  caution.-* 


I 


'♦March  10,  1831,  gov.  to  com.  of  Sta  Bdrbara  on  the  complaints  ho  has 
received.  Dept.  L'ec,  MS.,  ix.  5-6.  April,  arrival  at  Angeles  of  a  caravan 
of  30  imder  Antonio  San  Estdvan.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Pre/,  y  Jiizg.,  MS,, 
iii.  52.  Avila and  Lugo  sent  out  after  thieves.  Id.,  Angefen,  i.  102-4,  IIJ-IU; 
Avila,  Xotas,  MS.,  9-10.  AflFairs  of  Jan.-March  1833,  including  complaints 
of  padres  and  vecinos,  official  correspondence,  results  of  expeditions,  and  legal 
proceedings.  Nuevo  Mexico,  Expediente  de  Abigeato,  1833,  MS.  Similar 
papers  in  Loa  Angeles,  Arch.,  iv.  73;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Angeles,  MS.,i.  109;  xi. 
3-4.  Jan.  21,  1834,  a  party  arrives  from  N.  Mexico  with  1,645  sarapes,  ^M 
blankets,  171  coverlets,  and  4  tirutas — claiming  exemption  from  taxes  iimler 
a  decree  of  1830.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.,  MS.,  ii.  16.  Feb.  4th,  Elwell  writes 
Hartnell  that  125  New  Mexicans  have  come  to  buy  mules;  and  will  probahly 
steal  what  they  can  not  buy.  Vallejo,  Doc.,  MS.,  xxxi.  64.  Feb.  21st.  gov. 
of  N.  Mexico  is  proceeding  against  Villapando.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Angeles,  MS., 
xi.  15.  April  3d,  part  of  Jo8<S  Antonio  Aveita's  company  bound  for  the  Tu- 
lares  and  must  be  arrested.  Id.,  Ben.  Mil.,  Ixxxviii.  17-18.  JulySOtli,  P. 
Abella  complains  of  the  N.  Mexicans  staying  at  his  mission  and  selling  liquor 
to  the  Indians.  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  v.  pt  ii.  6. 


TREATMENT  OF  STRANGERS. 


397 


Overland  immigration  being  thus  disposed  of,  I 
liavo  to  notice  briefly  several  general  topics  of  foreign 
relations.  Californians  were  as  a  rule  favorably  dis- 
posed toward  foreigners  in  these  years,  tliere  being 
doubtless  less  prejudice  against  them  in  the  minds  of 
citizens  than  against  the  Mexicans.  The  benefits  they 
liad  conferred  in  past  years,  and  were  still  conferring 
commercially,  were  appreciated  both  by  citizens  and 
authorities,  while  the  harm  they  were  doing  and  likely 
to  do  troubled  the  latter  much  more  than  the  former, 
and  not  even  them  very  seriously.  Notwithstanding 
the  irregularities  committed  by  the  trappers  and  de- 
serters, foreigners  were  not  discouraged  by  illiberal 
n^gulations  and  restrictions  from  settling  in  the  coun- 
try; while  citizenship,  wives,  and  lands  were  easily 
ol)tained  by  those  whose  conduct  was  regular.  New- 
comers had  to  comply  with  certain  formalities,  and 
they  were  occasionally  reminded  that  they  were  under 
surveillance,  but  no  cases  of  oppression  are  recorded."^^ 

'''April  9,  1831,  gov.  to  alcalde  of  Angeles.  The  8  persona  just  arrived 
iims'tiiiake  the  declarations  required  by  law  of  May  1,  1828,  and  give  bonds 
for  g(i(xl  conduct,  after  ■which  cartas  de  aeguridcul  will  be  granted.  Dept. 
llic,  il8.,  ix.  95-0.  In  Fomter'a  Pioneer  Data,  MS.,  appen.,  is  a  carta  de 
fi'ijiiriilad  issued  to  Juan  Forster  by  the  vice-president  to  travel  for  one  year 
ill  the  republic.  It  is  a  printed  blank  filled  out  with  name,  dated  April  4, 
ISS'J,  and  numbered  1031.  Sept.  23,  1831,  form  of  oath  required  from  a 
I'oitujrueae  for  naturalization.  2)ept.  Bee,  MS.,  ix.  114.  Nov.  8,  1832,  six 
fortiu'iiurs  from  whale-ships  are  on  their  way  to  S.  Joa6.  They  must  be  ar- 
icsti'd  and  sent  to  Monterey.  S.  Jost!,  Arch.,  MS.,  ii.  59.  Jan.  1833,  art.  9 
of  M(jiiterey  nmnicipal  laws.  Foreigners  on  entering  or  leaving  town  must 
show  tlieir  passports.  Deft.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  100.  April  18.33,  Figueroa  is 
requested  to  remove  from  Solano  to  Monterey  3  turbulent  and  anti-catholic 
foioiu'iicrs.  Id.,  iii.  116.  Nov.  18,  18.33,  F.  issues  strict  orders  prohibiting 
fuixigiit'vs  from  hunting.  Patrols  must  be  sent  out  monthly,  and  all  ofTenders 
uri'cstcil  and  treated  as  smugglers.  Hunters  who  are  Mex.  citizens  must 
havu  a  license.  Sta  Cruz,  Arch.,  MS.,  95;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Mont.,  MS.,  ii. 
82:  I'l.,  Ben.  Mil,  Ixxix.  16-17.  May  17,  1834,  F.  submits  to  asesor 
flai'cia  Diego's  question  if  foreigners  wishing  to  marry  Cal.  girls  must  have 
tlio  j.'i'fo'8  permission,  as  required  by  Victoria.  Id.,  iii.  148.  June  21st, 
dip.  considers  the  question  if  married  and  land-owning  foreigners  must 
ni'l  ill  community  work  of  the  pueblos.  Leg.  Bee,  MS.,  ii.  127-8.  July 
2dth,  none  of  the  foreigners  at  Sta  B.  have  cartas  or  certificates.  Dei^t. 
St.  Pup.,  Ka.,  xix.  33.  Nov.  9th,  all  foreigners  on  ranches  must  appear 
before  alcalde.  Foreigners  without  passes  and  fugitive  sailors  to  be  ar- 
rested. M.,  Ben.  Pre/.  yJtizij.,  iv.  33-4;  Id.,  Cmt.-IL,  iii.  14.  Nov.  22d, 
Americans  at  Los  Angeles  protest  against  being  obliged  to  do  military  service, 
except  in  case  of  an  emergency,  being  protected  by  treaty  between  U.  S. 
and  Mexico.  Id.,  Los  Angeles,  MS.,  i.  154-6.  July  12,  1835,  F.  instructs  the 
alcalde  of  S.  Diego  about  the  steps  to  be  taken  by  Thos  Ridington  or  any 


! 


111: 


1    I 


I     I 


ir 


893 


PIONEERS  AND  FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


•Ji) 


The  tlaninrer  of  tonitorial  cncroaclimont  by  foroinn- 
crs  was  not  in  those  years  regarded  as  very  threaten- 
ini^  in  Cahfornia.  True,  it  was  sometimes  alluded  to 
by  governor  and  congressmen,  but  less  often  and  liss 
earnestly  than  might  be  accounted  for  by  the  facttliat 
it  was  the  stronq^est  argument  that  could  be  urged  in 
pleas  for  attention,  aid,  and  protection  from  the  su- 
preme government.  Thus  Cdrlos  Carrillo,  in  his  ;ir 
gument  for  mission  occupation  of  the  north  in  18;] 
urjxed  that  the  natural  wealth  of  California  was  be- 
coming  well  known  to  the  world;  and  there  weru 
j)ower8  that  recognized  no  right  of  domain  not  founded 
on  actual  possession — a  threatening  circumstance  for 
that  part  of  California  north  of  San  Francisco  Bay. 
Victoria  in  the  same  year  announced  a  doubtful  rumor 
that  the  Americans  were  trying  to  found  an  establish- 
ment in  the  Tulares,  informing  the  minister  of  war 
that  he  would  prevent  the  entry  of  these  foreigners 
without  compromising  the  national  dignity.''^  Figue- 
roa's  instructions  of  1852  required  that  no  obstacles  bo 
put  in  the  way  of  foreigi^ers  desiring  to  settle  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  colonization  laws,  and  especially 
that  a  projected  colonization  scheme  of  Henry  Y'w- 
mond  at  Sonoma — about  which  nothing  more  is  known 
— be  aided;  yet  the  government  also  recommended 
especial  care  that  not  more  than  one  third  of  the  in- 
habitants of  any  settlement  should  be  foreigners,  and 
attached  great  importance  to  the  foundation  of  fron- 
tier posts,  and  the  strict  maintenance  of  Mexican  su- 
premacy up  to  latitude  42°,  the  limit  fixed  by  treaty 
with  the  TJjjiled  States. ^^  Figueroa's  efforts  in  this 
direction  have  already  been  noted;  but  in  his  report  of 

other  foreigner  desiring  naturalization.  1.  He  must  prove  that  he  came  le- 
gally to  Cal.  2.  Apply  to  the  ayunt.,  his  original  application  being  rctiiincd 
in  the  archives  and  he  receiving  a  certified  copy.  3.  He  must  appear  before 
the  district  judge  and  prove  that  he  is  a  catholic,  a  good  citizen,  and  lias  a 
trade  by  which  to  gain  a  living.  4.  An  expediente  of  all  these  steps  imJ 
documents  must  be  presented  to  the  gefe  pol.  /J.  Diego,  Arch.,  MS.,  49,  56; 
Hayes,  Doe.,  MS.,  22. 

'■"^  Carrillo,  Exposieion,  8. 

"  jSIay  6,  1831,  V.  to  min,  of  war.  Dept.  Sec.,  MS.,  ix.  129-30. 

^^Figueroa,  Instrucciones,  MS.,  n.  35-6. 


SCHEMES  OP  EXCROAf  HMENT. 


300 


Ai)iil  1833  ho  made  some  very  serious  charges  af^ainst 
ioivign  residents.  Not  only  did  these  adventurers 
hunt  and  trap  in  defiance  of  the  laws,  but  they  took 
advantage  of  their  hunting  expeditions  as  a  ])retext 
to  explore  the  whole  country  and  conciliate  the  gen- 
tiles, giving  at  the  same  time  bad  advice  to  citizens, 
and  all  with  the  intention,  or  under  the  guidance  of 
men  who  had  the  intention,  of  eventually  seizing  this 
part  of  the  republic.**  The  Russians  and  Americans 
were  chiefly  feared;  and  the  former  were  somewhat 
more  alarmed  about  the  ambitious  views  of  the  Yankees 
than  were  the  Californians  themselves,  being  in  fact 
tlio  parties  most  directly  interested;  though,  as  we 
have  seen,  Californian  ambition  on  the  part  of  Russia 
was  confined  to  a  very  few  individuals.  Zavalishin 
staccs  that  repeated  warnings  were  given  in  Russian 
rcports.^^ 

X'^oyagers  to  California  had  frequently  spoken  and 
written  of  its  natural  advantages  and  its  great  pros- 
pective value  as  a  national  possession,  and  they  had 
also  pointed  out  clearly  the  ease  with  which  it  might 
ho  wrested  from  Spain  or  Mexico.  But  while  indi- 
vidual foreigners  probably — Americans  and  Russians 
certainly — thought  and  spoke  of  the  time  when  Cali- 
fornia might  belong  to  their  respective  countrymen,''^ 
I  doubt  if  any  scheme  of  encroachment  had  yet  taken 
definite  form  in  the  councils  of  any  nation.  There  was, 
however,  a  proposition  for  the  purchase  of  northern 

'■^^'Vpril  12,  18.33,  F,  to  min  of  war.  St.  Pap.,  Mm.  and  Colon.,  MS.,  ii. 
30!?  -i.  Ill  March  P.  Gutierrez  of  Solano  had  complained  of  danrjers  to  bo  ap- 
pi'cliciHlcd  from  foreign  settlers  on  lands  in  that  region,  but  tliis  was  with  a 
view  to  local  mission  interests  rather  than  those  of  the  nation.  Dcpt.  St.  Pap., 
JIS.,  iii.  101-2.  June  6,  1834,  F.  sends  to  Mex.  an  account  of  tlie  foreign- 
ers in  Cal. — document  not  extant — but  beliuvcb  the  number  to  be  raally  mucli 
greater  than  appears,  since  many  are  not  registered.  Id.,  iii.  139. 

^"^  Zavcdishin,  Delo  o  Koloniy  lioss,  13-14.  The  Kussian  American  governor 
in  April  1834  mentioned  the  coming  of  1G3  arm-jd  Americans  with  their 
families  to  settle,  and  Baron  Wrangefl,  in  a  report  of  his  mission  to  Mexico, 
stated  that  the  tj.  S.  minister  had  openly  said,  'Oh,  this  part  of  California, 
vo  \\ ill  not  lose  sight  of.  We  hare  parties  there  who  gather  and  forward  all 
possible  information;  and  the  time  is  not  far  off  when  northern  California 
will  come  into  our  confederation.' 

''MorrcU,  in  his  Narrative,  published  in  1832,  draws  in  print  a  glowing 
picture  of  CaL  as  it  would  be  under  the  nile  of  the  U.  S. 


400 


riONEERS  AND  FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


i   ' 


California  by  the  United  States  during  the  adniinis- 
tration  of  General  Jackson.  August  G,  1835,  Forsyth, 
secretary  of  state,  wrote  to  Butler,  charge  d'affaires 
in  Mexico,  "it  having  been  represented  to  the  president 
that  the  port  of  St  Francisco,  on  the  western  coast  of 
the  United  Mexican  States,  would  be  a  most  desirable 
place  of  resort  for  our  numerous  vessels  engaged  in 
the  whaling  business  in  the  Pacific,  far  preferable  to 
any  to  whicii  they  now  have  access,  he  has  directed 
that  an  addition  should  be  made  to  your  instructions 
relative  to  the  negotiations  for  Texas.  The  main  ob- 
ject is  to  secure  within  our  limits  the  whole  bay  of  St 
Francisco.  If  you  can  induce  the  Mexican  government 
to  agree  to  any  line  whicli  will  effect  this,  you  are  au- 
thorized tooffer  a  sum  of in  addition  to  tlK)  sum  you 

were  directed  to  offer,  etc.  You  are  to  endeavor  first 
to  obtain  the  following  boundary,  which  is  considered 
the  most  eligible:  Beginning  at  the  gulf  of  Mexico, 
proceetl  along  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Rio  Bravo  del 
Norte  to  the  37th  parallel  of  latitude,  and  thence  along 
that  parallel  to  the  Pacific.  This  line  may  probably 
be  supposed  to  approacli  too  near,  if  not  to  include,  the 
Mexican  settlement  of  Monterey.  If  this  objection 
should  be  urged,  you  can  obviate  it  by  explaining  that 
we  have  no  desire  to  interfere  with  the  actual  settle- 
ments of  Mexico  on  that  coast,  and  you  may  agree  to 
any  provision  effecting  the  great  object  of  securing  the 
bay  of  St  Francisco,  and  excluding  Monterey  and  tlio 
territory  in  its  immediate  neighborhood."^^  The  sum 
offered  is  given  by  some  authorities  as  $5,000,000.  The 
reply  of  the  Mexican  government  has  eluded  my  seaich, 
l)ut  Dwinelle  tells  us  that  the  proposition  was  favora- 
l)ly  received,  and  would  have  been  accepted  had  it 
not  been  for  the  efforts  of  British  diplomates.  " 


33 


ill  !   ;  tl-ii 


Hr 


'^U.  S.  Govt.  Doc,  2r)th  cong.,  Ist  scss.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  No.  42;  Connm- 
aioiinl  Di hates,  xiv.,  appeiul  ,  p.  131;  South.  Quart.  Rev.,  xv.  93-4. 

^^  Bwiiielle'x  yltWctw  hi'fore  Pioiiecrfi,  p.  19.  In  tho  South,  Quart.  Hev.,  viii. 
197,  it  is  stated  Lliat  Forsytli  offereil  8.'),000,000  'for  the  whole  couiitiy  i<i 
California.'  In  Xilen'  lletjhter,  Ixviii.  211  (1845),  is  quoted  from  the  Lomlon 
Timea  the  statemeut  that  $5,000,000  was  oifered  'for  the  port  of  Son  Frauuitiuo, 


SPANIAIIDS  AS  FOREIGNERS. 


401 


Forbes  has  a  chapter  on  'Upper  CaHfornia  consid- 
oix'cl  as  a  field  for  foreii^n  colonization,'  written  as 
oiirly  as  1835,  though  published  later.  Ho  is  enthu- 
siastic in  praise  of  the  natural  advantages  of  the 
foi.iitry;  but  while  he  deprecates  the  Mexican  re- 
strictive policy  and  lack  of  energy,  and  indulges  in 
l)iilliant  dreams  of  what  California  would  bo  under 
llio  rule  of  such  a  power  as  England,  he  evidently 
l.tTioves  that  there  was  no  immediate  danger  of  en- 
croachment  by  any  foreign  power.  He  believes,  liow- 
i.'\er,  that  Russian  policy  on  the  Pacific  coast  should 
rtc'.'ive  some  attention  from  the  American  and  Euro- 
jteaii  powers.'^* 

Spaniards  were  still  regarded  as  foreigners;  but 
tlu!  attempts  to  enforce  Mexican  restrictions  on  the 
subject  in  California  were  so  few  and  slight  as  hardly 
1.0  merit  mention.  Victoria  brought  instructions  to 
expel  the  Spaniards  not  legally  entitled  to  remain, 
and  he  issued  a  circular  on  the  subject  in  October 
1831,  a  document  not  intended  to  apply  to  the  padres, 
niid  not  enforced  at  all,  except  that  Cdceres,  the  only 
Spaniard  in  the  San  Francisco  district,  was  ordered 
l)y  A'allojo  to  leave  the  republic.  Moreover,  a  citizen 
granted  a  license  to  take  otter  was  forbidden  to  em- 
))li)y  a  Spaniard  in  his  crew.  That  Victoria  had  failed 
to  carry  out  his  orders  in  this  respect  was  one  of  the 
cliaiges  presented  against  him  by  the  diputacion  in 
IHo'J;  but  Figueroa  nil  opted  no  more  radical  policy, 
thougli  for  political  rer.-<ons  he  recommended  the  ex- 
jiiilsion  of  padres  Sarri'a  and  J3uran,  and  his  orders 
tVoni  ]\Iexico  seem  not  to  liave  required  any  greater 
l»iecautions  in  the  case  of  Spaniards  than  other  for- 


eigners 


:i5 


oiit'  of  the  finest  naval  positions  of  tlio  world, '  and  tho  editor  thinks  the  7'imc.i 
iiii^tiiluu  about  tho  date,  and  that  tlie  proposition  was  nia<le  eui'lier  liy  1  res- 
I'l'  lams,  tho  price  including  Texas,  lie  says:  'At  that  time  Mexico  was 
J'L' >!!.!);,'  in  an  unlimited  credit  with  English  capitalists,  and  for  the  sako  of 
a  few  iiiilliona  would  not  cntertiiin  a  project  for  dianienibcring  lier  empire.' 

"'/;-,•/».:<•  Hist.  Cif.,  uo-s),  ;jo!»-ii,\ 

.    ''Jir/.f.  lice,  :ms.,  ix.  ()0,  li;i;  Vallcjo,  Doc,  j>lS.,  i.  -'78;  Lcf;.  Ike,  MS., 
1.  -JuO;  Ucpl.  Si.  Pap.,  MS.,  vi.  24. 
Bi8T.  Cal..  Vol.  III.    20 


402 


PIONEERS  AND  FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


1,1 


•  I 


1   "    I 


\H 


Exclusive  of  transient  visitors  and  of  men  about 
whom  the  records  show  only  tlieir  presence  in  Cali- 
fornia at  one  date,  the  number  of  foreign  residents, 
properly  called  pioneers,  who  came  to  the  country  be- 
fore 1830  was  180,  as  per  lists  that  have  been  already 
given.^^  Of  this  number  140  are  known  to  have  bucu 
in  the  country  after  1835.  Meanwhile  in  1831-5,  as 
named  in  the  annual  lists  given  later  in  this  chapter, 
there  came  170  more  of  the  same  class,  of  whom  IGO 
left  records  of  their  presence  after  1835.  Therol'uic 
we  may  take  300  as  a  near  approximation  to  tlio 
foreign  male  population  in  1835,  including  sons  but 
not  daughter's  of  pioneers  by  native  wives.  The 
number  includes  visitors  who  did  not  become  residents 
until  later;  but  there  were  doubtless  a  few  wliusio 
presence  after  the  year  mentioned  has  left  no  trace 
in  the  records.  It  Vvi>s  the  new-comers  who  a  little 
later  w"ere  to  cause  the  authorities  so  much  ti-oublo 
rather  than  the  older  foreign  residents.  The  latter 
were  for  the  most  part  well-behaving  citizens,  many 
with  Californian  families,  and  all  with  Calitbruian 
habits  of  life  more  or  less  deeply  rooted.  Now,  as 
before  and  later,  the  trade  of  the  country  was  luri^ely 
in  their  hands,  and  as  yet  they  meddled  but  slightly 
in  territorial  or  local  politics.  They  were  as  a  rule 
well  liked  by  the  Californians;  and  though  'taking  lite 
easy,'  they  still  exhibited  a  degree  of  energy  that  t  \- 
cited  admiration,  if  not  imitation.  There  are  no 
startling  adventures  or  great  achievements  to  be 
noted  in  connection  with  any  name  in  the  list;  neither 
did  any  fall  into  especial  disgrace  or  misfortune. 
Some  were  married,  and  others  baptized;  a  few  ob- 
tained naturalization  papers,  and  many  got  passports; 
several  received  land  grants,  the  foundation  of  future 
fortunes;  of  many  we  have  nothing  at  this  time  be- 

'"Sce  list  at  end  of  vol.  ii.,  this  work;  also  annual  lists  for  18"-'."-.'i0  iii 
chaii.  i.,  vi.  of  this  volume.  !Sco  also,  for  brief  biocrapliio  nuticf.s  of 
foreign  residents  and  visitors,  the  Pioneer  Register  at  end  of  vol.  ii.-v.,  ll'is 
work,  wiiich  will  servo  also  as  index,  including  references  to  aJl  that  is  wiittcu 
of  any  early  Califoruiau  iu  any  part  of  the  work. 


S^'i. 


DOUGLAS  THE  BOTANIST. 


403 


yond  the  bare  rec(3rd  of  their  presence ;  and  some  are 
not  mentioned  at  all,  though  known  to  have  been  in 
the  country  earlier  and  later. 

Under  date  of  1831  may  be  noticed  the  visit  of 
David  Douglas,  the  famous  Scotch  botanist.  He  had 
s|H'nt  five  or  six  years  in  the  north  in  an  earnest  and 
adventurous  search  for  botanical  specimens,  as  else- 
Avlioi'c  related,'''  and  he  came  down  from  the  Columbia 
on  the  Dnjad  to  investigate  the  flora  of  California, 
arriving  at  Monterey  in  December  ]  830.  Ho  brought 
letters  from  Captain  Beechey  to  Hartnell,  with  whose 
family  he  became  very  intimate,  and  by  whose  aid  he 
easily  obtained  in  A'pnl  a  carta  de  seguridad  to  prose- 
cute his  researches  for  six  nionths.^^  He  remained  in 
the  country  twenty  months.  His  name  appears  on 
the  rolls  of  the  compania  extrangera  in  January  1832; 
and  in  a  table  of  latitudes  and  longitudes  promised  to 
(rovernor  Victoria  and  subsequently  furnished  to 
ri^ueroa,  the  variation  of  the  compass  at  Monterey  is 
dated  August  1832.^"  Parry  quotes  a  letter  to  Hooker, 
^vritten  at  Monterey  November  23,  1831,  in  which  is 
given  a  slight  description  of  the  country  and  of  the 
writer's  bocanical  discoveries,  but  nothing  of  his  })er- 
sonal  adventures.  He  hoped  to  secure  a  passage  to 
tbo  Columbia  River  direct,  but  was  obliged  to  wait 
nutil  August  1832,  and  sail  on  an  American  schooner 
l'»r  ({onolulu,  and  thence  to  Vancouver  in  October. 
Tli ;  A3  was  a  current  rumor  in  later  years  that  he  had 

' '  .ko  Hisi.  Xorth'"vst  Coast.  Douglas'  journal  M-as  published  by  Hooker 
ill  1  •(.'();).  )(7)jio«  to  (he  Uotaiiica'  Jlajazinc,  ii.  7!*i  etc.,  which  I  have  not 
et'cii  v.:  iicv'ount  of  his  ailveaUircs  waa  puljlished  by  .Soiucrville  in  the  On  r- 
Ltii'/.  Moiithbj,  vii.  lOo-l.'J;  and  more  briefly  by  Stillman  in  /(/.,  ii.  '2U2. 
Wlictlicr  the  journal  was  seen  by  those  writers  I  do  not  know;  if  so,  it  can 
li  n  e  contained  but  very  meagre  details  of  Dougl.is'  experience  in  California. 
A  iMorc  coniplcto  account,  quoting  some  of  Douglas'  letters  to  Hooker  and 
referring  to  others,  taken  I  suppose  from  tho  Bot.  Ma<j.  ns  above,  is  found  in 
Parn/'.-:  Kuril/  Botanical  Explorers  of  the  Pac.  Coast,  in  the  Overland,  '2d  ser., 
i.  4011-M. 

^'  Ihi/nd  at  Monterey  in  Jan.  Vallcjo,  Z>oc.,  MS.,  xxi.  15.  Carta,  dated 
Aj^iil  '2(1,  IS.*?],  in  JJcpt.  lice,  MS.,  ix.  it7.  Sept.  1,  IS'.'O,  Lccchcy  to  Ilart- 
JH'll,  in  \'allijii.  Doc,  MS.,  xxix.  407.  lie  writes  from  London,  anil  speaks  of 
hd\\i\j  in«t  (iuorraat  Tepic. 

•'"  N\)V,  'J.">,  1S;{;),  Douglas  to  Figncroa,  in  Vnllcjn,  Dor.,  xxxi.  52,  with  tho 
liiLi'c  o'  gooyraphical  positions  on  tho  same  sheet,  us  foUusva; 


404 


PIONEERS  AND  FOREIGN  f  LATIONS. 


;lii 


found  on  the  roots  of  his  California  plants  gold  cnouafh 
to  make  a  watch-seal  I*°  In  November  1833  a  vessel 
en  route  from  the  Columbia  to  Honolulu  with  Doiin-- 
las  and  Chief  Factor  Finlayson  on  board  touched  at 
San  Francisco  in  distress;  and  the  botanist  from  ]iis 
'tent  on  the  hill  at  Yerba  Buena'  wrote  to  Hartncll, 
lecounting  some  of  his  later  hair-breadth  escapes  iu 
the  far  north,  sending  warm  regards  for  friends  at 
Monterey,  and  expressing  his  hope  of  meeting  tlieni 
again — "thougli  not,  God  willing,  before  I  see  the 
'land  ■-)'  cakes.'"*^  He  never  saw  either  Scotland  or 
Calii'  i'"'"'^  tgain;  for  in  July  1834,  during  one  (jf  \m 
solitar_)        ursions  at  the  Islands,  he  fell  into  a  pit 

Latitudp.  I-nn(rimili>. 

Sta  Bilrbara  (lauding) 34°  12;J'  41"        lit)'  )  1     0' 

Sta  15arl)ara  (Noriega's  house) 34=  25'    0"        1 10'  It'  WJ' 

Ktalnijs 34"  3G'    4"        119'  .VJ'  ."7' 

I'urisima 34°  40'  14"         ll'O"    S  .VJ' 

S.  Luis  Oljispo 3.-)"  10'  'JO"        1-JO'  2l>'  •.•!" 

S.  Luis  Obispo  (auchorage) 3jM0'  50"        1 2(»'  1 !)'    o' 

,S.   Jligucl 35°  45'    5"         1-JO'  2'.)'  47' 

S.  Antonio 30°    0'  18"        121'    5'    1" 

.Sta  Lueia  (summit) 30°  11'  40"        l'2r  10'  11" 

Solcdad 30°  24'  19"        121 '  1 1'  :iO' 

Jlontercy  (anchorage) .30°  30'    0"        121*  41'    o' 

Monterey  (HartncU's  house) 30°  35'  43"        12r  44'  21' 

Jklontercy  ( Pt  Tiuos)   30°  38'  30"        121'  4(i'  ;!7 ' 

Monterey  (Pt  Carmelo) 30°  31'  40"        12r  4S'  42' 

Monterey  (North  I't  Carmelo) 30°  33'  23"        121'  4,V  -12' 

]\Iouterey  (Cipres  Pt) , 30°  34'  47"        121'  4(i'    'J' 

Monterey  (S.  Carlos) 30°  32'  W        121'  4.V  :i;t' 

Ccrro  de  Buenaventura  (top. ) 30'  31'  32"        121 '  2.V  .•;!(■' 

Sta  Cruz 30°  58'  14"        121'  40'    2' 

Sta  Cruz  (mouth  of  river) 30°  57'  33"        121'  40'    0" 

Sta  Cruz  (Pt  Alio  Nucvo) 37°    0'  52"        121'  41'  2!" 

S.  Juan 30°  50'  55"        121"  18'    4' 

CerrodclGavilan(top.) 30°  31'  32"        121°  20'    0' 

Sta  Clara 37°  21'    4/'         12 r  4.V  .".:!' 

S.  Jose 37°  31'  47"        1214s'    2' 

S.  Francisco  (Yerba  Buena) 37°  48'  15"    '    122'  20'  27' 

S.  Rafael 37°  58'  20"        122'  :!s'  27' 

S.  Francisco  Solano 38°  17'    9"        122°  IS'  2u' 

*"  Roberts'  norollectiom,  MS.,  p.  10,  the  writer  being  personally  acquaiiiti'il 
with  Douglas,  but  not  claiming  to  have  hoard  the  story  from  him.  A  timihif 
rumor  seems  to  have  reached  Englaud,  where  it  was  reported  after  tlio  .^^M 
discovery  that  flakes  of  gold  were  fouiul  on  the  roots  of  pines  sent  lioiiii'  liy 
Dougliis  and  others,  who  were  blamed  for  not  having  found  the  gold  (ir  an- 
nouuced  the  discovery.  Quart,  lieview,  1850,  no.  87,  p.  410. 

"  Doiin/as'g  Letter  to  JIarliieU,  ISJJ,  iu  I'allejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxi.  40.  'I'lie 
letter  was  ilated  Nov.  1  Ith,  and  on  Nov.  25thras  wo  have  seen,  anoilur  uas 
sent  to  Figui  roa.  Parry  notes  alsotVoni  liis letters  tliat  he  anciiored  iu  I'r.iliu 
Bay,  and  landed  at  \Vhalers  Buy,  ur  Sau^alito. 


PIONEERS  OF  1831. 


405 


.onjrilmle. 

'J-  W    0' 

9'  w  :)0' 

9' :,-!' :.:" 

!0'  s'  :.4" 

1Q5     .).)'    .>[" 

10'  liC    0' 

Id'  -2'.)'  47" 

ir  .V  I" 

iV  U!'  M" 

jr  ir  :io" 

M*  4t'    0' 

>1'  44'  •Jl" 

'.V  4(i'  ;!7" 

.1-  4S'  42' 

>r  4.V  4'r 

21'  41 ;'    9" 

M'  4.V  :i;V' 

)  1 '  >2't'  ',]'f 

IV  4(1'    'i" 

2r  4(»'  0" 

li    41'  'Jl' 

:r'  \H'  4' 

2r  '20'    0" 

iv  4.">'  •"':(■' 

21'  4  S'    ■-'■' 

'2'  20'  27' 

22'  :!V  27' 

22"  IS'  20' 

icquaiiitt'il 

A  ii^iiiiiliU" 

n-tho,i4..M 

,t  \wMv  iiy 

oM  or  1'"- 

.  40.  'n»^ 

lotluT  was 

1  ill  1  >i-.>li« 

ai'.l  was  trampled  to  death  by  a  wild  bull  that  had 
lalli'ii  ill  before  him.  The  botanical  results  of  his  trip 
in  California,  that  is,  descriptions  of  the  specimens 
sent  to  England,  were  published  by  Sir  William 
H.x^lier  in  1841.*- 

Xcw-comers  in  1831,  as  named  in  various  records, 
miHiber  fifty-four,  and  half  of  them,  or  twenty-seven, 
as  named  in  the  appended  list,  are  entitled  to  be  con- 
sickied  pioneer  residents."  Many  spent  the  rest  of 
their  years  in  California,  and  were  locally  well  known, 
l)iit  the  most  prominent  names  in  later  annals  were 
tliose  of  Burton,  Davis,  Forbes,  Vignes,  Warner, 
WoHskill,  and  i'.unt.  Three  of  the  whole  number, 
Davis,  Warner,  and  Weeks,  were  living  in  1884,  all 
of  wliom  contributed  their  reminiscences  for  my  use. 
Ill  that  part  of  this  chapter  devoted  to  the  overland 
iiuniigration  from  New  Mexico,  and  of  a  former 
chapter  to  the  maritime  annals  of  the  year,  all  has 
been  said  that  is  known  respecting  the  actions  of  for- 
eigners in  1831.  As  a  class,  they  took  no  part  in 
the  political  disturbances  of  that  ,year,  though  Abel 
Stearns  was  one  victim  of  Victoria's  wrath  who  con- 
spired for  his  overthrow;  and  Captain  Bradshaw  of 
the  Pocahontas  was  employed  to  carry  away  the  fallen 
governor. 

Ill  the  spring  of  1832  the  foreign  residents  of  !^[on- 
terey  were  induced  to  take  part  in  politics,  so  far  as 

*- Ifoolvr  and  ArnotCn  Botany  o/  Capt.  Beecheij'.i  Voyage,  California  .s'c/i- 
jiliiii'iit,  \K  3ir)— too.  Robinson,  Li/e  in  CaL,  107,  who  met  Douglas  at  -^Ion- 
tt'it y,  siiys:  'I  was  told  he  would  frequently  go  oft',  attended  by  his  little  doy, 
and  witli  rifle  in  hand  search  the  wildest  thiefvet  in  hope  of  meeting  a  bear; 
yi.t  ilie  sight  of  a  bullock  grazing  in  an  open  tield  was  more  dreadful  tliaii  all 
till'  t(  rrovs  of  the  forest.  He  once  told  nie  that  tliis  was  his  only  fear,  little 
tliiiikiiii,'  what  a  fate  was  in  reserve  for  him.' 

"  I'iimeers  of  1831 1  Wm  Bale,  Francis  Z.  Branch,  Lewis  T.  Burton,  Jos 
0.  Cai  tor.  Cooper  (died),  Wm  H.  Davis,  Geo.  A.  Ferguson,  James  A.  Forbes, 
Til 's  Fuller,  Joa  Gibson,  John  Gorman,  Wm  L.  Hill,  Henry  Kelley,  .Tames 
Ki'iiiiiily,  Wm  McMiehacl  (?),  John  Matthews,  Wm  Matthews,  John  Rhea, 
l'iiii_e  Ivoniero,  Sam.  Siiields,  Smith  (died),  Wm  Stenncr,  Louis  Vignes,  Joim 
J.  \V;uiR'r,  James  W.  AVecks,  Wm  Wolfskill,  and  Geo.  C.  Yount.  For  some 
paiikiihus  about  these  men  and  others  who  visited  CaL,  see  the  I'ioneer 
liejjistcr  at  end  of  vol.  ii.-v.,  this  work. 


I  i 


400 


PIONEERS  AND  FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


\U- 


i 


'!    b-: 


to  band  themselves  as  the  Conipauia  ExtraujtMn, 
under  command  of  Hartnell,  in  support  of  Zamorano's 
movement  against  Echeandia  and  the  diputacion,  so 
far  as  the  defence  of  the  capital  was  concerned. 
Enough  has  been  said  elsewhere  of  this  matter;'**  and 
its  only  interest  in  this  connection  lies  in  the  fact  that 
the  rolls  of  the  company  furnish  the  names  of  forty- 
one  foreigners,  about  half  of  them  new-comers. 

The  second  name  on  the  list  was  that  of  Thomas 
Coulter.  He  was  an  English  scientist,  who  after  ex- 
tensive travels  in  Mexico  had  arrived  in  California  in 
November  1831,  by  what  route  or  conveyance  I  have 
been  unable  to  learn,  but  probably  by  sea.^^  Of  l)r 
Coulter's  travels  in  California,  not  extending  north  of 
Sati  Francisco  Bay  nor  east  of  the  Tule  lakes,  wo 
know  only  what  may  be  learned  from  a  paper  com- 
luanicatod  to  the  London  Geographical  Society  in 
1835,  which  is,  that  from  March  to  July  of  1832  lio 
made  a  trip  from  Monterey  via  San  Gabriel  to  the 
Rio  Colorado  and  back.^"  His  notes  are  for  the  nictst 
part  geographical  in  their  nature,  and  are  sufficiently 
indicated  on  his  map,  which  I  here  reproduce.     One 

**  See  c'  ip.  viii.  of  this  vol. 

*''  Stillman,  in  Overland  Monthly,  ii.  202,  quotes  a  letter  written  at  Mon- 
terey in  1831,  in  which  Douglas  speaks  of  having  mot  Coulter.  He  had  l»ec'u 
iu  Sonora  in  the  winter  of  1829-30.  Parry,  Early  Bot.  ExpL,  413,  also  quotca 
the  letter,  and  says  C.  returned  to  England  in  1833. 

^^  Coulfar'n  Xoten  on  Upper  California.  Conwiunicated  by  Dr  Thomas  Coul- 
ter. Head  9th  March  1835,  in  Land.  Geoij.  Soc.  Jour.,  v.  50-70,  with  a  iii;ip. 
Also  extract  in  Nour.  An.  Voy.,  Ixxv.  30-52.  The  author  corrects  the  'j^nrat 
popular  error'  respecting  the  Tule  lakes  which  has  'raised  these  coinparativc- 
ly  insignificant  ponds  to  the  rank  of  a  great  inland  sea.'  He  was  unalilo  to 
explore  the  eastern  regions,  but  questioned  the  hunters  about  them.  Some 
geographical  positions  are  given  by  the  use  of  the  chronometer,  based  on 
Leec'hey's  longitude  of  Monterey.  The  remains  of  one  of  the  two  Colorado 
missions  were  found  '  on  a  point  of  rock  projecting  a  little  into  the  river,  aiul 
constituting  the  extreme  southern  point  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.*  The  re- 
gion from  S.  Pedro  to  S.  Bernardino  is  described  as  '  the  only  point  of  cillur 
C'aliforaias,  south  of  S.  Francisco,  capable  of  sustaining  a  large  population.' 
'Any  efforts  for  the  purpose  of  colonizing  Upper  California  should  be  tliivitcil 
towards  the  portion  north  and  east  of  S.  Francisco  and  east  of  the  Tule  lilkt'.^, 
which  is  fertile,  well  wooded  and  watered,  and  of  sutilcieut  extent  to  inako 
its  colonization  worth  while  as  a  speculation.'  The  white  population  is  c-ti- 
mated  at  6,000;  while  the  author  notes  the  rapid  decrease  and  approacliiiii; 
annihilation  of  the  Indians.  The  neighborhood  of  S.  F.  Biiy  is  declared  to  be 
the  '  only  part  of  the  couiitiy  likely  ever  to  betfome  of  much  interest  to  Euro- 
peans.' 


CALIFORNIA  IN  1832. 


407 


i 


1 


Coultbr's  Map. 


408 


PIONEERS  AND  FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


'I    !  !,  I 


other  item  in  the  bil)liographical  annals  of  Cahforiiia, 
and  not  a  very  important  one  from  any  point  of  view, 
may  be  accredited  to  this  year,  namely,  the  publica- 
tion of  Moii'eWs  Narrative  of  a  visit  made  in  1825, 
as  described  in  an  earlier  chapter. 

My  pioneer  list  for  1832  contains  forty-five  names, 
a  number  that  would  be  increased  to  eighty  by  the 
addition  of  transient  visitors.^'  Sev^en  or  eight,  how- 
ever, are  doubtful  names  so  far  as  the  exact  date  of 
arrival  is  concerned.  Among  the  best  known  Callfor- 
riians  who  came  this  year,  were  Alexander,  Carson, 
Black,  Chard,  Dye,  Larkin,  Sparks,  Spear,  West,  and 
Williams.  Carson  and  Dye  were  the  only  survivors 
in  1880,  and  the  former  still  lived,  I  think,  in  1884. 
Larkin  was  destined  to  be  most  prominent  of  all,  and 
with  him  on  the  NewcaMle  came  Mrs  Rachel  Hohuos 
from  Boston,  whom  Larkin  married  the  next  year, 
the  first  American  woman  who  came  to  live  in  Cali- 
fornia. 


I i'  t' 


i    fi 


I  t 


lii 


Foreign  residents  had  a  good  friend  in  Figueroa,  who 
came  in  January  1833,  and  was  liberal  in  his  policy. 
Thanks  were  rendered  for  the  services  of  the  Compafiia 
Extrangera,  and  the  so-called  loyalty  of  its  members  to 
the  legitimate  government;  and  this  is  all  that  is  to  be 
said  of  the  foreigners  in  politics  or  as  a  class.  A  biblio- 
graphical item  for  the  year  may  perhaps  be  supplied  by 
the  work  of  the  Frenchman,  M.  P.  de  Morineau,  who 
seems  to  have  spent  some  time  in  California  about  1833, 
and  who  published  a  memoir  on  the  results  the  next 
year.*^  Nothing  more  is  known  of  his  visit;  nor  does  the 


'Pioneers  of  1832:  Cyrus  Alexander,  Allen  (?),  Alexis  Bachelot,  Robt  S. 


Dye,  Hazel  Fuller,  Jo86  Garner  (bom  in  Cal.),  Geo.  Gay,  Thos  GraLt,  (Inh 
Hall,  Aroh.  Johnson  (?),  Micliel  Laframboise  (?),  ThosO.  Larkin,  J.  O.  E.  Ma- 
condray,  John  D.  Meyer,  Joseph  Paulding,  Dan.  Rice,  Wm  B.  Richardsuii, 
Patrick  Short,  Dan.  Sill,  Phil.  O.  Slade,  Isaac  J.  Sparks,  Nathan  Spear,  John 
Thompson,  Ambrose  Toinlinson,  Phil.  J.  Walter,  John  Ward  (?),  Wm  Ware  (?), 
Mark  West,  Geo.  Williams,  and  Isaac  Williams.  See  Pioneer  Register  at 
end  of  these  volumes. 

*^  Morineau,  Notice  aw  laKouvelle  Californie,  in  Nouv.  Ann,  des  Voy.,  Ixi. 


VISIT  OF  HALL  J.  KELLEY, 


400 


resulting  memoir  require  special  attention  here.  It  was 
a  brief  but  tolerably  accurate  presentation  en  resume 
of  Californian  history,  statistics,  people,  institutions, 
manners  and  customs,  closing  with  a  recommendation 
of  the  country  as  a  field  for  French  commerce.  I 
luivc  occasion  to  cite  it  elsewhere  on  several  points. 
I  append  the  names  of  forty-seven  pioneers  who  came 
ill  1833,  though  in  a  few  cases  the  year  of  arrival  is 
not  quite  certain.*"  There  were  some  thirty-five  more 
who  came,  but  did  not  stay  or  return.  The  leading 
names  according  to  subsequent  prominence  as  citizens 
are  Forster,  Graham,  Johnson,  Leese,  and  Walker. 
Four  of  all  the  list,  Forster,  Leese,  Nidever,  anel 
!Meek,  were  living  in  1880;  Meek  and  Leese  I  think 
also  in  1884. 

An  interesting  incident  of  1834  is  the  visit  of  Hall 
J.  Kolley.  He  was  a  Yankee  school-master,  an  in- 
tfllinent  and  energetic  young  man,  an  enthusiast  on 
tin;  subject  of  Pacific-coast  settlement,  whose  eccen- 
tricities finally  developed  into  insanity,  and  whose 
l)r()jccts  and  vritings  are  noticed  fully  in  mj^  History 
of  Orcf/on.  Kelley  crossed  the  continent  from  Vera 
Cruz  to  San  Bias  in  1833.  On  his  way  he  had  inter- 
views with  prominent  Mexicans,  and  wrote  a  letter  to 
president  Santa  Anna  on  his  project  of  settling  Cal- 
it'ornia  after  he  should  have  effected  his  purpose  in 
Oregon.     From  San  Bias  he  took  passage  by  water 


inT-Jl;  also  in  Soc.  Geotj.,  Bulletin,  xvi.  In  the  United  Srrvice.  JournnJ,  18,14, 
pt  i.  ji.  04,  it  is  stated  that  Morineau  wrote  his  memoir  for  Humboldt.  Ho 
lii(jb;il)ly  made  his  visit  earlier  than  1833,  and  perhaps  with  Duhaut-C'illy  in 

ISL'T-S. 

"■Tioneers  of  18.33:  Jos(5  Allen  (born  in  Cal.),  Arch.  Biinks,  Wm  Bran- 
(ler,  (jhas  Brown,  Sam.  Campbell  (?),  Lawrence  Carniicliael,  Thos  Cole,  John 
13.  Cooper,  Cecilio  Doak  (born  in  Cal.),  James  G.  Dove,  Chas  Fippard,  Jo;j 
Flmiu  (?l,  John  Forbes,  John  F'orstcr,  Foster  (?  died),  Wm  J.  Foxen  (born 
in  Cd.),  Kph.  Frawcll,  Cleo.  Frazer,  Isaac  Ci-aham,  W"m  Gulnac,  Elias  Hayes, 
ILirry  Hicks,  Joa  Hicks,  Fran.  Higares,  Wm  M.  Hooper,  James  Johnson, 
^\  m  Koith,  Jacob  P.  Leese,  Thos  Lewis,  Louis  Mathurin,  vSteph.  H.  L.  Meek, 
(h"  1.  Xidevcr,  Sherman  Peck,  Thos  Pepper  (?),  Wm  Place,  John  Price,  Thos  Rid- 
iiigtoii,  Francis  L.  IJipley  (?),  James  Scott,  Pierre  J.  Sicard,  John  F.  Smith,  Peter 
Sturm  (?).  W'm  Thompson  (?),  Jos  K.  Walker,  James  Whitmarsh,  Chas  Wol- 
ter,  and  Henry  Wood.     See  Pioneer  Register  at  end  of  vol.  ii.-v.,  this  work., 


410 


PIONEERS  AND  FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


4 


to  La  Paz,  and  thence  with  much  toil  and  !;ardsl]ip 
found  his  way  by  land  to  San  Diego,  where  he  arrived 
April  14,  1834.  Thomas  Shaw  of  the  Lagoda  gave 
him  a  passage  to  San  Pedro,  and  after  a  visit  to  Los 
Angeles  he  arrived  at  Monterey  in  June,  also  visiting 
San  Francisco,  Here  he  broached  to  Governor  Figue- 
roa  his  scheme  for  surveying,  mapping,  and  eventu- 
ally settling  the  interior  valleys,  receivmg  in  reply  a 
letter  of  June  26th,  in  which  Figueroa  approved  \m 
plans  without  being  able  to  authorize  or  pay  for  their 
execution  until  he  could  consult  his  superiors.  At 
Los  Angeles  Kelley  had  met  Ewing  Young  and  his 
trappers,  whose  presence  and  operations  have  been 
noted  in  this  chapter,  and  had  urged  them  to  make  a 
trip  to  Oregon.  Near  Monterey  he  met  Young  again, 
and  succeeded  in  enlisting  him  with  seven  companions 
for  the  journey.  They  started  by  way  of  San  Jose  in 
July  with  about  a  hundred  horses  and  mules;  and  were 
soon  joined  by  seven  more  hunters — a  rough  party 
of  'marauders,'  as  Kelley  calls  them,  including  two 
of  Walker's  men — with  some  sixty  more  animals. 
]\Iarching  up  the  great  valley,  suffering  from  fever, 
threatened  by  the  Indians  on  account  of  outrages  com- 
mitted by  the  'marauders,'  and  overtaken  on  the  way 
by  Laframboise  and  his  Hudson's  Bay  Company  trap- 
pers, the  party  arrived  at  Vancouver  in  October.  A 
charge  from  Figueroa  of  having  stolen  horses  caused 
Young  much  trouble,  and  imbittered  all  his  life  in 
Oregon.  He  claimed  to  have  purchased  all  his  horses, 
and  that  if  any  had  been  stolen  they  were  those 
of  the  'marauders;'  and  I  have  no  proof  that  such 
was  not  the  case,  thoujjh  obviouslv  the  Californians 
had  no  means  of  drawing  fine  distinctions  between  the 
different  parties  roving  through  the  valleys.  Kelley 
made  a  map  of  the  Sacramento  Valley,  and  he  wrote  a 
memoir  in  1839,  containing  an  excellent  description 
of  California,  which  was  published  by  congress,  lie 
continued  to  write  for  some  forty  years,  at  first  to 
overcome  obstacles  and  carry  out  his  projects  of  settle- 


JOHN  COULTER'S  EXPLOITS. 


411 


ment  in  the  far  west;  and  later  to  make  known  his 
early  efforts,  to  seek  a  reward,  and  particularly  to  com- 
plain of  the  gross  wrongs  of  which  he  had  been  the 
victim.  He  honestly  believed  himself  to  have  been 
the  first  and  most  efficient  promoter  of  American 
colonization  on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  that  he  had  been 
robbed  of  the  honor  and  profit  that  should  have  re- 
sulted from  his  services.'*" 

Another  visit  of  the  year  was  probably  apocryphal. 
Dr  John  Coulter,  in  a  narrative  of  adventures  in  the 
Pacific  published  in  London,  devoted  seven  chapters 
to  his  experience  in  California,  covering  a  larger  part 
of  the  year  1834,  so  far  as  can  be  judged  from  the 
single  date  given  in  the  book."  The  author's  knowl- 
edge of  Californian  geography  was  perhaps  derived 
from  earlier  books,  with  a  general  idea  of  institutions; 
but  all  the  rest  was  evidently  evolved  from  his  imagi- 
nation, since,  if  he  ever  saw  the  country  at  all,  his 
narrative  shows  no  trace  of  that  fact.  It  is  for  the 
most  part  an  account  of  absurdly  impossible  personal 
adventures,  with  allusions  to  magnificent  ruins  and 
relics  of  antiquity :  Indians  clad  in  doeskin,  decked 
with  gay  feathers  and  paint  and  silk  scarfs  and  silver 
bracelets  and  coronets,  and  armed  with  tomahawk 
and  rifle;  canoes  floating  on  stream  and  lake;  robbers 
with  their  deadly  lassos  infesting  every  trail;  with 
lofty  pines,  shady  magnolias,  cochineal-feeding  prick- 
ly pears,  and  broad  ranges  of  hazel-nut  I 


^^ Kelley's  Memoir;  Id.,  History;  Id.,  Narrative,  etc.,  passim.  I  have 
formcil  my  narrative  from  disconnected  statements  in  these  and  other  writings 
of  tlie  author.  There  is  no  reason  to  question  its  accuracy.  T'^-'ley  claimed 
that  Sutter's  occupation  of  the  Sacramento  Valley  was  sui  ;'  t  ;1  by  his  re- 
ports. 

*'  Coulter,  Adventvrea  on  the  Western  Coast  of  South  America,  and  the  inte- 
rior of  California...  By  John  Coulter,  M.  D.,  author  of  'Adventures  in  the 
Pacijic'  London,  1847.  12mo.  2  vol.  The  matter  on  California  is  found  in 
vol.  i.  p.  127-88.  Dr  Stillman,  in  Overland  Monthly,  ii.  p.  2G3,  has  justly 
characterized  the  book  as  a  tissue  of  lies.  Coulter  claims  to  have  been  left 
at  S.  P.  sick  with  rheumatism  from  the  whaler  Strafford,  Capt.  Lock,  and  to 
have  sailed  later  in  the  Hound,  Capt.  Trainer,  to  rejoin  his  vessel  at  Tahiti. 
His  time  after  his  malady  had  been  cured  by  the  temescal  was  spent  in  visits 
to  all  the  northern  missions,  and  with  hunters  and  trappers  in  the  broad  in- 
terior. 


4ia 


PIONEERS  AND  FOREIGN  RELATIO 


Besides  the  ordinary  sources  of  information,  wo 
have  for  1834  two  formal  hsts  of  foreigners  in  the 
Monterey  district,  and  a  similar  list  for  the  Anrrclcfi 
district,  so  that  probably  few  names  have  been  missed. 
Of  the  ninety  foreigners  who  appear  in  the  records, 
however,  many  besides  those  known  to  bo  visitors  do 
not  reappear  after  1834-5;  and  the  pioneers  proper 
as  named  in  my  list  are  thirty-six/^  Prudon,  Eciil, 
and  Stokes  were  perhaps  those  best  known  in  Cali- 
fornia; and  so  far  as  I  know,  Janssens  was  the  only 
survivor  in  1884.  The  coming  of  the  Mexican  colony 
added  several  to  the  number  of  foreign  residents,  as 
had  the  New  Mexican  caravans  of  1831-2  and  Walk- 
er's overland  expedition  of  1833. 

In  1835  also  California  had  its  visit,  resulting  in  a 
book,  both  of  a  very  different  class  from  Coulter's  of 
the  preceding  year,  being  Richard  ^-^.  Dana's  Two 
Years  before  the  Mast,  a  work  that  ]  'res  but  brief 
notice  at  this  date,  as  no  other  abo..  California  lias 
had  more  readers.  The  author,  since  a  prominent 
lawyer  and  lecturer  as  well  as  writer  of  well  known 
books,  was  then  a  boy  in  Harvard  College,  who 
shipped  as  a  common  sailor  on  the  Pilgrim,  with  a 
view  to  cure  a  weakness  of  the  eyes  that  interfered 
with  his  studies.  He  arrived  at  Santa  Bdrbara  in 
January  1835,  and  left  San  Diego  to  return  in  May 
1836  on  the  Alert,  having  visited  repeatedly  every 
port  on  the  coast,  and  spent  four  months  at  the  hide- 
houses  of  San  Diego.  His  book  was  a  connected 
narrative  of  his  experience  and  observations  during 
the  two  years'  absence  from  Boston,  and  was  first 
published   in    1840.^      Notwithstanding    its    truth, 

"Pioneers  of  1834:  Wm  J.  Bailey,  Chaa  Baric,  Thos  G.  Bowen,  John  Col- 
bert, Dav.  Cooper,  Luther  Cooper,  J.  M.  Covarrubias,  Nathan  Daly,  ^Vm 
Daly,  Wm  Game,  Horatio  N.  llartnell,  Henry  Herd,  Jos  H.  Hill,  GenirJ 
Hope,  Chas  Hubbard,  Aug.  Janssens,  Chas  Johnstone,  Robert  King,  Wm 
Lumsden,  John  G.  McLeod  (?),  Jos  L.  Majors,  Misteril,  Albert  F.  Morris, 
Pierre  Olivier,  Matt.  Pelham,  Dav.  Philips,  Victor  Prudon,  Hugo  llciil, 
James  Rogers,  Thos  Russell,  Matias  Sabici,  John  Smith,  James  Stokes,  Wm 
Taylor,  Andrew  Watson,  Ezekiel  Whitton. 

^  [Dana]  T'wo  Years  b^ore  the  Mast.    A  Personal  Narrative  qf  L\U  at 


DANA'S  VISIT  AND  BOOK. 


41t 


Dana's  narrative  liad  all  the  fascination  of  Cooper's 
and  ^larryatt's  sea-stories,  and  it  was  doubtless  this 
charm  mainly  that  caused  its  immense  popularity; 
yet  it  was  instructive  no  less  than  fascinating,  as  it 
contained  the  most  realistic  picture  extant  of  sailors* 
lite  and  treatment  in  American  trading  vessels,  with 
intelligent  observations  on  the  countries  visited.  Of 
the  Californian  hide  trade,  in  all  its  details,  Dana 
jticsented  a  view  which  has  never  been  surpa^.^od. 
His  opportunities  were  dmall  for  studying  the  history 
ant!  institutions  of  the  country;  but  his  remarks  on 
the  places  and  men  and  customs  that  came  under  his 
peitsonal  observation  were  not  only  interesting,  1)ut 
with  some  exceptions  accurate.  The  current  popular 
idea  of  California  from  1841  to  1848  was  founded 
largely  on  this  book,  with  those  of  Forbes  and  Rob- 
inson. The  author's  nppreciation  of  the  western 
land  is  summed  up  in  the  remark,  'In  the  hands  of 
an  enterprising  people,  wh.at  a  country  this  might 
be!"  but  he  adds,  "Yet  how  long  would  a  people  re- 
main so,  in  such  a  country?  If  the  'California  fever,' 
laziness,  spares  the  first  generation,  it  is  likely  to 
attack  the  second."  An  addition  to  the  late  editions, 
"Twenty-four  Years  After,"  is  second  in  fascination  to 
no  part  of  the  original. 

1  have  but  sixteen  names  to  record  in  my  list  of 
pioneers  for  1835,  and  six  of  these  are  doubtful  in 
respect  of  date.  Including  visitors,  the  total  number 
of  new-comers  is  but  thirty-six.  None  acquired  any 
special  prominence,  unless  it  may  be  Henry  IVIellus; 
and  none  but  Watson,  I  think,  survived  in  1884." 

Sea.  N.  Y,,  1840,  16mo,  483  p.;  M.,  1847;  Id.,  1857;  ed.  of  London,  1841, 
8vo,  l"24p. ;  Dutch  tranalation:  ^Twee  jarenvvor  den  mast.'  Deventer,  1S43, 
8vo,  '2  vol.;  'New  edition,  with  subsequent  matter  by  the  author,'  Boston, 
lS(i!),  12mo,  470  p.;  Id.,  1873.  In  tho  ori|gfinal  edition  the  author's  name 
did  not  appear  on  tho  title-page.  The  additional  matter  in  the  author's  edi- 
tion is  a  narrative  of  a  second  visit  to  California  in  1859. 

^'  Pioneers  of  1835:  Fred.  Becker  (?),  James  Bridger  (?),  Martin  Cooper, 
Jolm  Coppinger  (?),  Wm  H.  Crowell  (?),  Wm  Daylor,  Wm  Forbes,  Manuel 
King,  Allen  Light  (?),  Henry  Melius,  Henry  Pluramer,  John  O'Brien,  L.  V. 
I'liidon  (?),  Root  Robinson,  Stephen  Simmonds,  Tlios  Watson  (born  in  Cal.) 
?ofl  for  biographical  sketches  of  pioneers,  natives,  and  visitors,  the  Pioneer 
Rcyidtor  at  end  of  vol.  ii.-v.,  this  work. 


CHAPTER  XV. 

RULE  OF  GUTIERREZ  AND  CFJCO. 

1836. 

Castko  Transfees  the  Gefatura  to  GrxrenKEZ — A  Quiet  Rule — Central- 
ist Iaecautions — The  Capital — "vigilance  Committee  at  Los  Ange- 
les—Shootino  CF  A  Mam  and  Woman — Bandini'si  Plan  at  San  Dikgo 

—  A.PPOINTMiSNT  and  AbRIVAL  OF  GOVERNOR  ChICO — INAUOUKAL  Aij- 
DRESS — SWEAKINO  OF  THE  BaSES — ChICo's  OrDERS — ADDRESS — SESSIONS 

OF  THE  Junta  Departamental — ^Agent  fob  Mexico— Chico  i.v  the 
South — Beginning  or  Troubles— Californlan  Views  of  Ciiiros 
Character— Boxi A  Cruz,  ihe  Governor's  Mistress — Feelinoof  For- 
eigners— Chico  and  Stearns — Revolution  Planned— Results  of  the 
ViGiLANTs— Chico  and  Duran — Amoues  of  CASTi»5fAREs  and  DoS.v 
Ildefonsa — Chico  and  Estrada— Excitement  at  the  Capital— Cinco 
Leaves  the  Country. 


I  TAKE  up  again  the  thread  of  pohtical  annals 
dropped  at  the  end  of  1835.^  In  accordance  witli  a 
prevalent  desire  of  the  CaHfornians,  I'igueroa  at  \iU 
death  had  separated  the  pohtical  and  riilitary  com- 
mands, intrusting  the  latter,  according  to  army  regu- 
lations, to  the  ranking  officer  Lieutenant-coloucl 
Nicolils  Gutierrez,  and  the  former,  according  to  a 
Mexican  law  of  somewhat  doubtful  application  to  a 
territory,  to  Josd  Castro,  as  senior  vocal  of  the  di[)ii- 
tacion.  The  only  objection  had  come  from  the  south 
in  behalf  of  Josd  Antonio  Estudillo  of  San  Diego, 
who  was  really  the  senior  vocal,  but  was  absent  i'rom 
the  capital  on  account  of  illness.  Estudillo  ^vas 
doubtless  entitled  to  the  position  of  gefe  politico  ;ul 
interim,  and  the  prospective  honor  may  have  done 


*  See  chap.  x.  of  this  volume. 


(4U» 


TRANSFER  OF  THE  GEFATURA. 


415 


miioli  to  restore  his  health ;  but  for  some  reason  that 
the  records  fail  to  make  apparent,  the  efforts  in  his 
favor  were  ineflfectual. 

On  January  2,  1836,  Castro  transferred  the  gefa- 
turato  Gutierrez,  as  both  announced  to  local  authori- 
ties in  letters  of  that  date.^  The  alleged  m<^tive  of 
the  transfer  was  an  order  of  the  supreme  government, 
dated  January  21,  1835,  that  for  the  national  good 
the  civil  and  military  commands  should  be  vested  in 
one  person.  This  order  was  probably  in  reply  to 
some  of  Figuoroa's  past  suggestions  and  the  efforts  of 
Califbrnians  in  congress;  but  it  is  strange  that  it  did 
not  arrive  sooner.  The  lawyers,  Cosme  Pena  and 
Castillo  Negrete,  the  diputacion,  and  the  ayuntami- 
ento  of  Monterey  approved  the  union  of  the  two  com- 
mands, which  Gutierrez  himself  affected  to  oppose  at 
ilrst.^  It  is  remarkable  that  the  change  shoui  1  have 
been  so  quietly  effected,  and  given  rise  to  so  little 
correspondence,  that  Castro  and  his  Californian  friends 
should  have  surrendered  the  power  to  a  Mexican 
without  at  least  a  war  of  words.  True,  the  rule  of 
Gutierrez  was  accidental,  prospectively  brief,  and 
hardly  worth  a  contest;  true  also,  that  the  current 
correspondence  may  possibly  have  disappeared  in  great 
jiart  from  the  archives;  yet  enough  of  mystery  re- 
mains to  indicate  an  understanding  between  Castro 
and  (jutierrez,  and  to  give  some  plausibility  to  Juan 
Bandini's  theory  that  the  former  surrendered  the 
command  to  the  latter  in  order  to  keep  it  from  Estu- 
dillo — that  personal  and  local  prejudices  were  more  po- 
tent than  the  popular  feeling  against  Mexican  rulers.* 

".Tan.  2,  1S3G,  C.  and  O.  to  nyunt.  of  Los  Angsles,  S.  Diego,  anil  Monte- 
rey. Depi.  St.  Pap.,  Anqfha,  MS.,  xi.  43;  Id.,  Mont.,  iv.  80;  .S'.  Dicjo,  Anh., 
M"^-,  (iO,  71.  Kando  of  G.,  auttU}  date.  De/d.  St.  Pap.,  S.  Joni,  MS  ,  v.  0. 
(\.  to  com.  of  Sonoma.  Vallejo,  Do'..,  MS.,  iii.  144.  All  these  comniunioa- 
tioiis  nrc  nearly  in  the  same  words,  some  of  them  in  print.  March  7th,  he 
si^^ns  his  name  and  rank  as  '  Nicoliis  (jutierrcz,  Tenionto  Coronel  de  Caballe- 
1  ia  I'ermauente,  Comandanto  General,  InsiJuctoi,  y  Gcfe  Politico  de  Califor- 
nia.' J)oc.  Hist.  Cat,   MS.,  i.  252. 

•"Hoe.  15-19,  1835.  Monterey,  Actas  del  ayunt.,  MS.,  141,  143-4;  Dejit. 
Si.  Pnp.,  Ilcn.  Fret.  yJuzg.,  MS.,  iii.  4(1. 

*Jlufli)ii,  JlLst.  Cal,  MS.,  79-80.  Vallejo, //M^  Cal,  MS.,  iii.  75-S, 
nsseiu  that  there  wei«  much  discontent,  and  even  vague  talk  of  revolt,  at  the 


416 


RULE  OF  GUTIERREZ  AND  CHICO. 


The  rule  of  Gutierrez  lasted  four  months,  and  I  find 
no  indication  of  opposition,  discontent,  or  controversy 
during  that  period.  Like  his  predecessor,  he  confined 
his  efforts  to  the  performance  of  routine  duties,  giv- 
ing little  or  no  offence  to  either  people  or  politicians, 
though  there  must  have  been  a  constantly  growinjn" 
feeling  against  Mexican  rulers,  fomented  to  a  certain 
extent  by  those  who  chose  to  style  themselves  feder- 
alists. The  establishment  of  centralism  in  Mexico 
was  not  yet  officially  proclaimed  in  this  far  north,  but 
the  tendency  was  known  and  discussed.  A  commu- 
nication from  the  minister  of  relations,  dated  Juno  5, 
1835,  and  circulated  by  the  governoron  January  10th, 
called  attention  to  the  possibility  of  future  changes  in 
the  form  of  government,  and  to  various  petitions  on 
the  subject  already  made  public  in  the  newspapers,  at 
the  same  time  urging  upon  territorial  authorities  the 
necessity  of  the  strictest  precautions  against  such  dis- 
orders as  might  arise  from  popular  feeling  founded  on 
vague  rumors  and  utilized  by  revolutionary  leaders.' 
National  affairs  received  no  further  public  attention 
during  this  brief  rule;  but  two  or  three  topics  of  a 
local  nature  merit  brief  notice  here,  both  on  account 
of  their  importance  and  of  their  results. 

By  a  nat;onal  decree  of  May  23,  1835,  Los  Angeles 
was  made  a  city  and  capital  of  California.  I  have 
noticed  this  fact  elsewhere,  and  also  the  burst  of  in- 
dignation with  which  the  news  was  received  at  ]\Ion- 
tero}'."     Two  days  after  his  accession,  Gutierrez  gave 


■fi 


north  in  Ciiatro's  favor,  nnd  in  the  south  for  Estudillo;  but  in  March  tliere 
camo  an  earthquake  that  led  people  to  forget  politics  in  favor  of  juaycr. 
Several  Californians,  as  Pinto,  Apuiit.,  MS.,  14-1.");  Estudillo,  Baton,  MS.,  7- 
8;  and  ('astro,  Jietacion,  MS.,  30-7,  imply  that  while  there  was  dissatisfiic- 
tion,  Castro  yielded  to  Gutierrez's  demand  to  prevent  disorders  and  pidinoto 
peace.  Robinson,  Life  in  Col. ,  1 73,  followed  by  Tuthill,  -'  'iat.  Cal.  ,141,  status 
that  Gutierrez  succeeded  in  accordance  with  tiie  will  of  Figueroa,  iniiil.\  iag 
that  Castro's  temporai-y  rule  was  simply  in  consrquence  of  Gutierrez's  al  isuace 
in  the  south ;  but  this  is  an  error. 

"Jan.  10,  18.30,  Gutierrez  to  alcaldes,  forwarding  communication  of  Juue 
6,  183."i.  S.  Diego,  Arch.,  MS.,  72, 

*  See  chap.  x.  of  this  volume. 


FIRST  COMMITTEE  OF  VIGILANCE. 


417 


larch  tlicrc 
of  pr;iy^'''' 
OS,  MS.,7- 
lissiitisfiiL'- 
1(1  jiniiiiiite 
141,f*tatus 
,  imiilviiig 


official  publication  to  the  decree,  thus  honoring  the 
city  of  the  Angels,  and  in  February  some  efforts  wo!o 
made  to  secure  proper  buildings  for  temporary  public 
use  in  the  new  capital;  but  the  Angelinos  were  so 
lacking  in  public  spirit  that  no  citizen  would  furnish  a 
Imilding  rent  free,  as  the  governor  required,  and  the 
matter  dropped  out  of  sight  for  more  than  a  year.' 
All  the  same,  Los  Angeles  soon  distinguished  itself 
by  producing  the  first  Californian  vigilance  connnittee. 
Domingo  Felix,  who  lived  on  the  rancho  bearing  his 
iiaiiio,  near  the  town,  was  married  to  Maria  del  Kosa- 
lio  Axilla,  who  had  abandoned  her  husband  to  become 
the  mistress  of  a  Sonoran  vaqu«ro,  named  Gervasio 
Alipas.  After  two  years  of  frequent  efforts  to  reclaim 
the  erring  woman,  met  with  insults  from  her  para- 
mour whom  he  once  wounded  in  a  personal  encounter, 
Fc'lix  invoked  the  aid  of  the  authorities,  and  the  wife 
was  arrested  at  San  Gabriel,  and  brought  to  town  on 
March  24,  183G.  Through  the  efforts  of  the  alcalde 
and  (if  friends,  it  was  hoped  that  a  reconciliation  had 
l)oen  effected,  though  Alipas  and  his  brother  threat- 
ened vengeance.  Two  days  later  the  couple  started, 
l)oth  on  one  horse,  for  their  rancho;  l)ut  on  the  way 
the  husband  was  stabbed  by  the  paramour,  and  liis 
lioily  was  dragged  by  the  man  and  woman  with  a  rcata 
to  a  ravine,  where  it  was  partly  covered  with  earth 
ami  leaves. 

\^y  March  29th  the  body  had  been  found  and  both 
murilerers  arrested.  There  was  great  excitement  in 
the  Sily,  find  on  April  Ist  the  ayuntamiento,  sum- 
iiioiu'd  in  extra  session  to  take  precautions,  resolved 
to  <»rganize  a  force  of  citizens  in  aid  of  the  authorities 
to  preserve  the  peace.®     The  danger  was  real,  but  no 

'Jan.  4,  1836,  gov.  to  alcaldes.  De})t.  St.  Pop.,  Angele»,  MS.,  \i.  40;  S. 
•Ot'l/'i,  Arch.,  MS.,  7(V-1.  Jan.  2l8t,  receipt  of  the  <lccrce  by  ayuiit.  of  Loa 
Angtks.  Lou  Aiiijeli'ti,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  183.  Feb.  (Jtii,  demand  for  buildings. 
^  ij;in's  w<puhl  rciit  a  liull  for  8-400  and  contribute  87*)  of  that  sum.  Stcanis 
uul  ^anchcz  had  also  halls  to  rent,  but  none  for  free  use  until  a  suitable  cdi- 
Cec  oould  be  crei'.ted.  /(/.,  i.  70-3. 

"LoH  Aii'jilcs,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  189-02.  A.  M.  Osio  was  invited  to  be  pret- 
Hist.  Cal..  Vol.  UI.    37 


418 


RULE  OF  GUTIE11RE2  AND  CHICO. 


If!! 


good  citizens  could  be  induced  to  aid  the  officers  of  the 
law,  for  they  had  resolved  on  a  summary  infliction  of 
the  penalties  which  justice  demanded,  but  which,  as 
they  well  knew,  were  not  to  be  expected  from  the 
ordinary  course  of  law  in  California,  where  there  was 
no  tribunal  authorized  to  inflict  the  death  penalty  uu 
a  civilian.  At  dawn  on  April  7th  alxjut  fifty  of  tho 
most  prominent  citizens  met  at  the  house  of  John 
Temple  and  organized  a  'junta  defensora  do  la  seguri- 
dad  publica,'  of  which  Victor  Prudon  was  chosen 
president,  making  an  eloquent  address,  the  original 
draft  of  which  is  in  my  possession.  Manuel  ArzaL;a 
was  made  secretary,  and  Francisco  Araujo  was  [)ut  in 
command  of  the  armed  force.  During  the  forenoon, 
while  the  organization  was  being  perfected,  two  mes- 
sengers were  sent  in  succession  to  Padre  Cabot  at  San 
Fernando,  whose  presence  was  required  on  the  pie- 
text  that  a  dying  Indian  needed  his  spiritual  cuie: 
but  the  weather  was  bad  and  the  padre  refused  to 
come. 

About  two  o'clock  p.  m.  a  copy  of  the  popular  avtu, 
with  a  demand  for  the  j  risoners  to  be  delivered  u[) 
for  execution  within  an  hour,  was  sent  to  the  alcalde, 
Manuel  Requena."     Half  an  hour  later  the  junta 

cnt  and  take  part  in  the  deliberations,  and  did  so,  but  he  says  nothing  nf  the 
alfair  in  hia  liist.  (Jal.     Sec  Popndir  TrihuiiaU,  this  scricij. 

"Tills  document  is  preserved  in  Los  Aufjcl^H,  Arch.,  MS.,  i,  81-01,  \vit!i 
other  records  bearing  on  the  same  affair.  I  .^uote  as  follows:  'Stiiiix  po/nli 
luiircmn  lex  est.  The  subsciibing  citizens,  at  the  invitation  of  tiie  icst, 
justly  indignant  at  the  horrible  crime  committed  against  Domingo  Ft'lix, 
bearing  in  mind  the  frequency  of  similar  crimes  in  this  city,  and  ilcciniii;' 
the  principal  cause  thereof  to  l)e  the  delay  in  criminal  cases  througli  ii!i\  in,' 
to  await  the  conllrmation  of  sentences  from  Mexico,  fearing  for  this  unhaii]iy 
country  a  state  of  anarchy  wiiero  the  right  of  the  strongest  sliall  be  tho  (nily 
law,  and  finally  believing  that  immorality  has  reached  such  an  cxtroiiic  that 
public  security  is  menaced  anil  will  bo  lost  if  the  dike  of  a  solemn  cxnniplc  U 
not  opposed  to  the  torrent  of  atrocious  perfidy — demand  the  execution  oi-  tiic 
delivery  to  us  for  immediate  execution  of  the  assassin  Gervasio  Alipas  ami 
the  faithless  Maria  del  R.  Villa,  that  abominable  monster  who  cruelly  immn- 
lated  her  importunate  husband  in  order  to  give  herself  up  without  fear  to  h  ■!• 
frantic  passions,  and  to  pluck  by  homicide  from  the  slime  of  turpitude  tlie 
filthy  laurel  of  her  execrable  treason  (!)... Let  the  infernal  couple  jieiisli. 
Sucli  is  the  vow  of  the  people,  and  we  protest  in  the  face  of  heaven  that  \\>' 
will  not  lay  do\'n  the  arms  with  which  we  support  the  justice  of  our  dcmaiil 
until  the  assassins  have  expiated  their  foul  crimes.  ..Public  vengeanLO  (k- 
niauda  a  prompt  example,  and  it  must  be  given.     Still  reeks  the  blood  of  the 


CRIMINALS  SHOT. 


413 


niarcliecl  out  to  tlie  parsonaf^o  near  the  court  and  jail, 
and  at  throe  p.  m.  the  alcalde  was  notified  that  the 
hour  had  expired.  The  ayuntamiento  in  session  had 
received  and  considered  the  demand,  which  it  was  de- 
cided to  refuse  after  two  connuittees  had  been  sent 
out  to  reason  with  the  crowd.^"  Narciso  Botelk»,  tlio 
secretary,  having  refused  to  give  up  the  keys,  they 
were  taken,  the  guard  was  arrested,  and  the  crimi- 
nals were  taken  from  the  jail  to  be  shot — the  man  at 
1:;]0  p.  M.  and  the  woman  half  an  hour  later.  It  was 
discovered  that  Alipas  had  his  shackles  nearly  filed 
ort'.  The  bodies  were  exposed  at  the  jail  door  for  two 
hours,  and  then  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  autiior- 
ities.  The  alcalde  fearing  further  disturbances,  the 
junta  volunteered  to  serve  for  a  few  days  as  a  guard 
to  aid  the  authorities  in  preserving  ortler,"  and  was 
then  disbanded."  About  the  results  of  this  affair,  I 
shall  have  to  say  something  a  little  later. 

About  the  time  of  these  events  at  Los  Anofcles, 
there  were  current  rumors  of  prospective  revolution- 
aiy  troubles  of  a  nature  not  clearly  defined  at  San 
Diego.  The  only  foundation  for  such  rumors  per- 
lui[)s  was  a  memorial  presented  by  Bandini  and  others, 
in  which  they  deplored  the  ravages  vi'  Indian  raiders, 


Alvarez,  of  tlio  Potirion,  of  tlie  Jenkins,  antl  of  other  unliappy  victims  of 
tlio  fury  and  passions  of  their  impious  nmrdcrers.  ..The  woild  shall  know  that 
if  in  tlie  city  of  Los  Angeles  judges  tolerate  assassination,  there  are  virtiiouj 
titi;:L'ii.s  who  know  how  to  sacrifice  their  lives  in  order  to  save  that  of  their 
cuiii|iatriots.  ..Death  to  the  homicide!'  There  follow  51  signatures,  includ- 
ing It  foreigners.  Four  other  communications  are  given  respecting  the  giv- 
iiigup  of  tlie  keys  and  return  of  the  bodies. 

'"  Aos  Amivlex,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  18G~8. 

"  April  10th,  a  bando  was  published  by  the  ayunt.,  providing  for  the  vol- 
iiiitccr  organization  for  defence,  and  threatening  prompt  nntl  severe  punish- 
inciit  to  all  disturl)er8  of  the  peace.  Devi.  St.  J'ap.,  Awj.,  MS.,  ii.  GU-70. 
It  il.ici.s  not  appear  what  danger  was  appreliended. 

^- J'fiidoii,  V'Kjilantea  de  Loa  AivideK,  lS3(t,  MS.,  is  an  original  narrative 
M'rittcii  at  the  time  by  the  president  of  tlio  juntii,  and  is  the  most  eomideto 
extant.  To  it  is  prelixed  Prudon's  a^ldress  on  accepting  tlie  presidoucy. 
I  liiivc  cited  several  archive  records;  and  may  refer  also  to  a  report  nuidc  on 
May  4th  by  the  ayunt.  of  Los  Angeles  to  that  of  S.  Uiego,  narrating  events 
ill  sonic  detail.  »S'.  Diefjo,  Arch.,  MS.,  103.  Full  accounts  are  given  by  Ho- 
tollo,  AiKiki^dfl  Siir,  MS.,  20-5;  Sanchez,  Xobm,  MS.,  9-11;  and  Alvarado, 
Jli'>.  C'll.,  MS.,  iii.  CO-9.  The  affair  is  also  mentioned  by  Day  in  Jlciperiait, 
ii.  ldO-1;  in  Los  Anydea,  IJiat.,  14,  aud  IJiUell'8  Ui»t.  H.  F'co,  7U-&0. 


420 


RULE  OF  GUTIERREZ  AND  CIIICO. 


the  decadence  of  the  missions  under  the  rcglamonto 
of  secularization,  the  dechne  of  agriculture  iiiul 
trade,  and  the  lack  of  tribunals  of  justice,  proposing 
as  a  remedy  the  calling  for  a  general  assembly  of 
military,  civil,  and  missionary  representatives,  wliieh 
body  should  proceed  to  reorganize  the  military,  indus- 
trial, financial,  and  judicial  system  of  California  with- 
out awaiting  approval  from  Mexico.  On  April  14th 
an  extra  session  of  tlie  ayuntamiento  was  held,  at 
which  the  news  from  Los  Angeles  was  received  and 
considered,  together  with  the  current  rumors  oi 
trouble  nearer  home.  It  was  decided  to  send  the 
governor  a  record  of  the  meeting,  with  an  assurance 
of  San  Diego's  loyalty,  the  rumors  being  groundless. 
They  also  forwarded  the  citizens'  memorial.^*  April 
23d,  Gutierrez  replied,  accepting  in  good  faith  and 
with  gratitude  the  assurance  of  San  Diegan  patriot- 
ism, but  declaring  that  the  formation  of  the  proposed 
assembly  could  not  be  carried  out  consistently  with 
fidelity  to  the  national  government.'*  There  is  no 
evidence  that  the  occurrences  at  either  Los  Angeles 
(►r  San  Diego  had  any  political  or  revolutionarj'^  mean- 
ing whatever,  or  that  Gutierrez  regarded  them  as 
having  any  such  meaning. 

But  a  new  rulor  was  en  route  for  California,  sent 
to  rule  that  country  in  accordance  with  the  bases  of 
October  1835,  which  overthrew  the  federal  constitu- 
tion and  system  of  1824,  but  which  provided  for  no 
very  radical  immediate  changes  in  the  territory.  The 
president's  choice  fell  upon  Colonel  Mariano  Chioo,  a 
member  of  congress  at  the  time  from  Guanajuato,  wlio 

",9.  Dkpo,  Arch.,  MS.,  96-7.  March  Slat,  Bandini  to  Vallejo.  D^- 
wails  the  sulFerings  of  Cal.  caused  by  the  misdeeds  of  some  of  her  sons  ;ii!(l 
of  others;  but  hopes  for  better  days.  Regrets  that  diflFerenccs  of  politicid 
opinion  should  have  produced  a  seeming  coolness  between  the  two.  V-  Ihjo, 
JJoc,  MS.,  iii.  182.  On  Jan.  11th,  a  meeting  of  citizens  had  been  called  to 
consult  on  steps  to  preserve  order.  S,  Dieijo,  Arch.,  MS.,  71. 

"  Dc/j<.  St.  Pap.,  Angeles,  MS.,  xi.  47-50;  Hayes,  /)oc.,  MS.,  49.  On 
April  22(1,  Gutierrez  hod  written  to  Vallejo  that  attempts  at  revolt  in  '.'-. 
Diejzo  and  Los  Angeles  would  prevent  him  from  sending  an  officer  to  the 
north  as  was  desired.   Valkjo,  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  197. 


ARRIVAL  OF  CHICO. 


421 


ia,  sent 

(SCS  of 

)nstitu- 
for  no 
The 
hico,  a 

to,  who 

Icjo.    IV- 

•  80119  anil 
){  political 

called  to 

,  49.  On 
volt  in  ;>. 
cer  to  the 


was  appointed  December  IG,  1835,  to  succeed  Figue- 
roa,  a|)parcntly  before  that  officer's  death  was  known, 
ami  arrived  at  Santa  Barbara  on  the  Leonor,  as  I  sup- 
pose, after  the  middle  of  April  183G,  the  exact  da  to 
being  unknown.^"  Be3-ond  the  facts  that  Chico  was 
adiputado,  and  that  members  of  his  family  in  Guana- 
juato had  taken  a  somewhat  prominent  jiart  in  tlio 
revolutionary  struggle,  I  know  nothing  of  the  man 
before  his  arrival  in  California.  As  we  know,  tho 
people  had  a  strong  feeling  against  Mexican  officials 
as  a  class,  and  were  opposed  to  centralism  so  far  as 
they  had  any  political  opinions;  it  is  also  stated  that 
letters  and  newspapers  from  Mexico  had  given  Chico 
an  unfavorable  reputation  in  respect  of  both  political 
and  private  character;^"  yet  I  do  not  think  there  was 
any  prejudice  against  him  or  his  politics  that  would 
have  proved  a  serious  obstacle  to  a  man  skilled  in  the 
art  of  gaining  popularity. 

Having  spent  a  few  days  at  Santa  Bilrbara  at  the 
house  of  Carlos  Carrillo,  whom  he  had  known  in  Mex- 
ico,^' Don  Mariano  started  north  by  land,  escorted  l)y 
about  eighteen  soldiers,  and  accompanied  by  Jacob  P. 
Leese,  the  company  also  including,  I  presume.  Dona 
Cruz,  a  woman  introduced  by  the  governor  as  his  niece, 
of  whom  more  anon.     He  arrived  at  the  capital  May 

'■'Aug.  1,  1835,  J.  A.  Carrillo  wrote  to  his  brother  Cdrlos  from  Mex.  that 
FiLiiicnia's  course  was  disapproved,  and  a  successor — name  not  given — would 
Bail  oil  tiie  Leonor.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  185.  The  date  of  appomt- 
luciit  may  have  been  Dec.  15th,  as  an  order  of  minister  Tornel  to  deliver  tlio 
conmianil  to  him  seema  to  bear  tliat  date.  Sifp.  Govt  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xi.  '2- 
3.  Tiiu  date  is  given  as  Pec.  IGth  in  Dvpt.  St.  Pup.,  S.  Jom',  AIS.,  iv.  109; 
anil /(/.,  Ben.  Mil.,  Ixxxi.  10.  The  permission  of  congress  had  to  be  askod 
fur  hid  appointment  on  account  of  his  being  a  congressman.  Dec.  24th,  .$400 
hiul  lit'un  advanced  'for  account  of  secret  expenditures, 'and  .$'2,000  on  account 
of  lii.s  salary.  /(/.,  xxxi.  11-12,  1(5,  I  have  no  dnte  for  the  arriv.il  of  tho 
Lrryiior,  cxcopt  that  she  anchored  at  S.  F.  on  M.iy  lOth.  Pinto,  Doc,  MS.,  i. 
30-1.    Several  writers  mention  tho  fact  that  Chico  lauded  at  Sta  Uiirhara. 

'"O.sfo,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  249-51;  Alvamt'o,  IIU.  Cut.,  MS.,  iii.  47;  Va- 
llijo.  Ili.4.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  78-80. 

''  Mrs  Ord,  Ocurrencias,  MS.,  90,  says  that  she — then  Mrs  Jimeno — was 
ill  of  a  fever  when  Chico  called  at  tho  house  of  her  father,  Capt.  (iuerra.  He 
insisted  on  seeing  the  sick  woman,  and  she  was  told  later  that  in  her  <lclirium 
she  had  made  some  rather  queer  remarks  to  tho  governor.  Hittell,  JliM.  S. 
/',iSl,'tn  the  authority  of  Lecse,  mentions  Chico's  stay  at  Carrillo's  house  and 
his  consultations  with  Gu;   m. 


IH!|l|i 

Bin 


4S2 


RULE  OF  GUTIERREZ  AND  CHICO. 


m ' 


m 


S  I 


1st,  and  was  received  by  Gutierrez  and  the  citizens 
with  the  usual  ceremonial  welcome."  On  the  2d  and 
3d  the  offices  of  comandante  general  and  gefe  politico 
v/ere  formally  turned  over  by  Gutierrez  to  Chico,  wliieli 
event — celebrated  at  night  by  a  grand  fiesta  and  bull 
' — was-  duly  communicated  to  local  authorities  the 
«anie  days,**  when  he  also  issued  a  printed  address  an- 
nouncing his  appointment,  arrival,  and  patriotic  inten- 
tions, together  with  the  death  of  President  Barragan, 
learned  while  en  route.*^ 

He  issued  another  proclamation  on  the  20th,  lauding 
centralism  extravagantlv,  denouncing  federalism,  and 
congratulating  the  Californians  with  flattering  wonls 
on  their  glorious  future  under  the  new  regime.  "The 
constitution  of  1824,"  wrote  Don  Mariano,  "cliild  of 
inexperience  and  haste,  was  an  abortion  of  blunders 
fi'uitful  in  disorders,  which  you  endured  for  eleven 
years ;  it  was  3'our  itiol  while  worthy ;  but  the  oracle 
once  proven  false,  and  your  forbearance  wearied,  you 
decided  with  your  brethren  of  the  interior  to  melt 
that  false  idol,  though  respecting  still  its  relics  until 
the  substitution  of  the  now  image  which  is  being  [tie- 
pared  to  serve  you  as  a  deity."     "The  olive  of  [K-ucxi 

'^-Uvarailo,  I/isK  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  50-2,  and  Vallejo,  Jltd.  C'nl.,  ^IS.,  iii. 
SO-.S,  tell  us  tliat  olHcers  and  citixcns  marched  out  to  meet  the  gov.,  iill  cx- 
eeiit  the  presidio  olhoers  wearing  federal  badges  expressive  of  their  political 
sentiments;  and  that  when  Cliiuo  made  the  remark  that  he  was  glad  to  meet 
Bo  many  good  jicople,  Alvarado  replied  that  they  had  not  come  out  to  wel- 
conic  hiui,  but  Domingo  Carrillo,  whom  he  had  arrested  at  Sta  liarbaia  f,jr 
his  p(ditieal  opinior.s  and  had  brought  along  as  a  prisoner.  I  have  no  ivason 
to  believe  that  Carrillo  had  been  arrested  at  all,  that  any  such  badges  were 
v.oii),  or  that  any  such  insult  was  ollered  by  Alvarado  to  the  new  go\erii()r. 
Tile  exact  date  of  Ciiico's  arrival  is  given  in  Gomez,  Diario  de  Coxfix  NoUih'e^ 
e,i  Monterey,  ISJC,  ilS.  A  brief  but  important  original  narrative  by  D.  Kuiarl 
Gomez. 

'"The  comandniieia  was  transferred  on  May  2d,  a  day  before  the  (ji'/atHm, 
03  appears  from  a  communication  of  C'liico  to  the  com.  at  Sonoma.  I  'filkja,  />oi\, 
MS.,  iii.  199;  and  Ooinez,  Diurio,  MS.  May  .*?,  183t>,  Chico  and  Gutieriez  to 
diii'erent ayuut.  JJ<pt.  Sf.  rap.,  MS.,  iv.  108;  /(/.,  Mont.,  vi.  ,37;  /</.,  -V.  Jo^\  v. 
8;  /(/.,  AiKjelei*,  xi.  53;  S.  JJiei/o,  Ar<h.,  MS.,  102;  /(/.,  Index,  25.  (Iiico 
recognized  at  Los  Angeles  May  10th.  LonAiKjelei,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  103—1.  At 
S.  Diego  May  l'2tl\,  being  cougratulateil  on  the  1  tth  by  Alcalde  Argii'jllo. 
S.  JJifi/o,  Arch.,  MS.,  99.  May  28th,  congratulated  by  J.  M.  Estudillu  at  S. 
Fraucisco.  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  v.  pt  ii.  15. 

'"The  only  copy  of  this  original  ]  rint  that  I  know  of  is  preserved  iu  the 
Mercantile  Library  of  S.  F.,  in  Tai/ljr'f  S^Kcimeiia  of  the  Piet<!<,  no.  u. 


TIIK  GOVERNOR'S  SPEECH. 


423 


sj/routs  in  this  far  nortli;  let  our  fraternity  fertilize 
i.s  root,  let  our  concord  water  it  until  it  rises  in  ma- 
jesty to  touch  the  heavens."  "California  was  ever  the 
ci  litre  of  discretion,  an  example  of  docility,  a  model 
of  subordination  and  obedience  to  supreme  authority. 
Siio  has  preserved  intact  her  customs,  healthful  and 
i'l- 0  from  the  poison  of  revolution,  and  is  ready  to 
climb  the  hill  of  fortune  as  a  state;  she  may  be  the 
i;urseiy  to  produce  for  the  country  citizens  best  fitted 
1  >  advance  its  greatness."^^  Something  more  of  dec- 
];iiiuition  than  of  argument  is  to  be  noted  in  this  paper, 
the  contents  of  which  were  delivered  as  an  address  on 
t'.iu  clay  of  taking  the  oath  of  adherence  to  the  bases 
(if  the  new  constitution.  The  governor  took  imme- 
diate steps  to  have  the  oath  taken  in  all  parts  of  the 
ti'iritory,  as  was  done  at  some  places — probably  at  all — ■ 
but'oro  the  end  of  July,  without  o[)position  apparently."^ 
Chieo  had  sent  an  order  to  Coniandante  Vallejo 
tlie  4th  of  May,  at  Sonoma,  to  come  to  Monterey  for 
(oiisultation  on  important  matters,  and  to  bring  with 
him  such  forces  as  could  be  spared  from  the  northern 
I'lwiitier,  an  order  which  was  repeated  on  the  17th. ■^'* 
Oil  the  Gth  he  had  sent  a  similar  order  through  the 
ulciiKle  of  San  Diesjfo  for  Juan  Bandini  to  come  at 


,,l>o<\, 
iciTcz  to 

Jok';  v. 
('liico 
>3-4.    At 


ill  ill  tbe 


'-'Printed  original  in  Earl'e^t  Pniifimi.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Aiiiid'n,  MfS., 
>..  H).  Literally  copied  by  VuUcjo,  J/int.  I'aL,  MS.,  ii'.  105-S  v.-lio  (jimtcs 
i'-  fullows  from  a  letter  of  I'ablodc  la  (Jncrra  on  tlie  .subjtot.  'The  "l)cai',"  to 
ilcci'ivc  the  Californians  and  prevent  their  detection  of  !iis  .'oisehood,  has  spukcn 
i;i  iiiyj^tio  language;  I  would  ratlier  undertake  to  decipher  the  resiionses  of 
th''  iK'lpliic  oracle.' 

--.\hiy29,  \S?>li,  swearing  of  the  bases  at  S.  Diego  with  great  rejoicings, 
III  ill;,'  of  guns,  shouts,  and  ringing  of  Ix'Us,  'un  auto  tiin  grato  conio  lisonjcro 
ii  tiiilo  Mexicano,'  as  described  by  Capt.  Portilla  in  a  coniinunication  to  his 
I  I'll.  gtu.  JJi'jjt.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixx.xi.  ^(i;  S.  JJiiijo,  Arch.,  MS., 
1  Id,  1 1").  June  1st,  swearing  of  tliu  bases  by  the  military  of  the  south  at  S. 
<  :iliiitl,as  reported  by  (Jutierrez.  JMjit.  St.  P((p.,  MS.,  iv.  109-11;  Itl,  Jicn. 
M(l.,  xxxi.  IS.  On  or  about  June  11th,  the  oath  was  taken  at  8ta  IJarbara, 
1'.  iHuan  refusing  to  say  mass.  St.  Pap.,  J/J.s-!.  and  Coluii.,  ,M.^.,  ii.  ;17.{-1. 
•TaiR'  liJth,  the  oatli  administered  at  Los  Angeles  by  Chico  liimself,  wlio  niado 
(I  sjieuch  on  the  beauties  of  centralism.  '  This  people  heard  the  discussion 
v.-itli  pleasure.'  Lo-h  Aiiffe!<''<,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  19.")-0.  July  11th,  Cliico  fim^.s 
it  strange  that  Vallejo  has  not  reported  the  sweariiij  of  the  bases  by  his  troops. 
r«//".y",  J)o,:,  MS.,  iii.  219. 

''  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  200,  201,  205-0. 


421 


RULE  OF  GUTIERREZ  AND  CHICO. 


I 


once  to  the  capital  for  a  conforonco.^*  On  tlio  lltli 
Cliico  had  issued  another  printed  proclamation,  or 
bando,  this  time  on  commercial  topics,  prohibiting'  tliu 
retail  trade  on  board  of  foreign  vessels  which  had  so 
l;)ng  been  practised  on  this  coast,  requiring  a  landing- 
oC  all  cargoes  at  Monterey,  and  imposing  other  re- 
strictions more  in  accordance  with  Mexican  laws  than 
with  Californian  usages.'*^  On  the  IGth  he  had  issued 
an  order  that  Abel  Stearns  must  come  to  Montony 
or  leave  the  country;'*"  and  finally  ho  delivered  on 
tiie  27th  an  address  at  the  opening  of  the  sessions  of 
the  diputacion — a  document  also  circulated  in  print. 

In  his  discourse  Chico  spoke  first  of  the  general 
difficulties  that  had  beset  his  path,  and  which  lie  hud 
hitherto  been  obliged  to  meet  alone  without  the  wiso 
counsels  of  the  vocales  now  fortunately  assembled. 
Next  he  referred  at  considerable  length  to  the  trouijles 
at  Los  Angeles,  but  his  views  on  this  topic  will  be 
noticed  later.  Thirdly  he  noticed  tha  measure  of 
May  11th  on  the  regulation  of  commerce,  expressinn' 
his  belief  that  if  not  perfect  it  could  not  fail  to  prevent 
many  existing  abuses.  The  constant  ravages  of  thievos 
anions:  the  herds  of  horses  and  cattle  were  alluded  to 
as  one  of  California's  greatest  evils,  which,  however, 
he  had  taken  steps  to  check  by  the  aid  of  the  newly 
arrived  law  of  December  29th,  which  brought  sutli 
malefactors  within  the  ordinary  military  jurisdiction. 
Fifthly  and  chiefly,  the  subject  of  missions  received 
attention;  and  in  this  respect  the  situation  seemed  to 
the  governor  most  critical.  He  declared  himself  at  ;i 
loss,  and  in  his  perplexity  "  awaited  the  counsel  of 
your  excellency  to  lead  the  government  like  Ari;ul- 
ne's  thread  from  so  strange  a  labyrinth."  What  with 
an  imperfect  system  of  secularization  partially  carried 

'^* San  DU'go,  Arch.,  MS.,  104.  The  order  reached  Bandini  June  8tli  or 
10th. 

"May  11,  18.36,  Chico  to  the  people.  Earliest  Printiiiff.  Also  May  lltli, 
he  issued  nn  order  for  the  fonnatiou  of  local  cuerpos  de  seguridad  y  polioia. 
a.  JJI<''io,  Arch.,  MS.,  100. 

^^i)ept.  St.  Pap.,  Angeles,  MS.,  xi.  52. 


JUNTA  DEPARTAMENTiVL. 


49S 


une  8tli  or 


out  by  incompetent  men,  the  destruction  of  property 
hy  the  padres,  the  insubordination  of  the  neopbyten, 
ami  the  new  complications  introduced  by  the  national 
decree  of  November  7th,  he  saw  no  way  of  advance  or 
retreat  by  which  to  save  the  missions  from  total  ruin, 
hut  would  do  his  best,  and  would  thankfully  reeoivo 
suj^ijfestions.  Finally  ho  asked  indulgence  for  his  er- 
rors, in  consideration  of  his  zeal  for  the  country's  well- 
being.  This  discourse,  if  it  displays  no  extraordinary 
wisdom  on  the  part  of  the  speaker,  shows  nothing  of 
weakness,  petulance,  arrogance,  or  strong  political 
|>reju(llce,  nor  does  it  contain  anything  specially  apt 
to  displease  the  Californians."^ 

According  to  the  new  bases,  the  republic  was  to  bo 
divided  into  departments,  each  ruled  by  a  governor 
find  a  junta  departamental;  and  though  additional 
legislation  was  required  to  create  the  departments, 
and  though  in  reality  no  change  had  ai  yet  been 
legally  made  in  the  old  names  so  far  as  California  was 
concerned,  yet  the  old  diputacion  was  now  called  a 
junta  departamental,  and  Chico,  in  his  discourse,  oven 
spoke  of  California  as  a  department.  At  an  election 
held  at  Monterey  on  the  2oth — for  what  reason  or  by 
what  authority  I  do  not  know — four  new  members 
were  chosen  to  complete  the  junta,  and  one  of  them 
tiled  to  avoid  serving  on  the  [)lea  that  according 
to  a  Mexican  law  the  body  should  have  but  five 
uienibors;  but  Chico  decided  that  there  was  no  new 
law  aftecting  the  number  or  attributes  of  the  vocales 
la  a  territory,  and  that  only  the  name  could  properly 
be  considered  as  changed.  The  sessions  opened,  as  I 
have  stated,  on  May  28th  with  a  speech  from  Chico. 
lie  made  another  speech  on  June  1st,  in  advocacy  of 
Ills  })roposition  to  send  an  agent  to  represent  the  in- 
terests of  California  in  Mexico,  in  addition  to  the 
dipiitado  in  congress.*^*     The  plan  was  favorably  con- 

'"  Chico,  Discumo proiiuiii'iiido por  el Sr  Oe/e  Politico  tie  la  Alta  California 
■  ■  .(d  fi/irir  mix  sesiowsla  Ecsmu  Junta  DeporlamentaleljyihMayodelSJ'J, 
in  EirVtcn*  Prinliinj;  also  in  Uaiidini,  JJoc,  M  >.,  40. 

•'  Chico,  AtocucioH  d  la  Junta  iJcpartamviital  1  de  Junio,  1S36,  MS. 


426 


RULE  OF  OUTIERHEZ  AND  CHICO. 


sidortHl,  and  a  trio  of  oaudidates  was  proposed  for  tliu 
position;  but  nothing  came  of  it.  Tiiero  is  notlilii*;' 
else  in  tliG  proceuviinga  of  the  junta  at  this  sossii»ii 
demanding  further  notice  than  is  given  in  the  appentluil 
record."" 

Early  in  June  Chico  started  for  the  south,  and  was 
absent  from  the  capital  a  month.  This  brings  me  ti) 
the  troubles  encountered  by  this  ruler,  which  wore 
destined  to  overwhelm  him.  It  is  not  easy  to  fathom 
these  troubles  entirely,  or  to  determine  with  exacti- 
tude what  manner  of  man  Don  Mariano  as.  The 
Californians  in  their  recollections  of  olden  times  are 


**Lrff.  Her.,  MS.,  iii,  1-3,  13-31.  May  25th,  election  of  4  mcmliois,  J. 
Comcz,  Spenco,  R.  Uoiiiez,  and  Crespo.  May  'iStli,  opening  of  the  hcmsLjii. 
Rafael  (iomcz  deaired  to  be  excused,  on  the  grounds  that  ho  had  not  1j;  I'ii  7 
years  a  resident  and  that  the  junta  sliould  lojj'ally  have  but  5  niendter.s— lioth 
overruled  later.  The  vocales  in  order  of  seinority  seem  to  have  been  ns  fol- 
lows: 1st,  .Jos(5  Castro;  2d,  J.  B.  Alvarado;  3d,  Jo8«5  Ant.  <le  la  Ouerrii;  ttii, 
Rafael  Gomez;  5tli,  David  Spence;  Gth,  Manuel Cresjw;  7th,  Joaiiniii  (loiin'z. 
A'.vanido  iiresided-  hough  it  is  not  apparent  why  he  rather  tlin.  C.istro  tuok 
that  position — and  o.  M.  Maldonado  was  secretary.  The  ■■oinrnit  ecs  wmv, 
IMoprios  y  arbitrios,  J.  Gomez  and  Spence;  colonization  ain'  > .. mt  luiids, 
.1.  (ioincz  and  Guerra;  missions,  Spence  and  R.  Gomez;  governmoiit  iiml 
]  oliuo,  Cres2)o  and  Castro;  rcglamento  and  municipal  orders,  Alvarado  and 
C.iatro;  public  works  and  industries,  Spence  and  Guerra;  instruction  and  sfci- 
tistius,  Alvarado  and  Castro. 

May  31st,  Juno  2d,  representation  of  P.  Mcrcado  against  Jose"?  Ramirez, 
TrK)  details.  June  1st,  Ciiico's  prop,  to  send  an  agent  to  Mcx.  Cldco  rcpoitwl 
that  ho  had  forbidden  the  appointuient  of  an  alcalde  by  the  ayunt.  of  S.  IVaii- 
Cisco  for  the  region  north  of  the  bay.  June  4th,  Chico's  recommendatiniioii 
supervision  of  mission  accounts,  disapproved  on  Sept.  5th.  June  iStii, 
i:icuting3  to  be  on  two  days  of  the  week,  as  determined  liy  the  president,  in- 
Ftcnd  of  on  Tuesilay,  Tiairsday,  and  S-aturday.  June  21st,  prop,  for  an  a,'iiit 
ill  Mux.  ajiproved.  Trio  named:  Alvarado,  F.  J.  Castillo  Negrete,  and  Jia- 
facl  Gomez,  {,'om.  appointed  to  form  instructions.  June  23d,  .sec.  ami  liis 
salary.  June  33th,  secularization  of  Sta  InC'S  and  S.  Buenaventura,  linin- 
tories  of  Sta  C'lara,  S.  Josc",  and  S.  Miguel.  July  lst-4th,  various  niinoi-  mat- 
ters; and  more  about  the  agency  for  Mex.  July  0th,  Joaquin  Gomez  n  tuscil 
1  a.c  of  absence.  .July  7th,  Gomez  proposed  to  revoke  the  license  giantrd  hy 
Figueroa  to  Kostromitinof  to  build  a  warehouse  at  S.  Fran.,  and  to  ha\i'  the 
budding  destroyed  after  the  next  shipment;  no  such  permission  to  be  uivmi 
iii  future.  Chico's  order  forbiilding  the  appointment  of  an  alcalde  for  tlia 
northern  frontier  approved.  July  19th,  (Jhico  s.ays  it  is  customary  for  tlie 
oldest  vocal  to  preside  in  the  absence  of  the  gefe  July  1 8th-2Cth,  land  ,t;i  ants, 
ji,  titioii  of  J,".a  Burke,  etc.  July  2i)th,  moi-e  aoout  instructions  to  the  a^out. 
C.iinjilaints  of  Alvar.ado  against  Chico  (addressed  to  minister  of  rclutiois  ..ml 
nil  really  a  part  of  the  legislative  record).  Aug.  30th,  approved  that  n  >  i  cr- 
mission  bo  given  foreigners  to  erect  warehouses  at  the  ports;  but  it  wai  said 
t'liit  Kostro.T.itinof  had  not  yet  built  any.  The  records  are  brief,  xiv^de, 
cjufuacd,  and  probably  very  incomplete  for  the  whole  session. 


THR  OOVERNOR'S  CHARACTER. 


487 


unniiimoua  in  denouncing  liini  aa  a  tyrant,  a  rascal, 
ami  a  fool.  Ho  was  tliu  object  not  only  of  hatroil 
jis  N'ictoria  had  been,  but  of  ridicule.""  Ah  in  Vic- 
toiiii'n  case,  the  |)opular  feelinjif  was,  to  some  extent  at 
least,  unfounded;  and  it  has  doubtless  been  exa<j^<^er- 
jitvd  in  the  tellinj^,  larjifoly  through  the  inlluence  in 
liicr  voars  of  men  who  hnd  political  reasons  for  ma^LT- 
uifv  iiig  the  governor's  faults.  His  public  acts,  as  re- 
corded in  contemporary  documents,  could  not  have 
Ihm  11  specially  offensive  to  any  class  of  Californians, 
iiiid  many  of  the  acts  imputed  to  him  by  later  narra- 
tives are  so  absurdly  improbable  as  to  cast  serious 
(Iniibt  on  the  accuracy  of  the  rest.  It  is  clear  enough 
tliiit  Chico  was  neither  despot,  villain,  nor  insane,  but 


t(i 


'" riioleric,  respecting  nothing  wlien  suffuring  from  l>ile;  rovi'ngtful;  came 
(.'.il.   in  the  hope  of  hettcriug  his  fortunes.    Osiu,  Jfixt.   ('al.,  MS.,  '24!(- 


SH.  •Milituratc  <lo  mala  ley,  stubborn  aa  a  school-ljoy,  destitute  of  all  j,'ooil 
l)iui'iliiig,  with  no  idea  of  the  advantages  to  he  gained  hy  a  conciliatory  polii.'y, 
p  >i]i|>iiusly  ostentiitious,  hclieving  himself  a  general,  a  statesman,  and  an 
npiithecary,  insolent  as  Nero,  religions  and  profane  at  the  same  tiims  cow- 
uiiUy,  mad,  and  a  corrupter  of  public  minds.'  Almrado,  HUf.  CdK,  MS.,  iii. 
4  I- 1 40.  This  writer  tells  many  stories  of  Chico,  some  of  them  too  absurd 
f  11' imtice.  'Scandalously  avaricious."  /i«/i(/i«'',  y/(«<.  CVt/.,  MS.,  80-3.  Mrs 
Onl,  Ociirmirias,  MS.,  8'2-98,  says  ho  was  very  unpopular;  and  relates  that  the 
liiilinn  Juan  Cristiibal  at  Sta  Barbara  prcmounoed  liim  a  rascal  at  first  night, 
raiiuiiig  away  in  great  fear,  especially  on  aucount  of  his  goggles;  ami  when 
tliL'  padre  explained  that  he  was  a  good  man,  etc.,  the  Indian  still  insisted — 
'wait  a  little  and  thou  wilt  see  how  he  acts,  and  then  tell  mo  if  he  is  good  op 
liail:  lot  us  see  who  wins,  thou  or  I.'  (Jliieo  incknamed  '0.so  Chico'  becanso 
(if  his  crazy  and  lewd  disposition;  'loco  y  impiidico.'  Jfnrtucll,  Xitrr.,  MS., 
11.  Ihid  all  the  vices  and  no  virtues — all  the  attributes  neces.sary  to  make 
a  iiiiui  worthy  of  hatred.  Vallijo,  Hut.  Caf.,  MS.,  iii.  82-103.  Haughty  and 
iliiiiii iR'cring.  Fernandiz,  C'o-ian  <le  (,'al. ,  MS. ,  07-9.  A  man  litted  to  strengthen 
till'  iinivineial  prejudice,  of  disagreeable  manners,  one  with  whom  no  one 
c:mM  lie  on  friendly  terms.  liotdlo,  Aiiale^,  MS.,  ll)-'22.  Despotic  and  ar- 
liitniry,  the  very  opposite  of  Figueroa.  Caatro,  Iii!.,  MS.,  ."JT-S.  iU-tem- 
rcivil  and  quarrelsome;  insolent  and  immoral.  Pinto,  A/iinit.,  MS.,  lli-lO. 
Vidltiit,  despotic,  and  liated  by  all.  Piro,  Acoiit.,  MS.,  18-19,  '2>S-31.  No 
CJiamon  hcusc;  spent  his  time  in  inventing  remedies  and  studying  llowers. 
Vdl'iji)  {.f. ,/.),  Rfm'iu.,  MS.,  1 18-'21.  Impetuous  and  lacking  in  tact.  Coroivl, 
'Vr.-i,  MS.,  18.  Irascible,  imprudent,  and  ca])ricions.  Sirniiio,  Ajiuiitrn, 
Ms.,  ,'(1  (i.  Devoid  of  sense,  quarrelling  with  everybody.  Arce,  ^lem.,  MS., 
T-S.  I'eevish  and  perhaps  mad.  Torn',  liiiiihi.,  MS.,  .')7-01.  Insolent  and 
sl'ivcnly.  Oaliiido,  Ajmnte-t,  MS.,  33—4.  Treated  with  deserved  contempt. 
La.i.it,  Convuhione.n,  MS.,  10.  The  worst  ruler  that  couUl  have  been  sent  to 
f':.l.  I '(■(/(/('.<,  J/fM.,  MS., '2.3-5.  As 'qnijote' as  a  Spaniard.  Amaihir,  Mr:;i., 
Ms.,  lU.  Soon  lost  every  friend  he  chanced  to  make,  Aviln,  ^Vo/a.i,  MS. ,  18-19; 
r.::l  more  to  similar  effect,  in  Jaiissciis,  I'lda,  M8.,G3-T2;  Uonzulcz,  Ex}>rr., 
Ms.,  ;i2;  donzahz,  Hevohmonei*,  MS.,  9-10;  SunchfZ,  Kolas,  MS.,  1 1-12.  Tho 
rhcj.o  references  are  made  to  include  all  th.it  tho  writers  say  of  Chico'j  rule, 
luid  iimiiy  of  them  will  not  rcquiro  further  mention. 


428 


RULE  OF  GUTIERREZ  AND  CHICO. 


ii 


bcintj  unpopular,  he  might  as  well  have  been  all  three, 
so  far  as  results  are  concerned. 

On  his  arrival  in  California  he  had  to  encouiiti-r 
the  ordinary  inherent  difficulties  of  his  position, 
which  were  by  no  means  trifling,  as  had  been  discov- 
ered by  all  his  predecessors.  As  a  Mexican  ho  Ii;ul 
to  meet  a  strong  prejudice,  and  as  a  centralist  a  still 
stronger  opposition,  there  being  a  party  of  young 
men  in  the  country  who  claimed  to  be  ardent  fciltT- 
alists,  and  for  whom  revolution,  as  a  word,  luid  no 
terrors.  Chico  succeeded  Figueroa,  a  man  distin- 
guished for  his  arts  of  flattery  and  conciliation;  I  lav- 
ing himself  none  of  those  arts,  and  no  extraordinary 
ability  with  which  to  overcome  difficulties.  He  was 
perhaps  personally  petulant  and  disagreeable;  at  any 
rate,  ho  made  enemies  and  no  friends,  and  the  current 
was  started  against  him.  His  pretty  'niece,'  Dona 
Cruz,  turned  out  to  be  his  mistress;  and  the  respec- 
tability of  Monterey  was  easily  ])ersuaded  to  consider 
itself  shocked  by  such  immorality  in  high  jtlaces.'' 
The  restrictive  bando  of  May  11th  on  connnerce  may 
have  dis[)leased  a  powerful  element  among  the  for- 
eigners, and  his  persecution  of  Abel  Stearns,  of  which 
and  its  motives  little  is  really  known,  tended  in  tiio 
sauje  direction,  though  there  is  very  little  in  su[>i)<)rt 
of  the  charge  that  he  was  specially  hostile  to  I'ur- 
eigners.'*''^ 

"'  Stories  avo  told  going  to  sliow  tliat  Dofln  Cruz  was  not  altogctlioi'  fiiith- 
fill  to  lior  lover,  and  gave  the  governor  uo  end  of  troublo  by  lier  freaks  i.f 
iuconstaney. 

'•'■  Chico'H  orders  against  Stcarna  arc  dated  May  Ifltli,  June  2r»tli,  ami  .'uly 
.SOth.  J)i;>t.  SI.  J'/ii>.,  MS.,  iv  1-JO;  A/.,  Ii,ii.  Pre/,  y  Jiin.;  vi.  TMi;  //., 
Aiiijdcx,  xi.  .VJ.  No  niotivt)  isgi.'en;  but  l)y  Stearns  and  others  it  is  inplicil 
tliat  the  cause  was  his  connection  with  the  movement  against  Victoriii,  I'lniii 
the  haste  of  both  Victoria  and  Chico  to  proceed  against  .Stearns  nii  tlni.- 
arrival,  it  is  not  unlikely  that  each  had  some  secret  instructions  on  the  miIi- 
joct  from  Mexico.  Stearns  came  to  Montvrcy,  and  was  allowed  io  go  h.nk, 
under  bonds,  to  settle  his  business  in  a  month  and  leave  the  country,  .luly 
8th,  Stearns  writes  to  Chico  complaining  of  the  injury  done  him,  and  tht-rat- 
ening  to  hold  the  govt  responsible.  jM'iil.  St.  Pup.,  lien.  Prff.  yJir.ij.,  M'^.> 
vi.  t.'-.'J.  Eulogio  Celis,  a  Spaniaril,  who  seems  to  have  been  supercarL'i)  «i 
tlie  vessel  on  which  Chico  came,  was  also  forbidden  to  reenter  Cal.  S.  J>i':p, 
Arch.,  MS.,  114,  120. 

Oslo,  /IM.  Ctil.,  MS..  254-0,  narrates  that  Stearns,  hurrying  to  oln-y  tlio 
order,  caujo  to  ilonterey  and  was  at  lirst  politely  received  with  others,  mi 


BEGINNINGS  OF  TROUBLE. 


429 


,  mill  .'illy 

;-)-!!;  /'., 

i.s  iii'i'lii'il 

iii.    I'Vnm 

IS    oil    tlli'i." 
U    till'   Ml''- 

:o  jio  liai'k, 
itry.  -'illy 
11(1  tlnT.it- 
■/"-.;/.,  MS., 
)elTiir,L">  "f 
S.  J'I'Jh 

o  oIh'V  tlio 
otliois,  noli 


It  should  be  reincmbGrocl,  however,  that  on  account 
of  'LVxau  conipHcations  in  1835-G,  the  Mexican  gov- 
(.rniuent  ard  its  representatives  had  no  reason  for 
fiiciidly  feehngs  toward  Anglo-American  foreigners 
ut  liast.  I  find  no  contemporary  evidence  of  contro- 
vi'ivv  before  Cliico's  departure  for  the  south;  but  it 
is  not  unlikely  that  the  storm  was  rajjing  in  certain 
circles  not  re^jresented,  naturally,  in  public  records. 
Alviirado  and  Vallojo  state  that  at  this  time,  or 
J)  I  sibly  duiing  Chico's  absence,  they  with  Castro  and 
(rabiiel  de  la  Torre  planned  a  revolution  at  the  house 
(if  (uptain  Cooper;  but  that  Chico,  by  subsequently 
rovultiiig  Jigainst  himself,  rendered  the  carrying-out  of 
their  plans  unnecessar}'.'*' 

ItiiiiL.'  known  to  ♦he  gov.;  Imt  on  hearing  hia  name,  Chico  sprung  up,  ami 
liiiir.in^,'  Ills  finger  at  liiin,  cried  out,  'Arc  you  the  ra.scal  Abel  Stearns  whom 
1  rent  tor  to  punish  as  his  criminal  acta  deserve  ?  Are  you  the  Anierioaii 
siKuiiiliil  who  rose  against  Gen.  Victoria,  and  whom  I  aliall  hang  to-morrow 
at  tilt'  Ihigstatf?  Are  you  the  audacious  foreigner,  without  honor,  who  has 
(laieil  to  enter  this  room  among  honorable  men?  15o  oil',  and  await  to-morrow 
tl'.i' icsiilt  of  your  rascality! '  Alvarado,  y//.s<.  C'nl.,  MS.,  iii.  71-0,  asserts 
that  !it  a  secret  meeting  to  consider  (Video's  opposition  to  foreigners  he  (A.) 
Win  siiit  to  interview  Uio  gov.,  whom  ho  warned  that  if  he  persisted  in  his 
m":isiiios  all  foreign  caiiital  and  vesaela  would  be  withdrawn,  greatly  to  tho 
i^ijiu  \  (if  ("al.  CUico  said  the  foreigners  wimld  not  1)0  allowed  to  withdraw 
tlicir .  iipital;  and  when  A.  said  there  was  no  law  to  prevent  it,  burst  out 
1;;iil;1iiiii,',  and  remarked  that  his  visitor  had  evidently  not  acquainted  himself 
witli  tlie  modern  Mexican  system  of  politics  and  forced  loans.  A.  explained 
that  the  Californiana  would  side  with  the  foreigners  if  any  such  outrage 
vi'ic  iitteuipted;  and  Chico,  after  storming  a  while,  became  more  reasonable, 
bail!  he  would  postpone  violent  measures  for  a  time,  and  finally  a.sked  the 
yiiiuii,'  cliputado  to  t;dve  a  cnp  of  chocolate  with  himself  and  Doii:i  Cruz, 
lie  was,  liowcver,  sadly  disappointed  when  he  learned  that  A.  could  tell  him 
iiotliiii:;  alMJut  tlio  medical  properties  of  California  plants. 

Oi'  tlio  foreigners  who  have  given  their  ojiiiiions  about  Chico,  Spencc, 
lli^i.  XTiis,  MS.,  spcak.s  of  'the  (lespot  general  will  M-as -.1  fitter  subject  for 
thi'  liiiiiitic  asylum  than  for  governor.  lie  resiicctcd  neither  law  nor  justice, 
but aitcil  solely  according  to  his  own  ca])rico  and  whims.'  Dr  Marsh,  l.it- 
^■/•,  -Ms.,  p.  7,  says  'ho  was  the  friend  of  ^'ictoria,  pursued  the  same  out- 
la^eoiis  ciiiirso  of  conduct,  and  shared  the  same  fate,  lie  arrived  fully  dc- 
t(-'iniiiiii|  to  take  vengeance  on  those  who  had  been  instrumental  in  expelling 
\  ictnii;,.'  Alfred  Koiiinson,  LiJ'<iii  Ca/i/nniid,  17.'i:  '  I'rejudiccd  against  many 
C'alitniiiians,  and  violently  incensed  at  the  forci'.'ii  re.'sidents,  Chico  cominenceil 
«  tyranny  tiiat  soon  brought  him  into  disgrace;  and  finally  ended  in  his  expul- 
fiiiii  fiiiiii  tho  territory.'  Petit-Thouars,  I'oi/dije,  ii.  it'J,  and  Wilkes,  AVfrm- 
'"•(,  V.  171-5,  attribute  hia  downfall  to  his  arbitrary  conduct  and  a  (|uarr;l 
witli  the  judge  of  the  district.  Tuthill,  Jliift.  Cat.,  141,  follows  Robinson's 
Vci-sidii. 

. ,  ^KHmrndo,  Hl^f.  CaK,  MS.,  iii.  120,  140,  48-9;  I'aW^/o,  Ilht.  Cnl.,  MS., 
>ii.  S-'  '.i'.>.  |0().  Vallejo  rclatea  that  on  receipt.  May  i;ith,  of  Chico's  order 
of  May  4th  ( \',illijo,  i)nc.,  MS.,  iii.  'JOO-D,  he  started  for  Monterey.  At  S. 
<Ju80  lie  met  C  lis  uud  Becher,  who  warned  him  against  the 'colu-bloodcd, 


4no 


RULE  OF  GUTIERREZ  AND  CHICO. 


The  doings  of  the  junta  dcfensora,  or  vigilance 
couiniittee,  at  Los  Angeles  in  April,  were  the  current 
topic  of  public  attention  when  Chico  landed  at  Santa 
Barbara.  These  "scandalous  events — a  tuniuituous 
meeting  of  citizens  who  allowed  themselves  to  be  se- 
duced by  four  malicious  and  wayward  men,  })utlinn" 
themselves  above  authority  and  law  in  despite  of 
sound  morals" — seemed  to  the  new  ruler  matteis  of 
the  greatest  moment  and  fraught  with  terrible  jkiH 
to  California.  He  saw  a  political  significance  in  the 
n>ovement,  believing  that  the  alleged  cause  was  not 
the  real  one,  but  that  "a  resolution  meditated  hy 
occult  anarchical  spirits  to  overthrow  the  government 
ins[)ired  in  tin?  incautious  Angelinos  the  fatal  idea  of 
revolt  under  a  pretext  apparently  sound,  in  order  thiit 


'ill 


■i  •'! 


fierce,  brutal,  hypocritical,  insolent,  centralist  governor,*  who  had  an'("<toil 
Carrillo  at  Sta  ]J!ir!)ara  and  many  of  the  leading  men  at  Monterey.  Vi'.'ilt'jo 
vent  bai'k  to  .Sonoma  and  started  again  witli  a  force  of  22  sohliers,  10  citi- 
zen volnntecrs,  and  14  Indians.  At  S.  Josi?  .Juan  Alvires  was  told  to  Lo 
ready  for  action  if  needed.  One  day  was  spent  at  Piijaro  at  the  ranclio  of  J. 
,1.  Vallejo,  wlio  was  ready  to  render  aid  against  the  centralist.  At  II  \.  M. 
on  M;iy  2l!th,  having  been  a<hnitted  to  tiie  presidio  by  the  corpor.d  ot  the 
gniird,  l>(«n  (inadalupe  formed  his  men  in  a  line  before  the  governor's  linise 
and  knoolu'd  at  the  <loor.  It  was  opened  by  an  old  man  in  a  nu)rnin,'L.'<i\vii, 
green  cap.  and  Klippers,  who  said,  'I  am  tha  man  you  have  come  to  sn  :  are 
yon  not  AUVrez  Vallejo,  wiio  connnan<l.s  on  the  Sonoma  frontier?'  'Ye,-,  iiml 
I  want  to  see  Comandanto  <leneral  Chico,' was  the  reply,  whereupon  li,'  wiiit 
and  put  on  hia  luiiforni,  andretnrned,  saying,  'Senor  AUivcz,  hero  is  the  ir^n- 
oral  of  (.'alifornia.'  A  long  interview  ensued,  minutely  described.  (  !iiio 
coiii])lain(!il  of  V.illejo's  ilelay  in  coming,  but  after  a  long  discu.ssion,  tli"  fit- 
ter, liy  tlie  aid  of  a  'nap  drav.n  on  the  spot,  succeeded  in  convincin,'  ("lico 
tint  t'lc  trip  from  Sonoma  could  not  have  been  ma<le  (juickcr!  'I'lun  Clii.i) 
jpU'sUonod  ids  visitor  closely  about  the  northern  frontier  and  his  Indian  pol- 
icy. The  Indians  were  also  calloil  in  and  questioned.  Tinally  the  goM'iiior 
expressed  ^;reat  satisfaction  anil  jiraised  tlic  young  officer'a  conduct:  ii^Iird 
liiin  to  take  a  glass  of  wiiu>  brought  by  Dona  Cruz,  whose  bright  eyes nliiiost 
(  insed  the  alt'crez  to  forget  the  charms  of  his  own  young  wife;  and  .-ii  rimi- 
panied  I'.iin  to  the  door,  telling  him  to  stay  at  Monterey  as  long  as  he  likiil. 
N'allejo  IJjin  went  out  to  meet  lii.s  friends,  who  had  gathered  to  defend  liiin 
in  case  of  need,  and  wei'c  much  surprised  to  know  that  'Unadalupe  iiaii  l.uncil 
tlie  bear.'  It  was  their  opinion  ami  tlie  narrator's  that  Chico  hail  int'inltd 
to  arre:<t  Vallejo,  liut  had  been  frightened  by  his  resolute  nets  and  Iiy  In*  mil- 
itary escort.  (The  interview,  according  to  Vallejo's  own  version,  woiil  I  in- 
dicato  nit  her  that  Chico  was  aijuiet,  gentlemanly  officer,  who  had  noho  tiiity 
against  the  nifi'rez,  and  was  pleased  by  his  indcpendenco  and  blnlf  niiiiini  i-.) 
It  WIS  then  that  the  plan  of  revolution  was  formed,  to  be  carried  out  IK  iiiL''' 
uliould  continue  his  arbitrary  conduct,  ai.d  a  written  agreement  was  inailr.  of 
which  each  (if  the  conspirators  kept  a  copy.  Alcalde  Estrada  sd  far;i>*i  nti'il 
to  the  plan  as  to  agree  not  to  emlure  from  Chico  any  direct  infriugeiui.  iit  ot 
the  written  laws. 


THE  VIGILANTES. 


4S1 


vil  I.:'  the 
ir's  h'lii.so 
,iu,',L.">wii, 
1)  si,(  :  are 
Y.-.  a:i.l 
ion  li'.'  uciit 

is  tllC  LTMl- 

1.      Cliico 
,>n,  111" list- 
in,'  <"iii'o 
irn  Chi.'O 
lulLr.i  p'll- 

L'll\l'l'll!ll' 

ict:  ii-Ii<'il 
■ycsaliiiii-it 
mil  ari'iiHi- 

ho  likfil. 
lofcna  !iiin 
Ililii  taMli"il 

int''iiili'!l 
ly  hi  *  mil- 

won!  I  ill- 
ID  iiH-tiiity 

maii'ii'."'.) 
mtitt'liii'ii 
IS  laa'.i-.  "f 
lira-*!  Htoil 

I 'on  It  I  it  I't" 


Inter  tliey  might  be  induced  to  serve  the  .sinister  aims 
into  which  more  than  once  the  avowed  and  secret  di- 
rectors of  this  mutiny  have  been  initiated,  causing 
bitter  days  for  tbis  department."  So  urgent  did  tlio 
(laiiu^er  seem,  that  he  ',  ishcd  to  go  in  person  to  Los 
Angeles,  but  was  dissuaded  by  friends,  who  told  him 
that  as  the  ccmimand  had  not  yet  been  transferred, 
his  authority  would  probably  not  be  recognized  at  the 
piK'blo.  Therefore  he  hastened  to  Monterey,  and 
boon  sent  Gutierrez  south  with  a  force  to  restore  order. 
All  this,  with  something  of  results,  and  the  fact  that 
the  expedition  had  burdened  the  treasury  with  a  loan 
(f  s-2,000,  was  communicated  at  length  to  the  junta 
ami  to  the  people  in  the  governor's  discourse  of  ^lay 
'J7th."'  It  was  doubtless  in  connection  with  this 
expedition  that  the  order  to  Vallejo  had  been  issued 
as  already  related. 

On  April  2()th,  in  accordance  with  orders  from  Mon- 
terey, Alcalde  Kequena  had  commenced  proceedings 
against  members  of  the  so-called  mob  of  Aj>ril  7th; 
hilt  as  all  declared  there  were  no  leaders,  and  that  over 
lil'ty  cul[)rits  must  be  punished  if  any,  the  al -aide 
coiilJ  only  report  to  the  governor  ench)sing  a  list  <>f 
the  naines.''^^  It  was  on  May  4th  that  Chico  issued 
orders  for  Gutierrez  to  march  south  to  quell  the  dis- 
orders at  Los  Angeles;  but  we  know  very  little  »»f  the 
expedition,  save  that  it  cost  {i?i2,000,  met  no  resistance, 
ami  accorclinjTf  to  Chico's  discourse  was  successful  in 


"'7(/Vo,  Dlnriir^o,  fifr.  .Tiicol)  P.  Leese,  as  jilrcady  stited,  canio  iiortli  with 
Cliioii;  ami  iiccording  to  tlii>  stjitoment  of  Uittcll,  /I'n'.  S.  Frdnri.-iro,  si, 
Ixianl  prosuniably  oil  Loeac's  owii  iicconnt,  'oil  tlio  way  Cliioo  askoil  jiiiu  t':)r 
Ml  aooinint  of  tlio  uUair  at  Loa  An^olos,  of  whioli  N'<)rii;),'a  at  Sta  lliirliaiu  liatl 
givmi  him  a  very  unfavoralilo  oiniiion.  Loose  told  tlio  uirouinstauoes,  and 
liroijiioi'il  the  copy  of  tlio  record,  whioU  entiroly  satisliod  the  jjovornor,  \\  lio 
lUMiiiisod  that  ho  ahould  not  Iw  tr(nii)lod  almut  it.  A  tlosiro  tolearu  the  par- 
tioiilais  of  tilt;  execution  at  Loa  Angolea  was  jn-oluibly  one  of  Chioo'a  motives 
f'T  roi[uestiiii»  Leesu'a  company;  ami  the  conviction  in  hia  mind  tha'„  tho 
iK'ojiIi'  acted  properly  may  have  luidaomc  influenco  in  inducing  him  to  f,'ive:i 
Ivttrr  that  a^tiiateil  IjCcso  in  ohttiining  tho  order  for  laying  out  tlio  town  of 
Yoi  li;i  liueiia.'  EvidenMy  tlioro  ia  ii  mistako  about  Chico'a  conviction,  whut- 
cvov  niay  have  hocn  Ilia  courac  towarda  Leeao  peraonully. 

''  Uoeord  of  May  4tli.  .V.  Dii'ijo,  Arch.,  MS.,  103.  Chico  alao  mentions  lu 
hij  Jji^ciir^o  tlio  muous  udoptod  by  tiio  luob  to  sliiuld  tho  luudurs. 


482 


RULE  OF  GUTIERREZ  AND  CHICO. 


f!    !• 


\m 


!  '■ 


overnwing  the  Angoliuos  to  such  an  extent  that  tliey 
''pointed  out  their  deceivers,  that  justice  might  pur- 
Kuc  tlieiii."  Some  arrests  were  made  and  arms  weio 
seized  in  the  city  and  adjoining  ranches  before  and 
lifter  Chico's  arrival.^® 

Why  Chico  went  to  the  south  at  all  is  not  clctr; 
neither  is  it  possible  to  give  any  connected  narrative 
of  what  he  did  there,  except  to  make  himself  veryuii- 
j)opular.  He  reached  Los  Angeles  about  the  mitldle 
of  June,  having  a  few  days  before  presided  at  the 
swearing  of  the  bases  at  Santa  Barbara,  as  he  did  at 
the  city  on  the  19th.  He  granted  some  kind  of  an 
amnesty  to  those  concerned  in  the  tumult  of  April, 
excepting  four  men  from  the  amnesty,  by  an  order  ot' 
June  20th;  and  next  day  he  issued  a  bando  requir- 
ing the  delivery  of  all  arms  that  were  yet  in  piivate 
possession,  under  severe  penalties.'*'  Osio  says  that 
after  storming  for  awhile,  and  terrifying  the  tiini<l 
Anfjeiinos  with  his  threats  of  lianofinLT  and  shootiii's 
Chico  calmed  down  and  astonished  the  prisoners  by 
dismissing  them  with  pardon,  after  a  mild  repriniand. 
Tills  writer  say,,  however,  that  he  subsequently  lost 
his  temper  again,  and  caused  several  arrests;  but  the 
prisoners  were  released  after  he  left  the  countiy 
Several  Californians  tell  us  that  Prudon  and  Araiiji 
were  banished,  and  that  the  latter  never  retunud: 
but  I  think  that  no  one  received  any  greater  pun- 
ishment than  a  brief  arrest. 

The  u'overnor,  beinnr  called  to  Monterey  bv  'im- 
portant  affairs,'  left   San  Gabriel  for  the  north   on 

'"Mny  4,  ISSfl,  Chico's  order  to  Gutierrez,  and  to  alcalde  to  tjivo  him  aid. 
JP'pf.  ,S7."  P(ij>.,  MS.,  iv.  108.  May  18th,  I'nidonand  Arzagaanv.sttd.  Sipul- 
vedaniKl  .liiaii  Avila  not  yet.  diierra,  Dor.,  MS.,  vi.  l.Vi.  May'JHtli,  .inns 
oeizcd  t'roin  '.'4  jjcrsoiis,  13of  whom  were  foreigners.  Lm  Aiif/rltn,  Arr/i.,  MS.. 
i.  08-101.  Juno  ;Jd,  (Jutierrez  to  (Miico.  Is  gnthorin;i;  in  all  tlio  arms,  and  will 
CO  to  S.  l>iei{o,  leaving  Ibarra  in  command.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  lieu.  Mil.,  M.S., 
Ixxxi.  S".  Juno  8th-i8th,  collection  of  arms  by  alcaltlea  at  the  ranohos.  //., 
AiiifJ.'s,  ii.  !ii)-2.  Nov.  20th,  arms  collected  at  8.  Gabriel,  perhajs  in  conmc- 
tio'.i  with  some  other  matter.  /(/.,  ii.  0.'>-6. 

"''J"he  4  men  not  included  in  the  amnesty  were  Jo8<^  Perez,  ViooiitB 
Sanchez,  Jose  Sepulveda,  and  Juan  Ramirez,  said  to  have  headed  a  bi'i'>ii  1 
nu'itinu  of  citizens.  Jh/it.  St.  Piip.,  Hoi.  Prrf.  y  Jm/.,  MS.,  vi.  7.  They 
may  have  becu  the  4  'iliacolos  ntulicioaos'  of  L'hicu's  itmuroo. 


I 


CHICO  I\  THE  SO¥TH. 


438 


June  28th,  and  reached  Monterey  the  8th  of  July. 
BefV)re  his  departure,  he  jjfave  to  (jrutierrez  full  au- 
thority to  act  in  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  civil 
or  military  command  in  the  south.  This  officer  was 
at  San  Diego,  making  investigations  respecting  the 
'plan'  of  Bandini  and  others,  to  which  I  have  already 
ivtV'rred.  The  result  was  forwarded  on  July  13th  for 
consideration  at  the  capital;  but  its  nature  is  not  re- 
\(i.lod.^  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  Chico  acted 
most  unwisely  in  assuming  the  position  that  he  did 
r.s[)ecting  the  tumults  in  the  south.  There  was  prob- 
alily  no  political  significance  in  them  at  all.  Sucli 
J lopular  uprisings  for  speedy  justice,  when  supported 
l)V  the  best  citizens,  are  nearly  always  for  the  best, 
whatever  may  be  the  theoretical  majesty  of  the  law. 
Chico  was  technically  right  in  his  adherence  to  law 
and  order,  but  he  should  have  seen  that  he  could  ac- 
complish nothing  against  a  whole  town,  as  he  did  see 
alter  going  south,  and  have  congratulated  himself  that 
the  trouble  did  not  occur  in  his  term  of  office.  All 
ho  ett'ected  was  to  make  himself  cordially  hated  by  the 
citizens  of  Los  Angeles  and  San  Diego. 

Ill  yet  another  affair,  Chico  while  in  the  south  laid 
the  foundations  of  a  controversy  that  vais  destined  to 
alienate  from  him  whatever  slu^ro  he  had  in  the  patri- 
oiii'  good-will  of  even  the  staid  and  conservative  Santa 
Bilibara.  On  his  way  southward  ho  came  to  Santa 
Ini's  the  lOtli  of  June,  and  the  padres  Jiineno  not 
only  refused  him  animals  and  other  aid  for  his  jour- 
II 'V,  hilt  failed  to  award  him  the  ceremonial  rece[)tioii 
<luo  to  his  rank,  or  even  the  courtesies  always  shown 
t  I  travellers  at  the  missions.  Such  was  Chico's  own 
vorsion  of  the  affair;  that  of  tlic  padres,  confirmed  by 
Si'iioia  Jimeno,  their  sister-in-law,  who  was  present 
at  Santa  lues,  was  that  as  much  courtesy  was  shown 

^Muly  1st,  13th,  Outien'cz  from  S.  Luis  and  S.  Dici^o  to  Chico,  who  on 
.Iiiiii' '.Mth  liad  ftnuounccd  liia  doparturo  for  the 'JOth.  S.  J)li>iio,  Arrh.,  MS., 
Ill):  l),</,t.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil..  ,.1S.,  Ixxxi.  'Jo,  'JS.  Juno  'iTth,  Chico  at  Smi 
''.iliiiil.  te.iily  toBt'trt  next  day.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  210.  At  Mouterey 
July  Sth.  domiz,  Dlario,  MS. 

HiiT,  CAI.,,  Vol..  m.    38 


Its 
iti 


434 


RULE  OP  OUTIERREZ  AND  CHICO. 


to  the  governor  as  was  possible  on  short  notice,  liis 
comini'  not  being  known  in  advance  at  the  mission.'^ 
Arriving  at  Santa  Bdrbara  the  same  day,  Chico  [)i(>- 
scntcd  a  complaint  on  the  subject  to  Prefect  Duraii, 
who  did  not  attempt  to  deny  or  justify  the  alleijfid 
discourtesy  of  the  friars,  paying  very  little  atttMitinn 
to  the  charores,**  but  offering  a  long  argument  to  tlic 
effect  that  unsecularized  missions  were  under  no  ol*- 
ligation  to  furnish  aid  to  the  government.  This  argii- 
nient,  and  the  resultinij^  secularization  of  Santa  liit's 
and  San  Buenaventura,  will  receive  attention  in  an- 
other chapter.  ])uran  also  flatly  refused  to celeljiato 
mass  at  the  swearing  of  the  bases,  on  the  ground  ot' 
his  allegiance  to  Spain. 

It  doe^i  not  appear  that  there  was  any  controversy 
during  Chico's  presence  at  Santa  Bdrbara.  If  tlieic 
was  any  exhibition  of  ill  temper  in  the  governor's  i;i- 


'•  June  23(1,  Chico  to  junta,  including  tho  stibstance  of  his  letter  of  June 
lltli  to  I'.  Uiiran,  St.  Pap,,  M'ms.  and  Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  3G8-T;'.  C.  says  that 
liis  coming  had  been  announced  formally  by  a  vaqucr  j  sent  from  ]>uti;a\  isiii, 
tiiat  Alanucl  Jinieno  told  him  at  Oso  Flaco  that  he  was  expected  that  very  day, 
and  that  all  the  people  of  tho  mission  were  on  tho  ifiii  vivc  for  ftis  arrival. 
Thcrcforo  he  was  surprised  when  P.  Jos6  Jinicno  canio  out  to  meet  him,  with 
the  remark  that  no  facilities  could  be  aObrdcd  since  his  coming  had  not  \ivvn 
known,  and  moreover  that  ho  and  his  brother  were  'mere  pilgrima  in  that 
Jerusalem.'  P.  Victoria  was  courteous,  but  the  Jimcuo  brothers  sliowcd  such 
marked  disrespect  and  contempt  for  his  office  that  he  was  compelled  to  decline 
even  to  take  a  seat  proflered  him  on  a  bench  in  the  ante-kitchen.  At  the 
foot  of  the  hill  he  was  overtaken  by  the  majordomo,  who  begged  pcrmissimi 
to  bring  animals  for  his  service,  an  ofl'er  wiiich  was  accepted.  Sra  Jiincun, 
Ord,  Oi:urrencias,  MS.,  87-97,  says  she  was  at  Sta  Inia  recovering  froai  .i 
serious  illness,  and  P.  Antonio  Jimcno  had  come  thereto  celebrate  her  birth- 
day on  June  11th.  They  were  at  dinner  wlieu  an  Indian  announced  the  gen- 
eral's  coming.  Chico  came  in  a  carriage;  tho  tlirec  friars  went  ont  to  mcit 
him;  one  opened  tho  door  of  tho  carriage,  another  offered  his  hand,  while  1'. 
Jose  Jimeno  expressed  regret  that  ignorance  of  tho  time  of  his  arrival  ]>ii- 
vented  a  more  ceremonial  reception,  though  tho  mission  bolls  were  now  liiig- 
ing.  Chico  was  invited  in  to  dinner,  but  declined,  and  reeut,ering  his  carriage, 
was  driven  to  Huejote.  To  that  place  the  padres  and  Sra  Jimeno  sent  a  line 
repast,  which  Chico  refused,  saying,  '  Vuelvale  Yd,  esa  coniida  d  esos  fraik  j, 
pues  no  quiero  nada  do  cUos. ' 

*"June  15th,  Duran  to  C,  will  not  treat  of  the  occurrences  at  Sta  Ini'j, 
because  he  has  already  made  verbal  explanation,  and  will  speak  of  them  again. 
•  For,  after  all,  those  padres  arc  my  brethren,  and  I  cannot  but  insist  on  act- 
ing as  peacemaker  until  I  succeed  in  obtaining  from  you  a  complete  iudulgiiico 
in  favor  of  those  poor  friars,  whoso  offence  I  believe  could  nave  been  none 
other  than  surprise  and  inadvertence;  and  I  trust  that  you  vHU  entertain  tho 
same  opinion  when  you  know  thorn  better.'  St.  Pap,,  Alita.  and  Colon,,  MS., 
ii.  374-5. 


TROUBLE  WITH  THE  PADRE  PREFECTO. 


43S 


tercourse  with  tlic  ]>atlrcs,  it  lias  loft  iu>  trace  in  liis 
written  communications,  wliicli  arodij^nitietl  in  manner 
ami  matter.  Ho  reported  the  matter  to  the  junta, 
a  11(1  that  body  decided  before  hia  return  to  Monte I'ey 
that  the  missions  were  under  obliijations  to  aid  the 
oiivernment;  and  exj^ressed  much  regret  and  surprise 
at  the  offensive  conduct  of  tlie  padres  toward  tlio 
thief  magistrate  of  the  territory,  something  that  had 
luver  been  witnessed  in  the  country  before,  even  iu 
the  case  of  a  private  traveller."  After  Chico's  return 
it  was  decided  by  him  and  approved  by  the  junta  that 
Dman  should  be  ordered  to  Monterey  and  expelled 
from  California,  for  having  refused  to  celebrate  mass 
at  the  swearing  of  the  bases,  and  for  publicly  main- 
taining that  the  national  independence  was  illegal, 
unjust,  and  anti-Catholic.  This  action  was  consistent 
enough  with  the  past  policy  of  the  diputacion,  and, 
as  v.ill  be  remembered,  had  been  recommended  by 
Figueroa;  j'et  it  is  not  unlikely  that  the  chief  mo- 
tive of  this  support  of  Chico  by  the  junta  was  to 
]ir('in()te,  thrcaigh  Duran's  well  known  popularity  at 
Santa  Barbara,  the  disaffecticm  of  that  conservative 
people,  hitherto  unmanageable  in  the  interest  of  po- 
litical agitators.  The  order  was  sent  to  the  alcalde 
July  'J.^th;  and  all  that  we  know  of  the  result  l)y 
conteniporary  records  is  that  on  August  4tli,  after 
Chico's  departure,  Padre  Duran  announced  to  the 
alcalde  that  he  could  not  go  to  ^lonterey  by  land,  but 
Huirst  await  the  Leonitlas.*-  It  i«  stated,  however,  by 
several  persons  who  must  have  known  the  facts,  that 
wlieii  an  attempt  was  made  to  put  the  ])adre  prefecto 
till  board  a  vessel,  the  people  of  the  town  rose  en 
masse,  women  in  the  front  ranks,  and  prevented  the 


*'  Report  of  com.  on  missions,  June  29th-30tli.  St.  Pap.,  Mi>>K,  and  Colon., 
51>^.,  ii.  ;iS.").  July  4tli,  AlvarndotoVallojo.  The  padres . I  inieiio  nnd  P.  iMii-aii 
trcati'l  Chico  with  so  much  disrespect  that  he  was  obliged  to  take  from  tliciii 
til"  imiiioral  niauagement  of  Sta  luOs  and  Si.  JUienavcntura.  VuUejo,  Jior., 
M>..  iii.  '-'18. 

'-.Inly  'J,'),  18.10,  Chico  to  alcalde  of  Sta  B.  Aug.  4th,  P.  Duran  to  same. 
l>q't.  .'it.  I'ajK,  MS.,  iv.  Uo-lli,  12--'. 


430 


RULE  OF  GUTIERREZ  AND  CHICO. 


I 


m  \-r'i 


local  authorities  from  oxocutiniT^  Chico's  orders."  Tlic 
])opular  version  ascribes  Chico's  'persecution'  <>i' 
Duran  to  the  latter's  refusal  to  punish  the  padres 
Jinieno,  and  to  his  denunciation  of  the  governor's 
vices:  but  the  dates  and  tenor  of  the  two  orit>inal 
documents  cited  will  sug<ifest  to  the  reader  very  many 
discrepancies  in  all  that  is  said  by  Californians  about 
this,  like  every  other  part  of  Chico's  rule. 

The  governor's  popularity  at  the  capital  had  not 
increased  duriniif  his  absence,  and  he  soon  becaino 
involved  in  the  final  troubles  of  his  Californian  ex- 
perience. These  troubles  are  stated  with  great  uiui- 
niniity  by  those  who  write  from  memory  to  liavo 
grown  out  of  a  scandalous  liaison  between  Jose 
IMarfa  Castailares,  a  clerk  in  the  custom-house,  and 
Dona  Ildefonsa,  wife  of  the  sub-comisario,  Jose  ^laria 
Hern  ra.  This  causa  celehre  is  fully  recorded  in  the 
archives,  many  of  the  original  papers  being  in  my  jios- 
session.    The  record  is  bulky,  and  most  of  the  de  tails, 

**  VahUs,  Mem.,  MS.,  24;  Janssens,  Vhla,  MS.,  Go;  Gonzalez,  Ex/ii'iiriii-:it.<, 
MS.,  3'2;  Pinto,  Apuidnciones,  MS.,  17.  Mrs  Onl,  Ocurrcnrhw,  .MS.,  ICi  7, 
says  that  two  ollicers  came  to  Sta  IJ.  from  the  north  to  arrest  ])r.r:iii,  niriv- 
iiiy  in  the  night.  Domingo  CarnUo  warned  Capt.  Gucrra;  anil  narrator  with 
a  little  brother  was  sent  to  warn  P.  Duran,  who  replied:  'Tell  tlie  patiiaivli 
to  have  no  fear;  blcs.sed  are  they  that  suffer  pcrseeution  for  justice,  lor  llu  ir-i 
is  the  kingdom  of  lieavcn.'  Tiic  agents  of  Cliico  gave  Duran  some  days  l'"i- 
preparation,  and  then  ho  went  to  the  beach  in  a  carriage.  All  tlie  wonit  ii  I'f 
tlie  place  crowded  about  the  carriage,  and  declared  tliat  the  padre  shouM  imt 
go  on  board  the  vessel.  When  a  climax  of  cries  and  tears  and  general  excite- 
ment had  been  reached,  the  men,  liitherto  concealed  in  a  sniiza/ito  near  by,  tamo 
up  to  support  the  women;  and  Duran,  against  his  own  desire,  real  or  ine- 
tended,  was  taken  lioine.  8ta  lUrl)ara  for  the  first  time  was  in  open  nvult 
against  the  govt.  Alvarado,  IJinf.  Cal. ,  MS. ,  iii.  7I)-B(i,  tells  ns  that  Capt.  (Jiuii  a, 
knowing  that  Duran  was  to  be  o.xilcd,  and  not  being  at  liberty  to  divulgi^  tin'  -m- 
cret,  called  his  young  son,  and  gave  him  money  to  go  and  buy  all  the  eg_i.'.i  ho 
could  get  for  P.  Duran,  who  was  to  be  sent  away,  Init  it  was  a  great  secret,  and 
nnist  be  told  to  nobody.  Of  course  the  youngster  told  everybody,  as  was  lii^ 
custom  with  all  secrets — and  also  so  as  to  get  the  eggs  for  nothing  and  p:irki't 
the  money — and  when  the  soldiers  went  to  make  the  arrest,  they  found  Hiuaa 
sunx)undcd  by  a  crowd  of  women,  who  declared  they  would  defend  him  with 
tiieir  lives.  The  soldiers  did  not  dare  to  make  the  attack,  audChieo  was  nnti- 
lied  that  he  must  send  Mexican  sohlicrs  to  take  the  padre !  ValUjo,  //.'-'. 
t'<il.,  MS.,  iii.  l'20-4,  states,  as  does  Alvarado,  that  Duran's  chief  olTcuee  w.is 
Imving  preached  against  the  governor's  innnorality.  Chico  waa  furious,  :.ud 
prepared  to  send  an  armed  force  to  make  his  autlmrity  respected  at  Sta  l'>. ; 
but  was  dissuaded,  or  prevented  by  his  other  troubles,  from  carrying  out  liis 
plan. 


AMOURS  OF  DOJJA  ILDEFOXSA. 


4o"« 
04 


for  obvious  reasons,  cannot  bo  printed;  indeed,  I  have 
neither  spaeo  nor  plausible  pretext  i'ov  presentin.^ 
more  than  the  brief  outline  necessary  ibr  histiH'ioul 

ft/ 

piir|)Oses. 

Tlie  amours  of  Castailares  and  Ildefonsa,  a  daughter 
of  Captain  Miguel  Gonzalez,  were  more  or  less  notori- 
ous in  Monterey  for  some  time  before  the  persons 
more  directly  interested  chose  to  make  trouble.  Dona 
Ana,  wife  of  Castailares  and  daughter  of  Rafiiol  Gon- 
zjilcz,  administrator  of  customs,  began  to  agitate  the 
matter  in  February  183G,  and  was  prosecuted  by 
]Ierrera  for  slander.**  Dona  Ana  wasted  no  senti- 
mentality on  such  a  subject  as  her  husband's  faidts, 
and  for  a  time  had  exerted  herself  to  separate  the 
guilty  pair,  and  thus  prevent  scandal.  She  was  more 
than  a  match  for  all  the  others  combined  in  energy 
and  shrewdness,  and  had  provided  herself  with  abun- 
dant proofs,  including  the  lovers'  letters.  She  had  even 
piloted  no  less  a  personage  than  Governor  Gutierrez 
to  a  point  where  with  her  he  overheard  Ildefonsa's 
confession  of  her  guilt,  together  with  the  cheering 
admission  that  when  she  had  resisted  on  account  of 
her  friendship  for  Dona  Ana,  Castanares  had  thrcat- 
euL'd  to  remove  that  obstacle  to  their  felicity  by  the 
use  of  poison.  The  case  lasted  from  April  to  June, 
and  was  then  dismissed  by  Herrera,  who  in  May  had 
begun  another  prosecution  against  Castanares  and 
Ildefonsa  for  adultery.*"  On  May  28th,  the  guilty 
couple  were  arrested.  Castanares  was  locked  up  in 
jail  and  Ildefonsa  deposited,  as  was  the  custom,  in  the 
house  of  a  respectable  citizen.  The  30th  of  July 
Herrera  withdrew  his  suit  and  consented  to  the  libera- 
tion of  the  prisoners,  on  condition  that  Castafuires 

*' Cmfaiiarps,  Causa  seguida  contra  Ana  Gonzalez  (Castanares)  jmr  h'lhr 
hahhalo  (Ul  adiilterio  de  Alfonsa  Gonzalez  (Herrera)  y  de  J.  M.  Custunnns, 
Ahr'.l-Jumo,  1S3G,  MS.  About  50  documents,  of  which  the  longest  is  Dona 
Anil's  ilcfcnce  of  April  11th,  including  her  charges. 

''  l.'tistauares,  Causa  Criminal  contra  J.  M.  Castanares  6  Ildefonsa  (Jcnza'ez 
]ior  adiilterio,  seguida  dpedimento  del esjmsodccsta,  Jos^  Maria  1/errera,  Ma;/o- 
Jiilio,  1S36,  MS.  This  is  a  rather  brief  record,  but  many  of  the  documents 
buui'iu<;  on  tiiis  case  were  also  introduced  in  the  next.     See  note  40. 


433 


KULE  OF  GUTIERREZ  AND  CHICO. 


should  leavG  the  place,  and  not  come  within  t\V(>lvo 
loajjfuos  of  the  sub-coniisurla  so  long  as  ho  roniaiiicl 
in  California.  Meanwhile  another  bitte  !•  controversy 
had  been  raging  between  Dona  Ana  and  Herrera,  who 
hated  each  other  much  more  heartily  than  they  did 
their  unfaithful  spouses.  Herrera  had  been  so  rash 
iii  to  make  in  his  previous  slander  suit  some  ratlitr 
annoying  charges  against  the  lady's  character;  fiiid 
now  Dona  Ana  broughf^^  suit  to  obtain  certain  docu- 
ments nec^^ed  for  her  own  justification,  but  which,  as 
her  opponent  declared,  she  intended  to  use  'extra- 
judicially' to  his  own  detriment  by  keeping  the  scandal 
alive.  I  have  the  ori'dnal  records  of  this  suit,  which 
was  made  to  include  pretty  much  all  that  pertained 
to  the  other  two  in  the  way  of  testimony,  charges, 
letters,  and  pasquinades,  many  of  the  pieces  being 
more  amusing  than  instructive.  The  end  seems  to 
have  been  a  reference  to  the  supreme  court  on  some 
technicality.*" 

One  of  Herrera's  alleged  reasons  for  suspending  liis 
prosecution  of  Castanares  at  the  end  of  June  was  that 
'•the  public  tranquillity  had  been  disturbed  by  events 
growing  out  of  the  matter,  and  harmony  lost  between 
the  authorities,  so  that  very  serious  consequences  were 
to  be  feared  unless  the  cause  of  contention  were  re- 
moved." This  is  all  I  find  in  records  of  the  time  to 
connect  the  ^Monterey  scandal  with  Chico's  troubles  •/' 
but  the  Californians  tell  the  story  in  substance  as  ul- 
lows:  While  Castarmres  was  in  prison,  and  his  para- 
mour in  enforced  seclusion,  a  company  of  mnromcvux, 
or  rope-dancers,  gave  a  performance  in  one  of  the  pro- 
sitlio  buildings,  at  which,  as  usual  on  such  rare  occa- 
sions, everybody  was  present.  The  best  place  was 
reserved  of  course  for  the  governor,  who  on  entering 

*"  Ca4nnare>i  vs  Ilcrrera  en  Aeuiitos  de  Caltimiiht,  1S36,  Jnnio-Julio.  TUo 
original  papers  in  Doc.  Hut.  Cal.,  i.  257-380.  Several  hundred  documents, 
bc.iiing  the  autographs  of  nearly  every  prominent  man  ia  Monterey  either  ;n 
couit  oflicials  or  witnesses. 

'■  Alvarado,  hoMcver,  in  his  charges  of  July  29th,  accused Chico of  having 
meddled  with  the  case  of  Caataflares,  which  belonged  to  the  ordinary  jiins- 
diction. 


A  PUBLIC  SCANDAL. 


488 


ul- 
pro- 


Av.is  accompanied,  not  only  by  lii^»  nii.strcss  Dofia  Cru:5, 
liiit  l)y  lior  I'rit'iul  i)ona  IkloloiiHa  Hcrivra,  wlio  luicl 
liccii  liberated  for  the  occaHion.  There  was  much  in- 
(liiiiution  and  excitement  at  the  appearance  of  this 
iimoiious  pair  in  the  place  of  honor,  and  some  ladies 
left,  the  room  in  distrust.  Then  Alcalde  Ramon  Es- 
tiiida,  who  felt  that  his  authority  as  a  judge  had  been 
insulted  by  Ildefonsa's  presence,  was  induced  to  ro- 
1  ase  Castanares  from  the  jail  and  give  him  a  promi- 
nent seat  at  the  show,  from  which  lie  is  said  to  have 
ostentatiously  saluted  his  paramour  at  the  governor's 
side,  Chico  was  beside  himself  with  rage,  and  per- 
il nps  had  hot  words  with  Estrada  on  the  spot.  At 
any  rate,  next  day  he  marched  with  a  military  escort 
'  •  the  hall  of  the  ayuntamiento,  took  away  from  Es- 
trada his  alcalde's  vara,  and  subsequently  placed  him 
under  arrest  in  his  own  house — some  authorities  speak- 
in-  even  of  his  being  locked  up  in  jail,  of  an  attack 
on  his  house,  and  of  insults  to  his  aged  father.  Don 
Mariano.*^ 

The  exact  date  of  the  quarrel  with  Estrada  is  not 
known,  though  his  arrest  would  seem  to  have  been  on 
-Iinie  27th;  nor  is  it  possible  to  determine  the  chrono- 
looic  order  of  succeeding  events.  The  popular  excite- 
ment was  great.  Teodoro  Gonzalez,  the  regidor,  took 
the  position  of  alcalde,  and  seems  to  have  incited  the 
citizens  to  resist  Chico's  encroachments  on  the  rights 
of  the  municipal  authorities.  The  military  force  at 
3Iontercy  was  small,  and  most  of  tlie  soldiers  were 
in  sympathy  with  Chico's  enemies.  The  governor 
leared  that  not  only  his  authority  but  his  life  was  in 
(lunger.  The  cannon  at  the  castillo  were  kept  loaded 
and  manned;  and  Chico  remained  i'or  the  most  part 

*^!^errano,  Apimlen,  "SIS.,  31-5;  Oonzalrz,  Revohicionen,  5IS.,  7-10;  Ov/o, 
//'V.  Cal.,  MS,,  2G3-76;  Torre.  Remin.,  MS.,  ")8-01;  Alvtrado,  Ilixt.  CuL, 
MS.,  iii.  92-5;  Vallvjo,  llht.  Col.,  MS.,  iii,  liS-lO;  Pico,  Acont.,  MS.,  IJO-l; 
Phito,  Apunt,,  MS.,  18-19:  Jansseim,  I'hla,  MS.,  C.3-72;  Vallrjo  (J.  J.), 
Ilnn'du,  MS.,  118;  Fcrnamlez,  Corns  ilr  Cal.,  MS.,  97-9.  To  go  more  closely 
i'.:t'i  iletails  than  I  have  done  would  be  to  givo  the  different  versions  pretty 
lu  urly  in  full,  for  it  must  be  confessed  there  ia  but  a  slight  reaembloQco  be- 
twuuu  them. 


II 


440 


RULE  OF  GUTIERREZ  AND  CIIICO. 


ill  liis  own  house  under  tlu;  protection  of  a  guaid. 
This  critical  state  of  affairs  histed  several  days,  jxr- 
ha[>s  more  than  a  week/"  As  early  as  July  ir)tli, 
orders  were  sent  to  the  southern  troops  to  coiik!  to 
Mimterey;  on  the  23d  caii.e  the  Lroniilas  with  news 
of  Santa  Anna's  defeat  and  capture  in  Texas,  (in 
which  iupic  a  flannngly  patriotic  proclamation  wjis 
issued  next  day  to  the  Californians;  and  on  the  27tli 
affairs  had  a[)parently  approached  a  crisis,  since  nn 
that  day  the  governor  suspended  Cosme  Pen.i,  a 
pronunent  counsellor  of  his  foes,  from  his  otii(;i;  ot' 
asesor,  and  sent  new  and  urji^ent  orders  for  the  troops 
to  cfMne  hy  forced  niarches  to  the  capital/'** 

No  reenforceinents  made  their  appearance.  In<liai) 
rava!^es  on  the  Sonoma  frontier  and  at  San  ])i('.jo 
served  Vallejo  and  Portillu  as  convenient  <!xcnses  lor 
not  promptly  obeyinj^  the  orders  ef  their  chief  Tlio 
popular  feelintj  at  Monterey  was  more  turbulent  than 
ever,  or  at  least  was  made  to  appear  so  to  the  iLjo ;.  i- 
nor,  by  advisers  who  desired  to  increase  his  fears.  At 
last,  on  July  29th,  he  sent  a  comnmnication  to  the  di- 
putacion,  stating  that  as  there  was  great  popular  cx- 
citenjent  on  account  of  his  suspension  of  the  alcalde  ami 
asesor,  as  bodies  of  men  were  in  arms  near  the  town, 
and  as  ho  had  no  physical  or  moral  support,  he  liad 
determined  to  go  to  Mexico  at  once.''^     The  dipiita- 

*•  Junssens  tells  ws  that  Jo9(5  Castro  offered  to  raise  a  company  of  iikmi  to 
support  Cliico,  but  was  induced  by  the  people  to  change  jiis  plans;  Imt  I 
attach  no  importance  to  this  statement. 

^"July  1."),  1830,  Chico  to  Gutierrez.  Let  Cant.  Portilla  march  at  fiiee 
with  the  Mazatccos  and  artillery.  S.  Diego,  Arch.,  MS.,  120;  //mji-.i,  J).-., 
MS.,  01.  July 'J.3d,  arrival  of  news  from  Texas.  Gomez,  JJiiirio,  MS.  .Inly 
27th,  let  the  troops  hasten  by  double  marches.  <Si.  Diego,  Arch.,  MS.,  Ill*; 
/(/.,  Index,  \\Q.  July  21)th,  G.  toC.  Portillaon  one pretextoraiiothcr  will  not 
start.  I<l.,\i'd,  )'21.  July  Hist,  G.  to  C,  in  answer  to  letter  of 'J7tli.  rditilhi 
and  Muuoz  will  start  at  once  and  march  rapidly.  No  danger  in  the  south; 
but  fears  serious  troubles  at  Monterey,  and  warns  him  to  bo  on  his  guard. 
Regrets  the  annoyances  to  C.  from  I'efla's  revolutionary  promptin;.'s,  etc. 
Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Alii ,  MS.,  Ixxxviii.  28-9.  July  27th,  Cosmo  Pena  sus- 
pended. Vallejo,  Doe.,  MS.,  xxxii.  20.  Vallejo,  Jligt.  Cat.,  MS.,  iii.  l-'4  (I, 
says  Chico's  order  to  him  to  march  with  his  force  was  dated  July  23d,  ami 
was  accompanied  by  another  very  flattering  letter  of  thanks  fcft"  past  servic  c s 
dated  July  10th,  but  really  ivritten  on  the  same  day  as  the  order.  A  tiaiis- 
lation  of  Chico's  proclamation  of  July  24th  is  given  in  the  Honolulu,  8.1.,*  •  «- 
zette,  Nov.  12,  1836. 

''  The  only  original  record  of  this  consultation  of  the  dip.  is  a  report  of  the 


FALL  OF  DON  >L\RLVXO. 


441 


lion,  oornpiisod  of  men  who  lia«l  como  to  consider  C'hlt'o 
ii>  tlicir  c'lit'iny,  and  liad  been  for  soino  tinio  plottinyf 
ti)  drive  him  from  tlie  country,  seems  to  have  approved 
♦lu'  u^overnor's  phin,  after  some  etfrjrts  to  impose  con- 
ditions respecting  the  succession,  ghid  to  have  him  go 
voluntnrily  without  the  necessity  of  actual  revolt,  and 
not  helieving  that  he  would  succeed  in  returninj'  with 
rLciit'orcements,  as  he  threatened  to  do." 

On  the  same  day,  July  2i)th,  Chico  had  chartered 
a  vessel  for  his  voyage  to  Mazatlan,  as  he  announced 
to  llerrera/'^  Also  on  that  date,  Alvarado,  in  behalf 
of  the  diputacion  and  of  the  peojde,  wrote  a  series  of 
charges  against  the  governor,  addressed  to  the  minis- 
ter of  relations,  and  designed  to  prevent  Chico's  return 
with  support  from  the  supreme  government/'*  On 
tlio  30th,  Chico  officially  informed  local  authorities 
that  popular  commotion,  beyond  his  control  from  lack 
ol  tfoo[)s,  and  by  reason  of  disaft'ection  in  the  ayunta- 
iiiiento  and  diputacion,  obliged  him  to  go  to  Mexico 

com.  of  govt  and  jiolico,  Crcspo  and  Gome/,  dated  tlio  same  day,  in  Valkjo, 
J'lic,  }tIS.,  xxxii.  .'JO.  Tho  com.  recommends  that  to  avoid  public  disonlcr, 
I'liicD  shall  restore  tho  suspended  otUciala;  deliver  the  political  comniund  to 
till' piTsiiling  vocal  (Alvarado),  to  lie  by  him  delivered  to  tho  1st  vocal,  now 
alisont  (Ciistro);  and  deliver  tho  military  command  to  the  raukinf;  officer.  On 
tliou  conditions  the  dip.  would  take  steps  to  protect  his  person  until  his  de- 
parturo!  Alvarado  and  Vallejo  narrate  many  particulars,  more  interesting; 
tli.ui  accurate,  I  think,  of  interviews  at  this  time  between  Alvarailoas  presi- 
lUiit  of  the  dip.  and  Chico,  particulars  designed  to  prove  that  the  latter  was 
iiisiiiic.  They  also  speak  of  an  order  given  to  Zaniorano  by  Chico,  in  his 
vi;.tli  that  ho  was  not  urged  tostaj',  to  attack  the  junta  with  a  military  force, 
till'  attack  being  repelled  by  the  people  under  (ionzalez.  Alvarado  states  that 
til  ■  jmita  was  at  first  disposed  to  reject  Chico's  proposal  to  go  for  troops  r.s 
nil  insult,  but  was  persuaded  by  himself  that  he  would  get  no  troops  and  this 
was  llio  easiest  way  to  get  rid  of  him. 

''''  liafael  Comcz  in  his  JJkiivn,  MS.,  written  at  the  time,  expresses  the  be- 
belief  (hat  Chico  will  notconio  back;  and  he  also  confirms  the  oad  reputation 
giv.  11  (?liiuo  by  the  Califomians. 

■Miily  2D,  1830,  Chico  to  Ilerrera.  Oflfcrs  to  collect  the  80,000  placed  at 
diapiisal  of  Cal.  by  the  Cuaynias  comisaria.   Dfjif.  St.  I'a/i.,  M.S.,  iv.  118- "20. 

"'/.*■;/.  lice,  MS.,  iii.  28-9.  California,  the  'theatre  of  alx)niination,  dis- 
onlei',  and  desolation.'  Chico,  after  disposing  of  Castaiiarcs,  a  criminal 
liclmi'.'iiig  to  the  ordinary  jurisdiction,  has  suspended  and  ordered  tho  arrest 
of  lilt!  alcalde;  searched  scandalously  the  house  of  an  old  and  honored  citizen; 
(iisicL'arded  tho  faculties  of  tho  nyunt.  which  tried  to  take  steps  for  protect- 
iiii,'  tlio  persons  and  property  of  this  mnnicipality;  suspended  the  ascwr, 
and  insulted  the  memoers  of  tho  dip.;  and  finally,  in  a  note  to  this  body, 
lunniists  to  i-esign,  although  he  has  sent  for  troops  from  different  ]x)int9.  to 
tho  great  danger  of  tho  territory,  that  they  might  come  and  foment  the  dis- 
oi'der.    He  had  also  made  dangerous  concessions  to  the  Kubsians. 


..Ji 


H 


4i2 


RULE  or  GUTIERREZ  AND  CIIICO, 


mil- 


in  quest  of  aid  by  v/liich  to  restore  order.  In  liis  n1)- 
sonee,  Gutierrez  would  hold  both  commands  from  Au- 
gust 1st.  Gutierrez  was  advised  to  adopt  sucli  u 
|)olicy  as  to  check  the  conspiracy  against  the  govern- 
ment."" There  is  some  evidence  that  Chico  had  piDin- 
ised  at  first  to  leave  the  (/cfatitra  in  the  hands  of  tho 
diputacion;  and  he  is  also  said  to  have  left  orders  to 
institute  suits  against  Estrada  and  Cosme  Pena.''" 

Chico  sailed  from  Monterey  on  the  Clementine  July 
31st,  and  from  San  Pedro  on  August  lOth.''^  Of  his 
departure,  as  of  his  rule,  many  queer  stories  are  ttjKl. 
He  presented  Alvarado  with  a  *  universal  recipe'  for 
the  cure  of  all  nialadies,  and  shouted  to  him  as  lit' 
stopped  into  the  boat,  "Bring  uji  crows  to  pock  your 
eyes  out!"  He  embraced  an  old  Indian  woman  on 
the  beach,  saying,  "Of  all  the  men  in  this  country  thou 
art  the  best."  He  raved  at  Munoz  and  Portllla  I'oi- 
not  coming  up  with  reC'nforcemo)»ts;  declared  ho 
would  return  with  5,000  men;  and  shouted,  with  <»no 
I'oot  in  tho  boat,  "]\Io  voy  Chico,  pero  volvere  Gr  m.L." 
He  loft  his  gold  wat(4i  to  be  regulated  in  Califoruia, 
transferred  the  connnand  in  a  sealed  packet  not  to  \n) 
opened  until  midnight,  and  thaidcol  a  man  for  havin.,' 
caught  his  hat  when  running  in  the  street  on  the  day 
(ifthemob.  He  was  i)reventod  by  the  people  from 
i;inding  at  Santa  Barbara.  At  San  Pedro  he  put  ou 
board  his  vessel  large  quantities  of  tallow,  stolon  by 
the  aid  of  Gutierrez  from  San  Gabriel  and  other  inis- 
siuns,  to  be  disposed  of  at  Mazatlan  in  payment  i'or 

''.lulv  30,  1830,  Chico  lo  comandantcfl,  nlcaMcs,  etc.  A•/)^  St.  Pep., 
MS.,  iv.'lil;  JlaijiK,  Doc,  .MS.,  0,");  ,S.  Dk<io,  Iiidrx;  MS.,;H;  \'<ilf'jo,  i/v., 
Hist.  J, «..•.,  MS.,  iii.  -JJ.");  :;xxii.  31.  July  30t!i,  Chico  to  (liiticrrcz.  Jhjii. 
.'■■/.  P<i}i.,  MS.,  iv.  ll'J-'20.  TIic  rebels  have  tried  to  seduce  Guadaluin'  \  a- 
llt'jo.  liut  tho  result  is  not  known. 

'''•C'oiiii'-.,  Diario  do  Co»uk,  Xotahhi*,  MS.  This  should  be  excellen  auilmr- 
ity,  tho  tliiU-y  having  been  written  at  the  time,  by  llafael  Gomez,  an  iililo 
l.iwyer  and  r.  Mexican. 

^'Uoiiuz.  Diario,  MS.;  Drpt.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  iv.  118-19;  Ilai/fin,  ])>'"•., 
JIS.,  0,");  .S'.  iHcijo,  ludcj.-,  MS.,  'M.  Tha  ('Icmoitiiw  was  chartered  froiuWm 
liiucklcy.  Her  captain  is  said  to  have  been  Wui  Ilan'  v.  Sliu  iuul  ("1110 
from  Honolulu  in  March.  According  to  S.  I-icjo,  Arc/t  .  .'iS.,  1 10,  it  a[ii"M:3 
timt  about  July  •22<l  Lieut  Navarretc  had  bccu  ordere  1  to  Mazatluu  on  In.^i- 
ncss  for  Chico;  but  ho  did  not  go, 


THE  LAI^^T  OF  GOVERNOR  CHICO. 


443 


<r()(i(ls  which  ho  had  boujfht  fur  the  Cahfornia  nifirket 
*iM  |ii'ivatc  spceuhition.  Tliosso  stateiU'-Mits  are  ma'lo 
('hi(  lly  by  Alvaratlo,  Osio,  Vallt'jo,  and  Bandiiii;  it* 
any  of  thorn  have  a  remote  foundation  in  fact,  I  have 
not  (Hscovered  it. 

Cliico  never  canio  b^ck,  and  oT  'ds  efforts  and  re- 
ception in  Mexico  nothinj,^  is  really  known.  There 
wore  rumors,  probably  unfoynded,  of  hiti  havinuf  raided 
llOO  men  at  one  time  for  a  roturn,  and  others  that  he 
v.as  disgusted  with  the  counirv,  as  was  Dona  Cruz, 
iiiakiMjjf  no  effort  to  regain  his,  (  ■iico,  and  contenting 
l.inist'lf  with  a  few  bitter  sj)ecc<ios  in  congress,  in  whitli 
l)(>(ly  ho  took  his  old  seal  as  diputado.  Ho  loft  prop- 
erty in  California  to  the  amount  of  scvorpl  thousand 
dollars,  which  was  confiscated  by  Vallejoand  Alvarado 
llic  next  year  for  the  bene^t  of  tlieir  new  government, 
iind  as  an  indemnity  for  the  harm  that  Chico  had  done 
in  the  country. '^'^  A  Don  i\lariono  Ciiico,  whom  I  suj)- 
]ioso  to  have  been  he  of  Californian  fame,  was  governor 
<:i'  Aguas  Calientes  in  I844,'"  and  in  i84G  he  was  co- 
mandante  general  of  Guanajuato,  still  a  radical  cen- 
tralist. He  resigned  in  consequence  of  troubles  with 
the  new  governor,  publishing  a  paui[)hlet  in  defence 
of  his  conduct  and  views.*' 

Ill  exposing  the  exaggeration  and  absurditvof  most 
ol'  tlie  chariifes  made  against  Governor  Chico,  I  havi; 

""Ant;.  iJO,  IS.'W,  V-,!lcjo  to  Alvarado,  privati- k'ttcr  iMuimerating  Cliico'a 
scandil  m.sjicts.  Holiai,  i)laiuU'rc(l  tlio  tri'.i.sury,  iintimly  takiii;^  all  tho  money 
liutdlit  liiiin^'adraft  i.u  Mazatlau  Iroiii  IIi'iTfi-a.  His  ro.i!  iiliiict  in  cliartori.ij; 
n  vcs-rl  nnd  r  pretciico  of  sending  for  aid  liad  liccn  to  run  away  with  all  tlio 
)>liinil  !■  Ill' cui'ld  (»(,^  Ilia  hands  on.  Vul/cjo,  !><»•.,  .\.S,,  iii.  -J-JS.  \\-\\.  -Jlsi;, 
\"^''<'.  N'alk'jo  toMalarin,  ordering  him  tofiimisli  an  aecount  of  tlio  I'tleet-i  )■  *'t 
ill  Ills  rhurgoliy  Ciiico.  Tellii  Alvarado  t!iat  tlio  amount  is  about  l?i,0<K),  vliielii 
iitulir  iiliiced  in  deposit  until  an  investigation  in  madealiout  tlioainount  caniecl 
nway  v  inch  belonged  to  tlio  presidial  eompaiiics.  Id.,  iv.  71.  Feb.  '27tli,  tli> 
niiiiMUit  proved  to  be  ?2, 031,  all  that  was  left  of  .?(J,(M)i)  wiiich  had  originally 
ln'iii  iiivi'.itcd  by  Ciiico  for  niorcantilo  triinsa(;tiona.  Jt  was  to  bo  jiaiil  over 
hy  -Miiliiiin  to  Hartnell.  /(/.,  iv.  'id;  Drpt.  Si.  .'i/k,  llni.  Mil.,  MS..  Ixxxi. 
"'••-Ml.  Mareli  14tli,  the  money  to  go  into  tho  state  treasury  to  nuM^t  oxpenacs 
of  tliet'ovt.  Vallijo,  Dor.,  MS.,  iv.  8'-».  Alvarado,  J/lst.Cal.,  MS  ,  iii.  l7;i-4, 
fiys  t'lKit  the  existence  of  tho  money  was  diseoverwl  through  a  letter  from 
Lliiici  to  (lutien-ez  which  fell  into  Vallejo'a  hands. 

'•'  His  reiiort  on  tho  industrial  condition  of  tlie  t'  partment  of  Sept.  .lOth  ia 
t'ivoii  in  .\l(.v'ico,  Mfui.  Aiirir.,  1S4.'),  nppen.  .1-7. 

''"I'iiro,  /)()•<  i'diibiuis  (Id  GviK'.ruL     (..uanajuato,  1847.    Vhwo,  lop. 


fm 


>  ;^i  1 


II  >;.■    ^4 


!  '- 


im 


1  ■: 


444 


RULE  OF  GUTIERREZ  AND  CHICO. 


perhaps  been  led  to  say  rnoye  in  his  (lefonco  tlmii 
was  justiHed  hy  the  facts.  He  was  assuredl;-  imt 
the  villain  and  fool  that  the  Californians  j)i(turL' 
him,  but  he  had  no  special  fitness  for  his  position, 
little  executive  ability,  and  no  qualities  perhaps  imicli 
al)«)ve  the  commonplace.  He  was  an  educated  man, 
and  his  weaknesses  were  of  the  tongue  rather  than 
tlie  pen.  That  he  was  hot-tempered  and  i)ersonally 
disaijfreeable  can  hardly  be  doubted,  when  no  one  has 
a  word  to  say  in  his  favor;  but  his  annoyances  wciv 
jLi^roat;  his  foes  have  had  most  to  do  in  fixing  his  n  p- 
utation,  and  there  were  divers  political  and  peisonal 
ni(»tives  for  reviling  his  nienun-v  during  the  next  ttii 
years.  He  seems  to  have  been  a  man  of  about  foitv- 
five  years,  of  medium  height  and  slight  form.  His 
com[>lexion  was  light,  his  black  hair  sprinkled  ^vith 
gray, and  he  generally  wore  spectacles.  The  trouhKs 
that  resulted  in  his  departure  must  be  regarded  ; 
Tevolutionary,  having  been  fomented  by  a  cli(pu'  \\h  > 
di'sired  to  get  rid  of  hir.i,  and  rejoiced  that  cii\  iim- 
stances  enabled  them  to  effect  their  purpose  without 
coming  into  open  conflict  with  the  national  govorn- 
ment,  and  thus  to  try  their  wings  in  easy  tlights. 


CHAPTER  XVI. 


(iUTIERREZ,  CASTRO.  AND  ALVARADO-REVOLUTION. 

1830. 
Seconu  UiLK  oKficTiKRUKZ— His  PoLii'v  A\i)Cii.\nAfTr.R — Vaoie  Charges 

^QlAUUEL  Wnii  Till.  DlI'l'TACION  —  I'ol'fLAIl  FkEI.ISMJ— ('aISKS  OF  Ke- 
V  I.T — .Ji'A.N  R  ALVAItAliO— RllVKNTK  '[^rAUKKL— AniJTIIEH  VkKSKIN  — 
ritKl'AKATlONS  AT  Sa\  JlTAN— CaI.IFOUMANS  I\  Ak.MS— (  JkAHAM's  1{I- 
n.EMES — SlEUE  OF   MoNTERKY — DoCCMENTARY   Re('()K1»— SlKllENKER  — 

'I'm.  Mi;.\itA.ss  Exiled— IJi()(;RAi'iiY—<JrriERREZ — C'a.siillo  Xi,(;rk.tk 

IIeurera — MiNoz— Navariiete-  TiieL'stradas— Ri  LEoF  J(i.si;C.\s- 

T!!i)— Plan  of  Coxditionai,    iNDEPE.NKEMr.— Lone-.stau    Flao— The 

DllMTAC'ION    AS    A    CoN.STITlK.Nl'    (I'o.VCRKSS — VaLI.EJO    AS    Co.MANIiANIK 

«;k\kual— Revenue — Civic  Militia — Alvaraho  as  (!(>vern(ir — Divi- 

SliiN  OF  THE  Sr.\TE — CoMMElU'E — TlIE  NeW  RecIIME — AfFAIKS  IN  IIIE 
XnltTlI. 

(JnVFiiNOR  Cinco,  friglitcMied  away  from  California 
at  the  end  of  .July,  had  Id't  hotli  civil  and  niilitai-v 
(Kiimiands,  in  accordance Mvith  the  lawsthoiijTh  a^'aiiist 
ilic  wishes  of  tlie  dipiitacion,  to  Nicohis  (Intici-rcz, 
will,  was  at  the  time  acting*  as  military  commandant  of 
the  >()uth,  and  who  did  not  ivach  the  capital  for  more 
tliaii  a  month.  Meanwliile  1  supjxise'  that  Ca[)taiii 
/'aiiioiano  was  acting;'  as  i'i'[)resentativo  of  the  ;lji"ov- 
iriiMi'sauthoi'ity  at  M()ntei'ey,l)ein!^comandanteortlie 
lHi>t.at  least  until  August  8th,  when  Cajitain  ^Tnuoz 
aiiixi'd  tVom  the  south  witli  the  reeiiforcenii'nts  or- 
•Kit'd  l)y  Chico,  and  possihly  assumed  tlio  command 
I'.v  \iitue  of  his  seniority  in  rank.  I  have,  however, 
iin  ivioi-d  (tf  any  act  of  authority  I'xercised  l)y  eithei-  of 
tliii-v  oHicers.    Gutierre/arrivt d  the  Gtli  of  Sei)tember.^ 

'•  I  'itis  of  nrrival  of  Muiloz  uiid  ( lutiorrcz  lixcil  hy  h'oiwz,  /Hario,  MS.  Aiu,', 
llili.  i.im1(1l' of  S.  Diego  iLports  tliut  all  ii)  ti'aiii|iiil.     AUj,',  ITtli,  (.iutioiivz 


I 


i;'M 


446 


GUTIERREZ,  CASTRO,  AND  ALVARADO. 


ii- 


The  socoiul  rule  of  Gutierrez,  like  the  first,  was  a 
most  uneventful  period,  if  we  except  the  stiirin.,' 
events  that  ended  it.  From  contemporary  reeoids 
we  can  learn  but  little  of  his  acts  or  of  his  pMlirv, 
lespecting  which  wo  must  form  our  idea  mainly  Ikwu 
what  preceded  and  what  followed,  from  acquaintance 
with  attendant  circumstances  and  men  concerned,  and 
irom  the  testimony  of  certain  Californians.  This 
testimony  might  be  accepted  with  somewhat  more  i 
]ilicit  faith  had  it  proved  more  accurate  in  resped 
Victoria  and  Chico. 

In  recording  the  governor's  arrival,  Rafael  Gomez 
wrote  in  his  journal:  "It  appears  that  his  intention 
is  to  carry  forward  the  arbitrary  measures  whicli  liis 
]»redecessor  l)egan  and  which  were  the  cause  of  liis 
dei)arture.  Would  that  this  might  prove  not  so,  Ini- 
such  conduct  brings  disorder.'""  Padre  Abella  cini- 
jilained  of  his  interference  in  mission  aft'airs  and  it' 
his  a[)paivnt  intention  to  cause  the  friars  all  possihlo 
annovance.'  This  is  all  I  can  find  of  contempoiaiv' 
complaint,  and  that  of  the  friar  grew  out  of  special 
local  troubles.  On  the  other  hand,  I  have  a  lett .r 
of  Gutierrez,  who  wrote  on  October  7th :  "I  have  sum- 
moned Don  Pablo  de  la  Portilla  to  give  up  to  him  llio 
political  and  military  commands,  because  I  o1).sli\c  it 
is  not  [)leasing  to  some  persons  that  I  should  rciain 
them.  I  do  it  most  gladly,  since  I  have  no  other  a>- 
l»iration  tlian  to  separate  myself  from  public  afi'airs  ami 
to  live  in  peace  and  quiet.     You  and  all  sensible  lai  ii 


from  S.  Gabriel  as  'comandanto  iiiilitarde  la  dcniarcacion  dclsur,'  ainl  n^t  .13 
coniiiinlaiite  ycnoral  or  j^efo  politico,  uckiiowludj^es  rt'cuilit.  Ho  was  -till  ;it 
S.  (iabriol  on  Au^'.  2(»tli.  .S'.  Jliojo,  Airh.,  MS.,  l'2;j-4.  Sept.  ITtii,  INntill.i 
to  G.,  nniionuciny  tliat  the  soldiers  at  S.  (rabricl  had  refused  to  serve  luni'ir 
vitliout  pay  or  elotliiug.  JJc/it.  Sf.  J'up.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxxi.  "JS-l.  >'  I't. 
L'.lil,  G.  orders  an  election  for  fir-^t  Sunday  in  Oct.,  secondary  election  tin  1  1- 
lowiiiij  Sunday,  and  final  nieetini?  of  fleutors  at  Monterey  on  Nov.  llt'i  (■) 
elioosc  a  dip.  The  primary  and  secondary  elections  took  place  at  S.  I'ii_'i) 
on  Oct.  Otli,  Kith.  Andrt^  I'ico  was  tlie  elector  de  jMirtido.  >'.  J>i';ii>,  .!/'/., 
MS.,  130-2,  I'M.  I  linJ  uo  further  records  of  this  clcetiou  iu  any  I'li  vl 
Cal. 

"  Goinn,  Diario  <h  Coxan  Xofdhles,  MS. 

'^(Jan-Ulo  (J.),  Doc,  MS.,  3j-S. 


A  NEW  GOVERNOR. 


447 


liiiow  tho  fatal  consequences  of  political  convulsions, 
autl  1  will  make  any  sacrifice  to  ])revont  them."* 

Tile  Californians  are  nmcli  less  violent  in  tlu/ir  <le- 
iiunciutions  of  Gutierrez  than  of  Chieo  and  Victoria, 
tli(ir  charges  against  him  being  for  the  most  part  gen- 
eral uufl  rather  vague.  There  is,  however,  a  gei;eral 
a/ixonient  that  he  was  an  immoral  man,  uncliilv  a<l- 
(li  U(l  to  vv'ine  and  women ;  a  fuw  make  special  charges 
ot"  minor  importance;  a  few  lind  no  fault  witli  his 
cnndiut,  and  many  condemn  him  in  general  terms,  as 
if  such  were  their  obligation,  hardly  icnowing  why.' 
Juan  13.  Alvarado  and  Mariano  G.  Valiejo,  parlicu- 


Mi't.  7,  18.36,  G.  to  J.  A.  Kstiulillo,  in  lUudil'o,  2)a/oj?,  MS.,. ')7-8,  20-1. 
T'lK'  writer  urges  his  friend  to  infunn  liim  of  imytliinj;  likely  in  ili.stiul)  tlio 
\.\\\\w  ]>i;it'e,  ami  regn^ta  to  learn  timt  the  'ti/iLli  cf  discord  lias  extemli  d 
ii.;  ilw:il!y  truiii  to  S.  Luis  Key,  attrncti.it;  witU  itd  lluino  tlicadiiMnis'initor 
of  tl:;il  iirojierty,'  I'io  I'ico,  at  lca:-;t  so  he  had  heard  but  cau  Iiardly  bi'lievo. 
Botc'.lii,  Aiin'cs,  MS.,  40,  mentions  the  propo.Mtioii  to  give  the  command  to 
I'uitill.i;  so  also  doca  Alvarado,  ///••■<.  (.'nl.,  AlS..  iii.  142. 

'The  widow  Avila,  Coma  d<'  Cut..  AJ.v,  7-11,  r^dattj  at  consiilcraMo 
leu;:lli  tliat  her  husband,  Miguel  Avilu,  .vjidicit  of  Monterey,  on  accnunt  of 
liaviii ;  e.iuijlit  the  wife  of  (."ajit.  Mun  >/.  and  twootiicr  huiie^  bathing  in  a  pool 
(.f  water  which  supplied  the  town,  and  remonstrated  with  tiiem  f(;r  filliug  tl;e 
water  with  soap,  was  arbitrarily  imprisoned  by  (iutierrez,  who  leplied  to  hii 
wilc'.s  entreaties  with  tlircata  to  Khout  her  luisband.  Dut  lie  wa.s  finally  -o 
fii^'litciied  liy  the  threatening  attitude  of  the  ayunt.  and  peoi'li',  tiiat  Avila 
w:n  ri'lca.sed.  Tlio  lady  atUibutea  the  governor'a  troubles  largely  to  thia 
fitlair.  I'into,  Apiiiittfioiipn,  M.S.,  20-1,  a'.so  nieiitioua  Avila's  arrest,  and  tlie 
piinili.r  indignation  thereat.  lie  fays  it  was  believed  that  ChicD  h:'.<l  left 
instruct  ions  toG.  to  treat  harshly  all  whoonpoHedliim.  According  to  I5aiidi:;i, 
Hi^L  ( '<(l.,  MS.,  8H,  ho  took  the  advice  and  followed  in  the  footsteps  of  t'hico. 
U.-^iii,  Hist,  i'al.,  MS.,  277-.'101,  .'uiy.s  thev"  wab  iiuicli  satisfaction  at  the  ap- 
.point i;u  lit  of  tlio  popular  (}.,  the  intimate  friend  of  Figiieroa;  yet  he  showed 
ft  strange'  melancholy  o!i  taking  the  eoiiimiud,  supposed  to  arise  from  the  ne- 
i.i-:'-.iiy  of  obeying  Chieo's  ordciu  I'i)  I'ico.  //<-'.  (Hi.,  MS.,  100-1,  spcaka 
01  Ins  fciudiiesM  for  Indian  girls  in  the  sr-uth.  David  S|iencc,  lli^l.  X<-f(  ■-,  .MS., 
17,  ^ays  he  attempted  to  liani.ss  tlios>'  suspeeled  of  having  taken  an  active 
part  iii,'aiiist  (.'!iieo;  also  was  dirip.  .-jcd  to  manage  tlie  revenues.  Uotcllo, 
Aixi''  <.  MS,,  22,  tells  us  that  the  jicople  riierely  sought  a  pretence  to  revolt 
uuain.st  (lutierrez.  J.  .J.  Vallejo,  lUnnii.,  MS.,  117,  121-2,  ^peaks  of  his  eun- 
caliinis,  and  of  his  following  the  course  marked  out  by  Chico,  whose  return 
l;i'  (Xpc.'ted.  Of  courteous  manners,  but  mu<  li  !:di!ictid  to  drink.  -Ir-', 
•l/'.i'.,  Ms,,  S-O.  Quarrelled  with  everybody.  'I'hreateneil  to  put  narrator  in 
,i;i!l  lifcaiise  ho  jiskeil  to  have  his  land  grant  confirmed.  /'/Vo,  ,lco))/.,  MS., 
Ill  '.'.  |;id  nothing  to  de.icrve  luistility.  Jnii  svn^y  Vuln,  M.S.,  70-2.  Alia- 
111' ,  but  kept,  a  harem.  Lm/o,  Viila,  Ctl.,  MS.,  l."i.  Vicious,  coirupt,  a.id 
j;avc  a  bad  example;  Init  this  was  not  the  cause  of  his  overthrow.  Ccroinl, 
(  o,a,,/.- <V(/.,  .MS.,  10.  Have  seen  him  iatoxieate.l.  Arihi,  Xofix,  MS..  Is. 
Aiidicli-il  to  scandalous  vices;  not  arl)itr;irvor  (\'spotte;  wasted  puMii'  fui;ds. 
>'r,v(;M,  A]iiiii/i.'<,  Ms.,  ,">t!.  Not  .1  b;;d  mini,  l>r.t  foudof  women.  >b!!iy  sc;'.:i- 
'i.il.i  Were  eiirreut  abiuit  him  in  this  rcs^iect.  Gidindo,  ApiintrH,  MS.,  o2.  Un- 
K.iilur.  Ord,  Ocurrcncias,  MS.,  1)8. 


li  if 


'1 


11 


!•* 


i-iVl 


l[ 


i^ ;  > 


ii'    '  ': 


413 


GUTIERREZ,  CASTRO,  AND  ALV.VRADO. 


Lirly  tlic  former,  speak  of  tlie  governor's  iinmoraluv 
ill  establishing  in  liis  2)alacio  a  seraglio  of  Indian  giijs 
i'roni  San  Gabriel;  but  their  chief  argument  against 
him  is  based  on  his  treatment  (jf  the  diputacion.  Not 
only,  according  to  these  gentlemen,  did  Gutierrez  re- 
fuse to  deliver  the  office  of  gefe  politico  to  the  senior 
vocal,  as  was  desired  and  expected,  but  he  insuhid 
that  body  through  its  president,  sent  to  confer  with 
him;  said  he  "iiad  no  need  of  diputados  of  pen  and 
voice  while  he  had  })lenty  of  diputados  of  sword  and 
gun;"  and  even  gave  orders  to  disperse  the  (li[nita- 
cion  by  foi'ce,  so  frightening  the  niembers  that  they 
did  not  daro  to  reassemble  at  ^lonterey." 

The  truth  is,  that  Gutierrez,  a  Spaniard  by  birth 
though  serving  on  the  insurgent  side  during  the  rev- 
olution,  was  an  inoifcnsive,  easy-going,  unpretentious, 
and  not  unpo[)ular  nian.  He  was  a  faithful  oliicer,  of 
moderate  abilit}'^,  and  of  not  very  strict  morals.  Ho 
was  neither  dishonest,  arrogant,  nor  arbitrary  in  hid 
conduct.  As  a  Mexican  otficer  he  was  loyal  to  his 
national  allegiance;  he  had  no  right  accordinij:  to  the 
laws  and  his  predecessor's  instructions  to  turn  owr 
the  civil  conmiand  to  the  diputacion;  and  as  a  Span- 
iard he  had  to  be  somewhat  more  cautious  respecting 
his  conduct  than  if  he  had  been  born  in  ]\lexio()/ 

'^A/mrado,  Hint.  CaL,  MS.,  iii.,  112-21.   With  inanydetftilsof  Iii.s  tmn  in-, 
tcrviews  witli  the  gov.,  uiul  also  tl»o  efforts  of  Angel  Ramirez,  Ahain  i  j's 
IVicnd,  anil  liavini;  nuieh  influence  over  O.  aiurali  the  Mexicans.     \;.1KJ", 
Jlix/.  (.'(iL,  MS.,  iii.  \'A,  etc.,  agrees  in  tlie  main  with  Alvarailo's  stiitfiiii.iita, 
he  not  having  been  at  ^lontercy  at  the  time. 

'(i.  as  remcnibered  l)y  the  Californianswaaof  medium  lieiglit.  rather  stmit, 
of  light  complexion,  rcihlish  liair,  beanl  slightly  sprinkled  .with  gi:i\.  ^lad 
with  a  cast  in  the  right  eye  which  caused  him  to  lie  nickna)ncd  'Kl  T.iritH. ' 
Ho  came  to  Mexico  as  a  hoy,  and  his  first  service  was  as  a  drtininuT.  'i'^iiv, 
Urmin.,  MS.,  G8-70,  saw  him  give  an  exiiibition  of  his  skill  as  a  druiiiiin  r  iit 
a  serenade  on  Figueroa's  birthday.  Abrego,  i'l  Garcia,  Apiiiilr.t,  .Ms.,  ap- 
pen.,  says  that  (r.  was  one  of  .'$00  Spanish  prisoners  tiiken  by  (Jen.  lii.iv.i  and 
wiiom  he  offered  to  liberate  to  save  his  father's  life.  The  father  was  .lint, 
but  Bravo  freed  the  men,  most  of  Miiom,  including  the  young  druuinicr,  iv- 
K.aineil  in  iho  insurgent  ranks.  He  had  served  with  Figueroa,  was  Im  m!'- 
i:i:'.te  friend,  and  came  to  ( ';d.  with  him  in  Jan.  1833,  as  captain,  lli-  ■ 
iiM.sssion  as  licut  eolonel  was  dated  July  18,  1833.  Dfpt.  St.  raj'.,  lUii. 
M:>..  Ixxix.  70.  In  lS3l-."»  he  was  eoniisionado  forthc  .sccr.larization  nt  ^ 
bi'icl.  All  else  of  his  life  in  ( 'a1,,  i^i  contained  in  this  chapter  and  il.' 
ceding.     1  know  nothing  of  liini  after  he  lift  the  country. 


Ill- 

plL- 


REVOLUTlOXAllY  FEELING. 


449 


Xi  ithcr  his  character,  acts,  nor  pohcy  had  much  in- 
llucnco  in  exciting  the  opposition  that  n.'sultetl  in  his 
overthrow.  Pretence  for  a  quarrel  with  him  was 
s()ii<,4it  by  certain  j)ersons,  was  of  course  not  difficult 
to  iiiul,  and  would  have  been  found  had  the  difficulty 
1  ILL' II  much  greater. 

For  some  twenty-five  years,  since  the  wt-mor/rt  ships 
ceased  to  come,  there  had  been  a  feeling  that  Cah- 
t'lrnia  was  neglected  and  wronged  by  the  homegovern- 
iiKiit.  The  Mexican  republic  after  the  success  of  the 
K  volution  did  notliing  to  remove  that  feelinij.  Tlie 
ji'^'ple,  though  enthusiastic  republicans  in  theoiy, 
waited  in  vain  for  the  benefits  to  be  gained  from  re- 
|>uhlicanism.  The  influence  of  the  missionaries,  men 
if  ('(hication  and  devoted  to  Spain,  tended  strongly  to 
1  »stur  the  sentiment  of  aversion  to  all  that  was  Mex- 
iran — an  influence  tliat  increased  rather  than  diniin- 
i-'u'(l  as  the  padres  lost  their  temporal  prestige  and 
Ixranie  prone  to  refer  bitterly  if  somewhat  secretly  to 
ill'  olden  times.  The  sending  of  convicts  and  clmlo 
sol  licrs  from  ^Mexico  went  far  to  intensify  provincial 
prejudice.  The  Californians  came  to  regard  them- 
M  lv\s  proudly  as  superior  in  blood  and  morals  to  thoso 
(/('  ki  otra  havda.  Mexicans  of  little  experience  or 
al)i;ity  wore  given  commissions  in  the  presidial  com- 
]iaiiics  and  sent  to  command  veterans  who  had  grown 
urn .'  in  the  service  and  believed  themselves  entitled 
ti'  [iioniotion.  When  commerce  l)ronght  a  degree  of 
in'ospcrity,  it  was  in  spite  of  ^lexican  revenue  laws, 
iiinl  Mexican  oflicers  were  sent  to  manage  the  reve- 
nues. Complications  growing  out  of  the  colony  scheme 
Ii.mI  an  efTect  to  widen  th(!  breach.  Foreigners,  with 
iiitoicsted  motives  buc  sound  argiunents,  labored  to 
I'Mvc  that  California  had  received  nothing  but  neg- 
li't  and  ill  treatment  from  ^lexico.  Last  but  not 
1'  t>-t.  there  were  various  personal  interests  antl  ambi- 
tiniis  thrown  as  weights  on  the  same  side  of  the  scale. 

Tli(!  result  was  in  1836  a  strong  popular  feeling 
'uuouiiting  almost  to  hatred  against  the  Mexicans  "of 

Ilisr.  i;al.,  Vol.  III.    -.:« 


Ji!ti 


I' 


450 


GUTIERREZ,  CASTRO,  AND  ALVARADO. 


J  nia   I  i 


tlio  interior,"  and  abolit-f  that  Mexico  should  furiii^li 
for  Culitoniia  soinething  more  or  soinetliing  le^s  than 
riders,  and  laws  made  with  no  reference  to  the  coun- 
try's needs.  The  popular  f'eelinjif  was  not  one  of  (hs- 
loyalty  to  ^lexico  as  a  nation.  Tiie  Calit'ornians  woe 
far  from  entertaining  as  yet  so  radical  an  idea  as  that 
of  absolute  independence;  but  they  beleived  that  tt  r- 
ritorial  interest  should  be  consulted  by  the  nation,  and 
tliat  no  more  Mexican  officers  should  bo  sent  to  rult; 
California.  Alvarado,  Carrillo,  Castro,  Pico,  Valkjn. 
and  <ither  young  Cnlifornians  of  the  same  class,  the 
men  who  had  for  the  most  ])art  supplied  tlie  (hputa- 
citMi  with  members,  tlie  politicians  of  the  country,  ma 
onl}'  sliared  the  popular  sentiment,  but  were  disjutsod 
to  utilize  it  for  their  own  as  for  their  country's  inter- 
ests. They  were  willing  to  furnish  from  their  own 
nund)er  men  to  ride  California  and  handle  its  scanty 
levenues.  Kven  they  were  not  yet  prepared  to  advo- 
cate entii'o  sejtaration  fron»  jMexico;  but  they  \w\v 
men  of  some  ethication,  who  had  come  much  in  cini- 
tact  with  foreigners,  and  had  ind.)ibed  to  some  extent 
liberal  views.  Some  of  them  had  become  more  than 
half  convinced  that  ^[exican  ways  of  doing  most 
things  were  not  the  best  ways.  Yet  they  shi'ewdly 
feared  foreign  influence,  and  were  disposed  to  he  cau- 
tious. Their  present  purpose  was  to  gain  control  <it' 
the  country;  later  there  would  be  time  to  deterniinf 
wliat  to  do  with  the  prize.  Their  success  against  A  ic- 
toria  had  given  them  self-confidence,  and  made  tlie 
word 'revolt' less  terrible  in  their  ears.  Later  success 
in  getting  rid  of  Cliico  by  other  methods  still  fintlier 
flattered  their  self-esteem.  The  rise  of  centrali>in 
gave  to  their  schemes  an  aspect  of  national  patriotism; 
while  rumors  that  centralism  was  im  its  last  legs  au- 
gured comparative  safety.  Manifestly  their  time  liad 
come.  Hence  the  rising  against  Gutierrez,  whose 
character  and  acts,  as  I  have  said,  were  unimportant 
factors  in  the  problem, 

Juan  B.  Aharado,  second  vocal  and  president  of 


JUAX  B.  ALVARADO. 


451 


the  (ri[)iitacion,  was  the  loadinjj^  spirit  in  tliis  inovcment. 
He  was  at  this  time  twonty-sevoii  years  of  ago,  and 
oiii|ilt)ye(l  as  vista,  or  inspector,  in  the  custom-house. 
His  puhHc  hf'e  had  bejjfun  in  1827,  wlicn  lie  was  made 
sccictary  of  the  (hputacion,  liolding  the  ])lacc  until 
]s;l4.  His  father,  Sergeant  Jose  Francisco  Al\a- 
rado,'*  died  in  1809,  tiiree  montlis  after  the  hirtli  of 
Ills  only  son,  and  his  mother,  Maria  Josefa,  daughter 
(if  Sergeant  Ignacio  Vallejo,  subsequently  married 
]{;iiii<!n  Estrada.  Juan  liautista  learned  from  his 
iiiolhcr  and  from  the  soldier-schoolmasters  of  Monte- 
ny  to  read,  write,  and  to  ci[)hcr  more  or  less,  besides 
Ills  (h)ctrina  and  the  art  of  sini^infj  in  the  choir  at  mass. 
(Jovirnor  Sola  took  an  interest  in  the  boy,  and  gave 
him  a  chance  in  his  office  to  improve  his  penmanship 
and  acquire  some  knowledge,  lie  was  (observant  and 
(juick  to  learn.  Ho  and  his  companions,  Jose  Castro 
and  (luadalupe  Vallejo,  were  fond  of  reading,  cspo- 
ciullv  when  they  coulcl  get  contraband  books  and  elude 
tin-  vigilance  of  the  friars.  Ho  learned  uuich  by  his 
as-^dciation  with  foreigners,  besides  acquiring  a  smat- 
tniuLj  of  Enijlish.  He  aided  Padre  Menen  lez,  tlio 
(liaplain.as  secretary  for  a  time,  and  was  enq)loyed  as 
iK'ik  and  collector  by  different  foreign  traders,  who 
gvvu  him  a  good  reputation  for  intelligence  and  hon- 
esty. 

in  1830  Alvarado  was  a  young  man  of  much  prac- 
tical ability,  of  good  character,  of  tolerably  steady 
habits,  though  rai)idly  acquiring  too  great  a  fondness 
f'»i  strong  drink,  and  of  great  popularity  and  influence 
with  all  classes,  though  he  had  been  one  of  the  first 
to  resent  JMoxican  insults  to  his  countrymen,  and  had 
0()nse(|uently  been  involved  in  [)ersonal  diHiculties  with 
l^xh'igo  del  Pliego  and  others  de  la  otrahanda.  Ho 
was  perhaps  better  qualified  than  any  other  of  the 
younger  Californians  to  become  a  popular  and  success- 
ful leader.  He  was  not  so  dignified  nor  so  rich  as 
^  iillijo,  and  was  perhaps  not  the  superior  of  Joso 

^  Suu  biographical  aketches. 


452 


OUTIK^.RKZ,  CASTRO,  AND  ATA'AUADO. 


I  I 
1    I 
i 


I    I 


I'l 

i 


Antonio  Canillo  in  ability  for  iiitriLJue.  Ho  liad 
soniewliat  Ich.s  education  from  hookn  than  wonio  nuiii- 
bers  of  the  Guerm  and  Estudillo  families,  but  in  pnie- 
tical  efficiency,  as  in  personal  popularity,  hewasabnvo 
them  all.  He  was  backed  by  the  foreij^n  residents 
and  traders,  who  doubtless  expected  to  control  Iiis 
])()licy  for  their  own  private  and  commercial  intcn^sts, 
and  some  of  whom  very  likely  hoped  in  the  end  to 
j,''ain  political  advantages  for  their  respective  nations. 
On  the  other  hand,  Alvarado  was  incited  by  a  It  w 
IMexicans,  notably  by  the  lawyer  Cosme  Pena  tind 
the  ex-friar  An«.vt'l  liamirez,  administrator  of  customs 
and  the  young  vista's  superior  otKcer.  Both  were 
inlluenced  by  personal  motives,  and  had  no  doubt  nf 
their  ability  to  control  the  new  administration. 
There  is  much  reason  to  believe  that  liamirez  hud 
special  need  of  a  governor  who  would  look  with 
liientlly  charity  on  the  state  of  his  official  accounts. 

I  come  now  to  the  final  outbreak  aijainst  Guticnvz. 
i'es)»ecting  which  no  original  documentary  evidtnco 
exists."     The  ordinary  version  in  narratives  that  iiave 

"  The  earliest  account  of  the  revolution  extant  is  one  sent  I)y  a  rosiilciit, 
vliosc  imiiic  is  not  given,  ami  printed  in  tiie  J/oiwliilii,  S.  I.  O'ltzdfc  of  i)i r. 
'J,  1  S.S7.  Tiie  autlior  iloes  not  credit  the  report  tiiat  the  foreigners  were  l:ir;:ily 
iiistiuinentjd  in  causing  the  movement.  The  Frenchmen,  Petit-TIuMiars,  !'■  )/• 
(ij<\  ii.  \)2-\00,  yioh-iis,  Explorulioii,  i.  2flS-.S00,  and  Lafond,  To//".'/' S  i-  -I'l. 
Jittiil)ute  the  revolt  mainly  to  the  instigations  and  proniitics  of  tlio  Anici-irnns; 
and  Mofraa  thinks  tlie  presence  of  the  U.  S.  man-of-war  Pcuvoik  a.  few  il.iys 
Ijcfore  had  an  influence.  Willies,  Narrative,  v.  17>")-!),  tells  us  that  Alvai^ulu 
was  acting  un<lcr  the  direction  of  foreigners  who  intended  to  hoist  anew  l!:i,', 
tohanisiiall  Mexicans,  to  dechire  Cal.  an  independent  state,  and  to  have  tlKiii- 
sclves  all  declared  citizens.  These  declarations  were  supposed  to  ciii.ni.itt! 
from  liamirez  and  'Penne,'  who  wished  to  make  use  of  tiiofor<iiij;ner8  fnr  tliiir 
own  ends,  (irceniiow.  Hint.  Or.,  3(57,  attriljutes  the  mtjvenient  to  stu'iii; 
)io])ular  opposition  to  centralism.  fJleeson,  Jlht.  Cath.  Cliurch,  141  !l,  s:iya 
t!ie  conspirators  acted  ostensibly  with  a  view  of  gaining  their  indepomlciicf, 
hilt  really  for  purposes  of  pluntler.  Some  general  printed  accounts  of  tlic  ivv- 
oiution  of  1830,  to  most  of  which  I  shall  have  no  occasion  to  refer  a,i,'iiiii.  !'<'• 
iiig  mostly  brief  and  more  or  less  unimportant:  Val.  Star,  Feb.  "Jd,  I  ^1^1 
J/qiioIiiIii  Polyiiexhni,  i.  (i;  ii.  8(i;  Foriihaml'i  Lijc  in  Cal.,  (!0-G,  the  same  In'- 
ing  printed  in  the  Sta  Cniz  Sentinel,  Feb.  etc.  1809;  TuthiU's  Ilifit.  Cal.,  I  Ct- 
4;  J'((ii<loljih'8  Oration;  Dwinelh's  Addrcnn  Ite/'ore  Pioneers,  20;  Niks'  l'i';ii<tir, 
lii.  S,-):  no'iinmn's  Cal.  Gold  Peijion,  59-01;  Pickett,  in  Shnck\t  Hep.  Mrn,-221- 
8;  Jfolin.tLi,  Ln  Californie,  190-7;  Ilnrtmaun,  Geo<i.  Stat.  Cal.,  i.  ;}7;  Firrji, 
Cnli/urnie,  19-20;  L'l/an's  Jndijm  ami  Crim.,  42  3,  51 ;  Nouv.  An.  Voy.,  l.ww. 
251;  Yolo  Co.  lPi<,  10-12,  and  other  county  histories:  also  many  newspiiper 


THE  CURUKXT  VERSION. 


43S 


km  puUisliod,  is  to  tho  effect  that  CTiitiorroz,  in  con- 
,si'(|iit'iit'0  of  a  tjuaircl  with  liainiroz  aiul  Alvar.ulo 
al)niit  some  details  of  rcvciiuo  precautions,  su(;h  as  tlio 
stationing  of  guards  on  a  newly  arrived  vessel,  ordei<;(l 
the  aiTost  (jf  Alvarado,  wlio  escaped  by  flight,  and  at 
(iiicc  proceeded  to  incite  a  revolution.  This  was  tlio 
V(  i^ion  sent  at  the  time  to  tlie  Sandwich  Islands  hy 
a  resident  foreigner,  confirmed  by  Alfred  Robinson, 
fiiiiii  whose  narrative  it  has  been  taken  by  Tutliill 
and  ()ther  writers.  It  is  also  partially  confirmed  by 
several  Californians,  and  has,  I  thiidc,  a  slight  foini- 
(lation  in  fact.  At  any  rate,  Alvarado  and  Jose  Castro 
left  the  capital  in  October,  and  n)aking  San  Juan 
till  ir  hea(l(|uart(Ts,  began  active  preiiarationa  for  a 
rising  of  the  .settlers,  native  and  foreign.*'^ 

no'oiuits.  Some  of  tlio  preceding  mentions  antl  narratives  ore  accurate  so  far 
lis  tlicy  i;o;  luiil  ill  otlicrH  tlic  errovH  are  so  petty  ami  apparent  at)  to  merit  ud 
Ii<)iii;iM,i;-()iit.  CasUiuurcs,  i'ol.D'i'.,  1!>,  i.s  the  only  Mexican  who  lias  il. mo 
1111)10  tliaii  mention  tlio  alfair.  lie  says  the  revolt  was  iiistij;ate(l  ami  snp- 
luirtcd  liy  I  lie  Americans.  Foreigners  who  mention  the  revolution  niort!  ur  !co3 
fully  ill  iiiipiililisheil  Dtatcmcnts  are  Marsh,  Leifci;  MS,,  7-^>;  liec;,  liernllcr- 
thus,  MS.,  (i-'Jl;  Jaiissens,  ViiUi,  MS.,  7l-!>;  lirown,  StaltiiKiif,  MS.,  lii-ll; 
Weeks,  lUin'm.,  MS.,  91);  Davis,  illlmpxco,  MS.,  I-JO  et  seq.,  and  the  V.  S. 
cuiisnl  at  Honolulu  in  a  despatch  of  March  VI,  ISIIT,  to  the  secretary  of  .^latc, 
\\\S,trii'ii\  J)oc.,  MS,,  ii.  174-G.  Spence  ami  Munriia  published  a  card  in  tlu 
llijiiohilii  l'oli,iii'siaii,i.  It).'},  denying  the  truth  of  an  article  attrilmted  to  tliiiii 
ill  tlie  .S',  Liiin  Pofosl  O'arcta.  Manu.scrijit  narratives  by  Culiforniaa  are:  <)m!o, 
llUt.  (■((/.,  MS,,  .m'l-lS;  Alrnrado,  J/i.tt.  CnL,  M.S,,  ii.  'l&l-'A;  iii,  l-'o  '>">; 
rn//«/ri,  Hint.  VaL,  MS  ,  iii.  irit-'JOT;  Dainliiii,  Hist.  Cai,  MS,,  h:V  ti:  i'a.^'ro, 
H'L.  .MS,,,S!)_4'2;  Torre,  Jfemiii.,  MS.,  (ii'-TO;  a<>iii<:,  Loqiic  Suhc,  MS.,  ni- 
ls,-U-.");  \'ulhjo(J.  J.),  Ilrmiii,,  MS,,  Vll-W;  Srrrano,  Ainwtc^,  MS,,  27  41 ; 
Anr,  Ml  III.,  >i,S,,  8-10;  Adlu,  Coxutt  ilc  L'uL,  M,S,,  S-l.'J;  Fi'niandcz,  tVw.'M 
(Ve„/.,  MS,  !»!»-10«J;  Phito,  Apiiiit.,  MS.,  21-;n;  VaiU;  Lo  Pasado,  MS,, 
17;  ",-,/,  Oairrmcittn,  MS,,  !»!);  Pico,  Aroiit.,  MS,,  .-{iMO;  flarcla,  Jfrr/irM, 
Ms.,  ,")()-7;  Curoiicl,  Coxiis  dv  (Jul.,  MS,,  21;  Onliiido,  Ajumtcs,  ;{4-5 — and 
tulliiwiiii;  pages  of  each  narrtitive  for  succeeding  events  in  l8;!li-7. 

'"Ill  tlic  Jloiiolidii,  S.  I.  Guzi'Ui',  Dec.  2,  1837,  it  is  stated  that  Ramirez 
Pciit  .\K  arado  to  .isk  for  a  guard  to  prevent  smuggling,  Outicrrcz  as.sentcd, 
but  sii;rgested  that  tho  guard  must  be  stationed  on  board  the  vessels,  and  not 
oil  ishiiiv.  A,  replied  that  R.  simply  wanted  a  guard,  and  could  station  it  to 
suit  himself,  Tho  gov.  Wiia  angry  and  threatened  to  arrest  A.  as  a  revolution- 
ist, mid  A.  thought  it  best  to  leave  town  the  same  night,  Robin.son,  L'lj'f  l.i 
Viil.,  t7.'{-4,  aflirms  that  the  rpuirrel  wa.i  one  of  etiquette  in  the  matter  of 
pliieiii;^  guards,  Tuthill,  Mofras,  Pctit-Tliouars,  Wilkes,  and  Farnham  givo 
tlic  •^iiiiie  ver.sion  in  substance,  though  the  latter  adds  some  fanciful  eiiibel 
lisliiiuiits,  as  is  his  custom  when  no  absolute  lies  suggest  theinselr>  .,../o, 
Jli^t.  Cnl.,  MS,,  .'104-G,  says  that  Ramirez  was  negotiating  future  customs 
duos  to  iais(!  money  for  gambling,  balls,  etc,  Outierrez  interfered  to  prcveiifc 
till!  ;ilmsc,  Ramirez  became  insolent  anil  talked  of  revolt,  Alvarado  joined  in 
tlic  i|U;!ii-(l,  and  both  were  threatened  witli  arrest,  (i,  changed  his  mind 
and  \Msucd  to  conciliate  A.,  but  could  not  find  hiin.    Avila,  Vosaa  de  t'uL, 


i 


I 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


I.I 


If  1^  1^ 

•^  1^    ill  2.2 


"  IAS  IIIIIM 


^ 


1.25    ||U    1 1.6 

^ 

6"     

► 

<-^'%.'^ 


7 


Hiotographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRICT 

WEBSTCR.N.Y.  MS80 

(716)  872-4S03 


454 


GUTIERREZ,  CASTRO,  AND  ALVARADO. 


This  version,  while  not  altogether  inaccurate,  makes 
the  revolt  the  result  of  a  quarrel  between  the  govern- 
or and  a  revenue  officer,  ignoring  entirely  the  political 
aspects  of  the  matter  and  the  agency  of  the  diputacion. 
Al  varado,  on  the  other  hand,  ignores  the  revenue  quar- 
rel, and  exaggerates  perhaps  the  political  ekiiit'iit, 
choosing  naturally  to  look  upon  himself  as  jiresidcnt 
of  the  diputacion  rather  than  as  an  officer  of  the  cus- 
tom-house. There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  diputa- 
cion was  concerned  in  the  movement,  or  that  Alvaiudo, 
the  leading  spirit,  acted  in  its  name,  the  quarrel  a  I  (out 
reveimes  being  but  a  minor  element  in  a  coinplicatcd 
whole.  It  is  therefore  proper  to  present  the  veision 
given  by  Alvarado  himself  and  supported  by  other 
Californians,  though  ia  the  absence  of  contemporary 
documents  I  cannot  vouch  for  its  entire  accuracy. 

From  one  of  his  stormy  interviews  with  Gutier- 
rez, Alvarado  returned  to  the  hall  to  find  it  eiii[)ty, 
the  diputacion  having  adjourned  in  its  fright  to  meet 
at  San  Juan,  whither  the  president  hastened  to  join 
his  fellow- vocales."  A  meeting  was  held  at  once,  at 
Mhich  Estevan  ISTniutsand  other  prominent  citizens 
took  part.     Voca         ntonio  Buelna  made  a  radical 


H 


MS.,  8-0,  and  Gomez,  Lo  que  Safx",  MS.,  44-5,  state  that  A.  wns  l)eli('vt'il  liy 
G.  to  have  been  the  writer  of  a  pasquinade  against  liini  posted  at  a  stiirt- 
corner.  Janssens,  I'idtt,  MS.,  71-2,  says  that  muelings  had  been  licld  luluic- 
hand,  at  M'hich  a  pretext  for  the  ([Uarrel  had  been  devised. 

"There  is  a  little  niyatery  about  this  diputaeion.  A  new  electiuii  \\::i 
to  have  been  held  on  Xov.  Ctli,  but  now  the  body  must  have  been  eoiii-.tiLiitcil 
ns  in  the  sessions  following  the  May  eleetion,  reeorded  in  the  la.st  cliaptLT— 
that  is,  1.  Castro,  2.  Alvarado,  3.  Giierra,  4.  11.  (ioniez,  5.  SiKnic"'',  (!. 
Crespo,  7.  J.  (tomez.  Alvarado  represents  Crespo  as  having  bei'U  a.'-j'yuf 
the  gov.,  exeluded  when  a  secret  session  was  held;  and  Speuec  is  saidti>  li.ivo 
met  with  the  body,  though  not  a  member;  while  nothing  is  s;dd  of  t!ir  two 
( Joniez.  IJuelna,  who  took  a  prominent  i)art,  may  have  been  a  siipleiite  oiilk'd 
upon  to  act  in  the  absence  of  one  of  these.  There  is  no  record  whatcvir  of 
t!ie  October  sessions.  Kstevan  de  la  Torre,  f'liniinn.,  MS.,  C>-2-4,  say.-;  thjitune 
day ''UtieiTcz  entered  the  hall  of  the  dip.  when  drunk,  and  luul  iiot  wnnli 
witii  Alvarado,  whom  ho  ordered  under  arrest  after  suspending  liie  st-^sion. 
J.  M.  de  la  Torre,  narrator's  father,  furnisilied  hor.sea  and  ace(jni)):uiic(l  .\i- 
vanido  to  S.  Juan  tint  night.  J.  J.  Vallejo,  Ufuiiii.,  MS.,  )'_''J-.'{,  Ikis  yet 
anotlier  version,  lie  says  that  (Juticrrez  sent  out  spies  to  mingle  with  tlie 
people  and  learn  who  were  proniinciit  in  fomenting  discontent,  beiiiiiin;,' 
tliat  Alvarado  and  Castro  were  the  leaders,  he  ordered  the  arrest  and  <Mir  of 
the  foiiner,  who,  being  waincd,  was  aided  by  Tia  IJorouda  and  Istiacdi.i'itHU 
to  escape. 


ADVENTURES  OF  DON  JUAN  BAUTI8TA. 


455 


ns  lielicvt'il  liv 


jsnoc I'll  against  Gutierrez  a,  a  centralist  who  disre- 
oaiiltd  the  rights  of  the  people  as  represented  by  the 
(lijtiitacion,  a  body  which  he  had  repeatedly  insulted 
and  had  even  threatened  to  dissolve  by  force.  He  ar- 
uuid  that  Gutierrez  had  no  right  to  hold  both  com- 
iiKiiids;  and  advocated  a  resoit  to  force  to  rid  the  coun- 
tiv  of  its  oppressor.  Spence  and  Munras,  mindful 
(if  tluir  commercial  interests,  opposed  the  use  of  force, 
liiit  I'avored  a  petition  to  the  supreme  government, 
lia\ int^  matters  in  statu  quo  for  the  present.  This 
jMilicv  was  not  acceptable  to  the  majority,  who,  on 
motion  of  Castro,  voted  that  if  Gutierrez  would 
111  it  n^ive  up  the  civil  command  he  must  be  exiled. 
This  was  signed  by  Castro,  Buelna,  Alvarado,  and 
(iiu'ira.  Spence  refused,  but  promised  aid  to  the 
( aiise.  Alvarado  was  appointed  to  solicit  the  cooi)er- 
atitiii  of  Vallejo  at  Sonoma,  and  Castro  was  oi-dered 
to  take  command  of  the  citizens  in  arms.  Mean- 
wiiiK'  the  governor  learned  what  course  affairs  were 
tiikinu^,  and  sent  Crespo  to  San  Juan  to  negotiate, 
(itl'i  lino:  to  make  some  concessions;  but  the  assent  was 
Dot  received,  and  the  answer  sent  back  was  to  the  ef- 
t'cct  that  tlie  diputacion,  representing  the  peo[)le,  had 
undeitaken  the  preservation  of  federal  institutions,  and 
the  i^overnor  must  prepare  to  defend  himself 

Alvarado  went  first  to  Monterey  and  Jiad  an  inter- 
view with  Angel  Ramirez,  wlio  was  somewhat  alarnjed 
at  the  plan  of  visiting  Sonoma  and  making  Vallejo 
indiiiinent  in  the  enterprise,  fearing  that  Vallejo's 
iVii'iidsliip  for  Bandini  might  interfere  in  the  success 
of  liis;  own  plans.  Alvarado  stopped  at  the  house  of 
Tia  Boronda,  and  there  had  a  meeting  witli  Isaac 
(iiahani,  the  hunter,  upon  whom  he  prevailed  without 
imirh  difficulty  to  arouse  his  countrymen  and  join  the 
ivvohitionary  cause.  During  this  interview,  glancing 
out  of  the  window,  Alvarado  saw  Ca[)tain  Munoz  and 
v\'^\\t  soldiers  rapidly  approaching  the  house,  wliere- 
U[)oii  jiu  rushed  out,  mounted  Giaham's  horse  which 


456 


GUTIERREZ,  CASTRO,  AND  ALVARADO. 


was  standing  at  the  door,  and  dashed  off  at  full  speed, 
with  the  bullets  whistling  about  his  head! 

Next  Don  Juan  Bautista  hastened  to  Sononm, 
receiving  aid  and  encouragement  along  the  May 
from  the  rancheros  and  others  at  San  Josu,  San 
Francisco,  San  Pablo,  and  San  Rafael,  at  which  kittcr 
place  the  padre  invited  him  to  take  the  benefit  of 
church  asylum.  At  Sonoma  he  found  his  uncle 
Vallejo  more  cautious  and  less  enthusiastic  in  the 
cause  than  he  would  have  wished.  The  comandante 
was  very  strong  and  independent,  monarch  of  all  lie 
surveyed  on  the  northern  frontier,  and  correspond- 
ingly timid  about  running  unnecessary  risks.  While 
patriotically  approving  the  views  of  Alvarado  and  liis 
associates,  and  ready  in  theory  to  shed  his  blood  in 
defence  of  popular  rights,  he  counselled  deliberation, 
remembered  that  the  northern  Indians  w^erc  in  u 
threatening  attitude,  required  time  to  put  his  men  in 
a  proper  condition  to  leave  their  families,  and  after  a 
ceremonious  introduction  to  the  chief  Solano  and 
his  Indian  braves  at  Napa,  sent  his  nephew  in  a  boat 
to  San  Jose,  with  instructions  to  rouse  the  people  and 
await  further  developments.'^ 

At  San  Jose  Alvarado  found  many  citizens  ready  to 
aid  in  the  cause  and  eager  for  active  operations.  His 
associates  overruled  his  desire  to  wait  for  Don  Guada- 
lupe, though  it  was  thought  best  to  inspire  confidence 
in  the  movement  by  using  Vallejo's  name  as  leader 
of  the  pronunciados  even  without  his  consent.  Soon 
after,  Alvarado  wrote  to  his  uncle  as  follows:  "Wlieii 
I  parted  from  you  at  Napa,  my  sentiments  of  patriot- 
ism and  my  personal  situation  both  animated  me  all 

"  13oth  Alvaraclo  and  Vallejo,  in  their  Hint.  Cal.,  MS.,  very  natiiially 
tiy  to  conceal  the  lattcr's  hesitation  at  this  time,  stating  that  200  nuii 
vcro  promiseil  and  great  enthusiiisiu  was  shown  for  the  cause.  Oslo,  In iw- 
ever,  tells  lis  that  Alvarado  got  but  little  satisfaction  from  Vallejo,  and  c:unc 
back  very  much  discouraged,  and  Alvarado  himself,  in  a  letter  written  ii  li  w 
days  later  and  soon  to  bo  noticed,  clearly  implies  that  Vallejo  had  rcfusi'd  to 
take  a  leading  part  in  the  movement.  Chico,  it  will  be  remembered,  had  nut 
been  certain  on  his  dciiarturo  which  side  Vallejo  would  take.  (Jhas  Urowi;, 
Slaffmi'iit,  MS.,  10-11,  remembers  Alvorado'a  visit  to  Sononm.  lie  says  no 
troops  went  south. 


GRAHAM'S  RIFLEMEN. 


4d7 


the  more  ardently  to  do  a  good  deed  for  my  countr}'. 
1  icturned  with  regret  at  not  having  HUcceeded  in 
oI)t;iiiiing  your  company  in  attaining  an  <)l)jet't  of 
])ul)lit'  heneficence;  and  I  was  in  great  trouble.  At 
Sail  .lost'  I  met  Castro,  Buelna,  and  Noriega;  and 
\vc  agreed  to  make  sl  pronunciamiento.  We  formed  a 
])l!iii,  and  with  thirteen  men  started  for  IMonterey. 
Iimiiediately  we  recognized  the  enthusiasm  of  the  in- 
luil)itants  in  defence  of  a  just  cause.  On  the  way 
tluy  aided  us  with  arms  and  supplies. ..  .We  called 
tlu'  exj)edition  the  'vanguard  of  the  division  of  o|)ur- 
ations,'  giving  out  that  you  were  bringing  up  the  rear 
witli  the  rest  of  the  forces,  and  that  you  were  the 
cluLf  of  the  army.  It  was  necessary  to  employ  this 
ruse,  for  in  this  belief  many  people  joined  us."*^ 

(astro  at  San  Juan  and  among  the  rancheros  of 
tilt'  Salinas  and  Pitjaro  valleys  had  also  been  success- 
ful ill  organizing  a  little  revolutionary  army;  and 
about  seventy-five  mounted  Californians,'*  armed  with 
luict's  and  such  old  muskets — fur  the  most  part  unfit 
for  use — as  could  be  found  on  the  ranehos,  assembled 
npjjaiently  at  Jesus  Vallejo's  rancho  k)\\  the  Pajaro. 
Tiny  had  a  Mexican  flag  and  plenty  of  fifes  and 
tlmms  obtained  at  the  mission  of  San  Juan.  There 
aie  no  narratives  which  throw  any  light  on  the  de- 
tails of  these  preparations. 

The  strongest  part  of  the  revolutionary  force,  from 
a  military  point  of  view,  was  Graham's  con»pany  of 
litkiuen.  Graham  was  a  Tennesseean  hunter  who 
had  come  from  New  jNIexioo  three  years  before.  He 
\vas  a  wild  and  reckless  fellow,  a  crack-shot,  ades[»iser 

'■' vl'(Y(mf?o,  Carta  Lonjidencinl  d  D.  Giiadiihipe  Vallrjo,  7  ile  jVor.  IS.JC, 
Ms.  I'lii-i  in  a  (locnmeiit  of  tlio  greatest  historical  iinjiortanec,  one  (if  tlio 
vt  TV  kw  original  records  extant  upon  this  revolution.  It  cstahlishe.i  Viilloju's 
]"isitiuii  ill  the  matter;  and  it  raises  grave  doubts  ahout  the  accuraiy  of 
Alv.ii.'uli/s  statements  on  the  formal  meeting  of  the  diputaciou  at  S.  Juau 
Ik'Iuic'  Ills  visit  to  Sonoma. 

"  Jisus  Pico,  Acoiit.,  MS.,  32-8,  claims  to  have  captnrod  nil  the  f;;ovt 
Imrsn  and  Ijrought  them  in  for  the  use  of  the  army.  Inoccnto  Garcia, 
lli'h  i,  MS.,  .50-6,  was  the  standard-J^cnrcr.  The  number  of  the  mcu  ia 
givtii  in  different  narratives  all  the  way  from  CO  to  400. 


f 


45S 


GUTIERREZ,  CASTRO,  AND  ALVAUADO. 


of  all  Mexican  'vaniiint,'  who  had  opened  a  disfillov 
not  far  from  San  Juan.  His  place  wan  a  ftivioiti; 
loafing-place  for  foreigners;  and  having  agreed  to  aid 
Alvarado,  he  had  no  difficulty,  by  a  free  use  of  amiar- 
diente  and  eloquence,  in  raising  a  company  of  twcnh- 
five  or  thirty  men  of  various  nationalitits,  most  of  thciu 
sailors,  with  perhaps  half  a  dozen  American  luuitrrs. 
Graham  was  aided  in  his  work  of  recruiting  by  Will- 
iam R.  Garner,  and  John  Coppinger  was  mad(.  his 
lieutenant,  both  Englishmen;  while  Louis  PoiuIk  it, 
a  Frenchman,  as  a  kind  of  sergeant  was  next  in  (.oin- 
mand.  There  is  no  list  of  names  extant.  A  good 
deal  of  admiration  has  been  expressed  by  diflciv  nt 
writers  following  in  the  lead  of  Farnhain,  for  the  brave 
and  noble  Graham,  cavalier  of  the  wilderness,  and  his 
gallant  band  of  Kentuckian  riflemen,  taking  uj)  aims 
for  Californian  independence,  not  without  a  liopi^  nf 
bringing  their  adopted  home  under  the  stars  and 
stripes!  Their  motives  and  their  services  have  been 
greatly  exaggerated;  yet  the  presence  of  a  few  ical 
hunters,  and  the  superiority  of  the  guns  carried  hy 
the  rest,  made  this  company  the  most  formidable  pai  t 
of  the  revolutionary  force.  If  the  sailors  were  iH.t 
very  expert  marksmen,  it  was  all  the  same  to  {ho 
Mexicans,  to  whom  all  were  rijleros  Americanos. 
Doubtless  the  leaders  were  promised  recompense  in 
lands  and  privileges;  and  it  is  not  unlikely  that  a  tew 
of  the  foreigners  looked  at  the  whole  enterprise  from 
a  political  point  of  view;  yet  we  may  be  very  sure  that 
the  Californian  leaders  were  inclined  to  use  their  allies 
rather  than  be  used  by  them.*^     It  must  be  renieni- 


*^  Fariiliam's  remarks  on  the  scrvicoa  of  the  50  foreigners  who,  with  '25 
Cfilifoniiiiiis  loitering  in  tlic  i-ear,  cxpcllfd  the  Mex.  governor  after  insistiiii; 
on  political  conditions  which  were  promised  but  were  never  fuKilled,  a:o  (oo 
ahsurd  to  merit  refutjvtion.  Other  writers  naturally  exaggerate  (iraliiiin's 
Bcrvices  and  arc  somewhat  ovcr-cnthnsiastic  about  the  American  elciiu  iit  in 
his  company — the  writers  being  Americans  themselves,  or  foes  of  Ahiiivulo 
for  various  reasons,  or,  if  Frcncli  or  English,  writing  before  Cal.  bcciiiuL'  a 
part  of  the  U.  S.  Dr  Marsh,  Litter,  MS.,  7-8,  gives  the  composition  (pf  ilie 
company  substantially  as  in  my  text.  The  writer  of  the  account  in  tlic  Hon- 
ohiln,  S.  I.  Gazetti;  Dec.  '2,  IS.ST,  says:  'It  is  true  that  many  foreigners  vcrc 
hired  by  tho  govt  to  servo  in  the  ranks,  but  they  no  doubt  did  it  for  ihc  [juy, 


t;:if 


i  I 


REBELS  ATTACK  MONTEREY. 


4j0 


witli  ~'> 

nsistiiig 
lie  toij 
Iniliiiiirs 

iiit'iit  ill 
\h;ir:ulu 

ill  iif  ilio 
tlu"  lion- 
era  V  ere 
the  i)uy, 


beiod,  however,  that  thoro  was  a  foreign  influence  in 
tin  Nvliolc  affair  quite  distinct  from  that  exerted  by 
the  members  of  Graham's  company. 

It  was  apparently  on  the  evening  of  November  3d 
tliiit  the  revohitionary  forces  under  Jose  Castro  ap- 
|ii(iiiehed  the  capital  I  quote  I'rom  Alvarado's  hotter, 
as  the  best  autlioritv  extant,  the  following  account  of 
wh.it  happened  during  the  next  few  days:  "Finally 
\\r  ill  rived  at  Monterey  with  upwards  of  100  men. 
The  place  was  fortified  with  over  50  men  assembled 
ill  the  plaza.  On  the  night  of  our  arrival  we  passed 
oil  with  some  strategy  and  took  the  castle,  and  the 
height  near  the  house  of  Linares,  so  that  the  plaza," 
that  is,  the  presidio  within  the  walls  of  which  Ou- 
ticiiez  had  his  garrison,  "was  commanded.  With  aid 
fidiii  the  people  of  the  town,  from  tlie  merchants,  and 
I'ldiii  the  vessels,  except  that  of  Don  Federico  Becher, 
we  armed  ourselves  sufficiently  and  sent  a  flag  of  truce, 
with  a  demand  that  Gutierrez  should  surrender  the 
)ila/.a  at  discretion,  In  it  were  all  the  officers,  includ- 
ini4  Portilla  who  had  lately  arrived,  and  a  multitude  of 
convicts  whom  Gutierrez  had  armed.  The  reply  being 
(klayed,  we  fired  a  cannon-shot  from  the  fort,  and  tlui 
hall  was  so  well  directed  that  we  put  it  into  the  zayuaa 
of  the  comandante's  house,  while  the  officers  were  con- 
versing in  the  court.  Such  was  their  fright  that  they 
woic  not  to  be  seen  for  an  hour.  Then  Gutierrez  re- 
phed  that  he  would  not  surrender.  Such  was  the 
anger  of  the  division  that  every  man  dismounted,  arras 
ill  hand,  to  attack.  We  had  also  a  company  of  25 
rillouien.  When  the  movement  was  seen  from  the 
plaza,  they  sent  a  messenger  to  stop  it,  and  to  suppli- 

hiinwiiig  well  the  cliarncter  of  the  rcvohition,  nnd  that  there  wouhl  not  bo 
iir.uli  (lunger.'  Vnllejo,  Illst.  L'aL,  MS.,  iii.  iy,">,  nuiiiiks  that  tho  Mexioaua 
t\;mgiru it'll  the  foreign  influence  for  effect  in  Mexico.  Alvarailo,  Uiiit.  CciL, 
M'  iii.  141-'J,  adniita  that  the  forcij^n  company  was  of  tho  fircatcst  \\m  to 
liiia,  tliat  tlio  leaders  did  good  service,  anil  that  he  jironiisctl  thcni  lands. 
Ijcc,  Hrriill.,  MS.,  G-11,  who  was  a  member  of  the  conipi\ny,  gives  a  not  very 
cKai'  account  of  its  operations.  Ho  naya  Garner  was  chosen  lat  licutcuaut  and 
Cuj.piiigcr  '2d,  though  the  former  did  nut  serve. 


illl 


4G0 


GUTIERREZ,  CASTRO,  AND  ALVARADO. 


cato  that  wo  should  not  attack;  and  in  a  few  niiiuitos 
Gutierrez  sent  a  connnunication  offering  to  surreiidir 
on  condition  that  we  wouUl  give  guaranties  to  tlio 
men  of  his  party,  without  preventing  such  of  them  as 
desired  to  do  so  from  foHowing  liini.  Wo  accepted 
the  conditions,  and  presented  ourselves  in  Monte  ivv 
in  the  most  admirable  order.  The  infantry  marclitd 
to  the  sound  of  Mr  Hinckley's  music,  and  thecavahy 
with  trumpets.  The  ofiicers  retired  from  the  \)\nz;\, 
except  one  who  remained  to  deliver  the  post."'" 

The  account  just  quoted,  written  at  the  time  hy 
Alvarado,  the  leader  of  the  movement,  in  a  privato 
letter,  intended  to  have  no  other  effect  than  to  infciiu 
Vallejo  of  what  had  occurred,  is  doubtless  a  concct 
one.  Other  records  throw  no  doubt  on  its  accuracy, 
except  perhaps  in  the  statement  that  the  surreixK  r 
was  made  in  consequence  of  evident  preparations  lor 
a  charge.  In  later  narratives  written  from  memory, 
Alvarado,  like  other  Californians,  has  introchicrd 
some  exaggerations  and  erroneous  statements.  It  is 
no  part  of  my  duty  to  reproduce  the  errors  of  siidi 
statements,  but  only  to  utilize  the  testimony  which  I 
have  gathered  so  far  as  it  may  reveal  the  truth.  1 
append  a  few  details,  the  accuracy  of  which  there  is  no 
special  reason  to  question." 


There  is  a  general  a<ncc- 


^'Alvarado,  Carta  Covfidencial,  MS. 

"Alvarailo,  Hist.  Cal.,  M.S.,  iji.  142-59,  says  that  Spence  was  sent  I ly 
Gutierrez  to  niako  a  tour  of  iuspuctiou  ou  the  night  the  army  arrived.  Tiny 
vcro  surprised  to  llnd  the  fort  not  guarded.  Their  numbers  were  .soon  in- 
creased by  the  inhabitants,  sailors,  etc.,  to  over  300.  The  fort  might  ci-ily 
liavc  Ijeen  tlcfcnded.  Jos6  Abrego  furnished  tho  ball  that  was  liroil,  iinl 
Poaa  aimed  the  gun,  Ijcing  allowc(l  h")  minutes  to  'read  up '  artillciy  praciico. 
Two  small  cannon  were  landed  from  Huicklcy's  vessel.  The  foreigners  vi  lo 
anxious  to  i'.ttack  the  presidio.  Lato  in  tho  evening  Castillero  and  L'rc.<jii) 
came  out  with  torches  and  a  ilag  of  truce  to  propose  surrender.  Terms  w  re 
made  verbally  at  1  a.  m.,  and  in  writing  next  morning  after  tho  dip.  Iwnl 
held  a  meeting.  Villaviceneio  was  sent  to  receive  the  arms,  M'hich  Miiuu/. 
gave  up.  (iutierrcz  went  with  his  ollicers  to  tho  house  of  .loa'  lu!!  lunmz. 
Vallejo,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  154-80,  gives  tho  same  version  in  tib.stain"  :is 
Alvarado.  Ho  says  half  tho  force  halted  at  tho  lagunita,  while  tin)  rest  wiiit 
to  take  the  castillo.  Spcncc  in  his  report  exaggerated  to  Gntierrc.;  the  n  in- 
ber  of  tho  attacking  force.  TIio  prisoners  were  sent  on  board  the  .'Icim  ii'-'^'i 
tho  same  day  of  the  surrender,  though  she  did  not  sail  for  some  days.  Ace  >;  il- 
ing  to  Garcia,  lleckos,  MS.,  50-0,  Buelna  commanded  the  S.  Jos(5  <Iivi  i  u, 
and  Giircia  with  his  own  party  joined  tho  reit  at  tho  Icuadero-  G::i!i:im 
vrislicd  at  tho  iirst  to  besiege  Momcrcy  and  shoot  every  muu  that  prcbculcd 


SIEGE  OP  THE  CAPITAL. 


4«I 


jiKiit  that  the  revolutionists  on  approaching  the  town 
(li\  i  led  tlu'ir  forces,  kindled  fires,  sounded  their  trump- 
ets and  drums,  and  did  all  in  their  power  to  make  it 
jqtpcarthat  their  force  was  large;  that  the  fort  was 
taki  n  on  the  night  of  arrival  without  the  slightest 
resistance;  that  Gutierrez  made  no  effort  to  defend 
liiiiiself,  and  took  no  precautions  to  avert  attack ;  that 
ilie  cannon-ball  which  hit  the  presidio  was  the  only 
(iiic  in  the  castillo  which  a  gun  could  be  found  to  fit, 
the  gunners  being  Balbino  llomero  and  Cosmo  Pena 
the  lawyer;  that  J.  A.  do  la  Gucrra  was  at  one  time 
ailiiiitted  to  the  presidio  blindfolded  as  a  representa- 
tive of  Castro;  that  ammunition  and  other  aid  was 
ohtained  from  the  foreign  vessels  in  port,  Hinckley 
(if  the  Don  Quixote  openly  favoring  the  Californians, 
wLilo  Steele  and  French  of  the  Caroline  and  Europe 
were  but  little  more  cautious  in  their  support;  and 
finally,  that  Castro's  force  had  been  much  increased 
and  that  of  the  governor  weakened  by  desertions  from 
the  presidio.  The  force  at  the  disposal  of  Gutierrez 
has  been  greatly  exaggerated.  It  could  not  have 
heen  over  seventy-five  men  at  the  beginning  of  the 
sieL>e,  only  fifty  of  the  number  being  soldiers.  Castro 
had  at  first  about  the  same  force,  besides  Graham's 
men. 

liiinsi  If !  At  (tawn  Ramirez  and  Cosmo  Pcfia  came  to  the  castillo  with  a 
]i:il)ii-,  on  which  was  written,  'Fcdcracion  o  mucrte  do  Califomi.i  la  suerte.' 
J .  J.  I'ico,  Acoiilecimicntoi,  MS. ,  3'2-8,  says  that  lio  was  sent  south  with  a  party 
1 1  iiitt  recpt  Tortilla's  2j  men  who  were  approaching,  which  he  accomplished  (?). 
He  iiuil  I'into,  Apunt.,  MS.,  21-7,  think  tiiat  two  shots  were  fired,  one  of 
V.  liicli  struck  the  church.  Harry  Bee's  whole  narrative  on  this  aU'air  is  nota- 
lik'  iiiily  for  its  inaccuracy.  Recollections,  MS.,  0-21.  Oslo,  Hist,  t'al.,  MS., 
HtiS-|.'),  gives  the  hour  at  which  different  events  occurred,  but  they  are  obvi- 
oiisly  incorrect.  Mofras,  E-iplor.,  i.  298-300,  and  Petit-Thouars,  Voijaije,  ii. 
(t.'Mi,  state  that  Gutierrez  and  hisotiicers  had  been  promised  permission  to  re- 
iiiiiin  if  tliey  chose,  and  were  sent  away  in  yiolation  of  this  promise.  Mofras 
Kiys  Larkin  and  John  C.  Jones  aided  the  revolutionists.  Wilkes,  Narra- 
t'l-f.  V.  175-9,  tells  us  that  the  ball  fired  was  an  18-pounder,  and  tlie  firing 
at  (lawn.  Robinson,  Life  in  Cal.,  174-5,  says  the  Iwll  weighed  4  lbs.  Jans- 
.'^uis,  ]'ida,  MS.,  72-0,  by  request  of  Escobar  and  Negrete,  formed  a 
vatiiil  (if  citizens  to  preserve  order  during  the  siege.  Gomez,  Lo  que  Sabe, 
^IS.,  l;i-17,  and  others  state  that  Francisco  Soto  did  good  seiA-ico  by  getting 
iuti)  tliL'  presidio  with  divers  bottles  of  brandy  to  promote  desertion.  Torre, 
Ikiiii,!.,  MS.,  04-5,  gives  a  very  good  account  of  tho  whole  affair,  but  in  it, 
ni  ill  the  statements  of  Bandini,  Urd,  Corouel,  Avila,  and  Jesus  Vallcjo,  there 
i»  uothiug  not  already  noticed. 


1 


il 


402 


GUTIEnREZ,  CASTHO,  AND  ALVAIIADO. 


■■I 


Tlie  Castillo  was  taken,  and  the  siege  of  ]M<nif(  iw 
boi^an  in  tlie  u'v^Ut  of  November  JJd.'*  J)uriii'4  ihr 
next  day  several  eonnnunieations,  some  of  tiicm  in 
\vjitinj^%  passed  between  Castro  and  Gutierrez,  hut 
only  one  of  tlicm  is  extant.  It  was  writttn  l>v 
the  governor  to  his  foe  after  the  cannon-shot  was 
fired,  the  act  being  rather  plausibly  alluded  to  hy  th,' 
writer  as  an  'act  of  violence.'  In  this  docuiiicnt 
Gutierrez  [»oints  out  the  inconsistency  of  Castro's  (K-. 
nuind  that  the  (jcfatura  should  be  surrendered  iiy  the 
same  j)erson  to  whom  he  himself  had  delivered  it, 
with  pleasure  as  he  said,  eailier  in  the  year  in  accdid- 
ance  with  laws  that  had  not  been  changed.  AnotlKr 
inconsistency  of  the  diputacion  was  in  wishiiin'  t,) 
exercise  in  advance  certain  powers  for  whicli  tliitt 
body  had  petitioned  the  supreme  government.  Ho 
declares  that  he  has  personally  no  desire  to  retain  t!ic 
command,  which  he  would  gladly  have  given  uj)  to 
Portilla,  but  the  hostile  movements  of  Castro  and  Iiis 
associates  render  it  necessary  that  he  should  maintain 
his  own  military  honor  as  well  as  the  dignity  of  tlic 
Mexican  republic.  He  has  accordingly  deterniivtd, 
after  consultation  with  his  officers  and  the  ayuuia- 
uiiento,  to  fight  to  the  last  in  defence  of  the  laws,  as 
is  clearly  his  duty.  Yet  if  Castro  and  his  supporters 
desire  to  prevent  the  shedding  of  blood,  they  are  in- 
vited, in  the  name  of  the  country,  of  law,  and  ef 
justice,  to  a  peaceful  conference  with  representatives 
of  the  government  in  presence  of  the  ayuntamioiito, 
at  a  place  to  be  named  by  that  corporation.  Hostili- 
ties are  in  the  mean  time  to  be  suspended,  and  the 
governor  promises  to  approve  the  decision  of  the  con- 
ference if  consistent  with  his  own  responsibilities  and 
the  national  honor.  The  tone  of  the  letter  is  dignified, 
and  shows  an  earnest  desire  to  avoid  further  troubles.*' 

'*  Petit-Thouara,  Mofros,  Wilkes,  and  others  say  it  was  on  Nov.  2il,  ami 
tlicfo  are  no  means  of  proving  that  it  was  not  so;  but  one  day  and  two  nights 
are  all  I  can  find  room  for  in  the  siege. 

'*  Gitt'iernz,  Carta  Ojicial  del  Gej'ePoHlko  d  D.  Jok4  Ctutro,  proponiendo  ron- 
fereiicias,  ^  de  Nov.  16'oG,  MS.  Two  letters  liad  been  received  from  Castio 
before  this  letter  was  writtoa. 


SUnnEXDER  OF  THE  GOVEIIXOR, 


403 


.  two  u'v'liU 


Tliei'C  is  no  evIcl«MU'C  that  Castro  ctmsontel  t  >  tlio 
CMiit'irvnce  proposecl;  ami  at  1)  p.  m.  a  junta  do  gMcna 
u;is  lield  in  the  presidio  to  considor  what  was  to  he 
(Idiie.  There  were  present  Comandante  General  (Jii- 
tinivz;  captains  PortiHa,  Mufioz,  and  Castillero;  lieu- 
titi.intH  Navarreto  and  Estrada;  alfcreces  llainirez 
;iii(l  Valle;  the  siir<^eon  Alva;  Crespo,  the  phlehoto- 
iiiist;  the  district  jud.L(e,  Luis  del  Castillo  IVej,M'et('; 
tlir  governor's  secretaries,  Bonillaand  Gonzalez;  lln- 
jiuio,  the  teacher;  and  Zaniorano,  secretary  of  the 
coinat»dancia.  The  officers  were  called  on  for  reports. 
Mmioz  stated  that  the  forei«jfncrs  were  ahout  to  mount 
t\V(»  ii'uns  at  the  houses  of  Pacheco  and  Ahre<;o,  with 
which  to  destroy  the  presidio.  Others  re[)orted  the 
dosrition  of  twenty  soldiers  and  nine  convicts.  It 
was  also  made  known  that  the  artillery  were  disposed 
to  surrender,  and  the  infantry  had  left  their  |>ost. 
Such  beinif  the  situation,  it  was  decided  after  discus- 
sinii  to  make  an  ofter  of  surrentler  on  coidition  that 
lil'o  and  property  should  be  protected  am'  no  insults 
l)c  oifered  to  the  ca[)itulating  force.  The  ])ropositiou 
was  sent  to  Castro,  who  agreed  to  it  verbally,  requir- 
iiiL!;-,  however,  a  delivery  of  arms.  This  gave  rise  to 
a  new  debate.  But  it  was  found  necessary  to  yield, 
as  the  garrison  was  now  reduced  to  thirty-five  men, 
Worn  out  by  fatigue  and  hunger,  in  an  exposed  position 
commanded  by  the  artillery  of  the  foe,  while  the  enemy 
had  a  strong  positi'^n,  the  support  of  the  people  and 
of  tlie  ships,  and  a  i  :ce  of  two  hundred  men,  "nearly 
all  foreigners,  and  chiefly  Americans."  Castro  was 
accordingly  notified  that  the  garrison  would  march 
out  and  stack  their  arms  at  the  artillery  barracks. 
Those  proceedings  were  signed  by  all  members  of  the 
junta,  each  of  whom  retained  a  copy.^"^ 

We  have  no  further  record  of  the  surrender;  but 
know  that  early  on  the  next  day,  the  fith,  the  revo- 

^'^Jinita  de  Giterra  y  Rendirion  dc  Monterey,  ^  de  Nov.  183G,  MS.     This  i"? 
one  of  the  original  copies  made  at  the  time,  in  the  iiaudwriting  of  Mariano 

Koiiicro. 


404 


OUTIEUREZ,  CASTRO,  AND  ALVARAPO. 


lutioiiist  Culiforfiians  took  pcnceful  posHCHsion  of  tlio 
presidio.  Tlio  Mexican  officiulH,  liuviuj^  jLfiven  up  tlnir 
arms,  wont  to  the  house  of  a  citizen  to  renuiiii  iimil 
their  fate  should  be  decided.  The  day  was  dev.ilcd 
nuiinly,  like  several  follo\vin<(  days,  to  festivities  of  tii- 
UMjph,  in  which  everybody — except  the  Mexican  otli- 
cials  j)erhap8 — participated.  I  quote  in  contiiniatiMn 
from  the  concludinjf  portion  of  Alvarado's letter:  "  All 
the  otKcers  except  Valle  and  Zamorano  we  havii  em- 
barked to-day  on  the  Clementine  for  ("ape  San  Li'icas, 
also  Herrera,  Luis  Castillo,  a  few  soldiers,  and  soiiu- 
of  the  worst  convicts. .  .There  are  no  forces  in  the 
territory  to  resist  us;  on  the  contrary,  they  are  waif  iii'^' 
to  join  us.  To-day  Buelna  and  Villa  start  for  Santa 
l^iirbara  to  have  sworn  the  bases  of  the  new  Califoi  nian 
government.  The  federalists  will  win  in  Mexico,  and 
we  shall  remain,  if  fate  be  propitious,  erected  intn  a 
free  and  sovereign  state.  The  officers  aiul  Gutierrez, 
ashamed  of  their  aberrations  and  seeing  libertv  shine 
with  honor,  wept  bitterly.  Gutierrez  sent  a  letter, 
confessing  his  faults,  giving  satisfaction,  and  expressing,' 
regret  at  leaving  a  country  where  he  had  intended  to 
live  forever.  It  is  wonderful,  uncle,  with  what  order 
our  expedition  has  bee»  3onducted.  Everybody  sin  mis 
rica.s,  for  California  is  freel""* 

The  Clementine  sailed  from  Monterey  on  Noveniher 
11th  for  Capo  San  Li'icas  with  about  seventy  passen- 
gers— enforced  and  voluntary  exiles,  including  amoiiLf 
the  latter  many  of  the  Hijar  and  Padres  colony  who 
were  not  contented  in  their  new  home.'*'*  Gutierrez, 
^lunoz,  Navarrete,  and  the  two  Estradas  had  heeii 
put  on  board  the  vessel  four  or  five  days  before  she 
sailed,  and  were  the  only  officers  who  were  really  foiced 
to  leave  the  country.  There  was  much  feeling  against 
Sub-comisario  Herrera  and  Judge  Castillo  Negreic, 
but  they  would  have  been  permitted  to  remain  if  tliev 

*'  Almrndo,  Carta  Confidemicd,  MS.  The  date  of  surrender  is  also  givcu 
in  Oom<'~,  Diario,  MS. 

'"O'om'Z,  Diario  de  Coma  Xotahles,  MS. 


EXILE  OF  MEXICAN  OFFICERS. 


would  have  submitted  to  tlie  now  order  of  tlun.!jf8. 
Castillo  Nt'jLrrete  was  very  violent  ai^aiiiwt  the  revolu- 
tionists. He  vented  in  verse  liis  spite  a|Ljainst  the  men 
v.ji  im  he  res^arded  as  leaders,  Pena,  llamirez,  and 
Hinckley,  before  leaving  Monterey,  and  having  sailed 
till  the  Lemidas,  stopped  at  San  Diego  to  incite  the 
!<(HitIierners  to  resistance.  Don  Luis  never  returned, 
lint  was  subsequently  gefe  politico  ot*  Baja  California.*' 
J^)rtilla,  Castillero,  Valle,  and  Zamorano  were  |)ernut- 
ti'd  to  remain  in  California,  but  the  lu^t'"  chose  at 
first  to  depart,  though  he  soon  returned  («  the  San 
])it'go  frontier,  as  we  shall  sec,  to  promot*  southern 
I'.sistance  to  Alvarado.  The  Clementin  ■  aft<  r  landii:;^ 
In  r  passengers  at  Cape  San  Lucas  returned  t<^  ?.lon- 
lor  \'  i : ^  December.     The  Californian  leaders  I lave  been 


"•  Ilia  verses  were  as  follows: 

A  Culiforiilii  ha  pordldo 
Lii  tiirbulciita  uimniiiiu 
1)0  oil  Kiiliicriio  v.scii);iJu 
I'or  c.^u  Id  Im  ciiiidiicido 
A  ucciijii  Inn  iitrij/.  y  fea; 

Y  pnni  <iiiu  111  iiiiimlu  vea 
Kl  tal  Kuliii'i'iiii  como  inula 
I)('l  triuiiivinilu  i|uu  iiiauila 
le  vuy  I'l  (lar  iinu  iilca. 

Kl  iitiito-lilx'rtndor 

I'rlmer  liombru  dul  Kstodo 

Y.a  nil  rrailu  rriu'^adu 

Gran  imtjupo  y  p.u\u  traidor 

Dc  iiflclii  adniiiiistrai|i>r. 

K.4  do  niiiy  nucha  cdiicicncia 

Ucri'uchiuliir  Kin  cU'inuucia 

Sasa'-  revoliieiiinniio 

Juj^adiir  y  iH'rdiilario 

Kin  Dion,  Ml  patria,  ui  ciencia. 
Ocupn  cl  lugiir  Ht'KUudo 
Kn  I'l  raliluFiiio  Kittado 
I'll  fil'isofo  rolajiido 
Oiliarritae  iiniiuiidu; 
Quo  qiiioro  rejir  ol  ninndo 
ISebii'iiilo  incxcal  8in  taza 

Y  Clin  alma  liion  cscasa ; 
I'ucs  do  Nililo  08  |iresuniido 
CiianducI  |>iiliro  iii>  ha  pudido 
Subvr  gulicriiar  kii  ciiAa. 

I)i-1  Kstailu  ('.1  Almirante 

Y  prlvailociiiisi'jiro 

lin  navegaiito  oxtrangcro 
CuntraliandiHtu  intrigauto 
Kstafadur  y  bicn  pillo 
Con  cl  cuiil  cuniplu  ol  trecillo 
Quo  gubiorna  tui'iionionto 

Y  qnu  al>U4a  i  iiiuni'iiionte 
Del  Calil'uruio     nulllu  1 

Vnlkjo,  Hint.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  180-7;  Alvarado,  libit,  dd.,  MS.,  iii.  MO-OS. 
Tlio  charges  embodied  iu  this  rhyming  tirade  were  fcT  ■'ho  most  ])art  well 
fiiumlc'il,  so  far  as  the  three  victims  were  coucenicd;  ami  the  simce  devutcd  by 
.■Mvar.'ulii  and  Vallejo  to  their  refutation  shows  that  Don  Luis  chose  well  his 
vcaiioii  of  annoyance. 

Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  III.    30 


4C6 


GUTIERREZ,  CASTRO,  AND  ALVARADO. 


I 


accused  of  luiviiij^  acted  in  bad  faith  when  they  exiled 
Gutierrez  and  his  conipani(nis.  The  charge  has  no 
foundation;  there  was  no  stipulation  that  they  mi.;] it 
remain;  and  to  have  permitted  it  would  have  hern 
a  very  stu|)id  proceeding.  I  add  some  brief  notes  re- 
specting the  men  who  went  away  at  this  time.-* 

■■'*  Of  NicoLls  fruticrrcz,  Ins  life  and  character,  all  that  is  known  li;ia  lioru 
tolil  in  thi.s  and  tlio  preceding  cluiptcrH,  and  in  chap.  x.  of  this  voliiuu'.  Ik- 
came  to  Cidifornia  as  a  captain  with  Figuoroa  in  Jan.  1833.  His  tiinis  i.f 
ol'.ice  as  ruler  ad  interim  of  the  territory  were  as  follows:  Comandante  ;,'i'in  r;.l 
f'.'om  Sept.  '20  (as.suin('d  oilieo  Oct.  8),  1835,  to  Jan.  2,  1830;  gcfo  j)  iliiii;) 
and  comandante  general,  Jan.  'Jd  to  May  '2d;  and  from  Aug.  1  to  .Vov.  ."), 
183(5.  He  took  away  with  him  some  truidis  containing  effects  beloMLjiiiic  to 
the  late  Jos(5  Figueroa.  J)<'i>l.  St.  I'n/t.,  lien.  JUL,  MS.,  Ixxxi.  34.  Xoiliiu,' 
is  known  of  him  after  he  left  California,  except  that  on  April  "Jl,  18.'i7,  lie 
wrote  from  Mazatlan  to  Joa<inin  (ioniez  that  he  would  probably  see  him  I'luk 
again  soon  in  command  of  an  expoditiou  that  was  being  prepared.  Vutlijo, 
Dor.,  MS.,  xxxii.  83. 

Licenciadi*  Don  Luis  del  Castillo  Negrete  was  a  Spaniard,  his  fathei'  h:iv- 
ing  l)een  an  attorney  of  the  council  of  Indies.  He  was  educated  at  Alcal.i, 
Toleilo,  and  Oranada  in  philosophy,  mathematics,  and  law,  leaving  Spniii 
after  1820.  These  facts  appear  from  diplomas  and  ccrtilicates  shown  i.i 
Monterey.  Vallcjo,  Jlixf.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  180-1),  with  samples  of  some  of  hi) 
literary  pnjduf^tions,  one  of  which  1  have  already  presented.  He  arrivtd  ,it 
Monterey  Sept.  '27i,  1S;U,  Sla  Cniz,  Arch.,  MS.,  77,  with  his  family,  luiviii,' 
been  appointed  district  judge  of  Cal.,  of  wdiich  ollicu  ho  took  ]X)ssi>ssi(iii  ii;i 
Oct.  1st.  He  also  acted  as  legal  adviser  to  (Jov.  Outierrez.  After  lea\  in,' 
Cal.  Don  Luis  was  sub-gefe  politico  of  IJaja  California  from  May  iS.iT  t) 
June  1842.  See  1114.  A'.  Mr.c.  StiUcs,  ii.  In  M.arch  1839  ho  was  trying  to 
colleol  back  pay  due  for  his  services  in  Cal.  Dc/it.  Sf.  Pup.,  lien.,  MS.,  v. 
344-.").  He  die'd  Nov. 'J.-),  184:3.  Moreno,  Doc,  MS.,  21.  He  is  represiiitnl 
as  having  been  a  very  aVilc  lawj'cr,  and  a  brilliant,  accomplished  gentluiii^iii. 
Tiie  Caiiforuians  say  he  was  unscrupulous;  but  tiiis  may  have  been  Ikv'.;;i  ij 
he  was  inclined  to  ridicule  rather  than  syaipatliizc  witli  their  po'.itii'al  pro- 
jects. Alvarado  and  his  associates  would  have  liked  to  secure  his  coiijura- 
tion,  but  this  was  not  consistent  with  his  official  position  and  his  plans  fortlio 
future;  besides,  he  had  a  great  dislike  for  Angel  lliimircz  and  Cosme  I'eriii,  the 
latter  being  not  oidy  a  rival  lawyer  but  a  rival  poet.  Don  Luis  had  a  l)nilli'  r 
wlio  was  a  general  in  the  Mexican  army;  and  a  Luis  del  Castillo  Negrete.  u  lio 
in  1871  was  a  diputado  in  Sin;doa,  Ures,  Edrella  del  Occidentc,  Jan.  ">,  \f>T2, 
was  perhaps  his  son  or  nephew. 

Francisco  Javier  del  Castillo  Negrete  was  a  brother  of  Luis,  who  eanu'  to 
Cal.  with  the  judge;  served  as  Gov.  Chieos  secretary;  perluips  sent  by  Cliic  1, 
just  before  his  own  departure,  on  a  mission  to  Mexico.  He  was  subsei|\UMit'y 
comandante  of  the  frontier  in  D.aja  California.  In  Aug.  IS.Vl  he  wan  in  Saa 
Francisco  in  very  destitute  circumstances,  as  he  wrote  to  Gen.  ValKjo.  In- 
lljo,,J)oc.,  MS.,  xiii.  379.  Francisco  is  said  to  have  hail  some  of  his  brollus  .^ 
brilliant  ([ualities,  being  somewhat  less  reserved  and  more  pojmlar. 

Joye  Maria  Ilerrera  first  came  to  Cal.  in  18J5  with  Gov.  F.ehcandia,  as 
conii^ario  do  hacienda  for  the  territory.  Of  his  early  life,  or  any  pan  of  liii 
re-jrd  outside  of  Cal.,  I  know  nothing.  With  his  career  here,  his  ipiari.  1 
villi  l']el)eaudia  dating  from  18'27,  and  his  expulsion  from  the  country  in  \s\\\) 
for  complicity  in  the  Solis  revolt,  the  reader  is  already  familiar.  See  eliaji. 
iii.  of  this  vol.  H<rrera  came  back  in  1834,  at  the  same  time  as  CaMilli 
Negrete,  to  resume  his  old  po.-.ition  and  manage  the  territorial  tinaiices.  I'ni- 
iug  this  second  torui  he  engaged  in  uo  coutrovcrsics  otiicially,  nud  so  far  m 


CASTRO  AS  GOVERNOR  AND  GENERAL. 


4C7 


As  ooiiiniandcr-iii-chief  of  tlio  victorious  revolution- 
nrv  army,  Jose  Castro  was  coniamlantc  general  of 
California  from  November  5tli,  the  date  of  Gutierrez's 
sunender,  to  the  29th,  when  his  successor  assumed 
till'  otKce,  and  as  president  of  the  diputacion,  he  was 
(Tdvernor  for  a  still  longer  period,  until  December  7th. 
It  lias  been  customary  to  date  Alvarado's  rule  from 
the  ilvU  of  Gutierrez,  and  to  ignore  Castro  altogetiier 
ill  the  list  of  rulers  for  this  period;  but  in  reality, 
Alvarado  at  this  time  had  no  auth(»rity,  whatever  his 
iiilluciu'e  may  have  been.  Don  Jose  was  a  grandson 
(if  Se.g(\ant  Macario  Castro,'^''  and  a  son  of  Corporal 
Jose  Tiburcio  Castro,  who  had  been  alcalde  of  San 
Jose.     His  mother  was  an  Alvarez.     Ho  was   born 


can  1»'  known,  gave  no  cause  for  complaint.  Hia  name,  however,  l)ccaino 
imaiii  ilis;i:.;icitiil)ly  proniiuout  in  connoctimi  with  tlio  tnmliles  growing;  out  of 
the  sc;iiul;i Ions  li;iison  h'.'twei'ii  liis  wile,  Dofia  lldofonsa  (ionxalcz,  daiijxlitL'r 
i)t'  t'lipt.  .Mi;:ucl  (ionzaloZj  anil  Joso  Maria  Custafiarcs,  as  fully  narrateil  in 
i!i;il).  xv.  llorrera  is  ilcscrilit'il  as  of  luodiiiiu  height  and  inclined  to  enrpii- 
Kiirv,  with  fair  ooiniilexion,  black  liair,  and  thick  heard.  Ho  was  aiValilo  in 
manner,  ol'  much  business  ahility,  skilful  in  argument,  and  well  educated. 
Sonir  leading Californianshaxe given  hima  very  had  character,  under  cireum- 
s;ani'es  known  to  tlie  reade".  1  do  not  undertake  to  decide  just  to  wliat  ex- 
tiiit  the  eliarges  rest  on  prejudice.  A  m:.n  uf  the  same  name  was  contador 
(f  t!ie  cuatom-huuse  at  Guaynuis  in  1839.  Piiturt,  Col,  Doc.  Son.,  ^18., 
ill.  Illi. 

I'aiit.  Juan  Antonio  MuAoz  was  appointed  in  IS.'IO  to  proceed  to  Cal.  and 
fiiLcci'd  Alf,  Fernandez  del  Can^io  in  coiinnand  of  the  artillery.  H(^  ai'riveil 
late  in  IKV2  and  was  oli'ered  hy  /.amorano  the  comautliuicia  acrklviiial,  Imtdc- 
I'liiUMJ,  remaining  inactive  until  Figuoroa  came,  Ih})!.  St.  l'<ip.,  MS.,  iii.  79- 
S'.',  imd  then  took  his  proper  command.  Tiiore  is  nothing  to  be  noticed  in  hi.i 
CahKirniiu  career  of  four  years,  e.vcept  that  he  was  very  much  disliked  l)y 
tlin  piiiple;  ami  I  lind  no  record  respecting  him  before  his  arrival  or  after  hi» 
(lepta'tnre  in  exile  in  IS.'}(». 

Lieut  ISernardo  Navarrete  came  with  Figueroa  in  ISIW.  In  Aug.  1834  ho 
was  eoinmis:;ioned  captain  of  the  Monterey  c(>mpaiiy;  but  there  is  no  record 
tliit  h(^  received  the  coniniissidu  before  his  banishment  in  IS.Sti.  Drjil,  S(, 
/'"/'•I  ^>''"-  'h''/.,  MS.,  Ixxix.  83.  C'hieo  proposed  to  send  him  on  a  coumus- 
siim  to  Mexii'O,  but  Francisco  Castillo  N'egrete  seems  to  have  gone  in  hi-j 
jilaee.  He  eommandcd  the  cavalry  dnrin;,'  th<'  linal  siege  of  Monterey.  Like 
Mni'idz,  he  wa.i  ilislikcd  by  the  Californians,  for  reasons  which,  except  ids  be- 
ing a  ^h'\i■■an,  are  unknown. 

All,  lev.  I'ati-icio  ICstrada  was  also  sutliciently  under  tlic  ban  of  Californian 
iiisp'.easuve  to  lie  sent  away  in  1S3(!.  He  had  ivune  with  Kcheandia  in  hSiV); 
coiinnaiiiling  a  <letaehment  of  the  Piipiete  de  Hidalgo. 

Nioaiior  Fstrada  left  tiie  country  in  ISIJll,  not  in  the  (^Icnuiiiii"'.  and 
poliaps  vohuitaiily.  He  worlcrd  as  a  lilaeksmith.  In  Mexico  he  iiad  been 
aiM]itain  of  cavalry,  and  came  with  the  I'olony  as  a  kind  of  pi)liti'.rd  exile. 
In  No-..  IS.'!,"),  notice  V as  sent  that  his  rank  had  been  restored.  Lfcjit.  St. 
/''■„,,  /;,,!.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxxi.  I. 

••Sec  biogi-aphical  sketches. 


468 


GUTIERREZ,  CASTRO,  AND  ALVARADO. 


i  •:! 


about  1810,  and  his  early  educational  advantai^es  liad 
been  substantially  the  same  as  those  of  his  companions 
Aharado  and  Vallojo,  though  he  had  profited  by  the'iu 
somewhat  less  than  either  of  the  others,  bein^,^  kss 
observant  and  ambitious.  He  had  no  experience  as 
a  soldier  or  in  clerical  duties;  but  he  had  served  sev- 
eral terms  as  vocal  in  the  diputacion;  had  sometiniis 
presided  over  that  body,  and  had  once,  as  its  presi- 
dent, been  gefe  politico  ad  interim,  from  September 
1805  to  January  183G. 

The  popular  movement  having  proved  successful, 
the  Mexican  ruler  having  been  deposed,  and  these 
victories  having  been  properly  celebrated  in  liestas  at 
the  capital,  it  became  necessary  to  organize  the  gov- 
ernment under  a  new  regime.  The  plan  of  the  pro- 
nunciamiento,  drawn  up  on  November  3d,  but  not 
extant,  would  seem  to  have  been  rather  vaguely 
worded,  so  as  not  to  make  it  quite  certain  what  the 
revolution  was  to  accomplish.  The  leaders  have  been 
accused  of  making  it  vacjue  intentionallv,  or  worse 
still,  of  having  promised  to  declare  California  entirely 
independent  of  Mexico,  in  order  to  secure  for(.'igii 
support,  subsequently  breaking  the  promise.  I  lur\e 
no  reason  to  believe  that  any  such  pledge  was  made. 
At  any  rate,  Alvaradoknew  well  that  popular  leelin^f 
would  not  support  such  a  step;  and  it  is  probabU^  that 
from  the  iirst  the  intention  had  been  merely  to  insist 
on  Californian  rulers,  under  the  pretence  of  a  revolt 
against  centralism.  Doubtless  a  pressure  was  bi'ouglit 
to  bear  by  Americans,  after  success  had  been  achieved, 
in  I'avor  of  absolute  independence.  Indeed,  it  is  said, 
and  I  have  heard  Alvarado  himself  admit,  that  a  lone- 
star  flag  had  been  prepared ;  and  the  project  of  raising 
it  over  the  presidio  was  discussed.  Possibly  Alva- 
rado was  not  personally  much  opposed  to  tlie  plan, 
but  he  feared,  while  respecting,  the  influence  ot 
foreigners.  His  associates  were  yet  more  timid;  oji- 
position  was  feared  from  the  south  even  to  changes 
less  radical;  his  Mexican  supporters  protested  again>t 


THE  NEW  GOVERNMENT. 


469 


(li.-](»yalty  to  tlio  federal  constitution;  nnd  David 
S[)(.'iKO  and  other  foreigners  deemed  it  wise  to  curb 
Aiiurican  ambition.  The  Californians  hesitated,  if  at 
all,  l)ut  for  a  moment;  the  Texan  experiment  was  not 
to  he  tried  in  California,  and  the  Mexican  flag  still 
wax  t.'d  over  the  capital. ^^ 

The  day  after  the  surrender  of  Gutierrez,  Novem- 
her  Oth,  the  diputacion  met,  that  is,  four  of  its  mem- 
licis  did  so.  I  am  unable  to  explain  wh}''  Spence, 
Gouicz,  and  Crespo  took  no  part  in  this  and  subsequent 
meetings.  Respecting  the  proceedings  at  this  and 
othir  sessions,  we  have  no  other  record  than  the 
printed  addresses  and  decrees  issued  from  time  to  time. 
The  lirst  of  these,  signed  by  Castro,  Alvarado,  Ikiel- 
iia.  and  Noriega,  was  an  address  of  conixratulatiou  to 
the  peo[)le."^     The  second  production  was  a  record  of 

-''•  Ijiindini,  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  8.")-0,  says  the  persons  who  favored  iiule- 
poiuKiiee  were  chicily  Mexicans.  ^lofras,  Explor.,  i.  .300,  tells  us  that  tlio 
.Vinericjaim  hail  a  lone-star  ilag  all  ready,  whieli  they  wished  to  hoist,  piittint; 
Oil.  under  tlie  protection  of  the  U.  S.,  and  promisins;  the  aid  of  the  P<n'-orli 
\\\\\Ai  would  soon  return;  but  the  Mexicans  I'eua  and  lliimirez,  Spence, 
Aiiu\>ti,  JIunnis,  and  Deleiss6ques  succeeded  in  preventing  the  movement. 
ritil-Tliouars,  Voiinrjc,  ii.  99,  gives  in  substance  the  same  version,  and  addij 
tliat  the  Americans  then  withdrew  in  disgust,  except  a  few  riflemen  who  j.'ot 
.9J  a  ilay  for  their  services.  Wilkes,  Nurr.,  v.  17'S-9,  says  the  courage  of  Al- 
varado and  the  diimtaeion  failed  them  at  the  last  moment,  and  they  i-efused 
to  keep  their  promise  of  raising  the  flag — adding  some  absurd  details. 
(i'.C'son,  nut.  t'alh.  Church,  i.  i4S-9,  follows  Mofras.  Serrano,  Apuntc.*, 
M.S.,  "27,  38-9,  insists  that  the  lone-star  flag  was  actually  raised,  an<l  tliat 
C.istro  trampled  the  Mexican  flag  under  foot.  Inocente  (Jareia,  the  standard- 
lii-arir,  claims  to  have  prevented  Capt.  Hinckley  and  others  from  raising  tho 
now  Hag  on  one  occasion,  and  to  have  insisted  on  hoisting  the  national  banner. 
ll.il)iiison  mentions  tho  Texan  flag  which  was  said  to  have  been  prepared. 
Alvarado,  IlUt.  Cat.,  MS.,  iii.  199-'204,  admits  that  he  thought  favorably  of 
putting  Cal.  under  a  European  or  American  protectorate. 

lliiluiison,  Life  in  VuL,  177,  snys  that  w^vcral  Mexican  vessels  in  the  har- 
l)or  were  seized  and  afterward  relcaseil.  It  is  claimed  by  Alvarwlo,  Vallejo, 
ami  others  that  they  had  some  diiUoulty  iu  preventing  outrages  on  Mexicans, 
in.«tii,-ated  largely  by  fJraham  and  his  men.  It  was  partly  to  save  them  from 
injury  and  insult  that  Gutierrez  and  others  were  kept  on  board  the  vessel  for 
snnic  days  before  she  sailed. 

■''Tlie  most  excellent  diputacion  of  Alta  Califoraia,  to  its  inhabitants: 
Califniuians:  Heaven  favors  you;  you  anMloubtless  its  chosen  portion,  and 
tliiafiire  it  is  leading  you  with  propitious  hand  to  happiness.  Until  now  you 
hare  been  the  sad  victim  of  servile  factions,  whose  chiefs,  content  with  ;i 
pasing  triumph,  taxed  to  the  utmost  your  loi.g-suffering  patience.  As  obe- 
dient Sims  of  tho  mother  country,  and  faithful  defenders  of  your  dear  lili;'r- 
ties,  ynu  swore  solemnly  before  God  and  men  to  l)c  free,  an<l  to  die  rather  tlian 
1)0  slaves.  In  this  spirit,  you  adopted  forever,  as  a  isocial  comiKict  to  direct 
you,  the  federal  constitutiou  of  tho  year  twenty-four ;  your  government  was 


n 


470 


GUTIERREZ,  CASTRO,  AND  ALVARADO. 


proceedings  at  the  extra  session  of  November  7t]i, 
siufned  by  tlie  same  men  and  published  as  a  circular.  At 
this  meeting  the  plan  of  the  original  pronunciainiouto 
was  submitted  for  revision  and  approval.  This  docu- 
ment in  its  original  form  is  not  given,  and  it  is  conse- 
quently impossible  to  state  what  changes  were  intro- 
duced. It  had  been  somewhat  vaguely  worded,  and 
jicrhaps  intentionally  so;  but  Alvarado  explained  that 
its  informalities  were  due  to  the  haste  and  confusion 
of  the  campaign,  since  the  intention  of  the  2)i'0)iu a- 
ciaclos,  as  was  well  known,  was  simply  to  resist  the 
oppressions  of  the  rulers  sent  from  Mexico  since  the 
adoption  of  the  new  system ;  and  he  moved  that  the 
l)Ian  be  drawn  up  as  in  the  appended  note.^^     This 


oiLtanizcd  at  cost  of  immense  sacrifices,  which  unnatural  sons  trampleil  on, 
i.^'noring  them  in  order  to  found  upon  your  ruins  their  own  fortune  antl  en  iiu- 
ii'.al  advancement;  and  when  it  seemed  that  you  were  already  the  sure  p.itii- 
I'.iony  of  the  aristocratic  tyrant,  you  boldly  waved  the  banner  of  the  lici': 
"Federation  or  Death  is  the  destiny  of  the  Californian."  Thus  have  you 
shouted,  and  a  cry  so  sweet  will  bo  indelibly  engraved  ui)on  your  hearts,  in 
whom  (sic)  the  sacred  fire  of  lovo  for  the  country  is  seen  to  burn  inccssan'.ly. 
You  have  tasted  the  sweet  nectar  of  liberty ;  the  bitter  cup  of  op]ii-es:  ion 
may  not  be  tendered  you  with  impunity.  California  is  free,  and  will  sever 
her  relations  with  Mexico  until  she  ceases  to  bo  oppressed  by  the  present  donii- 
iiant  faction  called  central  government.  To  accomplish  so  intcrestinu;,  so 
f;rand  an  object,  it  remains  only  that  we,  the  inhabitants  of  this  soil,  uniteil, 
form  a  single  wish,  a  single  opinion.  Let  us  be  united,  Californians,  uml  wo 
tiliall  be  invincible,  if  wo  use  all  the  resources  on  which  we  may  count.  Thus 
sliall  wc  make  it  clear  to  the  universe  that  we  are  firm  in  our  purpose,  that 
wo  are  free  and  federalists !  Jos6  Castro,  Juan  B.  Alvarado,  Antonio  Buchia, 
Jost5  Antonio  Noriega.  Monterrey.Nov.  0,1830.'  Government  Tress  in  charjjo 
of  citizen  Santiago  Aguilar.    1  leaf. 

Ori^jinal  print  in  Earliest  Printing.  Also  in  Bandini,  Doc,  MS.,  4-; 
Otien-a,  Dor.,  MS.,  i.  151-2;  Vallejo,  Hist,  (Jal.,  MS.,  iii.  19j-C;  and  transla- 
tion, somewhat  less  literal  than  mine,  in  Hopkins'  Trandations,  3-4,  pi-uitcd 
also  in  the  i^.  Francisco  Alta.  The  Noriega  who  signs  was  Jos6  Antonio  do 
la  Guerra.  It  was  a  whim  to  sign  his  name  Noriega,  which  ho  had  no  right 
to  do.  Alvarado,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  109-73,  says  that  two  copies  of  tlio 
address  were  sent  to  every  place  to  be  posted  in  regular  form  on  the  doors  of 
alcahlla  and  church. 

■'  Plan  dc  Independencia  Califomiana  adoptada  par  la  diputacion  en  7  <h 
Xov.  ISJG.  Original  print,  1  leaf,  with  rubric  of  the  four  signers  iu  L'ar/i'4 
J'rintinrf.  Also  ia  Ca-^tro,  J )or.,  MS.,  i.  33;  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxii.  41; 
Dand'm'i,  Z>oc.,  MS.,  41;  Lo't  Awjeles,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  210-11;  Dept.  St.  P'lp., 
An;/<'les,  MS.,  x.  17.  Translation  in  Hopkins'  Translations,  4-5,  in  which  ono 
tuifortunato  error  is  to  be  noted,  where  dcbida  d  las  futigas  do  la  campaua  is 
rendered  *  the  result  of  the  labors  of  the  comp.any.' 

1.  Alta  California  is  declared  independent  of  Mexico  until  the  federal 
system  of  1824  shall  be  recstablishc(l.  2.  The  said  California  is  erected  into 
n  free  and  sovereign  state,  establishing  a  congress  which  shall  pass  all  tlie  par- 
ticular laws  of  the  country,  also  the  other  necessary  supremo  powers,  the  pros- 


PATRIOTIC  DECREES. 


471 


MS.,  4-2; 
lul  tninsla- 

,  printed 
(\iitonio  lie 

no  riizlit 
)ic3  of  t!io 
ic  doora  of 


L'arH'<t 

xxxii.  41; 

St.  I'njK, 

which  ono 

impauii  is 

he  federal 
cctcd  into 
11  tiio  par- 
tho  prus- 


j)l;in  was  unanimously  adopted  by  the  diputncion,  and 
luiiig  submitted  on  motion  of  Castro  to  the  loaders 
of  the  pronunciados,  was  by  them  also  approved,  with- 
out much  opposition,  it  may  be  supjosed,  since  those 
kailcrs  were  Castro  and  Alvarado.  Next  dav  Presi- 
(Kilt  Castro  issued  the  first  of  a  series  of  decrees  ema- 
iiatiiio:  from  the  diputacion  in  its  new  capacit}',  in  wliidi 
tlu'  people  are  duly  informed  "that  the  said  supreme 
k'.;islative  body  has  decreed  as  follows:  'The  constitu- 
ent congress  of  the  free  and  sovereign  state  of  Alta  Cal- 
il',)riiia  is  hereby  declared  legitimately  installed.'"-*  On 
the  13th,  as  'commander  of  the  vanguard  of  the  divi- 
sion of  operations,'  Castro  issued  a  printed  proclamatit>u 
to  the  people,  congratulating  them  on  their  escape  from 
t\  ruimv,  exhortinsj  them  not  to  falter  in  the  Ljood  work, 
reminding  them  that  death  was  preferable  to  servi- 
tiule,  and  that  federalism  must  become  the  system  of 
tlio  nation.  "Viva  la  federacion !  Viva  lalil)ertadl 
Mva  el  estado  libre  v  soberano  de  Alta  California!""* 
The  next  record  carries  us  forward  to  the  time  when 
Vallojo,  having  arrived  from  Sonoma,  assumed  the 
military  command,  tendered  him,  as  we  have  seen,  by 
the  diputacion  on  the  7th.  Mariano  Guadalupe  Va- 
llcjo  was  a  young  man  of  about  thirty  years,  wlio 
liad  recently  received  a  lieutenant's  commission  in  tlio 
^iuxican  army,  and  was  comandante  of  the  northern 


cut  most  excellent  diputacion  declaring  itself  constituent.  3.  Tiie  reliffion 
will  he  the  catholic  api' "tolic  Roman,  witiiont  admitting  the  public  worship  of 
au,  other;  but  the  government  will  molest  no  one  for  his  private  religious 
opinions.  4.  A  constitution  shall  regulate  all  branches  of  the  administra- 
tion provisionally,  so  far  as  possil)le  in  accordance  with  the  said  (federal  ?) 
con'  titution.  5.  While  the  provisions  of  the  preceding  articles  are  being 
canieii  out  Don  Mariano  Guadalupe  Vallejo  will  be  called  to  tlio  comandancia 
pent  lal.  6.  The  necessary  communications  will  be  made  to  the  municipali- 
ties if  the  territoi-y  by  the  president  of  the  exceleutisima  diputacion. 

■'^Castro,  Decretos  de  In  Ex"^  Diputacion  cri'jida  fii  Conijreso  Coiistitiii/ente, 
}Kir  ..((  Pre»iden!e,  no.  1-10,  1830,  in  Earlir^L  Prinliiuj.  N^os  1— t  are  sijjrned 
hy  Castro  as  diputado  presidente,  and  by  Juan  15.  Alvarado  as  diputado  soc- 
ret:irio:  nos  .5-0  by  Castro  and  by  J.  A.  do  la  (luetra  as  sec;  and  no.  10  by 
Alvarado  as  gov.  and  Cosme  Pena  as  sec.  It  is  possible  that  this  series  «as 
ooiitinucd,  but  I  have  found  no  later  numbers.  Nov.  lOtii,  Castro  to  eoniij- 
sario  do  policfa  at  Branciforte,  forwarding  the  bases  adopted  by  the  diputa- 
cion to  be  sworn  at  the  villa.    Sla  Cruz,  Arrh.,  MS.,  7-t. 

'>lJe2)t.  St.  Pap.,  Anjeles,  MS.,  x.  14-10. 


472 


GUTIERREZ,  CASTRO,  AND  ALVARADO. 


frontier,  with  headquarters  at  Sonoma.  He  was  tlie 
son  of  the  'sarijento  clistin<ruitlo'  I<rnacio  Vallejo  and 
of  ]Maria  Antonia  Luj^^o,  beinjjf,  on  the  paternal  side  at 
least,  of  pure  Spanish  blooti,  and  beinj^  entitled  liy 
the  old  rules  to  prefix  the  'Don'  to  his  name.  Jn 
childhood  he  had  been  the  associate  of  Alvarado  and 
Castro  at  Monterey,  and  his  educational  advantan-os, 
of  which  he  made  good  use,  were  substantially  the 
same  as  theirs.  Unlike  his  companions,  he  chose  a 
military  career,  entering  the  Monterey  comjiany  in 
1828  as  cadet,  and  being  promoted  to  be  alfercz  of 
the  San  Francisco  company  in  1827.  He  served  as 
habilitado  and  as  comandante  of  both  companies,  and 
took  part,  as  has  been  recorded  in  preceding  chaptciN, 
in  several  campaigns  against  the  Indians,  besides  ait- 
ing  as  fiscal  or  defensor  in  various  military  trials.  In 
1880  he  was  elected  to  the  diputacion,  and  took  a 
jtrominent  part  in  the  opposition  of  that  body  to  Vic- 
toria. In  1832  he  married  Francisca  Benicia,  dau^li- 
ter  of  Joaquin  Carrillo,  and  in  1834  was  elected  dip- 
utado  suplente  to  congress.  He  was  a  favorite  of 
Figueroa,  who  gave  him  large  tracts  of  land  north 
of  the  bay,  choosing  him  as  comisionado  to  secular- 
ize San  Francisco  Solano,  to  found  the  town  of  So- 
noma, and  to  command  the  frontera  del  norte.  lu  his 
new  position  Vallejo  was  doubtless  the  most  indepen- 
dent man  in  California.  His  past  record  was  a  good 
one,  and  both  in  ability  and  experience  he  was  proba- 
bly better  fitted  to  take  the  position  as  comandante 
general  than  any  other  Californian.  He  was  not  per- 
sonally so  popular  as  either  Alvarado  or  Castro,  be- 
cause chiefly  of  his  reserved,  haughty,  aristocratic,  mil- 
itary manner;  yet  it  is  evident  that  his  name  and  his 
strength  carried  great  weight  \vith  the  people,  si  mo 
the  revolutionists  were  forced  to  represent  him  as  tlieir 
leader,  even  without  his  consent.  The  reasons  of  his 
conservatism  were  well  enough  known,  and  little  doubt 
was  felt  that  he  would  accept  the  command  offered  him. 
Accordingly  Alvarado,  in  his  letter  of  November  7th, 


VALLEJO  AS  GENL:RAL. 


473 


aliviuly  cited,  oxi)hiinccl  to  liis  unclo  the  use  that  had 
been  made  of  lii.s  nuiiie,  declared  the  movement  a  suc- 
ccs-^,  and  urged  the  importance  of  his  presence  at  the 
cajtital.  Don  Guadalupe  obeyed,  and  came  from  80- 
iu)iii.i  with  a  small  force.^' 

It  was  on  November  29tli  that  Vallejo  took  the 
oath  of  allegiar.ce  to  the  new  government,  assumed 
the  position  of  comandante  general,  and  issued  a  proc- 
hiiiiation  to  the  Californians — a  document  expressing 
patriotic  purposes  in  the  usual  grandiloquent  language 
cf  Spanish  American  officials.^-*  It  was  feared  that 
suiae  objection  might  be  made  in  certain  quarters  to 
a  ijfciieral  who  held  no  higher  military  rank  than  that 
(if  lieutenant,  and  accordingl}'  on  the  day  the  oath 
was  taken  the  constituent  congress  voted  Vallejo  a 


prol)a- 
danto 
ot  pcr- 
;ro,  hi- 
ic,  niil- 
and  his 
since 
IS  their 
of  his 
doul)t 
dhim. 
er  7th, 


"  Vallejo,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  107-202,  tdU  us  t'mt  he  started  from  So- 
n'liiia  \iith  a  largo  force  bctore  he  knew  what  liail  taken  place,  but  sent  back 
nilliiii  ."iO  of  his  men  when  ho  liearil  at  S.  .Tos(5  that  (jtitierrez  hail  fallen. 
Hi;  only  knew  of  his  appointment  by  tlic  shout  of  viva  el  comandante  gen- 
e  all  by  which  he  was  greeted  at  Monterey.  Nov.  7,  1830,  Ca.'<tro  to  Va- 
llejo. Otlicial  notice  of  his  appointment.  'The  |)Cople  expect  of  your  patriot- 
i.-iii  a  compliance  with  their  wLshea.'  VuUejo,  Doc.f^lf^.,  iii.  204.  Nov.  Kith, 
Vaikjo  from  str.  of  Canjuines  to  Castro.  Will  start  at  once  for  Sonoma,  and 
t'licmu  for  Monterey;  though  it  is  inconvenient, as  he  expects 02 Indian  c\\w{a 
to  make  treaties.    Id.,  iv.  42. 

^-  Vallejo,  Proclama  <ld  C.  Mnr'tniio  Q.  Vnlhjn  en  el  ncfo  de  presfnr  el  j lira- 
mciito  il,' Ian  hace-s  adoptada.i  por  la  J'Jc.-i"^  Di/mlarion  de  la  Alta  (Udifornia. 
Ml iutcrrcy,  29  de  Nov.  do  1 830.  Iniprenta  del  Sup.  (Job. ,  etc. ,  1  leaf,  in  Eiirlie!<t 
I'rhiihvj;  V(dlejo,  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  209;  Bandini,  Doc.,  :MS.,  43;  Dcjit.  St.  I'ap., 
Aii'jclif,  MS.,  X.  1,S;  and  with  French  translation  in  PilH-Thoiiam,  Voiiuijik, 
Ms.,  i\-  1-3.  /  'Fellow-citizens:  the  sovereign  legislative  assembly  of  tho 
f:ec  state  of  Alta  California  calls  nie  to  its  aid,  and  I  obey  its  supreme  deter- 
iiiiuati.jn,  putting  myself  at  the  heid  of  the  brave  men  who  surround  mo,  and 
acL'('[)ting  the  comandancia  general  for  tho  public  welfare,  whose  slave  alono 
I  am.  Yes,  fellow-citizens,  I  swear  to  you  before  God  I  wOuld  promise  to 
secmc  your  happiness,  if,  as  my  soul  abounds  in  love  for  the  country,  my 
kuiiwicdge  wero  sufficient  to  second  my  good  intentions  and  the  purity  of  my 
desires.  Yet  I  will  strive  to  that  end,  and  I  will  succeed  in  showing  that  I 
:iin  a  citizen  who  loves  the  liberty  of  a  country  so  often  outragc<l  with  impu- 
nity. If  I  succeed,  my  reward  will  bo  the  well-being  of  the  sovereign  people 
to  wliicli  I  have  the  honor  to  belong;  but  if  it  may  not  be  so,  my  litting  roc- 
oiiipcnso  will  be  a  cold  stone,  whicli,  confounding  me  among  insensible  beings, 
shall  publisii  "Here  lies  a  Californiau  who  yielded  to  death  rather  than  to 
tyranny  !'■'  etc.  In  translating  this  and  other  documents  in  my  notes,  I  havo 
tlioiiL'lit  it  best  to  give  the  author's  words  as  literally  as  possible,  taking 
pains,  liowevcr,  never  to  exaggerate  in  Knglish  any  vagueness,  inelegancj',  (.r 
nlisuiility  of  the  original  Spanish.  On  Nov.  28th,  Alvarado  wrote  to  Valen- 
tin Cota  at  Sta  Barbara  a  friendly  letter,  declaring  that  prospects  were  very 
blight,  though  the  leeches  might  yet  make  trouble.   Cota,  Doc,  MS.,  5-0. 


II 


I 


474 


GUTIERREZ,  CASTHO,  AND  ALVARAIX). 


colonel  of  cavalry,  the  commission  being  issued  in 
iJeceiiiber.^' 

On  December  4th  the  legislators  brought  tlii  ir 
minds  to  bear  on  revenue  management.  It  was  de- 
cided to  suppress  all  the  old  otlices  connected  witli 
the  custom-house,  and  to  intrust  all  the  business  to  a 
collector  at  a  salary  of  $1,000  and  a  clerk  at  i?:5G0.'* 
At  the  next  session  provision  was  made  for  the  or- 
ganization of  a  'civic  force  to  sustain  the  system  df 
government  adopted,'  for  which  purpose  the  ayuntu- 
miento  was  required  to  prepare  at  once  lists  of  in- 
habitunts  between  fifteen  and  fifty  years  of  ai^o. 
The  staff  of  the  squadron  was  to  consist  of  a  colonol, 
lieut-colonel,  sergeant-major,  and  standard-bearer. 
The  government  was  also  authorized  to  organize  an 
infantry  company  of  riflemen.  The  leading  conunis- 
sions  in  the  civic  militia  were  subsequently  given  to 
Alvarado  and  Castro  respectively,  both  commencing 
their  military  career  with  a  rank  that  in  Spanisli  times 
could  have  been  reached  only  by  long  years  of  ser- 
vice in  the  lower  grades.^ 

It  was  now  deemed  necessary  to  choose  a  chief 
executive  of  the  new  government  in  place  of  Castro, 
who  had  hitherto  acted  in  that  capacity  as  president 
of  the  diputacion.  Accordingly,  at  the  session  of 
December  7th,  Juan  B.  Alvarado  was  declared  to  be 
governor  ad  interim  of  the  state,  with  a  salary  of 

'^C(t.9tro,  Decretoa  de  la  Dip.,  no.  2,  Nov.  29th.  Commission  Dec.  Hth, 
ill  Vullfjo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  II;  Petlt-T/iouarx,  Voywje,  \v.  '20. 

"  Casfro,  Decretos,  no.  3.  Ramirez  seems,  however,  to  have  reitininp(i  in 
charge  of  the  custom-kuiise  until  Dec.  21st  at  least;  and  Hartucll  wi'.s  the 
lirst  reciiuilador. 

*••  Castro,  Di'cretos,  no.  4,  Dec.  5,  18.SG;  also  in  Petit- Thoitars,  Voi/nnp.  iv. 
"-C.  Alvarado's  commission  as  colonel  was  issued  Dec.  Uth,  by  CastiD  as 
president.  Earlicitt  Printing.  As  by  flccrce  no.  4  the  colonel  was  to  bu 
appointed  by  the  govt,  and  Alvarado  had  since  liecome  the  chief  executive, 
ho  was  freed  from  the  duty  of  appointing  himself,  aud  the  president  autlioi- 
i;:cd  to  issue  the  commission  on  Dec.  7th,  by  no.  (5  of  Castro,  Derrctos.  Of 
t'astro's  own  commission  as  lieut-col.  I  have  no  record,  save  that  from  iiboiit 
tliis  time  that  prefix  was  attached  to  his  name.  On  Dec.  12tli,  Alvanulo,  as 
col.  and  governor,  commissioned  Jos^  Jesus  Vallejo  as  captain  of  artilloi  v  in 
the  ci\  io  militia,  Earliest  Printing;  and  also  Valentin  Cota  of  Sta  Bailiaia  t  > 
be  captain,  Qarrra,  Doc,  M8.,  v.  30o;  and  Miguel  Avila  to  be  aUVrez. 
Avilu,  Doc  JJint.  Cat.,  MS.,  2J3. 


!l    I 


ALVARADO  MADE  OOVERXOR. 


475 


J?l,jOO,  tl)c  trafnmiento  of  'excellency*  and  a  socre- 
tiiiv  ;it  ^l.OOO,"'"  to  which  position  Cosmo  Pcila  was 
socjii  ap[)ointed.  Of  Alvarado's  inauguration,  of  tho 
speich  that  he  may  have  made,  and  tlie  proclamatii>u 
ho  may  have  issued,  there  is  no  record. 

Tlnve  important  decrees  were  issued  the  0th  of 
])i(i  labor.  By  the  first,  each  ayuntamiento  was  di- 
rected to  choose  at  its  next  session  a  diputado  to  join 
the  members  of  the  congress  and  aid  in  the  formation 
of  a  constitution.  A  second  divided  tho  state  tem- 
|M)iaiily  into  two  cantons,  or  districts,  the  first  that 
of  Monterey,  including  tho  municipalities  of  San  Fran- 
cisco and  San  Jose;  the  second  that  of  Los  Angeles, 
iiieluding  Santa  Barbara  and  San  Diego.  Each  can- 
ton was  to  have  a  gefe  politico,  to  be  the  governor  in 
the  tirst,  and  in  the  second  u  man  subordinate  to  tho 
governor  and  appointed  by  him  from  a  trio  to  bo 
elected  at  Los  Angeles  January  15th  by  comisionados 
named  by  the  ayuntamientos.  As  no  such  election 
was  over  held,  and  as  the  svstem  never  went  into  ef- 
feet  for  reasons  that  will  appear  later,  it  seems  unnec- 
essary to  go  further  into  details.  By  the  third  decree 
some  of  the  late  restrictions  on  commerce  were  re- 
moved; duties  were  fixed  at  forty  per  cent  on  foreign 

'"  Castro,  Decretos  de  la  Dip.,  no.  5,  Dec.  7,  1836;  Petit- Thouars,  Vo'/rif/e, 
u\  G-0.  Art.  1.  Alvarado  to  bo  gov.  ad  interim.  Art.  2.  To  serve  until 
the  aiipointnicnt  of  another  to  serve  'constitutionally.'  Art.  3.  His  attri- 
liuti's  :ao:  1.  To  appoint  officials  in  accordance  with  the  bases  and  laws.  '2. 
!■)  Liiiv  for  the  security  and  tranquillity  of  tlic  state.  .3.  To  command  tho 
iiiilitia.  4.  To  enforce  the  bases  and  laws,  and  issue  the  necessary  decrees 
to  Unit  end.  5.  To  sec  that  justice  be  promptly  and  fully  executed.  G.  To 
npimiiit  and  remove  administrators  of  missions,  take  accounts  through  conii- 
sioiiiulos,  and  report  to  congress  on  miation  matters  rc(juiring  attention.  7. 
To  line  corporations,  subordinate  authorities,  and  private  individuals  to  extent 
of  01(11)  for  disrespect  to  the  govt,  or  $2G0  for  failure  to  comply  with  duties; 
or  to  ;;nspend  officials,  reporting  at  once  to  congress.  Art.  4.  To  have  the  title 
of  i';;ci  llency.  Art.  r>.  To  have  $1,500  per  year.  Art.  0.  In  case  of  dis- 
nliility,  his  duties  to  be  performed  by  the  pros,  of  the  congress.  Art.  7.  To 
taliL'  tli(:  oath  of  office  before  the  pros.  Art.  8.  To  have  a  secretary  and  a 
ekik.  or  more  than  one  if  necessary,  appointed  by  himself.  Art.  9.  Tliu 
focrctary's  duty  is  to  extend  the  minutes  and  sign  all  decrees  and  orders. 
.\it.  \'\.  Sec.  to  have  a  salary  of  ^l.COO,  and  clerk  .?37'>,  without  fees. 
Alt.  11.  The  sec.  to  take  the  oath  before  tho  state  govt.  Art.  12.  Thi.i 
(k'ci'ee  to  be  published,  etc.  Signed  by  Castro  and  by  (Juerra.  Alvarado, 
IIUl.  ( 'ill.,  MS.,  iii.  184-5,  tells  us  that  there  was  much  discussion  about  tho 
title  of  the  new  ruler,  between  gefe  politico,  president,  and  governor. 


470 


GUTIERREZ,  CASTRO,  AXD  ALVARADO. 


goods,  witli  tonnaj^o  dues  at  oii,dit  reals  per  ton,  and 
coastiiit^  trade  was  permitted  to  foreign  vessels  iindcr 
a  ])erinit  from  the  government.  This  was  in  ap|ii(  el- 
ation of  the  aid  rendered  by  foreigners  to  the  (•■•lusu 
<.>f  freedom.^'^ 


Thus  far  the  Californians  had  been  successful  in 
their  ai-med  protest  against  centralism.  They  IkkI 
got  rid  of  their  Mexican  ruler,  and  had  made  a  start 
in  the  experiment  of  governing  themselves.  The  ma- 
chinery of  governtnent  was  working  smoothly  enoiiifh 
at  the  capital.  The  beginnings  under  the  new  regime 
had  been  marked  by  no  hasty  or  unwise  steps.  The 
leaders  were  among  the  best  and  the  ablest  of  tlio 
Californians,  abounding  in  patriotism,  if  somewhat 
lacking  in  experience.  It  would  bo  going  too  far, 
perhaps,  to  say  that  the  new  administration  had  \)v\'()ro 
it  an  open  road  to  permanent  success,  for  the  inlioirnt 
difficulties  of  the  situation  were  great.  Possibly  it  i.i 
fortunate  in  a  sense  for  Alvarado  and  his  associates 
that  they  can  point  to  the  opposition  of  their  countrv- 
men  as  an  insurmountable  obstacle  in  their  way.  for 
it  is  certain  that  such  opposition  removed  every  liopo 
of  a  notable  success.  Yet  I  have  nuich  reason  to  l»e- 
lieve  that  Alvarado  would  have  effected  a  niaikel 
improvement  in  the  condition  of  California  had  ho 
been  allowed  to  do  so,  and  that  the  internal  quarrels, 
which  needlessly  monopolized  his  attention  and  (Mior- 
gy,  were  from  every  point  of  view  a  misfortune  to  tho 
country. 

The  liases  of  the  new  system  were  of  course  for- 
warded, with  the  various  proclamations  and  decrees 
therewith  connected,  to  every  part  of  the  state;  and 
I  suppose  that  they  were  approved  with  the  usual 
forms  and  oath  of  allegiance  everywhere  in  the  north- 
ern districts,  though  strangely  enough  not  a  single  rec- 
ord of  such  local  proceeding  has  rewarded  my  search. 

^'Cnsfro,  Derrffoif,  noa  7,  8,  9,  Dec.  9,  1830;  VaJlejo,  Doc,  MS.,  .">)  3; 
Petit- Thouarc!,  V'oyaje,  iv.  1"J-"J0;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  S.  Jasd,  MS.,  iii.  55-00. 


AFFAIRS  IX  THE  NORTH. 


477 


III  tlif  south  a  stroii'T^  opposition  devolopod  itsolf,  to  l)o 
tit  atrd  iiilly  in  tliu  iullowiiiL;'  clia|)tL'i".  AIvanidcMlctLi-- 
iiiiut'd  to  visit  the  south  in  purson.  JIo  ()l)tuinod  tVoni 
the  cDii^ross  a  concession  of  extraordinary  jiowers,"'^ 
o.iw  liis  civil  authority  as  far  as  possiMe  to  (n-neral 
A'.illc'jo,  M'hoin  all  local  authorities  were  ordered  to 
(lilt  y,""  and  started  southward  on  Christinas,  witJi  some 
lilty  soldiers  and  Graham's  rillemen,  a  part  of  the  i'orcc 
hriii''  sent  by  water  on  the  (Jlement'nic,  which  had  re- 
tinned  I'roni  Ca[)e  San  Liicas.  Vallejo  at  ahout  tho 
same  time  was  called  away  to  Sonoma  to  settle  some 
(miiltle  with  the  Indians,  and  Lieut-colonel  Castro 
Mas  left  in  command.  There  is  nothinij;'  more  to  bo 
said  of  atfairs  at  the  north  in  1830,  exce|»t  that  An^vl 
l\;iinirez,  having  been  removed  from  the  administration 
of  the  revenues,  and  having  been  unable  to  control 
Alvarado  as  ho  had  hoped  to  do,  was  perhaps  already 
engaged  in  plotting  future  mischief''"  There  is  no  in- 
dication that  north  of  Santa  Barbara  there  was  any 
disafie(.'tion  am  ng  Californians,  though  some  of  tho 
iniiic  timid  looked  forward  with  anxiety  to  the  result  of 
tlie  governor's  campaign  in  the  south,  and  still  more 
anxiously  to  the  time  when  their  revolt  should  be 
known  in  Mexico. 

^' Castro,  Dcxrctos,  no.  10,  Dec.  20,  18.30;  Petit- ThonarK,  Voya'jp,  iv.  21. 
Tliis,  tlic  final  order  of  the  scries,  is  issuctl  by  'The  citizen  .Juan  J).  Alvarado, 
cobiicl  of  the  civic  militia,  superior  geJ'e  politico  of  the  iirst  canttui,  anil  gtn- 
cniDiMjf  the  free  and  sovereign  state  of  Alta,  California.'  Countersignet.1  hy 
8fti('tary  Peflfi. 

"'•'Dec.  2.1,  1836,  Alvarndo  to  civil  antliorities  .nnd  private  persons.  In  Va- 
I'ifi,  Jhc,  MS.,  iv.  45.  Vallejo  in  return  concetleil  his  military  authority  to 
Alv:u;ulo  so  far  as  the  south  was  concerned.  His  order  to  coniandantes  of 
the  south  is  dated  Dec.  17th.  Id.,  iv.  43. 

'Alvarado,  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  iii.  190-4,  and  Vallejo,  Hut.  Cal,  MS.,iii.24l- 
3,  tell  us  that  tho  foiiner  on  his  way  Routh  foinid  evideucc  that  IJaniirez  anil 
r.  Ml  rcado  were  plotting  at  .S.  Antonio,  and  sent  a  note  of  warning  to  Vallejo. 
AUaiado  thought  of  arresting  Ifaniircz,  hut  had  ssouio  hope  that  he  would 
ctjiisjiire  with  the  south  and  thus  drive  Juan  Uandini  over  to  the  governor's 
side. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 


ALVARADO'S  RULE-TROUBLES  IX  THE  SOUTH. 

1830-1837. 

Causes  OP  SonTiir-nN  Opposition— Sectional,  Local,  and  Personal  Pkfjp. 
i»ici:— The  News  at  Asoeles— San  Dieoo  Anorsi-.D — Plan  of  N<>vi;m. 
ijEu— Cdunteu-i'lan  ok  Santa  Uaudaka— New  Ayitntamie.ntus  and 
New  Plan— Letters  of  Puominest  Men — Castillo  Neorete— ()m(i- 
Dandini- Pio  Pico— CiRLos  Carhillo— Alvauado  in  the  Sdi  tii— 
The  UaiibareSos  Submit- Anoelinos  Obsiinate— Dieouinos  r.\ii;i- 
«tTio  BUT  NOT  Warlike — Defensive  Measures— Campaign  and  Tukaiy 
OF  San  Feunando- Alvarado  at  Los  Anoeles— Castro's  Auun  ai.- 
Anotheu  Plan- Speeches — Fears  of  Atiack  from  Sonoua— Castuo 
at  San  Dieoo— Diputacion  Sustains  Alvarado— Plan  de  Oobieuxo— 
Intrigues  of  Osio  and  Pico — Los  Angeles  Submits— Govei!noii",s 
Manifiesto  of  May— Retcrn  to  Monterey — Events  in  the  Noiitii, 
January  to  May. 


J  '; 


That  the  changes  cifoctccl  at  Monterey  were  not  ap- 
proved ill  the  south  was  due  ahiiost  entirely  to  s(  u- 
tional,  local,  and  personal  causes.  The  provincial  preju- 
dice was  as  strong  in  one  part  of  California  as  in 
another.  Tlic  arribefios  were  not  more  radical  feder- 
alists i  lan  were  the  abajenos,  nor  were  they  luuiu 
unanii)  msly  opposed  to  Mexican  rulers.  The  loyalty 
of  the  renos  and  their  natural  shrinkini;  from  nvo- 
lutiona.  measures  were  not  notably  more  pronouuccil 
than  th  same  sentiments  among  the  nortenos.  It 
was  San  .Di(}go  and  Los  Anixeles,  not  Monterev  and 
San  Jos  ,  that  had  begun  the  revolt  against  Victoria 
in  1831.  It  was  the  south  that  sustained  Echeandia, 
and  the  north  that  supported  Zamorano's  couiitii- 
revolt  in  behalf  of  the  supreme  government.  Thno 
was  not  much  opposition  to  (Tutierrez  personally  iu 


SOUTIIEUN  DISAFFECTION. 


470 


oitlur  section.  Alvarado  was  porsoimlly  jx  nulnr  in 
liotli  seel  Ions.  Tlie  pudivs  Fernandinos  in  eliarij^i!  of 
the  soul  hern  missions  were  disposed  rather  to  I'avor 
llijiii  oppose  tlu)  chanufo.  Kl  sur,  as  i'uUy  as  el  noiti;, 
liiiil  it  It  the  cfFeets  of  Mexican  oppression  and  neijleet, 
real  or  inuiginary.  Tiio  henctits,  if  any,  to  Ik;  titiived 
tVoiii  iii(h;pendence  could  be  nowise  sectional.  Other 
iva>oiis  for  southern  o|)position  must  ho  souj^ht. 

A  strong  seetionalleeliniij^  had  been  in  process  of  de- 
vrlo|iiuent  since  1825,  v'-n  Echeandia,  charmed  with 
sdiithcrn  dinjate  and  southern  ladies,  had  seriously 
Wdiiiided  ^lio  pride  of  Monterey,  by  fixing  his  residence 
iit  Sail  Diego.  Most  rej)resentatives  to  congress  had 
Iiccii  I'roni  the  south,  which  was  deemed  a  slight  to 
iiortlicrn  talent;  but  on  the  other  hand,  Argiiello  and 
('a>tii>  had  ruled  as  governors,  while  Pico  and  I'^stu- 
(lillo  had  failed  to  secure  recognition,  Custom-Iiouse 
([iianrls  had  waxed  hot  between  San  Dii'go  and  Mon- 
{v\vy,  to  the  advantage  of  the  latter;  but  the  south- 
ern pueblo  had  gone  far  ahead  of  San  Jose  in  })opula- 
t'uiii.  even  gaining  the  raidc  of  city.  In  the  struggle 
l'.)r  tlie  capital,  Los  Angeles  had  gained  the  victory, 
on  ]iai)er,  which  caused  a  burst  of  indignation  in  the 
imrtli;  but  ]\Ionterey  had  thus  far  evaded  a  delivery 
of  the  spoils,  and  the  Angelinos  were  furious,  A  di- 
vision of  the  missions  between  the  friars  of  two  col- 
1cl;cs  IkuI  a  slight  tendency  to  widen  the  breacli. 

The  first  feeling  on  hearing  what  had  ha[)[)oned 
was  one  of  surprise  and  of  timidity.  Yet  the  [»eo[)le 
\w\\'  not  more  timid  than  tlie  arribcnos,  but  their 
(Dura;4'e  had  not,  like  that  of  the  others,  been  braced 
ii[>  l»y  the  excitement  of  personal  partici[)ation  in  slir- 
rinn'  eVL-'uts  or  by  the  eloquence  of  popular  leadi'rs. 
Soon,  liowever,  there  was  developed  in  the  minds  of 
the  southerners  a  still  more  jxjtent  sentiment,  to  the 
eftl'ct  that  the  revolution  had  been  the  work  of  nortli- 
ern  men,  and  that  they  would  not  only  monopolize  the 
^'I'iry  and  prestige  arising  from  the  achievement,  put- 
ting uu  airs  of  superiority,  but  would  probably  claim 


m 


4"i0  ALVARADO'S  RULE— TROUBLES  IX  THE  SOUTH. 


•  SM 


i|' 


tlie  lion's  share  of  the  offices  and  other  benefits  oFtlio 
new  system.  Before  the  avowed  poHcy  of  the  now 
administration  was  fully  known,  the  most  absurd  ru- 
mors were  current,  but  Los  Angeles  had  much  reason 
to  believe' that  the  change  was  at  the  least  not  i'avor- 
able  to  its  own  possession  of  the  capital,  and  this  was 
ample  cause  for  the  opposition  of  that  city.  Saii 
Diego  entertained  similar  hopes  and  fears,  thou'di  in 
less  marked  degree,  respecting  the  custom-house. 
But  the  opposition  in  the  extreme  south  was  (Uic 
mainly  to  an(»tlier  cause,  the  influence  of  Juan  Bamhni. 
This  gentleman  saw  in  the  movement  at  Montcicv 
but  one  figure,  that  of  his  hated  foe.  Angel  Ilaiuirez. 
Judge  Castillo  Negrete  on  his  way  to  JMcxico 
spent  a  few  weeks  in  the  south,  where  he  attacked 
with  argument,  invective,  and  ridicule  the  revohitioii- 
ar}'^  leaders,  devoting  all  his  energies  to  fanning  the 
flame  of  popular  discontent  already  kindled  by  local 
prejudice.  The  result  was,  that  the  most  exaggerated 
ideas  of  Alvarado's  policy  were  instilled  into  the 
public  mind,  so  far  as  the  people  at  large  could  he  in- 
duced to  think  of  the  subject  at  all.  The  comhtional 
element  of  the  plan  of  independence  was  ignored  al- 
together; Mexico  had  been  defied,  and  Calil'oiJiia, 
defenceless,  was  exposed  to  the  rapacity  of  foi'cign 
nations,  if  not  indeed  already  virtually  delivered  to 
agents  of  the  United  States.  All  Mexicans  had 
been  or  were  to  be  banished,  and  their  property  con- 
fiscated, perhaps  their  ver}'  lives  endangered.  The 
south  was  to  have  no  voice  in  the  new  administratien. 
Even  th'-  catholic  faith  was  dishonored,  and  jirotes- 
tant  heiesv  was  to  be  encoura<2fed.  Such  Mere  tlio 
fears  which  certain  individuals  deemed  it  for  their  in- 
terest to  inculcate,  and  it  is  wonderful  what  uiisw  erv- 
iiig  loyalty  and  patriotism,  what  respect  for  the  jiower 
of  jMexico,  what  devotion  to  the  true  faith,  and  w  liat 
ardent  zeal  to  put  themselves  right  on  the  record  and 
avei't  the  terrible  consecpiences  of  Mexican  wiath 
wore  all  at  once  developed  in  the  southern  mind  and 


NEWS  OF  THE  KEVOLUTIOX. 


4S1 


]i.;iit,  as  roprcsei)ted  by  the  ayiintamientos  of  Lob 
Ann<lt'8  and  San  Diego.  I  i)roceo<i  with  the  chrono- 
logical narrative. 


In  his  letter  of  November  7th,  before  cited,  Alva- 
i;uln  stated  that  commissioners  would  start  next  day 
to  submit  the  new  plan  for  approval  in  the  south.' 
Tlnic  are  indications  that  such  agents  were  despatch«;(l 
alxiiit  that  time,  but  we  have  no  record  of  their  nego- 
tiations, and  they  do  not  appear  to  have  gone  beyond 
Siiiita  ]3arbara.  So  far  as  I  can  learn,  the  first  news 
of  (vonts  at  Monterey  came  on  the  Leonidas,  whicli 
touched  at  Santa  Barbara  about  the  15th.  The 
tidings  spread  to  Los  Angeles,  where,  on  the  17th, 
Alcalde  llequena  called  an  extra  session  of  the  ayunta- 
iniento.  The  rumor  was  that  Gutierrez  was  prisoner, 
Mexican  officials  had  been  banished, and  an  armed  force 
was  <'ii  route  for  this  city,  to  compel  adhesion  to  a  plan 
of  unknown  purport,  but  believed  to  involve  a  change 
in  t  lie  existing  order  of  things.  The  people  were  called 
in,  and  it  was  resolved  not  to  recognize  any  authority 
nnt  legally  established,  and  to  send  a  committee,  headed 
liy  Suulico  A.  M.  Osio,  to  meet  the  approaching  force 
and  learn  the  objects  of  its  coming."  Next  San  Diego 
jicard  the  news,  from  Rocha  at  San  Gabriel,  and  assem- 
lilfd  its  ayuntamiento  on  the  22d.  In  the  discus- 
;-i(His  gi  ,at  importance  was  attached  to  the  part  taken 

'  Ah-anulo,  Carta  Conjidfnclal,  MS.  Bueln.-v  imd  yillavicenck)  are  named. 
It  would  seem  that  tho  foniier  at  least  could  not  liavo  gone,  yet  some  state- 
iiiLiiH  indicate  that  lie  did. 

-  Ij)i  Amjelcn,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  197-200.  The  arrival  of  tho  Leov hla-t  \^ith 
the  liistiii-t  judge  and  Ca'pt.  Mufioz  (?)  on  board  was  mentioned,  llegidoita 
\';ilili-!  and  llerrera  were  1  lie  other  members  of  tlic  comnutteo.  Nov.  lOtli, 
an  arcount  of  the  meeting  was  sent  to  J.  J.  Roclia,  administrator  of  San 
(ialuiel,  who  aeknowluilged  receipt  on  Nov.  20th.  J)ejit.  St.  Pnp.,  AiKjdis, 
MS.,  ii.  CO.  Osio,  Hid.  Cal.,  MS.,  .Tl.S-2(),  mentions  the  iiromincnt  part 
taluii  by  the  sindico,  not  naming  himself,  now  and  later.  Osio  .Stiys  tliu  op- 
linsitiuu  of  Los  Angeles  was,  1st,  because  it  was  ridiculous  to  form  a  state 
"itli  oidy  0,000  inhabitants,  .300  of  theni  educated;  2d,  because  of  foreign 
iiiiil  American  eoopc ■  ation,  savoring  too  much  of  annexation;  3d,  liccauso 
grwittr  powers  than  tliose  of  tlie  national  congress  had  been  assumed  in 
l-iaiuing  religious  tolerance.  These  and  'other  raa.sons '  canned  Angeles  to 
liisit.ite  in  recognizing  a  govt  whose  elevated  principles  might  very  likely 
inove  top-'.'>avy. 

HiBT.  Cal.,  Vol,  III.    31 


\  ■ 


4S2 


ALVARADO'S  RULE— TROUBLES  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


^i     ■ 


l)y  foreitjncrs  in  the  northern  outbreak.  On  the  roc- 
onmiendation  of  Alcalde  Argiiello  and  Conianduntu 
Salazar,  it  was  decided  to  send  two  coniisionados  to 
consult  with  the  authorities  of  Lus  Angeles  and  Santa 
Barbara  on  the  course  to  be  taken.  "The  national 
honor  and  integrity  being  at  stake,  not  a  nionunt 
should  be  lost."  Juan  Bandini  and  Santiago  ]i  Ar- 
giiello  were  appointed  for  this  comniission,^and  rcaclud 
Los  Angeles  in  time  to  take  part  in  the  meetings  of 
the  ayuntamiento  and  people,  November  25th--J(itli. 
At  the  first  of  these  meetings  a  plan  was  ado[)t((J  to 
save  the  country.  By  its  terms  the  plan  of  ^loiitciry 
v/as  rejected  as  an  act  of  violence ;  other  ayuntaniieiitos 
were  invited  to  send  each  three  persons  to  Los  An- 
geles to  elect  a  provisional  gefe  politico;  tlu;  law- 
making Los  Angeles  the  capital  was  to  be  strictly 
enforced;  military  officers  not  engaged  in  the  Mim- 
terey  movement  were  to  be  invited  by  Comandaiitc 
Roclia  to  choose  a  temporary  general;  Los  Angdrs 
Avas  to  await  the  cooperation  of  San  Diego  and  Santa 
Barbara  only,  to  carry  out  this  plan;  and  these  reso- 
lutions were  to  have  effect  until  the  national  laws 
should  be  again  in  full  force.  This  was  approved  ly 
the  people,  and  it  was  voted  to  place  on  tile  a  list  of 
adherents,  to  place  under  surveillance  all  who  refused 
to  sign  it,  ond  to  arrest  the  emissaries  said  to  be  cein- 
ing  from  the  north.  Next  day,  besides  communica- 
tions from  Monterey,  one  was  read  from  the  alcalde  of 
Santa  Bdrbara,  who  represented  his  municipality  as 
declining  to  a[)provethe  plan  of  Monterey  until  a  | no- 
visional  congress  should  meet  in  a  central  locality,  and 


»Xo\'.  22,  1830,  acta  of  the  ayunt.  Lettor  of  Alcalde  Argiiollo  to  AkaMe 
Rcquena,  and  instructions  in  7  articles  to  the  comisionudos.  S.  ])i<'ii<i,  .!,■ '/., 
MS.,  1.S7-8.  The  agents  wei-c  to  liave  an  interview  with  Gutierrez,  if  ]  ■ -^-^i- 
Me,  to  make  known  the  perfect  loyalty  of  S.  Diego,  and  it  was  uikK  r>t<"'il 
that  one  of  their  duties  would  be  to  aiil  in  devising  means  for  the  sek'itiMi'  nf 
a  k^gitimatc  temporary  ruler.  Nov.  22d,  Alcalde  Arguello  orders  missina  ml- 
iniiiistratoi's  to  furnish  all  needed  aid  to  the  comisionados  on  their  jnuiii'y, 
inil  he  tells  l)im  of  8.  Diego  mission,  'the  iiatiuual  honor  demands  that  ,\uu 
furnish  mc  two  horses' !  Id.,  141. 


SAX  DIEGO  AND  LOS  ANGELES  LOYAL. 


4S3 


tlio  rcc- 
landiiiito 
ladds  to 
id  Santa 
iialiuii;d 

lUOllll'llt 

{ rciie-luxl 
itiii^U's  ot" 
th-'-iC.tli. 
()[)ti'd  ti) 
.loutci-fV 
ainiontns 
Los  Au- 
thu  law 
}  strictly 
the  Mnii- 
iiaiidaiito 
1  Anjj,'i'lrs 
nd  ISaiita 
icse  rt'so- 
al   laws 
)ved  l)y 
.  list  of 
ro fused 
Ix'  cnin- 
imini(  a- 
caldr  ot 
lality  as 
il  a  pio- 
litv.aml 

lo  to  AkalJe 

)l<il'i,  A'' h., 

rcz,  if  pissi- 

uiidcr.-tdiiil 

Sfll'L'ti"!'- of 

inissi.ia  ;iit- 
cir  jiiuimy, 
Ills  tluit  yuu 


11 


(Tiiaraiitios  be  offered  of  protection  to  lives  and  prop- 
dtv  of  Mexicans,* 

JIaiidiiii  and  Argiiello  returned  homo,  and  tlieir  re- 
poit  of  what  had  taken  place  at  Angeles  was  pre- 
SL'iittMl  at  the  ayiintamiento  meeting  of  the  21)th,  a 
report  which,  like  the  speeches  made,  was  full  of  loy- 
ally and  brave  deterniiiiation  to  avenge  the  insult  to 
tlio  Mexican  nation,  with  expressions  of  surprise  and 
nuivt  that  selfish  interests  had  prompted  certain  un- 
priiiii[)k'd  men  to  "abuse  the  candor  of  the  Califor- 
iiiaiis,  and  compromise  tlicm  so  shamefully."  This 
was  siniplv  'Bandini  versus  liamirez.'  San  Dieoo  of 
course  ajtproved  the  jdan  of  Los  Angeles,  and  tho 
throe  electors  named  in  accordance  therewith  were 
llaiidini,  S.  E.  Argiiello,  and  J.  M.  Marnui,  Pio  Pico 
Ixing  substituted  for  l^andini  a  few  days  later  on  ac- 
count of  the  latter's  illness.  Meanwhile;  the  troops  at 
San  Diego  and  San  Luis  became  infected  with  a  rev- 
olutionary spirit  and  refused  to  do  duty — that  is,  they 
'siiiick'  for  }>ay  or  sui>[)lies  now  that  there  mig-ht  bo 
urgent  need  of  their  services.  This  delayed  the  elec- 
tors, and  it  is  not  quite  certain  that  all  of  them  readied 
Los  Angeles  at  a  11.° 

All  seemed  favorable  novr  for  the  establishment  of 
a  separate  provisional  government  in  the  south,  which 
sJKudd  either  defeat  the  ^Eonterey  administration,  or 
at  1' ast  exact  favoral)le  terms  of  coiii[)romise;  butol)- 
staeles  began  to  ])resent  themselves.  The  action  of 
the  garrisons  at  San  Diego  and  San  Luis  seemed  to 

'  /.».<  .1  nuchfi,  A  rch.,  MS. ,  iv.  200-1 2.  Sessions  of  Nov.  2r)th-  Otli.  Action  of 
i'iti/:i  MS  of  Stii  JJ.  on  Nov.  2()tli,  iimionnced  liy  Alcalde  Daiiii  on  Nov.  2;iil,  aiso 
ill  /''<//^  Sf.  Pup.,  Aiiiifli's.  MS,,  ii.  (i7-.S.  ,\it.  .S  of  tlicso  St.'i  ]Mrl)iini  rcso- 
l.iti'a;^  i.s  unintelligilile.  Tliu  Los  Anuclcs  plan,  iih  repoi'tcd  l:y  a  coniinittco 
of  till'  aytiiit.,  is  iiho  given  in  Ao.'j  An;/'  '(■".  Anli.,  MS.,  i.  100-S,  with  a  prcf- 
n'c  idndcinnatoiy  of  tlio  people  of  Monterey,  ^^l!o,  Mialhicinated  with  tho 
iclc:i  of  ruling  all  California  themselves,  have  heen  ileceiveii  hy  adventiuei'.-'.' 

■'Nov.  28^  18,10,  report  of  the  conii.-ionado.-;;  Nov.  2!)th-.30th,  acta  e,f 
aymit.  of  S.  Diego;  Dec.  1st,  notice  f;ent  to  Angeles;  l)cc.  3d-4tli,  Tioo's 
iili|pMintnient;  J)eo.  2d,  Otli,  11th,  corresp.  lietween  Argiiello,  Salazar,  and 
I'icip  ahoiit  tiie  revolt  of  troops;  Dec,  Kith,  Alcalde  Argiiello  complains  that 
njiiiiinmication  has  ceased  with  the  ayunt.  of  J^os  An,g<les,  and  that  all  hi:i 
I'a  i  'tic  eU'orts  have  heen  in  vain.  S.  JJieijo,  Arch,,  MS.,  13y-43,  147;  Los 
.r^kS  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  107-20. 


r« 


1' 


I 


I 


h 


1 1' 


1 1 


4S4 


ALVARADO'S  RULE— TROUBLES  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


indicate  that  the  soldiers  even  of  the  south  weio  not 
so  intensely  patriotic  as  to  serve  without  food.  Cas- 
tillo Negrete  was  invited  to  take  up  his  residence;  at 
Los  Angeles,  and  give  the  loyal  sureilos  the  bciitlit 
of  his  counsels ;  but  ho  declined  the  honor  and  tlie 
service."  And  finally,  at  a  session  of  the  ayuntanii- 
ento  December  10th,  a  communication  was  received 
i'roni  Santa  Bdrbara,  the  ayuntamiento  of  which  place 
declined  to  indorse  the  Angeles  plan,  proposing  one 
of  its  own  instead.  The  Barbareilos  refused  to  take 
])art  in  any  sectional  election  held  in  the  interest  <>[' 
either  Monterey  or  Los  Angeles;  but  favored  a  gen- 
eral junta  composed  of  four  delegates  from  each  [)re- 
sidio  and  three  from  each  town,  to  meet  at  Santa  Ines, 
to  work  for  the  interests  of  the  whole  territory,  and 
to  choose  provisional  rulers.  The  Angel inos  wei-o 
now  discouraged,  seeing  nothing  desirable  in  the  plan 
of  Santa  Barbara.  They  voted  that  nothing  eenil.l 
be  done,  thanked  San  Diego  for  its  proffered  coopera- 
tion, put  on  file  with  approval  a  protest  of  Castillo 
Negrete  against  the  northern  iniquity,  and  ad- 
journed.^ 

Such  was  the  situation  at  the  end  of  Decomix  r 
188G.  At  the  beginning  of  1837  new  ayuntamieiitos 
were  installed;  a  fact  which  seems  to  have  instilled 
new  life  and  courage^  into  both  An<xelinosand  Die'j.ni- 
nos.  The  result  was  a  new  plan  of  Los  Angeles, 
dated  January  3d.  Its  purport  was  as  follows:  I. 
The  plan  of  Monterey,  so  far  as  it  relates  to  inde[)en- 

^ Los  Anrfsles,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  21.3-14;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Avgiks,  MS.,  ii. 
58. 

'  Los  Avfjeles,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  215-19.  Several  proclamations  of  Vullrji) 
and  others  in  the  north  were  also  received  and  put  on  lile.  It  was  oviii  :il- 
1  nved  that  these  documents  might  be  shown  to  such  sound-minded  and  iv!i- 
nble  men  as  had  a  curiosity  to  read  them.  The  plan  of  Sta  Bdrbara.  jiiijiiii- 
cntly  dated  Dec.  Dth,  was  in  4  articles.  Tiie  1st  approved  the  prccciliii^' 
loyolutions  of  Nov.  20th  (sec  note  4);  the  2d  proposed  tiie  junta  at  Sta  Iuits; 
3d,  authorities  to  be  provisional  until  approved  by  national  govt;  and,  (tli, 
refusal  to  take  part  iii  a  sectional  election,  or  counter-revolt.  Dec.  29tli,  Al- 
calde Argiiello  sends  a  package  of  papers  to  the  sup.  govt  by  tlie  Lronhlii.-<, 
aiJid  desires  Castillo  Negi'cte  to  put  in  a  clear  light  in  Mexico  the  patriotic 
desires  and  efforts  of  liiniself  and  of  Sail  Diego  in  this  crisis.  S.  Dieijo,  Airh., 
MS.,  149. 


A  NEW  PLAX-CORRESPOXDENCE. 


485 


(loiic'o  from  Mexico,  is  not  recognized.  2.  The  elec- 
toi's  ,'it  the  proper  time  will  come  'to  this  capital'  and 
iwoceed  to  elect  a  diputacion  according  to  law.  ;J,  4. 
Until  the  now  diputacion  meets,  the  ayuntamiento  of 
this  city  will  be  the  chief  authority,  but  will  turn 
over  the  command  to  the  first  vocal  according  to  law. 
5.  All  to  be  submitted  for  approval  to  the  supi-emo 
odvi  rnment.  San  Diego  was  filled  with  joy  at  tho 
reci'i})t  of  this  plan  on  the  7th,  and  gladly  promised 
snpfHirt,  though  article  1  w^as  deemed  by  the  ayunta- 
iiiiciito  not  strong  enough,  and  article  3  was  feared 
to  he  illegal.  The  election  was  to  be  on  the  2i)th, 
before  which  date  several  things  happened,  as  we  shall 


see. 


I  have  before  me  several  comnmnications,  private 
letters  for  the  niost  part,  written  by  prominent  men 
ill  Xovember  and  December  183G,  which  deserve  no- 
tice; here,  as  throwing  much  ]\<Ait  on  this  southern 
eoiiijJIcation.  Three  of  these  papers  are  from  tho  pen 
nf  Ca!-:tillo  Negrete,  who,  as  we  have  seen,  tarried  a 
little  in  the  south  on  his  way  to  Mexico.  The  first 
is  a  letter  of  advice,  dated  at  Santa  Barbara  Xovem- 
hi'V  18th  to  Lieutenant  Domingo  Carrillo,  comaudanto 
of  the  post,  respecting  his  duty  in  this  emergency. 
Alter  being  dul}'  instructed  abt>ut  the  Monterey  in- 
ii|uity,  Carrillo  was  counselled  to  give  his  men  an  un- 
limited leave  of  absence  until  recalled  to  service  in  tho 
name  of  tho  nation.  All  arms  should  be  secreted, 
that  they  might  not  fall  into  rebel  hands.  The  troops 
lui^lit  however  legally  venture  to  aid  the  municipal 
authorities  in  preserving  order,  always  providing  the 

^S.  Dif'jo,  Arch.,  IMS.,  l.Tl-S;  Lns  Aii'jdox,  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  12f)-7.  Oil 
Ibiiira  ;uul  Jos6  Sopiilv '^il.-i  vcip  the  new  alcaldes  of  Los  Aiij,'i'lcs:  Jo.':*''  An- 
tonio K.stiuUUo  held  the  ollioe  at  S.  Diego.  On  Jan.  'Jd  the  fnrmci-  ayunt, 
liail  icceivcd  the  'J  decrees  of  the  congreso  constituyinite,  and  liad  even  as  a 
matter  of  courtesy  acknowledged  the  receipt  to  Juan  J5.  Alvarado.  A(w  ,1  /(;/''- 
!':■■'.  A rr/i.,  MS.,  iv.  2'2')-7.  Andre.s  Pico  was  the  elector  of  S.  Diego.  (Ksio, 
//(»/.  <'(il,,  MS.,  320-1?,  says  that  Alcalde  Ibarra  was  a  nobody,  and  that  tho 
\\iiolc  opposition  to  Alvarado  was  managed  by  the  ex-sindico,  that  i.s,  by  Osio 
hiiiisi  It,  througli  tho  "Jd  alcalilo  Scpulvoda  us  aii  obedient  agent.  I  slmil 
have  more  to  say  of  Osio's  course.. 


'I'f 


i 


m 


4SG 


ALVARADO'S  RULE-TROUBLES  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


said  authorities  More  lo3'al!  Finally  the  comaiuliuite 
ou!>'ht  to  assemble  his  officers  in  a  council  of  "\v;i»'  to 
])ut  on  record  their  patriotic  purposes.  Thus  nii^ht 
they  hope  to  escape  the  terrible  consequences  of  re- 
volt ajjainst  Mexico." 

The  licenciado's  letters  had  a  semi-official  charac- 
ter, as  his  connnunication  to  Carrillo  had  been  written 
in  his  capacity  of  legal  adviser  of  the  comandaiicia, 
and  the  other  two  as  district  judge  of  California  under 
the  overthrown  administration.  From  on  board  tlie 
Leonlclas  at  San  Diego,  Don  Luis  in  December  direeti.d 
to  the  ayuntamiento  of  Ijos  Angeles  a  long  exj>)si- 
tion  on  the  state  of  affaii's.  I  regret  that  1  hav(j  not 
space  to  reproduce  it  nearly  in  full,  for  a  resume  d  les 
it  no  justice;  but  I  present  a  few  que '  ations  in  a  note." 

^Cnnltllo  Nerjrele,  Consrjos  al  Comnndanfe  dc  Sta  Bdrhnrn,  Xor.  IS.!':.  AIS. 
Original  tlociiiiicnt.  Nov.  'JOtli,  tin;  jiulgc  ocrtilics  that  Carrillo  lias  n.iiKiiui  .1 
true  to  the  lugitiuiate  authority.  /(/.,  D-ll.  ^Icanwhilc  Carrillo  ii:iil  \ky- 
Laps  fiillowed  the  advice  given  by  granting  leave  of  absence  to  his  iikii,  to 
caiii  11  living  as  tiiey  could.  At  any  i-ate,  1  find  such  a  discharge  for  o!n;  pii- 
v:itc  dated  Nov.  19th.  1  'ulUju,  Due. ,  MS. ,  iii.  2(>y.  Carrillo  was  later  reinovid 
by  Alvarado. 

^''Castillo  yeciret.e,  E.vpoi'icion  qitediri'je.  clJuczdr.  Dl'itrito  al  Ai/initniniiiilo 
d'l  Lou  AjiijcIch  xohrc  el  Plan,  trvolncioiiuriu  dc  Monte  nil,  Dec.  ISM,  MS.  Tin; 
day  is  left  blank,  but  was  probably  Dec.  of  or  Gth.  'A  power  u-surpiitrnv  nf 
our  rights,  disturber  of  our  repose,  pretends  to  take  from  us  at  the  saiiu'  tiiini 
order  and  liberty ..  .California'.s  first  necessity  is  to  rei'stablish  a  Ic^'itimato 
government. .  .Californiaii  inexperience  may  be  the  victim  of  revolntiniii^ts, 
v.ho,  seducing  some  incautious  ones  and  favored  by  foreign  snuiggleis,  have 
Ect  up  in  Monterey  the  throne  of  anarchy,  and  fixed  the  focus  of  a  l':ir:iii;i 
whicii  is  moved  by  unnatural  men,  without  God,  law,  or  country,  and  hci'li  A 
by  four  hallucinated  deputies  without  skill  or  foresight,  as  blind  instriuiu  nts 
of  the  former. .  .American  adventurers  and  corrupt  citizens  found  their  hi;  us 
on  public  calamity,  on  the  luiin  of  the  national  treasury,  on  the  proteitin:i  nf 
smuggling,  and  on  the  snuandeiing  of  mission  property ..  .Four  ill-adviMil 
diputados,  abusing  the  name  of  diputacion,  without  powers,  mission,  or  laiil- 
tics,  without  having  consulted  public  opinion,  constitute  themselves  sovereigns 
and  arriigate  to  themselves  perpetually  all  legislative,  executive,  and  jmli -ial 
powers. .  .Iti.s  notour  duty  to  obcya  tliputacion  not  Icgallj'  convoked.'  (Vit 
there  is  no  evidence  that  the  dip.  convoked  by  Chico  had  ever  been  pcniia- 
I'.cntly  adjourned.).  .  .'Tliey  arc  perjurers,  breaking  tiic  oaths  they  tonU  be- 
fore (tod  anil  men;  traitors  to  the  country,  having  forgotten  the  holy  jiiiiii  i- 
plo  "against  the  country  there  is  no  right.". .  .The  so-called  congivso  ci>ii- 
siituyente  merely  follows  tiie  inspirations  of  a  frantic  philosopher,  au 
o'.<l  revolutionist,  and  a  vicious  foreign  smuggler. .  .The  universal  ami 
iirgcnt  interest  of  tiic  territory  is  to  preserve  peace,  prevent  the  sheduuig 
cf  blood,  and  protect  life  and  property,  being  ruled  l)y  our  respective  ay.uit. 
until  the  laws  arc  again  enforced. .  .Let  us  check  that  faction  which  seeks  to 
rule  uj  without  our  consent,  else  the  country  will  be  covered  with  lav,.?,  tlio 
legislators  will  be  loadeil  with  salaries  and  privileges.  With  ripu'ili  mu 
phrases  tiiey  will  sow  discoril,  pluniler  the  treasury,  and  attack  private  lor- 


CASTILLO  XEGRETE'S  ELOQUENCE. 


487 


Tlio  arufument  in  an  exhaustive,  biilliant,  and  jxnver- 
i'lil  one;  thougli  the  author's  denuiu-iations  ot*  tlio 
iv\(»luti()nists  and  their  pohcy  are  more  bitter  and 
vinlt'iit  than  there  was  any  need  to  make  them,  their 
animus  being  somewhat  too  clearly  traceable  to  a  per- 
gonal dislike  of  two  or  three  men.  The  remedy  ])ro- 
jioscd  was  suggested  at  the  end  in  a  series  of  eight 
rcsiilutions,  on  which,  with  some  exaggeration,  even 
ol'ihe  author's  estimate  of  metropolitan  jiowers,  was 
founded  the  plan  of  January  3d  already  noticed.  Don 
Luis  issued  also  another  formal  protest  against  the 
^[onterey  movement,  embodying  more  briefly  his 
views  as  expressed  in  the  exposition,  and  intended  to 
explain  the  motives  which  obliged  him  to  leave  the 
territory,  for  he  did  not  feel  at  liberty  to  remain  a.s 
invited  and  help  the  Angelinos  to  carry  into  effect  his 
biiggostions." 

Antonio  M.  Osio,  sindico  of  Los  Angeles,  who  in 
later  writings  claims  to  have  been  the  cliief  promoter 


tiiiifs,  and  respect  neither  God  nor  men. . .  Have  we  not  accn  them  break  the 
c  iiiiii:ict  made  on  the  field  of  Monterey,  imj)ri;ioiiii'g  some,  expelling  others, 
(iiiil  loiving  capitulated  soldiers  into  iheir  service?'  (This  charge  liad  little 
if  any  f()undativ)U  in  fact.)  He  goes  on  to  s;iy  that  the  electors  sent  to  the 
cajiiud  at  the  time  iixed  hy  law  to  renew  the  dij).  wei'c  treated  \\  ith  scorn 
iiiid  not  permitted  to  act.  It  is  true  that  tliere  was  a  sunnnons  for  Nov.  (ith, 
|p,it  there  is  no  other  evidence  that  the  electors  were  not  allowed,  or  even 
atti'iiiptcd  to  jierform  their  duties.  Again,  he  speaks  of  'the  blind  instru- 
iiR'iits  of  Itandrez,  Pena,  and  Hinckley,  who  would  make  of  Cal.  another 
Texas,  and  tear  the  national  Hag. .  .Shall  we  be  then  like  the  Texans,  victims 
b'.iciiliccd  to  foreign  ambition?  (!od  forbid!. .  .Tliore  is  no  ayuiit.  of  higlier 
rank  than  that  of  J^os  Angeles,  since  it  is  a  city  and  by  law  the  capital;  there- 
fuiv  it  should  take  tlie  initiative.' 

1  le  then  suggests  the  following  plan:  1.  The  ayunt.  of  Los  Angeles  to 
invito  the  others  to  form  a  'connnon  centre  of  union'  to  protect  public  wel- 
fare and  avoid  the  disasters  of  an  impenduig  civil  war.  '2.  Tlie  electors 
n'.icaily  cliosen  to  meet  at  Los  Angeles  and  elect  a  new  dip.  'A.  The  dip.  as 
Sunn  us  formed  to  have  tlie  right  to  name  a  gefe  politico  and  com.  gen.  4. 
'1  111' .ippdintment  of  those  rulers  to  l)e,  howcvei',  provisional  andsulijict  to 
tin  decision  of  the  sup.  govt.  5.  Tlie  authorities  of  Los  Angeles  to  v.rite  to 
t'.io  i  diputudos  of  Monterey,  begging  them  in  the  name  of  the  country  to 
(lc>ist  from  their  fatal  purpose  and  favnr  tlie  new  election  'at  the  capital.' 
0.  Angel  llamircz,  Cosmo  Pefia,  and  \Vm  Hinckley  to  l>o  .sent  to  Mexico  for 
t'ial.  7.  The  new  dip.  to  preserve  order,  etc.,  and  to  declare  null  the  oaths 
taken  in  suppoi-t  of  independence.  8.  The  ayunt.  to  consult  the  i)eoplc  of  tho 
city  before  acting  on  this  proposition. 

^^  (JaHillo  Ncijrete,  Prottxhiriundi'lJiivz  df  J)i.-i/r!tor'mlra  cj  Finn  (Je  Mun- 
tfnij  C  dc  Jj'ic.  ISJG,  MS.  This  and  the  preceding  conunuuications  were  re- 
ceived at  Los  Angeles  on  Dec.  10th. 


up;,  i^mm 


4S3 


ALVARADO'S  EULE— TROUBLES  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


of  the  opposition  to  Alv%aru(lo,  aUo  wroto  sonio  letters 
which  indicate  that  he  liad  [)lans  of  his  own,  th(»ii.;h 
they  do  not  make  quite  clear  the  purport  of  his  schniK  s. 
The  2oth  of  November  he  sent  to  Antonio  del  Valle 
a  copy  of  the  Los  Angeles  ])lan  of  that  date,  witli  a 
letter,  to  be  shown  also  to  the  Carrillos,  in  which  ln' 
says:  "Although  the  plan  touches  some  p(,lnts  that 
we  have  not  spt)ken  of,  I  think  they" — that  is,  the 
Carrillos  and  Oslo's  friend? — "will  agree  to  what  I 
propose,  according  to  our  scheme,  the  difference  being 
very  slight.  It  is  necessary  to  choose  rulers,  and  we 
shall  play  very  badly  the  instrument  in  our  hands  if 
we  cannot  make  Vallejo  comandante  general.  11"  tlio 
political  command  is  separated — which  is  not  expedi- 
ent in  such  cases — we  can  give  it  to  iny  uncle  J)i)U 
Carlos  [Carrillo],  who  is  well  known  here  and  en  hi 
otra  handa,  not  a  bad  choice  perhaps,  whether  lie 
wishes  it  or  not.  Our  friend  Don  Juan  Rocha  agnos 
to  meddle  in  nothing,  but  merely  to  keep  order  with 
his  soldiers.  I  have  told  Don  Juan  Bandini  he  liad 
better  go  home  and  keep  quiet,  since  in  this  fandaiig) 
only  Californians  will  be  allowed  to  dance.  This  did 
not  please  lum,  but  it  is  best  that  he  keep  qiiiot, 
though  a  friend.  I  will  do  all  in  my  power  to  fullil 
iny  promises.  I  have  already  spoken  with  some 
friends,  who  are  ready  to  follow  me.  The  coniisioiia- 
dos  from  Monterey  will  be  sent  by  the  alcalde  out  nf 
this  jurisdiction.  Rocha  will  not  admit  them  at  San 
Gabriel,  and  if  they  go  to  San  Diego  the  A])ost!o 
Andres  [Pico]  will  send  them  about  their  business. ''' 
Next  day  Osio  addressed  Vallejo  himself  in  a  letter 
which  throws  but  little  light  on  the  preceding.  Ho 
had  been  stunned  with  surprise  and  sorrow,  he  wrote, 
at  hearing  what  had  happened  at  Monterey.  He  was 
sure  Vallejo  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  plan,  but  that 
Castro  and  Alvarado  had  used  his  name  without  [tei- 


^'^Osio,  Carta  sohre  Comhhmc'iovex  poKfka.i,  "5  de  Nor.  JS3G,  MS.  O.-io  iu 
liis  history  says  nothing  of  these  phuis,  which  I  do  not  pretend  to  uudcrstaml 
fully. 


m 


OSIO'S  PROJECT. 


48J 


iijission.  It  could  result  in  nothing  but  niisfortuno, 
;!ii(l  would  make  California  the  laughing-stoeU  of  the 
WdiM.  Mexico  could  reconquer  the  territory,  without 
( \|i(ii<ling  a  dollar,  by  sinn)ly  turning  loose  on  its 
iinilicrty  a  horde  of  Sonoran  vagabonds.  A'allejo 
must  devise  a  speedy  remedy;  organize  some  kind  of 
a  temporary  government  satisfactory  to  the  people  if 
not  strictly  legal;  and  linally,  go  as  a  deputy  to  ^Eex- 
ico  to  explain  matters.  Independence  is  a  foolish 
tlrt'am  at  present;  and  the  writer  quotes  from  Vallejo'.s 
old  conversations  with  Echeandi'a,  to  the  effect  that 
Calilornia  might  one  day  be  independent — but  only 
when  their  great-grandchildren  should  reach  an  ad- 
vanced age!  So  far  as  intelligible,  Oslo's  plan  would 
seem  to  have  involved  a  surrender  to  Mexico  and 
centralism  on  condition  that  Vallejo  should  be  made 
•'oveinor  and  o-eneral.'^ 

Juan  Bandini,  as  a  matter  of  course,  had  something 
to  say  on  the  subject.  In  a  letter  of  December  3d 
to  A  allejo  he  represents  himself  as  delirious  with 
sorrow  at  what  has  occurred.  The  picture  has  no 
l)riL;lit  sifle.  He  loves  California  better  than  the 
laud  of  his  birth,  but  all  his  efforts  and  those  of  other.s 
ill  behalf  of  the  country  are  now  rendered  vain  and 
of  no  effect  just  when  the  prospects  seemed  fairest. 
The  result  cannot  fail  to  be  disgrace  and  shame  and 
veu^eance.  The  Californians  were  mad  to  expose 
their  [)]ans  without  force  to  support  them,  to  atteuij)t 
to  resuscitate  the  lost  cause  of  federalism.  "It  is 
liard  to  contend  against  one's  own  opinions,  but  it  is 
harder  to  see  a  i'riend  mixed  up  in  so  terribk'  a  pre- 
ilieament."     Not  a  word  of  southern  remedial  plans.^* 

'■^ ()■<;„,  Car/ad  Vallejo,  26  dc  Now  ISX,  MS.  The  writer  imiilics  tlinta 
very  txtciisivc  revolt  in  tlio  south,  in  whioh  Iho  Indiiins  were  to  have  tak(Mi 
part,  I'.ad  bcL'H  prevented  by  prompt  nifiisurea;  and  he  declares  that  tlie 
'  V;iii(|iies'  must  be  taught  to  let  politics  alone. 

^^  JSiiiiillni,  Carta  a  Val/fjo,  sobrc  revoltwiones  3  Oe  Die.  1S.1G,  MS.  T'io 
Tioi)  ailcU  a  word  of  remembrance  on  the  margin  of  Bandini's  letter;  and  on 
tlu'  same  date  writes  to  Vallejo  on  the  subject.  He  expresses  no  disaiiproval 
oftlicplan;  but  doubts  that  Vallejo  is  concerned  in  it,  as  Alvarado  claims. 
Were  it  fjc),  surely  he,  Pico,  would  Lave  been  given  a  share  in  the  enterprise. 
I  u-lliju,  iJoc,  iiL  275. 


Mi 


'ft' 


1    ' 


400 


ALVARADO'S  RULE— TROUBLES  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


Oil  tlic  7tli  Don  Juan  niado  a  long*  report  to  the 
minister  of  hacienda  on  his  favorite  topic,  usiiiif  the 
revohition  as  a  new  weapon  against  his  old  f(je,  Aii- 
gol  Kaniirez,  who  had  caused  the  outbreak  solely  to 
cover  up  his  revenue  frauds.  Tlie  Cahfornians  had 
been  led  into  a  trap,  and  the  real  intention  was  to 
annex  the  territory  to  some  foreign  power.  He  sends 
documents  to  show  that  the  south  has  disap|)idV(  il 
such  criminal  plans,  and  that  *I  have  coi)])erate(r  in 
this  holy  work.'°  Five  days  later  he  wrote  again  in 
Vallejo,  in  reply  to  a  defence  of  the  revolution.  He 
reasoned  earnestly  and  eloquently.  He  was  still 
sure  that  Mexico  would  \\reak  a  terrible  vengeance 
on  all  concerned,  and  trembled  for  his  friend,  who 
had  been  so  unfortunately  misled.  The  whole  luaiter 
had  in  his  mind  no  other  phase  than  the  punishment 
to  be  expected  from  Mexico  and  the  agency  of  An- 


gel Ramirez.^" 


Ctirlos  Antonio  Carrillo  took  a  more  cheerful  view 
of  the  situation.  On  the  5th  of  December  he  (  \- 
])rcssed  his  approval  of  what  Castro  and  Al  vara  do 
iiad  done,  though  he  feared  the  article  on  independ- 
ence could  not  be  sustained  for  want  of  force.  1  le 
attached  little  importance  to  the  federal  phases  of  the 
])lan,  for  what  had  the  federal  government  ever  done 
for  California?  He  hoped  much  from  the  pr(.>i)()sed 
junta  at  Santa  Ines,  and  would  do  his  best  to  unite 
the  south.  He  favored  giving  the  civil  as  well  as 
the  military  command  to  Vallejo,  as  Osio  had  also 
urged.  In  two  subsequent  letters  Don  Carlos  de- 
clared himself  to  be  fully  converted  by  the  arguments 
advanced,  and  an  enthusiastic  supporter  of  the  wlmle 
scheme,  independence  and  all.  He  even  hoped  to 
induce  the  south  to  share  his  views.  He  had  lieaid, 
however,  that  Bandini,  Rocha,  and  others  had  sent 
to  Sonora  for  aid,  and  wished  Vallejo  to  come  south 

'*  S.  D'lPfto,  Arrh.,  MS..  143.     Bandini  to  min.  of  hac,  Dec.  7,  l-SHO. 
■"  Bnndlni,  Carta  Particular  d  Vallejo  sobre  C'oaas  PolUkas,  IJ  df  Dk. 
ISSll,  MH. 


CARLOS  CARRILLO  FAVORS  ALVARADO. 


401 


witli  nx  lai'jLjfe  a  force  as  possible."  Several  writers, 
tuMtinjjf  the  sul)jeet  supiTfieially,  have  C()iitoun(l(;Ll 
th(  M'  events  with  those  of  later  date,  and  represented 
])(iii  Ciirlos  as  Alvarado's  chief  opponent  from   the 

iii>t. 

Alvarado  had  left  the  capital  on  or  about  Christmas. 
His  army  consisted  of  some  sixty  Californians,  and 
t\v»  iity-tive  foreij^ners  under  Graham  and  Coppinufer. 
I'ai  t  of  the  force  went  down  the  coast  on  the  Clcni- 
i'lit'iic,  landed  at  El  Cojo,  and  joined  the  rest  atPuri- 
siiiia.  Letters  received  before  startiui^  an<l  on  the 
way  left  little  doubt  of  a  kind  reception  at  Santa  Bar- 
bara. Messen<j'ers  sent  forward  from  Purisima  brouuht 
back  confirmatum  of  favorable  i)ros])ects,  and  the 
foiics  of  the  Estado  Libre  arrived  at  the  mission  Jan- 
uary 3(1,  being  cordially  received  by  the  Barbareilos 
of  all  classes/** 

Conservative  Santa  Barbara,  as  we  have  scon, 
tli()iii>li  favoriuff  a  ocneral  junta  in  central  California 
aiul  rccjuiring  pledges  that  Mexicans  should  not  bo 
ptisicutod,  had  virtually  favored  the  Monterey  ])lan 
iiDiii  the  first  by  refusing  to  accept  the  opposing  j)lan 
of  Los  Angeles.  Carlos  Carrillo  and  his  iriends  had 
(.'Xpressed  their  approval.  Valentin  Cota  had  been  in 
cdiiiiiiunication  with  Alvarado  and  received  from  him 
a  captain's  commission.^^     And,  what  was  much  more 

^'Ciirnlh,  Cartas  de  Don  Carlos  al  Gen.  VnUejo,  Die.  1S3G,  ]MS.  Tlie  last 
letter  wiia  dated  Dec.  '23il.  The  leaders  of  the  ojiposition,  besides  ISaiKliiii 
ai.il  I'lDciia,  ■were  said  to  be  Manuel  Doniingucz,  Vicente  Sanchez,  Estudillo, 
KiMliiciui,  and  Arenas.  Felix  Gallardu  had  been  sent  to  Sonora  by  Kouha 
and  |i;iid  .^(iO  and  two  horses. 

'M.  .J.  Pico,  Acontecimientos,  MS.,  38-9,  claims  to  have  commanded  the 
party  that  went  by  sea;  but  Alvarado,  llUt.  Cal.,  MS.,  l!S9-J)4,  says  theconi- 
iiiaiiiltr  was  Benito  Diaz.  He  tells  us  that  Capt.  Hinckley  had  volunteered 
to  take  a  force  in  liis  vessel  and  conquer  tiie  south ;  but  his  oll'cr  wa.s  declined, 
a  jicncetul  EcUlement  being  hoped  for.  This  -writer  and  Vallejo,  Jlint.  CaL, 
MS.,  iii.  24i»,  name  Jacinto  Rodriguez  as  the  agent  sent  forward  from  I'uri'- 
sinia.  I'iiito — Apnnt.,  MS.,  24-7 — appointed  alferez  in  Alvarado's force,  gives 
Eoiiu'  details  of  recruiting  men  for  the  expedition.  He  went  to  StaCruz  and 
obtained  3.')  men.  The  total  force  was  '200  men.  Janssens,  !'((/«,  MS.,  .S7, 
sa\H  tliat  Villa  and  Buelna,  the  comisionados,  had  visited  StaBiirbara  before 
Alv:iiadc/3  coming. 

■Hota,  Doc,  MS.,  5-C;  Gticrra,  Doc,  MS.,  v.  303-5. 


'.    m 


•*    'iii 


402 


ALVARADO'S  RULK-TROUBLES  I\  THIO  SOUTH. 


I  i 


important,  Jose  do  la  (iuorra  v  Nori(!<i;a  and  Padn- 
Narciso  JJuran  had  detonniiKHl  to  support  tlii^  in;\v 


('('- 
'ji 


^ovorniiic'iit.  Tliose  ^oiitleinon  liavo  not  left  on  t 
ord  any  expression  of  their  views  at  this  tinit 
Avhat  extent,  if  at  all,  they  were  influenced  by  a  spiiit 
of  antfigonisni  as  Spaniards  to  everything  ^[exic.iii, 
or  by  the  fact  that  a  son  of  Guerra  was  one  of  the 
lour  revolting  di[)uta(los,  it  is  impossible  to  detei  iiiim ■; 
but  there  is  much  reason  to  conclude  that  they  jodktd 
upon  Alvarado's  success,  now  that  the  movement  h;ul 
gone  so  far,  as  more  likely  to  bring  about  peace  ;ui(l 
prosperity  than  would  be  the  success  of  the  soutluiu 
faction  with  its  radical  sectional  policy  and  wavnin^' 
su[)poit. 

At  any  rate,  the  support  of  Duran,  Guerra,  juk! 
Carrillo  made  the  way  clear  at  Santa  Barbara.  ]*ivsi- 
dent  Duran  went  out  to  meet  Alvarado,  whom  he  ii- 
ceived  at  the  mission  with  all  the  honors  paid  inolddi 
times  to  the  governor,  walking  by  his  side  to  tliu 
church  where  the  religious  ceremonies  de  estilo  wiiv 
performed.  This  was  on  January  3d ;  a  few  days  wnc 
spent  in  interviews  with  leading  men;  and  on  tlu; 
Gtli  the  ayuntaniiento  and  people  with  great  enthusi- 
asm and  all  possible  ceremony  and  noise  took  the  oatli 
of  allegiance  to  the  new  system,  the  new  goveiiKir, 
and  the  congreso  const ituycnte.  "The  pe()}>le  Imiv 
are  oven  more  enthusiastic  for  the  cause  than  tlm^ ; 
of  Monterey,"  wrote  Alvarado  to  Castro  and  Valkjo.-'^ 


'"Jan.  9,  18.37,  Alvnr.'ilo  coCastro.  Official  and  private  letters  in  I'"'/';/'), 
Doc,  'MS.,  iii.  lo2;  iv,  8.  Jan.  I'ith,  A.  to  V.  Private  letter  i'l  I'd  'jo, 
Corresp.,  MS.,  ,37-8.  In  these  letters  Alvarado  manifests  much  real  intiir^t 
in  the  country's  welfare;  hopes  for  a  peaceful  settlement  of  all  trouliles;  iiml 
gives  to  C'drlos  Carrillo  the  chief  credit  for  the  brilliant  success  .at  Sta  lifir- 
bara.  The  f.Tct  of  Sta  Barbara's  .idhcsion  at  sonic  date  before  .Ian.  llt!i  is 
recorded  in  Los  Amjeli'ii,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  234.  In  his  Ilifit.  CuL,  ,MS.,  iii. 
203-1,3,  Alvarado  narrates  his  experience  at  Sta  Barbara.  He  says  tliat  1'. 
Duran  tried  to  impose  some  ffivorable  conditions  for  the  missions;  butyii!  U'l 
the  point,  when  Alvarado  declared  that  he  was  pledjjed  to  complete  the  ""ik 
of  secularization.  So  great  was  the  cnthusissni  that  the  gov.  thought  >  lao 
more  of  absolute  independence  for  Cal.,  and  consulted  Duran  about  lili's  in,' 
and  raising  a  flag  of  that  iwrport;  but  the  friar  declined  to  bless  the  llii;, 
a:;d  dissuaded  him,  so  that  the  project  v.as  dropped.  Vcdlejo,  Hist.  Cat., 
MS.,  iii.  •2io-{). 


OPPOSITION  AT  ANOELKS. 


4M 


Tlic  news  was  not,liowcvor,alt()yotlicr('lioci'ino'  from 
tlic  Miuili.  There)  was  still  a  strong  l>arty  at  l^os 
All.;'  K'«  that  would  not  bu  t'oiuMliatcd.  In  the  K-tters 
(ill  1 1.  Alvarado  explained  the  situation  to  his  nortliern 
iissiK  iatcs;  expressed  his  opinion  that  it  would  he 
iirci  >sary  to  overcome  the  ohstinaey  of  the  An^elinos 
l)\  .1  show  of  force;  aud  ordered  Castro  to  come  im- 
iindi.itL'ly  hy  sea  to  San  Pedro  with  a  reenforcement, 
iiiid  to  meet  liim  at  Los  Angeles,  whither  he  would 
sddii  start.'-'  Meanwhile  he  made  pre[)arations  for 
liis  iiiai'ch,  enhsting  some  recruits  for  his  army,  both 
iiativi!  and  foreign.''^  He  also  found  time  to  address 
two  communications  to  the  recalcitrant  ayuntamiento 
(if  .'uigeles,  in  wiiich  he  tried  to  demonstrate  the 
justico  of  lii.i  cause,  the  groundless  character  of  the 
lliiis  that  had  been  entertained,  and  the  falsehood  of 
the  charges  that  ho  would  adopt  a  sectional  policy  or 
deliver  his  country  to  the  hands  of  foreigners  or  dis- 
turl>  any  Mexican  who  should  abstain  from  plots 
against  the  new  system.  He  declared  that  his  re 
.souiccs  were  ample  to  sustain  the  conditional  inde- 
lieiidcnce  declared,  and  that  federalism  was  already 
tottering  throughout  the  nation.  He  hoped  sincerely 
that  Los  Angeles  would  follow  the  example  of  Santa 
Ixiihara,  receive  him  in  a  spirit  of  conciliation,  and 
unite  with  other  towns  in  working  for  the  welfare  of 
the  whole  country.  His  military  force,  he  said,  was 
luoie  than  sufficient  to  enforce  his  views,  but  he  hoped 
his  countrymen  would  not  oblige  him  to  use  it  against 
thcui.-^  At  last  with  a  force  of  eighty  men,  besides  the 
riiieiiion,  the  governor  began  his  march  by  way  of 


•'.rail. 9, 1837,  A.  toC.in  Vallcjo,Corrfsp.,MS.,4i-5.  It  would  seem  that 
V.'illi'jn  also  was  urgeil  to  coine  to  the  south.  /'/.,  .'J7-3.  Sra  Avila,  t'o!:  ts  dr. 
Ci.v.,  ^iS.,  l(j-17,  notes  the  rejoicings  at  Monterey,  especially  among  the 
wijiiii'ii,  when  tlie  news  of  Sta  Barbara's  adhesion  came. 

■-Xiilevcr.  Life  and  Adveu.,  M.S.,  87-8,  was  one  who  joined  Graham's 
ri.leiiH'ii  at  St:i  Barbara.  The  number  was  at  last  about  -lO.  f  Tiiey  were  paid 
S2  a  (lay,  ,.nd  proniised  the  privilege  of  taking  up  lands  later.  They  served 
iibo-.it 'Jit  day.i. 

•'  .Vvarado,  ComunicacioneH  al  AyurUamientode  Lou  A  ngi  le^*,  7  y  10  deEnero, 
1SJ7,  MS.    The  second  letter  was  written  at  S.  Buenaventura. 


494  ALVARADO'S  RULE— TROUBLES  IX  THE  SOUTH, 

San  Buenaventura,  at  which  mission  he  was  ou  tlie 
lGth-17th. 


I  t 


Let  us  turn  now  to  the  southern  ayuntanuinfw, 
which  ilhistrious  and  patriotic  bodies  we  left  juhilaiit 
over  the  ])Uin  of  January  3(1,  evolved  mainly  irom  tlie 
brain  of  Castillo  Nef^rete,  as  a  measure  which  Wiis  to 
.save  the  country  from  northern  tyranny.  By  the  sth 
Alvarado's  complete  success  at  Santa  Bdrbar'a  w.is 
known  at  Angeles,  and  rumors  were  current  tliat 
he  intended  to  extend  his  march  southward.  Ac- 
cordingly the  people  were  called  to  arms.  All  pir- 
sons  sympathizing  with  the  foe  were  ordered  to  leave 
the  city,  the  mission  funds  at  San  Fernando  to  (ho 
amount  of  .s2,000  were  taken  by  the  municipal  autlinri- 
ties  'for  safe  keeping,'  scouts  were  stationed  on  tlie 
Santa  Barbara  routes,  the  southern  missions  \\(i(> 
notified  to  be  ready  with  supplies,  and  San  J)iiH.;) 
was  requested  to  send  at  once  an  armed  force  of  pa- 
triots to  aid  in  repelling  the  invader.^*  San  .l)i('iii> 
had  from  the  first  been  full  of  zeal  for  the  cause,  aiul 
had  on  one  or  two  occasions  reproached  the  AiiLtvli- 
nos  for  their  lukewarmness.  The  ayuntamiento  had 
still  an  unlimited  supply  of  patriotic  and  wailikj 
phrases  for  its  ally;  but  to  be  thus  suddenly  ealKJ 
upon  for  such  aid  as  men  and  muskets  and  a  cannoa 
was  really  very  startling.  This  was  a  radical  measure, 
and  required  caution  and  deliberation.  It  was  eh  ar 
that  if  the  rebels  of  Monterey  were  really  threaten iiP4' 
an  invasion  of  the  'law  and  order'  towns,  soiiiotu!iiL;" 
must  be  done.  Therefore  it  was  resolved  to  await 
more  particulars  of  news  from  the  north,  and  to  in- 
quire what  it  was  proposed  to  do  with  the  force  asl^ed 
fori     And  nearly  a  week  later,  when  a  reply  had  I"  eu 

'■'♦Jan.  Gth,  Sth,  sessions  of  ayunt.,  in  Los  Angele.%  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  'J-'  :i-: 
I>pj>t.  S'.  I>((j>.,  AiKjrlr.'i,  MS.,  ii.  00-7;  S.  IHnjo,  Arch.,  MS.,  ir)4.  On  l.iii. 
11  til  the  news  was  received  oilicially  that  Sta  IMrbara  hail  uilliercil  t"  tlw 
nortliern  cause,  nnil  refused  to  send  electors  accordingly  to  the  jihin  ut  .liii. 
3d;  also  that  S.  Diego  wouhl  accept  tliat  plan.  On  the  same  day  Alvar;  Un  t 
Brst  letter  was  received,  and  it  was  resolved  tliat  his  autliority  could  i  ii.  Im 
rccoguized.    Los  Amjeks,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  233-4. 


SAN  DIEGAN  PATRIOTISM. 


495 


olifaiiied  from  tlio  alcalde  of  Los  Angeles,  San  Diego 
went  to  work  in  earnest.  On  or  about  the  18th, 
tAwnty  men  under  Pio  Pico  and  Regidor  Francisco 
^1,  iVlvarado  started  northward,  in  time  to  arrive  at 
L<»>^  Angeles  after  the  war  was  over.^^ 

The  Angelinos,  notwithstanding  the  lack  of  support 
from  San  Diego,  pushed  forward  their  prei)arations 
i'oi'  (leience.  The  mission  money  was  partly  ex[)ende(l 
ill  this  work;  the  soldiers  at  San  Gabriel  were  sum- 
moned to  the  city;  one  Charlefoux,  with  a  band  of 
tliiity  or  forty  Indian-hunters  and  'traders'  in  horses, 
was  induced  to  join  the  patriot  army;  citizens  and 
rniK'lieros  were  enlisted;  and  by  the  IGth  a  force  of 
al)ont  270  men  was  stationed  at  San  Fernando,  under 
Allei'cz  Rocha  as  commander-in-chief,  Alcalde  Se- 
pi'i!\  oda  having  been  the  leading  si)irit  in  directing  the 
preparations,  and  issuing  on  the  17th  an  adch'ess  in 
which  the  citizens  were  called  upon  to  prove  by  their 
deeds  that,  however  flir  others  had  followed  the 
JIdiiterey  faction  out  of  the  [)ath  of  duty,  there  were 
lel't  men  who  were  ready  to  defend  the  honor  of  their 
heloved  country.  It  would  seem  also  that  Sepulveda 
had  sent  to  Alvarado  a  copy  of  his  address,  or  certain 
j)i(ip()sitions  embodying  the  same  sentiments,  and  that 
his  connnissioners  may  have  brought  back  from  San 
]^ueiiaventura  the  governor's  second  conmmnication 
ah'eady  cited.-*' 


■'■'.T;in.  lOtli,  12tli,  ifitli,  sossiona  of  ayiint.  Jan.  11th,  corrca.  of  Alf.  Sala- 
zar,  mill  liis  call  for  iiuniny  and  riiiiplics.  .Ian.  14tli,  IGth,  Uitli,  23d,  Alcalilo 
Kstuilillo  to  Ohuna,  Calnfllo,  Fitcli,  etc.,  aliout  ]ii'C'i)arations  for  tlii'  march. 
S.  Iiiiijo,  Arch.,  MS.,  1  .'M-CHi ;  /,os  AikjcIi",  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  12S-.'{.").  .Ian. 
ITtli,  I'io  Pico  say.s  ho  will  start  with  2.")  men  ncxt'ilay,  picking  up  iccvuit.s 
on  till' way.  Dcjtt.  St.  Piip.,  Amjilc.t,  MS.,  ii.  lOl.  Alvarado,  llift.  Caf., 
lis.,  iii.  KS()-1,  217-18,  22."),  2:t2,  tclla  ut  that  Salazjir  waa  a  friend  of  Castro, 
mill  purposely  interposed  obstacles;  also  that  Ca]it.  Fitcli  supplied  only 
nicijstcued  powder.  He  is  very  bitter  against  the  Dieguinosas  brai;,i;iiits,  who 
Mdiilil  do  nothing  but  talk,  and  to  whom  'the  Supremo  Being  had  denied  the 
t;itt  i.f  verai'ity.' 

■'.Ian.  11th,  ICth,  sessiors  of  nyunt.  Zo.<i /Iw.'.-^e.i,  Arch.,  M.**.,  iv.  2.'U-7. 
Jan.  l.")th-17th,  conimuuications  of  Sepiiiveda  nm't  Koclm.  Dcjif.  Si.  I'(ij>., 
Aiitjr'f.^,  MS.,  ii.  !)4-102.  Joai^'  Perez  was  accused  by  Scpulvedaof  talking  i;i 
fuviirof  the  Monterey  faction.  The  Indian  i;)lic%  are  callcil  ( 'haguanosos  by 
J"  "  '  nsand  others,  and  Shananoo.4  (.Sh.'iwnecs';)  ')V  ( 'la  The  chief  iscallcil 
fcilmliui.     Oslo,  JJi^t.  Cal.,  MS.,  321-40,  ^iy\i:i  many  desails  of  the  prcpara- 


!  ( 


40C 


ALVARADO'S  RULE-TROUBLES  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


.;«;■ 


Alvaraclo's  letter  of  the  IGth  was  read  at  an  a3'unta- 
mioiito  Dicetiiig  of  the  I7tli.  The  allusion  in  it  to  his 
large  resources  for  war  seemed  to  the  Angeliiids  a 
very  forcible  point  of  his  argument,  and  they  wory 
convinced  by  a  careful  study  of  the  document  that  tlio 
policy  of  Don  Juan  Bautista  was  not  so  oppressive 
or  unpatriotic  perhaps  as  had  been  feared.  Anc^ther 
letter  from  Antonio  M.  Osio  was  read,  in  which  the 
writer  solicited  powers  to  form  an  arrangement  with 
Alvarado  on  an  equitable  basis,  providing  that  the 
ruler  should  be  a  Californian.  After  a  long  discussioii 
it  was  resolved  to  send  Sepiilveda  and  Osio  dS  .  ■ 
misionados,  with  authority  to  effect  a  settleiMv ;  t  i 
accordance  with  the  following  resolutions:  1.  fji  . 
ayuntamiento  is  anxious  to  avoid  bloodshed,  even  at 
the  cost  of  some  sacrifice  not  involving  disrespect  t<> 
laws  and  oaths.  2.  The  plan  of  independence  fioiu 
Mexico  cannot  be  accepted,  though  there  is  no  objec- 
tion to  a  declaration  in  favor  of  the  federal  system. 
3.  The  Roman  catholic  religion  must  be  the  t»iily 
one  permitted,  and  persons  publicly  holding  other 
views  must  be  prosecuted  as  hitherto.  4.  No  oflict'i' 
or  citizen  is  to  be  molested  for  opinions  respecting  this 
revolution  upheld  by  him  prior  to  the  ratification  ot 
this  treaty.  5.  The  state  of  things  decided  upon  is 
to  be  binding  upon  both  parties  until  the  supremo 
government  shall  decide,  with  the  understanding  tlint 
Los  Angeles  is  not  to  be  held    responsible  for  th^; 


r^ 


tions  for  ilefence,  in  which  ho  himself  was  the  leading  man  and  Scpulvcilii'a 
counsdlor.  He  aroused  great  indignation  against  the  Monterey  pl;in  liy  ;is- 
suring  the  women  that  nnder  it  protcstant  priests  were  to  bo  tolerated  wlio 
would  marry  any  girl  that  desired  it  to  any  foreigner,  whatever  his  reli>;iii^i' 
The  women  were  terrified,  and  crdiorted  their  husbands  and  sons  to  liglit  for 
tlicir  daughters  and  sweethearts  and  the  catholic  faith.  Their  conduit  is 
praised  as  heroic.  Osio  gives  the  force  as  over  300  in  4  companies.  Ili^  siiys 
tliat  Sepiilveda  and  Manuel  Dominguez  wevi  to  S.  Buenaventura  to  Ikivc  an 
interview  with  Alvarado,  to  persuade  him  to  retire  and  bo  content  with  ruling 
the  north  nntil  the  sup.  govt  should  decide,  and  above  all  to  ascertain  tlio 
military  strength  of  the  enemy.  They  were  kindly  received,  but  the  siif- 
ceeding  particulars  are  not  intelligibly  expressed  by  Osio,  though  tiie  spi^^^s 
learned  that  Alvarado's  force  was  far  inferior  to  their  own.  All  exnciu.  1 
blood  to  How,  aiul  the  privilege  of  shooting  Alvarado  had  bciu  awarded  ly 
common  consent  to  Sepulveda. 


THE  HOSTILE  ARMIES  DRAW  NEAR. 


497 


treaty,  since  it  is  made  merely  to  prevent  bloodshed 
in  California.'^'  Next  day  Sepulveda  wrote  that  every 
mail  capable  of  bearini^  arms  should  be  sent  to  the 
iVoiit,  as  the  people  of  Monterey  were  approaching' 
aii;l  had  replied  to  his  messages  that  on  the  19th  they 
would  be  within  gunshot  on  the  plain  of  San  Fer- 
nando. 

Alvaraclo,  with  his  army  of  110  men  and  two  pieces 
of  artillery,  had  left  San  Buenaventura  on  the  17th, 
and  after  a  day's  march  in  the  rain  had  halted  for  the 
niL;lit  at  Cayeguas  ranclio,  whence  he  despatched  the 
message  cited  above,  and  where  he  had  a  conference 
with  Oslo  and  others  sent  by  Scpiilveda,  a  conference 
resulting  in  nothing  beyond  an  agreement  to  hold 
another  nearer  San  Fernando  on  the  IDth.^^  Next 
I'ay  Alvarado  advanced  to  the  Calabazas  rancho, 
where,  or  perhaps  at  Encino,  he  met  Sepulveda  and 
Oslo  on  the  lOtli.  The  comisionados  had  meanwhile 
ic[)orted  at  San  Fernando  the  inferiority  of  Alvarado's 
force,  thus  arousing  a  somewhat  warlike  spirit,  if  we 
may  cr>jdit  Oslo's  statement;  but  they  had  also  re- 

-'Jmu.  17tli,  ISth,  session  of  ayimt.  Los  Aii'ielc-'i.  Arcji.,  !MS.,  iv.  2.'?8— H; 
])•  /it.  St.  Pap.,  !M.S.,  xi.  (U-y.  On  Jan.  IStli  Pio  I'iou's  letter  was  rccoivo  1, 
■uitli  news  that  ho  was  coming  with  25  men;  ami  the  news  was  forwarileil  to 
.  i'enmnilo.  hi.,  Ainjvlcs,  ii.  83.  The  S.  Diego  force,  20  strong,  arrived  on 
J:ui.  21st  (too  late  to  lie  sent  to  S.  Fernamlo,  as  will  be  seen  later).  Lk.^  Awj'  '''s, 
.1;'. «.,  MS.,  24;}-7.  Ignacio  Coronel  was  coniiindante  at  S.  Gabriel  after 
iioeli.i's  departure.  JJi'j/t.  St.  Pap.,  An<iilt;s,  M.S.,  ii.  DO-lOO.  Jan.  l6th, 
.jwuiKeda  to  Alcalde  Ibarra.  Id.,  ii.  lOO-I.  Jansaens,  Vida,  MS.,  88-'J, 
cii.  in  i  to  ha^  •   coninmnded  the  garrisou  at  S.  Gabriel. 

Osii),  Hid.  Cal.,  !MS.,  291-7,  still  siwaking  of  himself  as  '  the  friend  of 
^.■pi'ii'.X'ila,'  and  not  naming  tlie  other  comisiona<los,  gives  .some  details  of  tho 
lii-.Dtiutioiis  at  Cayegnas  on  the  evening  of  Jan.  1 7tli  and  morning  of  the  18th, 
ih'U.ji  he  gives  no  dates.  He  attri])utes  the  failure  to  tho  '  pertinaz  arro- 
p'.iKia  lieurga'  of  Alvarado  and  Pena,  wlio  pnt  on  airs  of  iniiiortanee,  and  in- 
:  i  led  (ju  iieeing  the  comisionados'  crctlentials,  which  of  course  was  iuipos.silile, 
r.  •  iliiy  had  none.  Oslo  says  also  that  Carlos  and  Anastiu;io  Carrillo  were  on 
tlio  sjiut  vi'orking  to  prevent  a  conilict.  Alvarado,  JPist.  CuL,  MS.,  iii.  2i.>- 
'J'l,  like  N'allcjo,  Hiit.  Cid.,  MS.,  iii.  219-o9,  says  he  refused  to  treat  i, "cause 
t!n'  cciuiisionados,  whom  he  says  were  Osio,  Valle,  and  Lugo,  insisted  on  ad- 
liu-.^ing  him  as  'chief  of  the  northern  forces,' instead  of  governor,  some  of 
luiiii  even  carrying  their  familiarity  so  far  as  to  call  him  Juanito.  In  a  report 
Vi'itten  a  few  days  later,  Alvarado — Carta  cii  que  nlula  la  i'ampiKKi  dt<  San 
!'■  rnniiilo,  :JJ  de  Enrro,  IS, 17,  MS.,  being  addressed  to  Gen.  Vallejo,  and  idso 
1'  llie  iiyunt.  of  Monterey — says  nothing  of  these  preliminary  lu'gotiiitious. 
Hi'  .siys  liis  force  was  80  men,  but  I  think  this  cannot  have  included  Graham'a 

l.Kil.    " 

IIisT.  Cal.,  Vul.  III.    oa 


1:1-:        S.     .'U 


m 

:i!il 


I 


S:  \i. 


498 


ALVARADO'S  RULE— TROUBLES  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


:  I  ■ 


■Mi 


coivcd  the  ayuntamiento's  instructions  of  tlie  17tli  to 
form  a  treaty.  Andres  Pico,  who  accom]>anied  thcin, 
had  brought  from  the  south  the  news  not  only  that 
reenforcements  were  coming,  but  that  Pio  Pico  and 
two  associates  were  on  the  way  as  comisionados  ior 
San  Diego,  and  in  order  that  those  gentlemen  niiglit 
take  part  in  the  negotiations  they  were  again  po.st- 
poned  until  the  next  day.^^ 

On  the  morning  of  the  20th,  as  Pico  had  not  arrived, 
S  '-; 'ilveda  and  Osio,  probably  accompanied  by  otlieis, 
WL.i  -in  to  Encino  or  Calabazas.  Instead  of  pro- 
ceedi.,  to  negotiate  a  treaty,  however,  they  niert^ly 
showed  to  Alvarado  their  instructions,  which  had  \ivvn 
intended  to  be  kept  secret,  and  obtained  his  ajiprcnal 
of  them  in  writing  on  the  margin,  together  with  an 
additional  promise,  written  in  pencil,  not  to  ni<;kst 
any  one,  Mexican  or  Californian,  for  having  taken  uj) 
arms  under  the  alcalde's  orders.  The  document,  with 
which  the  reader  is  fimiliar,  was  regarded  by  the  g(iv- 
eriior  as  not  conflicting  in  any  essential  point  with 
the  plan  of  Monterey,  and  as  one  which  he  was  amply 
autliorized  to  sign  by  virtue  of  the  'extraordinaiy 
powers'  which  had  been  given  him.  The  comisionadus 
now  set  up  the  claim  that,  as  a  treaty  had  been  sigind, 
Alvarado  should  at  once  disband  his  forces  and  rotin; 
to  the  north.  To  this,  of  course,  not  being  a  man 
entirely  out  of  his  senses,  Don  Juan  Bautista  woulii 
not  listen;  and  after  long  discussions,  he  brouglit  thu 
matter  to  a  close  on  the  21st  by  sending  a  message  tn 
Sepulveda  that  if  San  Fernando  was  not  surrendered 


''.Mainly  the  version  of  Osio,  Hist.  Cat,  MS.,  297-300,  .^.tl-2.  hut  mu- 
finnad  nioro  oi-  less  fully  by  contempoi-nry  records.  Osio rciirescnts  the  Kail  is 
f.iid  men  at  S.  rornando  as  much  disj^ustcd  with  the  ayuntamiento's  iiistiuc- 
ti.iiii,  Mhioh  wci'o  the  work  of  Alcalde  Ibarra  and  his  advisor  Uc([ueiia.  Ho 
aL^o  says  that  Andres  Pico  had  a  secret  convcrsat-  )n  with  Alvarado,  wliicli 
fcujrgostcd  to  '  the  friend  of  Sepulveda  '  grave  suspicions  of  sonic  trick.  Alva- 
rado himself,  in  his  J/'mt.  Ccd.,  MS.,  afhrmstliat  the  negotiations  were  lirdlun 
oil'  a:5  before  )jy  the  refusal  of  the  comisionados  to  recognize  him  as  govirnm', 
though  one  of  them  went  so  far  as  to  call  him  'cxcclencia;'  whereupon  l:o 
called  them  fools,  and  sent  them  off  '  con  cajas  destempladas.'  lie  also  trll-;"! 
nil  Indian,  Mauricio,  wiio  was  hired  to  return  to  S.  i''cruaiido  with  the  tal ' 
that  Castro  iiad  arrived  with  a  largo  rciiuforcemciit. 


FALL  OF  SAN  FERXANDO. 


499 


17tli  to 
d  tliein, 
lily  that 
*ic()  011(1 
idos  lor 
ti  inii^'ht 
ill  post- 
arrived, 

'•  OtllCl'.S, 

.  of  prii- 

lad  lit' I'll 
[ijiproval 
with  an 
3  inolt'st 
bakeii  u[) 
eiit,  with 

tllO  ,U«!V- 

piiit  with 

amply 

ordinary 

sioiKulos 

siiL;'iU'tl, 

d  retire 

a  iiKiii 

woulii 

gilt  the 

.ssage  t'l) 

[•cndeivd 


-2.  hut  ion- 
I  the  U'aik'rs 
to'.-5  iustruc- 
([uciia.  Ho 
railo,  which 
ick.  Alva- 
vorc  hrnkpn 
IS  gDVcriKir, 
icrcuiioii  lio 
I  also  tolls  c  if 
ith  the  till'- 


nil  tlie  messongcr's  return  lie  would  talcc  it  by  forco. 
The  order  was  obeyed  at  once,  lioclia's  men  retired 
townrd  the  city,  and  Sepi'dveda  came  out  in  person  to 
tell  the  Monterey  chief  that  the  stronghold  of  tho 
jiatiiots  was  at  his  disposal.  Alvarado  accordingly 
(irciipied  the  mission  with  his  army  late  in  the  after- 
nodu  of  tho  21st,  and  next  day  reported  his  success 
to  his  associates  in  the  north.^ 

On  January  21st,  before  the  fall  of  San  Fernando 
was  known  i'"*  the  city,  a  meeting  of  the  ay untamiento 
was  held,  at  which  Pio  Pico,  Joaquin  Ortega,  and 
}Jartin  S.  Cabello,  having  presented  their  credentials 
as  representatives  of  San  JDiego,  were  added  to  tho 
coniisionados  appointed  and  insti'ucted  on  the  17th, 
and  the  instructions  were  modiiied  or  enlarged  so  as 

'"  Alvarado,  Carta  en  que  rdata  la  Campana  de  S.  Fervando,  MS.     Tho 

wit  r  (Iocs  not  statu  what  the  agreement  was,  hut  simply  says  it  ilitreivil  veiy 
fcliL-htly  from  the  cstablishcil  plan.  lie  says  his  men  were  anxious  to  lipht, 
iiiiil  v,c'rc  with  dilliculty  restrained.  The  agreement  is  given  in  l.os  Ainiclis, 
.l/v/(.,  MS.,  iv.  '2\'.)-oQ;  JJcpt.Sl.  Pa)).,  MS.,  xi.  G-t-5,  and  is  literally  as  ful- 
l.iws;  'The  citizen  Juan  B.  Alvarado,  governor  of  the  free  and  f?ovcivi;,'n  state 
of  Alta  CaUrornia,  declares  his  accc])tancc  of  tho  resolution  passed  hy  tho 
illustrious  ayuntamicnto  of  the  city  of  Los  Angeles  on  the  17th  inst,  and  hy 
virtue  of  the  extraordinary  faculties  with  whicli  he  is  invested,  does  hcrcl.y 
conform  to  all  that  is  contained  in  the  articles  expressed  in  the  aforesaid 
rcsdlntion.  Field  of  San  Fernando,  .Tan.  '2>t,  IS.'JT.  Juan  13.  Alvarado,  Lie. 
Cosmo  I'efia,  secretary.'  Oslo,  I/ist.  Cal.,  MS.,  S4.3-S,  Rays  that  Alvarado 
was  surprised  and  delighted  at  getting  sucli  favorable  terms  at  such  a  critical 
monuiit,  when  tiic  most  he  had  hoped  for  Avas  to  he  allowed  to  rule  over  tho 
rou'ions  north  of  Sta  Bdrhara.  The  'friend  of  Sepiilveda'  was  sad  to  think  of 
the  iiiotlicrs  of  Los  Angeles,  and  Alvarado,  on  learning  the  cause  of  his  nielan- 
clioly,  promiseil  that  during  his  rule  the  decree  of  relijnous  tolerance  should 
not  iie  enforced,  and  the  girls  sliouhl  not  be  cncourage(l  to  marry  protcstants, 
Jcus,  and  heretics.  This  author  says  nothing  of  the  attempt  to  prevent 
Alvarado  from  remaining  in  the  south,  lie  says  it  was  a  hard  task  fur  Sepul- 
«ila  an<l  his  '  friend,'  nf>t  only  to  curb  their  own  wrath,  but  to  calm  the  war- 
like leaders  at  S.  Fernando,  especially  Itoiha.who  raved  like  a  madman, 
ill  cl.iring  that  in  future  he  would  take  a  barber  with  him  in  his  campaigns  to 
Meed  him,  since  it  was  the  only  way  ever  to  sec  blood  in  Californian  war.s. 
Jan.  •J.id,  Cdrlos  Carrillo  writes  to  A'allejo,  expressing  his  joy  at  the  trium[ih 
of  'our  cause.'  Vallcjo,  Dor.,  MS.,  iv.  11.  On  Jan.  .'(Ist  the  current  news  at 
S.  Diego  was  that  the  northern  leaders  had  surrendered!  So  writes  Alcalde 
K:?tii(li!h)  to  the  comandantc  of  frouti'ra"-,  who  had  been  ordered  to  send  aid, 
lii'.t  had  not  done  so  because  he  learned  from  'unollicjal  sources'  tliatitwoidd 
lie  ii^ele.=s.  S.  i)«v/o,  ^■ln7t.,  M.S.,  Km.  May  '_'(!th,  Comandante  ^laitinez  at 
S.  Francisco  has  learned  of  the  victory  at  S.  Fernando  over  'J70  men.  J)i'iit. 
S'.  /'«/).,  ^IS.,  iv.  l(il-'2.  Mention  of  the  S.  Fernando  campaign  in. /cn/.fM/f.v, 
17'/ r,  MS.,  87-0;  Avi(a,Xo(ag,  MS.,  '20;  L'ukllo,  Analcs,  MS.,"27;  Nldevcr'a 
L'lj',  MS.,  8o-8. 


a    iS 


coo 


ALVAR  ADO'S  RULE -TROUBLES  IX  THE  SOUTH. 


to  provide  that  their  purport  must  not  be  divulged  to 
the  northerner's,  and  no  one  of  the  latter  must  hv  jxr- 
mitted  under  the  treaty  that  might  be  lornicd  to  enter 
Los  Angeles.'^^  Don  Pio  started  for  San  Fernando 
^vilh  his  twenty  men,  and  met  Rocha's  army  in  full 
retreat.  It  was  a  good  opportunity  to  make  a  sIidw 
of  his  own  valor  by  expressing  disgust  and  rage  at  a 
state  of  things  so  disgraceful,  but  he  gradually  beeanie 
calmer,  and  did  not  attempt  to  retake  the  mission  witli 
his  brave  but  tardy  Dieguinos.''^ 

The  ayuntamiento  met  again  on  the  22d,  win  n 
the  occupation  of  San  Fernando  must  have  luiii 
l:nown,  thouu'h  it  was  not  mentioned  at  the  meetino-, 
to  listen  lo  a  report  from  the  comisionados  and  a  let- 
ter of  thanks  from  Alvarado,  who  announced  that  on 
arrival  in  the  city  he  would  give  a  greater  proof  of 
his  gratitude.  But  the  Angelinos  were  in  no  nioo  1 
for  kindly  greetings;  and  after  due  deliberation,  they 
decided  that  their  instructions  as  approved  by  Ah:i- 
rado  should  be  deemed  in  no  sense  to  constitute  a 
binding  treaty,  since  no  signatures  of  the  comisiona- 
dos W'^re  affixed  to  it,  and  because  the  latter  had  not 
in  truth  been  free  agents,  having  been  forced,  as  it 
were,  to  show  their  instructions  by  the  threateiiiii^' 
attitude  of  the  invader's  troops.  Therefore,  all  the 
arrangements  were  declared  null  and  void.  Califoiiiia 
was  not  a  sovereisfn  state,  Alvarado  was  not  its  yov- 
ernor,  and  Los  Angeles  was  again  ready  to  defend 
the  national  integrity.  Orders  were  accordingly  issiieil 
to  post  guards  and  take  other  measures  for  active  de- 
fence.'"'^ 

^'LosAnrjeles.Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  243-4,  246-7. 

"-'Osio,  JJmt.  Cut.,  MS.,  348-9,  who  was  of  course  in  the  rear  guard  of  the 
retreating  force,  describes  Tico'ij  wratli.  lie  tells  us  also  tliat  Cabell"  ii.- 
suited  Sepiilveda  on  account  of  his  agency  in  making  such  a  treaty.  Fire- 
arms were  drawn,  lint  no  blood  spilt.  Osio  himself  lost  his  temper  and  t;i!l.i  il 
of  cowards  when  Rcquena  claimed  that  the  instructions  had  been  misit:;  Ur- 
stood.  I'ico  himself,  lliat.  L'al.,  MS.,  .')9-(i2,  pretends  to  have  gone  im  to  S. 
Furnando,  had  a  long  interview  with  Alvarado,  and  obtained  from  him  cer- 
tain concessions  which  insured  peace,  and  made  it  possible  for  the  goveniur 
to  enter  .Angeles. 

^••Session  of  Jan.  22d.  Lou  Aiifjilca,  Ai'-h.,  JIS,,  iv.  248-.')2. 


fr 


THE  GOVERNOR  AT  LOS  AXGELES. 


501 


Lilgcd  to 

,  \>(!  ])i  T- 

to  vuivv 
eriumdo 
r  in  full 
a  bliDW 
igc  at  a 
■  became 
ion  with 

(1,  when 

VO     l)ftU 

iieetiiiL;', 

lul  a  Irt- 

tliat  nil 

pvoot"  of 

lO    111(H);1 

on,  tlicy 
)y  Alv:i- 
Htituto  a 
misioiia- 
liad  Htit 
C(l,  as  it 
atcniii^' 
all  the 
ilifoi'iiia 
its  n'ov- 
<k'tciiil 
V  issued 
;ive  de- 


iiaid  iif  the 
Jabell"  ii-- 
aty.  File- 
and  tall.ijil 
inisu;!  li-i'- 

1110  nil  ti>  S. 

11  him  i'  !'• 
c  govciiiur 


Tlio  result  of  all  tliose  reactionary  and  defensive 
nhasures  was — and  without  any  intermediate  diplo- 
luacv,  so  far  as  the  rocijrds  show — that  Alvarado  (Al- 
tered the  city  without  resistance,  probably  on  the  23d, 
certainly  within  two  or  three  days.  Ho  was  acconi- 
jiaiiied  by  Graham's  company  and  by  the  Monterey 
militia,  leaving  the  Santa  Barbara  volunteers  at  San 
i\i-nando.  Castro,  with  thirty  or  forty  men,  arrived 
frniu  ^Monterey  on  or  about  the  same  day.^  Roeha's 
soldiers  were  at  San  Gabriel.  The  volunteers  of  the 
Aii'j,vles  army  had  disbanded,  but  the  twenty  Die- 
guiiios  were  still  encamped  in  the  city,  and  aided  the 
luuthern  troops  in  preserving  order. 

The  ayuntamiento  met  once  more  on  the  2Gth. 
Tlio  meeting  was  attended  also  by  Alvarado,  J.  J. 
rico,  and  Miguel  Avila  of  Monterey,  by  Pio  Pico, 
(Jitc)j;a,  Cabello,  and  Regidor  Alvarado  of  San  Diego, 
and  by  A.  M.  Osio  of  Los  Angeles.  No  allusion  was 
made  to  the  resolutions  adopted  at  the  last  session,  but 
the  obiect  was  to  take  into  consideration  the  aii'ree- 
iiieiit  made  with  Alvarado  at  San  Fernando.^'  The 
Oi.vernor  addressed  the  meeting'  in  defence  of  the  new 
system,  and  proposed  a  plan  in  six  articles  on  which  he 
thought  all  miijlit  ajifree,  thus  avoiding  future  contro- 
veisy.  This  plan  was  referred  to  a  committee  of 
thi'oe,  Pio  Pico,  Cabello,  and  Osio,  who  reported  it 
hack  with  certain  modifications,  mainly  intended,  as 
it  would  seem,  to  obscure  its  exact  meaning  and  pro- 
vide for  subsequent  variations  of  interpretation.^''    The 


"Jan.  9th,  Alvarado  orders  Castro  to  come  south  witli  20  men  hy  sea. 
Vdliijo,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  9.  Jan.  14th.  Castro  toVallcjo.  Will  start  in  .'i  days. 
III.,  iv.  11.  Jan.  17th,  C.  says  ho  will  start  at  4  i'.  m.  with  50  men  hy  land, 
ns  tlic  Clementine  is  not  ready.  /<!.,  iv.  I'J.  Alvarado,  Hlxf.  C'nl.,  MS.,  iii. 
'21ii,  li'iO-SO,  says  that  to  raise  funds  Castro  had  to  pledge  his  own  property 
ti>  Spciice  and  Jilalarin.  The  debt  was  pr.id  by  Alvarado  after  ISII.  The  two 
otaciTs  lodged  at  the  house  of  Abel  Stearns.  The  city  was  carefully  patrolled 
but  no  distui'banco  occurred. 

^"'It  is  spoken  of  as  the  agreement  made  by  the  2  nlealdcs  and  the  S.  T>iego 
coiui.sioimdos  with  Alvarado,  and  would  seem  therefore  to  iiave  been  distiuut 
fifiiii  that  of  Jan.  20th;  but  there  is  no  record  to  show  its  nature.  It  was 
perhai^s  the  interview  mentioned  by  Pico.     See  note  '.\'l. 

'''Tlie  plan  was  in  substance  as  follows,  the  portions  in  parentheses  being 
tlio  coumiittcc'a  additions:  1.  Alta  California  proclaims  tlio  federal  system 


'1*8 


i\ 


t 


502 


ALVARADO'S  RULE— TROUBLES  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


gist  of  it  was  that  a  now  ilipntacioii  should  assemhlc  at 
{Santa  Barbara  on  February  25th,  to  adopt  or  rcjrct 
\vhat  had  been  done  at  Monterey,  ahvays  support! iiif 
federahsni,  and  insisting  on  a  native  ruler.  It  was 
iornially  approved  by  all  parties.  Then  followid 
s|)eeches  of  congratulation  at  tlic  victory  achieved  ovor 
difficulties  that  had  threatened  to  set  Californians  at 
enmity  one  with  another.  Pio  Pico  wished  to  be  put 
on  recortl  as  saying  that  he  would  support  a  nati\e 
ruler  to  whatever  section  he  might  belong.  Antonio 
lyi,  Osio  declared  that  "  sooner  than  submit  to  another 
Mexican  mandarin,  he  would  retire  to  the  forest  and 
bo  devoured  by  wild  beasts;"  while  Alvarado,  in  a 
closing  speech,  promised  a  faithful  fulfilment  of  tlic 
compact.  ^^ 

of  1824  (since  the  new  system  of  centralism  has  not  been  sworn  by  the  ilip., 
ami  the  system  now  niliug  in  the  nation  in  not  known).  2.  The  dip.,  to  bu 
chosen  by  electors  according  to  Mexican  law,  will  assemble  and  take  into  con- 
sideration what  has  been  decreed  in  favor  of  the  Monterey  system.  (Tlic  diji. 
will  meet  and  act  in  accordance  witli  the  laws  in  force.)  3.  All  that  lias 
l^ecn  done  will  remain  ia  force  until  the  dip.  meets.  4.  Tlic  present  j,'  ivt 
will  snnimon  the  electors  or  decree  the  election.  (To  meet  at  Sta.  I'aihaia 
on  Feb.  25th.)  The  two  copies  do  not  agree.  5.  Tiie  decree  dividing;  (J,il. 
into  2  cantons  is  null  and  void.  G.  Until  the  federal  system  shall  have  hfiu 
restored,  no  ruler  appointed  by  the  ^Icxican  govt  shall  be  admitted.  (A.i 
soon  as  possible  the  sup.  govt  will  bo  informed  l)y  competent  autiiority  that 
order  is  restored,  and  asked  to  appoint  an  Mjo  del  pals  to  govern  Cal.)  lii  the 
discussions  on  art.  0,  it  Avas  agreed  on  both  sides  that  no  Mexican  ruler  v.oiild 
be  likely  to  be  admitted,  but  it  was  urged  tliat  Mexico  should  be  allowed  to 
grant  a  native  ruler  in  answer  to  a  re.jucst,  rather  than  be  ordered  to  do  so. 

^' Ayunt.  session  of  Jan.  2Gth,  in  Lou  AnijcJfg,  Arch,,  MS.,  iv.  2r)4-(i'_';  X. 
D'tcfjo,  Arch.,  !MS.,  150, 1013-4;  Bandinl,  Doc,  MS.,  45.  Oslo,  Hid.  Cal..  .\1S., 
,352-5,  gives  a  ditl'erent  account,  saying  nothing  of  the  plan  adopted  nml  of 
course  nothing  about  his  own  speech.  Ho  says  that  Alvarado  on  reacliiiii,' 
Angeles  summoned  the  ayuiit.  to  meet  within  an  hour,  caused  himself  to  l;o 
recognized  as  governor,  and  then  thanked  the  members  for  their  resolution  of 
the  22d,  since  it  relieved  him  from  all  his  agreements,  made  only  because  of 
his  inferior  force,  especially  from  his  promise  not  to  punish  any  one  for  ])ar>t 
acts — at  which  all  turned  pale!  Alvarado,  lUst.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  2.30-7,  and  Va- 
Uejo,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  249-59,  narrate  events  at  Angeles  substantially  in 
accordance  with  the  records.  Botello,  Analcs  dil  Sur,  MS.,  2S-9,  and  Tie  >, 
Acoiit.,  MS.,  40-3,  though  both  participants  in  these  events,  add  nothi  i„'  to 
our  knowledge  of  them. 

Jan.  30th,  Alvarado  demanded  and  received  what  was  Irft  of  the  nioiiry 
taken  from  S.  Fernando,  with  which  to  support  his  men.  Los  AiKjeles,  An-h., 
MS.,  iv.  2(57-9.  J.  J.  I'ico  says  he  went  with  three  men  to  get  the  niont'V, 
about  ;?1,500.  Osio  says  ho  delivered  the  money,  91.785,  and  that  Alvaimlo 
told  him  ho  was  a  fool  not  to  have  taken  half  the  amount  for  his  troublel 
Al.jo  on  Jan.  IJOth  Alvarado  complained  that  several  men  were  plottuig  mis- 
chief, and  urged  the  ayunt.  to  adopt  prompt  measures.  Loa  Aiifje/ex,  Anii., 
MS.,  iv.  2G7.    Vallejo  says  that  9  men,  including  Pio  Pico,  were  arrested. 


TEACE  RESTORED. 


603 


ITavini^  issued  on  the  Lst  of  February  a  summons 
i'or  the  electors  to  meet  on  the  25th,  Alvarado,  in  let- 
ters sent  northward  on  the  2d  and  3d,  narrated  hrielly 
wli.it  had  occurred  at  Angeles.  Officially  he  staled 
that  the  modifications  of  the  original  plan,  to  which 
he  had  assented,  were  not  essential,  while  it  had  Ytvcn 
necessary  to  make  concessions  to  conciliate  public 
opinion  in  the  south.  In  a  })rivate  letter  he  explained 
that  under  the  present  plan  he  hoped  to  reach,  thougli 
hy  a  roundabout  course,  his  original  aim,  by  managing 
ti)  secure  a  majority  in  the  new  diputacion.  Othci- 
w  isc  it  would  have  been  necessary  to  maintain  a  mili- 
tary force  permanently  in  the  south,  which  would 
have  been  an  intolerable  burden  to  the  treasury.''^ 
Leaving  Castro  with  thirty  men  to  garrison  San  Ga- 
briel and  preserve  ord(!r,^*  Alvarado  left  San  Fernan- 
do February  5th,  and  two  days  later  arrived  at  Santa 
Barbara,  where  ho  found  the  popular  enthusiasm  un- 
ahated,  and  where  his  first  act  was  to  send  home  the 
^duuterey  troops  and  Graham's  riflemen.*'^ 


Ill  tiio 
iilcr  v.imlil 
allowed  to 

I  to  (1(1  so. 

)4-(;-J;  .s'. 
Ca/... MS., 
itcd  anil  (if 
111  I'cacliini; 

?i.'lf  to  lie 
solutiiiiiof 

)oc;iilsu  (if 
ic  for  ]i.'i.-t 
7,  and  Vii- 
aiitially  in 

and  ri(M, 
lotlii  1^'  to 

ho  inonoy 
'  s,  Arrh., 
10  money, 
Alvarado 
1  troiililul 
tting  inis- 
'c.f,  An-li., 
rreatuJ. 


Thus  far  all  had  sjone  well  with  Alvarado  in  tlio 
south;  but  there  followed  during  February  and  March 

^^  Alvarado,  Carta  en  que  rclntn  Iok  Siiceson  de  Los  AiifjcIeK,  2  de  Frb.  ISVIT, 
MS.,  the  .same  letter. being  sent  to  diflcrcnt  oliicials.  Feb.  3d,  Alvarad(j  to 
\':;ll(j(),  private  letter,  in  Valhjo,  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  170.  Ho  says  that  iHjnr.n- 
j.'i)  Carrillo  refused  to  take  the  oatli,  and  v.as  roinoved  from  the  command  at 
Sta  lJ;irl)ara.  Roelia  may  have  to  bo  removed  also.  At  S.  Diego  under  Sala- 
zar  tlicre  is  really  no  garrison. 

"^  f.oH  Amides,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  273-4. 

'"  Feb.  [),  1837,  Alvarado  to  Vallejo,  Estrada,  and  alcalde  of  S.  Josi',  in  Vn- 
ll'jo,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  2!);  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  lGO-1;  Id.,  S.  Jour,  v.  43. 
Nidevcr,  Life,  MS.,  S.VS,  aaya  the  rillemen  were  paid  oil'  at  Sta  Bdrbara. 
•Mvaiado  tells  us  that  ho  Vvished  to  rctaiu  Orahain's  men,  bi't  was  advised  by 
Castro  tliat  there  was  danger  of  not  Ijcing  able  to  pay  them, .'  ud  that  it  would 
lie  best  to  discharge  them  while  no  dissatisfaction  existed.  The  foreigners 
Were  complimented  in  sjieochcs  and  departed  in  good  humor. 

Sonic  references  to  printed  accounts  of  the  troubles  in  the  south,  some  of 
tliciii  extending  over  several  ye.ara,  and  all  very  inaccurate  and  inextricably 
confused  wherever  they  arc  more  than  a  bare  mention,  arc:  Mofrw,  L'.vj'lor., 
i.  301-2;  PelH-Thonar.'i,  Voym/e,  ii.  1)2-9;  Forbc.i'  Hi<>t.  Cal,  i.jO-1;  Wilkes" 
Xiin:,  v.  175-9;  IiobiHi<on\t  Life  in  Cal.,  173-7;  Oleeson'n  lllst.  Vath.  Chm-rh, 
i.  1  U-9;  Ferry,  Californie,  2D-1.  Manuscript  statements  on  the  southern 
campaigns,  adiling  nothing  to  what  has  been  given,  are:  Cmtro,  IteUtcion, 
Ms.,  41-4;  Marsh's  Letter,  MS.,  S;  Vallejo,  liemin.,  MS.,  123-5;  Lngo,  Vida, 
MS.,  2,3-5;  Arce,  Memoria,  MS.,  12-13;  Jiobiiison's  statement,  MS.,  15,  2G; 
Gal'iado,  Apuntes,  MS.,  30-8. 


501 


ALVARADO'8  RULE— TROUBLES  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


.1  period  of  inaction  wliicli  was  iinfavornblu  to  \m  coni- 
j)letc  success,  even  if  it  did  not  develoj)  any  actual 
triumph  for  his  op})onents.  Notwithstanding  the  con- 
cessioiis  gained,  and  their  pretended  enthusiasm,  many 
inlhiential  southerners  still  chose  to  regard  themselvos 
as  vanquished  or  tricked  foes,  rather  than  conciliated 
friends  of  the  phin  as  it  stood.  They  withheld  that 
hearty  support  which  alone  could  have  resulted  in  jio- 
litical  hariuonv.  Pio  Pico's  actions  were  nivsterious, 
and  he  was  suspected  of  exerting  all  his  influence  se- 
cretly against  the  government.  Manuel  Requena  and 
other  recalcitrant  Angelinos  were  sent  by  Castro  to 
tlie  governor,  expecting  to  be  banished  to  Sonf)ma,  but 
were  released  by  Alvarado  on  signing  an  agreement 
not  to  meddle  in  politics.*'  Alvarado's  letters  to  (jleii- 
eral  Vallcjo  at  this  time  show  the  anxiety  which  he 
felt,  containing  alternate  expressions  of  confidence  anl 
discouragement.  Early  in  March  the  report  was  eii- 
culated,  with  quieting  effects,  that  Vallejo  was  intend- 
ing to  come  south  with  a  hundred  men." 


■"Fel).  11,  1S37,  Alvarado  to  Vallcjo,  in  Valhjo,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  ?,2.  Ko.p'.o- 
iia's  coiiiixinioim  wcru  Vicente  Sanclicz,  Luis  Arenas,  Juau  Gallardo,  Aiitniii) 
del  Vallc,  J.  M.  Ramirez,  Jiiau  Salazar,  Antonio  Avila,  and  others.  Jt'uli.i 
was  in  the  number  summoned,  but  ran  away.  Alvarado  allowed  liim  to  ntiiiii, 
but  not  to  bo  comandante  or  administrator.  Dotello,  Anaks,  MS.,  ()!l-7'.', 
says  that  Renuena  was  sent  into  a  kind  of  exile  at  Sta  InC'S,  until  in  ISItS  lio 
retired  to  L.  California.  Janssens,  Vhla,  MS.,  89-i)2,  descril)es  the  advcntuns 
of  himself,  Orozco,  Rojas,  and  others,  who  iled  from  Los  Angeles  and  also 
took  7'efugc  in  the  peninsula. 

^-'Mar.  4th,  ayunt.,  in  answer  to  a  request  for  quarters  and  supplies  for 
Vallejo's  men,  refused  to  incur  any  expense;  but  resolves  that  thei'c  are  plenty 
of  .supplies  and  probably  liuildings  also  to  be  had  for  money.  Z/Os  .•)//'/''' -i 
Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  "JSo-O.  Fob.  '27th,  March  I3th,  lOth,  announcement  of  VaUc- 
jo's  coming  at  S.  Diego.  Deitt.  St.  Pap.,  Ainjele^,  MS.,  xi.  70-2;  -S'.  Dii'jo, 
Arrh.,  MS.,  173.  ^larch  Gth,  all  quiet;  but  tliere  may  be  trouble,  as  s:  uic 
doirt  wish  t'al.  to  be  a  state,  (jiovernor's  course  approved  by  all  good  iiioii. 
Robbers  being  strictly  dealt  with.  Alvarado  to  Vallejo,  in  ValU'jo,  Dor.,  M-^., 
iv.  209.  Marcli  12th,  Carlos  Carrillo  says  to  Vallejo  that  tho  people  of  Los 
Angeles  are  very  well  disposed,  even  more  addicted  to  tho  new  systein  than  tliu 
Barbarefios.  Id.,  iv.  214.  March  9th,  the  people  well  disposed.  'If  freedom 
is  not  secured  now,  Califoniians  will  be  .slaves  forever  and  forfeit  the  resiuct 
of  men. '  Civic  force  at  Sta  Barbara,  150  men  in  good  discipline.  Arms  boiurlit 
of  the  BoUvar.  Has  gained  favor  by  granting  lands.  The  old  folks  arc  plcii  -i' I 
with  the  title  of  'governor,'  as  it  reminds  them  of  old  times.  The  U.  S.  consul 
at  Honolulu  writes  to  Dana  that  'there  is  nothing  to  fear  from  Mexico,  wliich 
is  not  thinking  of  California.  The  present  rulers  of  the  state  have  more  to 
fear  from  their  own  people,  so  many  of  them  will  want  office.  Chihnaliua, 
Jalisco,  and  Zacateoas  have  pronounced  against  the  central  govt.'    Alvaiudo 


IMPENDING  DISASTERS!. 


805 


Bosi'.los  disquietiiiijf  rumors  from  tlie  north,  of  wliicli 
I  si  Kill  speak  later,  there  was  an  ahirmiuu^  re|)orl  tliat 
a  force  of  two  hundred  men — Sonorans,  Indians,  and 
Aniiiieans — under  Lieut-eolonel  Juan  Jose  Tobar, 
were  marching  \>y  the  Rio  Colorado  on  Califoi-nia, 
iKiviiig  failed  in  their  revolutionary  and  mining 
schi'Mies  at  Quitovaea.  A  brother  of  Captain  Por- 
tilla,  and  other  men  who  had  left  California  weie  said 
to  he  engaged  in  this  expedition.  This  was  soon  dis- 
covered to  be  a  false  aUirm;  but  in  consofjuonee  of  it, 
Alviirado  had  made  liasty  preparations  for  (Ufeiiee; 
urged  Vallejo  to  have  his  force  ready  to  niardi  at  a 
mniiient's  notice;  gone  in  person  to  Los  Angeles,  a[)- 
parently  causing  the  re-arrest  of  some  of  the  malecon- 
tents  tliero;  and  had  sent  Castro  and  Capt.  Mllavi- 
ceiu'io  with  a  force  to  San  Diego.  Castro's  ordei's  were, 
in  ease  the  rumors  should  have  anj''  apparent  foun<la- 
tioii,  to  remove  or  spike  all  the  guns,  to  leave  not  a 
.single  horse  between  San  Diego  and  San  Gabriel,  and 
to  distribute  all  supplies  at  the  missions  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  prevent  them  falling  into  the  hands  of  the 
eneniy.^*  To  what  extent  Castro  found  it  necessary 
to  carry  out  these  measures  in  the  south  docs  not  ap- 
pear; neither  is  there  anything  in  the  local  politics  of 
8;ui  Diego  at  this  time  which  demands  notice,  except 
that  on  March  18th  the  ayuntamiento,  on  receipt  of 
certain  communications  from  Alvarado,  refused  to  rec- 
ognize him  as  governor,  or  Vallejo  as  general." 

to  V.illcjo,  in  Id.,  iv.  212.  March  19th,  tho  cause  has  yet  many  foes.  Opin- 
ion iu  Angeles  seems  favorable;  but  no  rolianco  can  be  placed  on  that  ♦■■jv/n, 
'It  sh.nild  lie  burned.'  /(/.,  iv.  21!». 

'■'iliu-eli  19,  1837,  Alvarado  to  Vallejo.  Official  and  private  kttci.  i  <:• 
llijo,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  215,  219.  March  2Gth,  Alvarado  on  coming  to  Angeles 
wiHi  ")0  men  found  tho  rumor  false.  LL,  iv.  224.  March  2jth,  tho  matter 
presented  by  Alvarado  to  tho  ayuut.  Los  AiujcIch,  Arch.,  M.S.,  iv.  2S7-9. 

*'.^'.  Diego,  Arrh.,  !MS.,  172.  The  theory  advanced  was  that  Alvarado's 
niithdiity  as  comandantc  of  the  northern  forces  had  ended  with  the  treaty  of 
Jan.  2(Jth.  It  is  to  be  noted,  however,  tliat  this  act<t,  though  in  the  secretary's 
iKinihviiting,  has  no  signatures.  March  2jth,  Alvarado  complains  tliat  his 
comnnmications  to  the  S.  Diego  ayunt.  are  not  answered.  That  body  should 
1)0  mildly  exhorted  to  rejoin  the  rest  of  the  state.  Los  Avfjeiex,  /lr';A.,MS., 
iv.  '2s'.>.  Hayes,  Emuj.  Notes,  480,  states  that  the  troops  which  went  to 
Aiiircles  in  1837  disbanded  for  want  of  ))ay,  and  never  returned,  the  presidio 
goiii;,'  rapidly  to  decay.     Alvarado,   llist.  C'al.,   MS.,  and  Vallejo,  Hist. 


606 


ALVAIIADO'S  UULE-TROUBLE.S  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


T]u>  olention  provided  for  in  tlio  plan  of  Los 
Angeles  took  i)laco  at  Santa  B;irbara  eitlun"  Fubniiuv 
2r)tli  or  at  least  before  March  ."jtli,  on  which  date  tin; 
deputies  elected  were  summoned  to  meet,  also  at  Saiila 
Biirhara,  March  25th.*'  The  four  now  meuilxrs 
olecteil  seem  to  have  been  Pio  Pico,  Antonio  ^[.  ( )si(i, 
Manuel  Jimeno  Casarin,  and  Jose  K.  Estrada,  uiif 
of  the  last-named  two  being  perhaps  a  supleiito  in 
place  of  Jose  Castro.*"  The  governor's  suniinnns, 
much  to  his  disappointment,  was  not  promptly  oheyc I, 
a!id  the  d'putacion  could  not  be  organized  in  Maicli. 
Pico  and  Osio  refused  to  attend  at  all,  a  policy  tluit 
may  safely  be  termed  disgraceful  in  view  of  tliuir 
speeches  in  the  Los  Angeles  meeting  of  January  2(')tli. 
Six  members  assembled  April  10th,  however,  at  Santa 
Barbara,  Juan  A.  Alvarado,  Gucrra,  Buelna,  Jiiiit- 
no,  Estrada,  and  Francisco  J.  Alvarado  of  Spu  Di- 
ego as  a  suplente  for  Pio  Pico,  with  Victor  ^  li»ii 
as  secretary. 

On  the  first  day  of  the  session  the  governor  pre- 
sented a  manifiesto  on  the  condition  and  needs  of  the 
country.  April  1 1th  this  document  was  submitted  t) 
a  committee  consisting  of  Jimeno,  Buelna,  and  Esti  i- 
da,  all  Monterey  men  it  will  bo  noted,  who  reitortd 
favorably  on  the  views  therein  expressed,  and  su!»- 
mitted  a  series  of  eight  propositions  for  the  approval 


Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  261-2,  connect  Castro's  visit  to  S.  Diego  with  a  revolution- 
ary movemciit  at  tljat  place. 

'••  There  are  no  records  of  the  election  tliat  I  have  been  able  to  find.  Fili. 
19th,  Francisco  Sanchez  at  S.  F.  writes  that  ho  has  been  summonod  to  Sta  i!. 
as  an  elector.  Valtejo,  Doc,  M8.,  iv.  ;{S.  Marcli  oth,  the  pros,  and  .sc. 
of  the  electoral  junta  announced  the  result,  -which  was  communicated  cl'.i- 
eially  to  I'io  Pico  on  March  9th.  Original  summons  in  Pico,  Doc. ,  MS. ,  ii.  I  ■'>'>. 
This  doc.  is  also  notable  as  bearing  a  seal  of  the  'Gobierno  Supremo  (hi  Y.i- 
tado  Libre  y  Soberano  de  la  AUa  California,'  neatly  and  elaborately  exccutuil 
with  a  pen,  the  only  sample  existing,  for  it  was  never  engraved. 

*^  It  will  be  remembered  that  there  had  been  much  mystery  about  the  com- 
position of  the  diputacion  since  Jlay  183G,  and  it  is  not  yet  cleared  up.  It 
would  seem  that  now  the  4  who  had  acted  in  Nov.  1836  were  regariicd  as 
holding  over,  Castro  being  prevented  from  acting  by  other  duties,  because 
Alvarado  had  said  several  times  before  the  election  that  he  had  four  vntis 
secure  Mhen  the  new  dip.  should  meet.  March  2oth,  Alvarado  informed  ilu 
ayunt.  of  his  inability  to  assemble  the  mcnd)er3  elect,  anil  hia  intention  to 
Bummou  the  suplentcs.   Lou  AiKjdvs,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  287-8. 


PLAN  OF  SA!;TA  IJAHBARA. 


507 


of  tiio  nicotinic,  propositions  wliich  oonfirmod  iji  siil)- 
stitiii'u  all  thut  had  beun  done  hy  Alvai'ado'.s  i^overn- 
uiciil,  and  eni[)owored  tlie  diputacion  under  its  new 
organization  to  continue  as  a  constituent  congress  of 
til;'  state.*^  Tlie  resolutions  were  unaniniouslv^  ap- 
jii'iivc'd,  and  thus  a  new  ])hin  was  added  to  the  Iowlj 
\i4.  The  (h[)utaci()n  acted  tiie  same  day  on  certain 
l.iiiil  lii'ants,  but  there  are  no  definite  records  of  any 
8uhso(]uent  sessions.  The  result  was  coniniunicated  to 
the  two  S(Hitliern  ayuntaniientos  by  Alvarado,  who 
iufxiited  it  as  a  faiihiul  fuliilnient  of  the  agreenient 
(if  January  2()th,  and  ho[)ed  for  a  hearty  su})port. 
He  was  bittei",  however,  in  his  complaints  af^ainsl,  Picn 
and  Osio.  He  chided  San  Diego  for  its  action  of 
Maivli  18th,  and  declared  his  purjiose  now  to  enforce 
the  system  adopted,  being  "weary  of  ids  own  lenien- 
cy,'" and  disgusted  at  the  conduct  of  tlioseCalifornians 
\\\\o  still  "sighed  for  the  tyrant's  yoke."  Los  Ange- 
las nevertheless  on  April  18th  rejected  the  action 
of  the  congress,  as  not  in  accordance  with  the  treaty, 
which,  as  the  Angelinos  chose  to  regard  it,  had  simply 
]iiM\  ided  that  all  should  be  put  back  in  the  old  coiuH- 
tiuii  under  a  gefo  politico  and  territorial  diputacion. 


*'  PIrindc  Gohierno  adoptntJo  por  la  Diputacion  en  Sfa  Bdrhnra,  11  dc  Ahv'l, 
Iter,  -MS.;  nu'utiont'd  in  Drjit.  .St.  J'ap.,  Ai'i/el-n,  MS.,  xi.  7.">.  Art.  1.  C;:!. 
liioimiincL'S  for  the  system  that  the  mnjoritj'  of  the  nutioii  Iia.s  a(lo|>tcil  (iL'il- 
tniUsm  of  course  is  meant),  aiul  therefore  tlie  aetion  of  the  dip.  of  Xov.  7, 
ISDii,  irniaiusiu  forec,  except  iirt.  3,  v.hich  is  incluilcvl  in  the  constitution  of 
]s-2i.  (The  article  on  the  catholic  religion.)  2.  The  dip.,  including  the  dcp- 
utii's  niipoiiitcd  by  the  ayunt.  {?),  is  to  continue  as  a  congreso  eon.'itituycntc, 
tu  iiiict,  after  its  adjournment  at  thi.s  place,  as  soon  as  convoked  by  tlie  govt. 
3.  Derives  8  and  9  of  the  congress  (those  on  a  division  of  the  stiite  and  on 
fcii'ciL'ii  commerce)  arc  repealed,  not  having  served  the  purpose  intended;  and 
tiio  Mcx.  linva  on  the  points  involved  ai'e  restored.  4.  The  sup.  govt  will 
iiiniiiu  invested  with  the  extraordinary  powers  coiiforred  in  onhn-  to  consoli- 
date tlu' system  in  case  of  difficulty  arising.  5.  The  national  govt  shall  ho 
l-ctitioiud,  it  being  understood  that  Cal.  is  an  integral  part  of  the  Mcx.  re- 
jii'.lilii',  to  restore  the  federal  system.  G.  Mex.  shall  also  be  jisked  to  allov,-, 
liv  iiicaijs  within  her  power,  that  Cal.  may  govciii  Jicrself  an  a  free  and  sov- 
cici^;ii  - tatc.  7.  Tending  the  supreme  d'cision  dciircd  on  tlicse  petitions, 
C.il.  will  remain  under  the  form  of  govt  expressed  in  the  maniliesto  and  these 
pnipo.iitions.     8.  A  certified  copy  of  this  acta  shall  be  sent  to  the  national 

c'uvt, 

Ainil  l.'ith,  Alvarado  issues  the  corresponding  decree,  repealing  decrees  8 
mv\  II  ill  acconlance  with  art.  3.  Vallejo,Doc.,  Jlld.Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  228,  in  MS., 
tLuugli  ordered  printed. 


Mi- 


CO?, 


ALVARADO'S  RULE-TROLULES  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


San  Dleijf(i,  on  the  other  liancl,  expressed  on  April 
27th  cordial  a[)i)roval  of  the  plan  in  general,  th(iii.;li 
still  preferring  to  remain  non-committal,  and  postpnn- 
ing  the  act  of  swearing  allegiance  until  some  doulit-; 
could  bo  cleared  a\va\'-  respecting  the  system  alhuh  ,1 
to  in  article  1,  fearing,  perhaps,  it  might  be  central- 


ism 


H-i 


About  the  same  time  that  Angeles  repudiated  tliv' 
])lan  of  April  lith,  Pico  and  Osio  made  their  taidv 
aj)pearance  at  Santa  Barbara  'A'ith  a  plan  of  their  own, 
for  which  they  sought  approval  from  the  congrcssiiKii, 
"though  it  was  re.'vUy  a  rejection  of  all  that  had  Im  .':i 
done/*  Tliere  was  no  action  by  the  congress,  Imr 
Alvarado  Himjtly  sent  the  [)roposition  to  Castro  to  li.' 
presented  to  the  ayuntamiento,  to  which  body  he  also 
addressed  a  letter  filled  with  indignation  at  the  <oii- 
duct  of  those  "unworthy  diputados  who  pro[>os(;l  ;i 
return  to  the  tyrant's  yoke  and  perpetual  sluvciv— 
the  very  men  who  had  so  lately  declared  their  puipnsu 
to  be  devoured  by  wild  beasts  rather  than  submit  tna 
Mexican  despot."  The  congress  shared  in  his  iiujii;- 
nation,  the  governor  said,  and  the  ayuntamiento  was 
expected  to  share  it;  yet  if  the  latter  bodyshould  imi- 


^^ April  10,  1SS7,  Alvarado  to  ayunt.  of  Angeles  rnd  S.  Dicjrjo.  J)''/,'.  S'. 
Pap.,  MS,,  xi.  7S-S2;  Iffti/cx'  Doc,  MS.,  7-.  Apr.  '2:2(1,  session  of  iiyiiiit. 
Zos  Aiiu'lci,  Airh.,  .MS.,  iv.  '201-4.  Apr.  '27th,  sos.sion  of  ayunt.  S.  l)'"jo, 
Arch.,  MS.,  101.  In  the  acta  last alhideil  to,  the  .sijriiatiircH  of  the  sciirtiiiv 
and  Ki'udico  of  tlio  S.  Dio^o  ayunt.  did  not  appear,  liocause  tlioso  oliiciis  -liail 
lu'uu  carried  oiF  by  an  armed  force  for  some  unknown  cause.'  Tills  st:it"(ii' 
thintrs  had  lu-cn  announced  on  April  '24th  by  Alcalde  Esttulillo,  wiimiski'l 
that  steps  lie  taken  for  their  restoration,  addressing  Alvarado  as  f^'ovcniM,' ni 
the  state,  an<l  announcing  'a  decided  entluisiasm  in  favor  of  (ir)iior  jKilrii'  on 
the  part  of  the  jjcople.  It  appears  that  in  c  jnsoquence  of  the  action  of  M.irrh 
ISth,  Alvarado  had  sent  Eugtnio  Montone;4ro  to  arrest  the  two  oilier:-;,  . I. 
!M.  Ter.'.n  and  Domingo  Aniad,  who  escaped  from  custody  while  hcin,'  t.:!:r:i 
to  S.  (ialtriel.  Ab  late  as  September,  Amao,  who  had  lied  to  the  fi'diitrivi.  Iiinl 
iK't  returned  to  his  post  as  secnitiiry.  S.  Dlc;io  Arch.,  MS.,  171?,  I7">.  i'^'i. 

^'••The  ]ilan  of  I'ico  and  O.sio  wa.s  as  follows:  1.  The  territory  of  Altn  (  ill- 
fornia  rei'Stablishes  the  order  of  things  existing  before  the  pronunciainiin;  i  nf 
M(jntcrey.  '2.  The  laws  of  Mexico  shall  be  respecteil  and  obeyed,  wli;:iivii' 
may  be  the  system  she  has  adopted.  3.  The  treaty  of  Los  Angeles  lutuieu 
governor,  ayunt.,  and  comisiouados  shall  bo  observed  (?),  4.  After  thf  iiic- 
ceding  articles  shall  have  been  carried  out,  the  oflicei'S  of  the  army  sli^iH  ho 
invitcil,  by  the  person  on  whom  the  oifice  of  gefe  politico  may  le;,'ally  dcv  ■  'Ivc, 
to  cooperate  in  restoring  order.  ").  The  result  of  action  on  these  jiioii  isi:i  >iis 
is  to  be  communicated  to  the  ayuut.     Lou  AiKjekn,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  2iJ(J-7. 


LOS  ANGELES  SUBMITS. 


509 


sisi  in  its  folly,  he  would  not  use  force,  but  would  hold 
it,  ivspousiblu  ibr  results.  "The  fate  of  tlu-  Califor- 
iiiaiis  is  in  your  hands,  and  it  behooves  you  to  relleet 
curcfully  on  what  you  will  do."°" 

At  a  nieetinof  of  the  avuntaniicnto,  ]\Iay  1st,  the 
oovonior's  letter  and  Oslo's  propositions  were  read, 
iiiitl  a  long  discussion  ensueJ.  No  one  had  anything 
to  say  in  favor  of  the  new  [)ro[)Ositions.  Four  nieni- 
liiMs,  I'Darra,  Valdes,  Herrera,  and  Alvarado,  declared 
tli"in8elves  in  favor  of  the  resolution  of  x\pril  22d,  in- 
volving,, as  they  understood  it,  a  full  compliance  with 
liic  convention  of  January  2()th.  The  other  four, 
,Sc])ulveda,  Lugo,  Pantoja,  and  Lopez,  urged  a  recog- 
uitiou  of  the  existing  government,  and  full  conii>]iance 
with  all  its  orders  and  decrees.  Next  day  the  discus- 
si  in  was  resumed.  Sepulveda  made  an  earnest  appeal; 
lluina's  party  declared  itself  convincetl,  and  a  unani- 
mous vote  was  se(!ured  in  favor  of  the  resolution  that 
"the  ayuntamiento  of  the  city  of  Los  Angeles  recog- 
nizes the  present  system  of  government,  antl  tlic  orders 
an!  decrees  emanating  therefi'om,  witlunit  pi'ejudice  to 
til  ■  laws  in  force,  decreed  by  the  legislation  of  ^lexico." 
Jose  Castro  was  j)resent  at  this  meeting,  and  it  is  just 
possible  that  Alvarado's  opponents  regarded  their  votes 
as  the  best  means  for  avoiding  an  involuntary  sojourn 
at  Sonoma.^'' 

Alvarado  now  regarded  the  trlumj)h  of  liis  cause  as 
foninlete,  and  on  May  lOth  issued  a  long  and  i>iandil- 
("luont  maniiiesto  of  congi'atulation  to  the  penple  of 
California.  In  this  document  he  declared  that,  in 
accordance  with  !us  promise,  he  had  been  indelatiga- 
lile  and    successlul   iu  making    his  countr\'men    I'ree 

"Atvaiailo  to  nynut.  of  Los  Aii,l,(-'1os,  April  '2S,  ls;{7.  Ih  pt.  Sf.  /'up.,  IMS., 
xi.  7'>-S.  Tlio  nyiuit.  on  April  'J!)tii  .-•ititii'il  its  aution  of  the  'JlM,  tlum,L,'li  it 
M;is  Miiil  llu^ro  was  <liiii;;i'r  of  soiiio  iiii'inijcr.;  Ijciiij;  oairietl  iiortii  for  tlii'ir  (ip- 
p|l^i^ioll  to  Alvarailo.   /-rw  AiKjtlvx,  Arr/i..  MS.,  iv.  'J!),"). 

■''Scssiiins  of  May  1st,  'Jcl.'  Aos  Aii;i</<s.  Arr/i..  MS.,  iv.  L'iXi  ;}0L  Alva- 
iMilip  wiites  also  ^lay  1st  to  oloar  up  tlio  iloiihts  nt  S,  l>ii'L,'o  siiii^cstoil  in  tlio 
Mti'iu  ot  April  'JTtli,  provini,'  tiiat  tlic  fcdiTal  systi'ni  was  undouhtciUy  ;!... 
DIM.'  iiitcnilcd,  and  plcadin,!.',  witli  nuieli  ilattory,  that  thouirli  lu'  had  aiivs^^d 
t!;i'ii'  ^iMdil•o  and  seo.,  tliiir  I'suajio  proved  that  tl'cy  iiail  not  \iff,  very 
Ilia .-ilily  trua ted.  S.  Dlcjo,  .tr.'A.,  ^LS.,  170,  with  a  seal  in  ink  and  pci,  'il. 


['?     i-i^; 


!,!fl 


610 


ALVAKADO'S  RrLE— TROUBLES  IX  THE  SOUTH. 


men;  that  despite  the  few  backward  steps  lie  liad 
been  obhged  to  take  in  order  to  'economize  blood,' 
all  had  been  regained  by  the  action  of  the  Santa  liar- 
l)ara  congress,  as  approved  now  throughout  the  .south, • 
that  there  was  now  but  one  opinion  in  California,  jiml 
nothing  to  fear  except  from  abroad — to  meet  whir]\ 
latter  danger  the  people  were  exhorted  to  stand  linn 
and  united,  worthy  of  their  grand  achievements  .iiul 
destinies.^^  The  governor  now  despatched  a  me8.soiiL;vr 
by  land  to  Mexico  to  communicate  to  the  governiueiit 
the  linal  action  at  Santa  Barbara,  bearing  also  tlo- 
f;})atches  in  which  Sonora  was  urged  to  join  California 
and  make  a  stand  for  federalism.''"  Castro,  perhaps 
without  Alvarado's  orders,  withdrew  his  force  fioiu 
San  Gabriel  to  Santa  Barbara.  Flattery  and  some 
more  substantial  rewards  in  the  shape  of  otticu  or 
lands  were  distributed  among  southern  friends  ot'tlK) 
cause.  For  instance,  Alcalde  Sepiilveda  was  made  a 
captain  of  the  civic  militia.  Thanks  were  publiLJy 
rendered  to  Padre  Duran,  and  the  cattle  of  the  [ire- 
sidial  rancho  of  Son  Julian  were  distributed  anion.;- 
the  soldiers,  the  rancho  itself  being  given  to  Jose  do 
la  Guerra.^*     Finally,  Alvarado  and  Castro  started  for 


i.,,:j 


Slih 


^'^  Alvarado  [^faii/Jicsto  (hi]  Gohrrnador  Interlno  dd L'stado Lihrf  y Soln ra- 
vo  do  la  Alia  Cid'iJ'vruhi,  d  .vis /ifilH/aiilcn.  Moidcrny,  MaijolOde  1SJ7.  Im- 
]/ni,ta  d<i  Siipre}i!0  (lobieino  d  Carijo  del  G.  Santlaijo  A'jnUar.  Folio,  '1  lciiVi;i, 
ia  Eurlicd  Priiil'nuj ;  Eduilillo,  Doc,  MiS.,  i.  248;  Vallejo,  Doc,  M.S.,  xxxii. 
ii.'i;  yV/>^  »SV.  Pap.,  Aiif/clr/i,  MS.,  x.  l'J-'20;  and  with  Frencli  tninslatiti.i  i;i 
P(iit-TlioHur<,  I'vi/aijc,  W.  'Jl-I)13.  Despite  the  imprint,  it  was  issucil  »;  .^ta 
IJ.irliara  ou  May  10th,  Jiml  printed  at  Monterey  Into; .  With  all  its  viipiil  iiii  1 
hi^h-sonnding  Mcxicuni.nns,  the  document  contains  also  many  elorpitat  ox- 
pvcssioii.i  of  piittiutic  g(iod  sense.  A  peculiar  freak  of  the  printer  is  to  bo 
lilted  in  tlie  printing  ot  the  word  or/»^3cc«?rt  wrong  side  up — evidently  imt 
!i:i  ueeideut,  since  the  same  thing  occurs  in  the  proclamation  of  Nov.  (1,  Is:l0. 
r»2ay  Oth,  Alvarado  tells  Vallejo  that  all  troubles  arc  at  an  end.  Tlieuipn- 
i;onts  fi-om  Angeles  and  S.  ])iegf)  came  to  Sta  IJarbara  to  promise  solci.iiily 
not  to  disturl)  the  peace.  Vallijo,  Doc,  J\1.S.,  iv.  237.  ^lay  10th,  he  tli;ml;.j 
and  congratulates  the  ayunt.  of  Los  Angeles.  Deitt.  St.  Pap,,  Aiijcks,  .MS., 
xi.  SO. 

-'^  Alrarado,  Ma»!fi(s(o.  lie  oflfers  all  California's  resources  to  aid  Son  na 
in  ovcrthrov.hig  the  centi-al  system  in  the  republic.  Vallejo,  IIi<t.  Cal.,  MS., 
iii.  20'.),  think^j  this  was  a  somewhat  rasli  oiler  under  the  circumstances. 

*'Jan.  4,  18.')7,  order  for  distribution  of  the  movable  ])ropcrty.  G'ii<  rin, 
Doc,  VH.,  vi.  2S.  Vallejo,  Jlisf.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  200-1,  thinks  tho  grai.':  ui 
the  rancho  was  an  unw  ise  and  illegal  act,  being  also  an  interfcreuco  with  hii 
own  rights  as  general. 


"rf! 


AFFAIRS  IN  THE  NOHTH. 


511 


Moiitercj'',  where  they  arrived  the  30th  of  May. 
Castro  was  called  back  in  a  hurry  by  the  news  of  new 
troubles  in  the  south,  to  be  described  later. ^^ 

Affairs  in  the  north  from  January  to  May  1837 
may  bo  very  briefly  recorded.  After  Castro's  depart- 
ure on  January  I7th,  Ramon  Estrada  was  left  in  com- 
mand at  Monterey  with  about  a  dozen  men.  The  cap- 
ital was  abandoned  for  the  most  part  to  women  and 
foreigners,  and  the  only  excitement  was  in  the  receipt 
of  news  from  Don  Juan  Bautista  in  the  south.  Gen- 
eral Vallejo  at  Sonoma,  besides  watchini^  over  Indian 
tribes  on  the  northern  frontier,  busied  himself  in  en- 
listing and  drilling  recruits,  with  a  view  of  restoring 
the  presidial  companies  to  something  like  their  old 
■strength,  and  of  more  thoroughly  organizing  the  civic 
militia  in  preparation  for  possible  emergency.  Some 
h^uccoss  was  achieved,  especially  at  San  Jose  de  Alva- 
rado  and  San  Juan  de  Castro,  towns  which,  since  the 
revolution  of  November,  had  been  honored  with  ad- 
(!iti(jns  to  their  original  names.  Some  of  the  new 
ri'cruits  were  sent  to  Sonoma  to  learii  militarv  disci- 
l)line.°'*    One  other  matter  occupied  the  general's  atten- 

■5 June  1,  18.37,  Alvarailo  to  Vallejo.  Vallcjo,  Doc.  Tlisf.  Cut.,  MS.,  iv. 
li'l.  I'clipc  Garcia,  in  Tai/lor'-s  Dlxcor.  and  Foiindf )•■■<,  ii.  no.  2.5,  trstilios  tliat 
t!ie  jxiiplo  of  Sta  Barbara  iisoil  to  express  their  suntimenta  rcspuutiug  the 
'big  ciiitaius'  of  the  north  as  follows: 

Qiiii'ii  ilol  imia  cnccnJi'i  el  iiasto— Castro, 
(iuien  roba  liiista  liaoiT  viojo— Viilloji). 
Quicu  la  udiiatia  ha  ilcstru^iadu— Alvurado. 
I  para  vivir  wisefcadcja 
Dcliuli  ill'  Kor  fusilados 
Alvaradii,  lAistro,  y  \'all('jo3. 

^^  Jan.  fi,  1 837.  Vallejo  sends  .">()  cans  of  powder  to  Monterey.  Va'li  jo,  Doc, 
MS  ,  iv.  o'J.  Jan.  7th,  V.  to  com.  of  San  Francisco,  on  recruiting  yonngnieu 
I'lr  t!iu  prt'sidial  companies,  in  Vulhjo,  (Jrdi  m -i  de  la  ('oinaiidnnriii,  Hen.,  a  col- 
Ici'tiuii  of  printed  orders  of  18.'J7-!),  on  paper  of  unifoiia  .'^izo,  hound  ia  a  vol- 
ume, ))ut  not  paged;  one  of  the  earliest  books  iirintcd  iu  (,'alifornia.  .Similar 
oi'dc'is  were  sent  to  all  comandantea.  In  his  Jll^t.  t'al.,  !M.S.,  iii.  '21-.'l-.",  \'a- 
licjo  says  that  about  (50  young  men  came  to  Sonoma,  and  were  drilled  by  laeut 
^dfdii  IVrnandez,  while  .Salvador  Vallejo  was  pent  to  lloss  for  arms  and  cloth- 
ill;.'.  J;in.  bJtli,  V.  to  Alvarado.  .3  cninpanies  of  80  men  eachorganixed  at  S. 
1\  mill  Alvarado,  and  one  of  30  at  .Souoina.  All  enthusiastic  in  'the  cause.' 
\alliJo,  J)o''.,  MS.,  iv.  .").').  Jan.  'JOth,  s-a;ac  to  same,  on  av.vihdile  furces  uu- 
<Ur  captains  J.  J.  Vallejo  at  S.  Josc\  Franciyeo  Sanclie.-;  at  S.  Franeiseo,  mid 
N.'iv.  Vallcjo  at  Sonoma.  Id.,  iv.  [>'.  .Tan.  'Jlth,  V.  to  alcalde  of  S.  .Josj, 
^'u.'m^  fur  30  men,  to  recruit  whom  Alf.  PraUo  Mcsaia  sent.    Vallcjo,  UnUncs. 


I 

1 1 


:i 


612 


ALVARADO'S  RULE— TROUBLES  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


1 1  :i 


'  ii 


tion;  namely,  the  conduct  of  Bcchcr,  supercargo  of 
the  Mexican  vessels  Catalina  and  Leonor,  which  was 
thought  to  be  sufficiently  suspicious  to  justify  a  seiz- 
ure of  his  property  and  credits  at  San  Francisco,  to 
the  amount  of  $1 1,000.  It  was  believed  that  tlu;  gov- 
ernment might  justly  use  this  property  for  its  defoii'^c, 
should  it  prove  that  Becher  had  promoted  ho.stilf 
acts.^' 

At  the  end  of  January  Vallejo  put  his  brother  Sil- 
vador  in  command  at  Sonoma,  and  early  in  Febniaiv 
marched  with  fifty  men  to  Monterey."^  His  avowc;! 
purpose  was  to  watch  the  progress  of  affairs  in  tlic 
south,  and  to  protect  the  government  from  certain 
persons  whose  conduct  had  given  rise  to  suspicions  of 
active  infidelity,  especially  at  San  Juan.  It  wastliir- 
ing  this  visit  that  he  wrote  to  Alvarado  to  liavo(|iia!- 
ters  prepared  for  one  hundred  men  whom  lie  had 
ready  to  send  d(jwn  by  sea.  I  do  not  suppose  ho  liail 
any  real  intention  of  going  to  the  south,  but  it  wa.s 
thouglit  the  statement,  supported  by  the  known  de- 
parture from  Sonoma,  would  help  Alvarado.*^"  The 
nature  of  the  plots  at  San  Juan  is  not  very  clearly  re- 
vealed; but  before  Vallejo's  arrival  a  number  of  ;'ou- 
victs  had  been  disarmed  l)y  William  II.  Garner,  (^niii- 
tin  Ortega,  and  Mariano  Castro;  and  arms  had  also 
been  seized  at  various  ranchos.     Vallejo  cauiod  llie 


1        / 


v\\  I  1 


6' Jan.  12i:h,  20th,  V.  t.)  Alvarado,  in  Vcdkjo,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  ',0-7.  Maivli 
ITth,  A.  to  v.  Fciira  nmcli  from  Beulier's  hostility,  .since  he  has  tliscovi  tj  1 
our  pLuis  to  1  my  two  vessels  with  which  to  operate  a s^aiust  the  cent ralists. 
]Ic  pretciiils  to  clear  for  (,'allao,  but  it  is  feareil  ho  will  touch  at  a  Mc.\io;iii 
port  with  Iiad  reports.  Castro  will  watch  him  at  S.  Uicgo.  /(/.,  iv. 'JUi.  Oct. 
'27th,  Richarilson,  Beehcr's  ageut,  lias  received  order  to  cancel  attacliimnt  of 

g;,j,ooo.  /(/.,  iv.  :ui. 

^'Jan.  30th,  instr.  to  Capt.  Salvador  Vallejo.  Should  any  Mcx.  force  apiicar, 
ho  was  to  a.s3ure  the  foe  that  the  northern  Californians  would  maiiitaiu  thcii' 
ri;dit3  if  they  had  to  destroy  all  the  property  they  possessed.  Vnllrjo,  Dw:, 
ilS. ,  iv.  17.  On  .Jan.  '24th,  the  general  had  announced  his  purpose  to  gu  lo 
Monterey.    /(/.,  iv.  'i9. 

""l-'eh.  21st,  V.  to  A.,  in  Ta/A'/o,  7)oc.,  MS.,  iv.  GO;  S.  Di'-jo,  An-Ii.,  M^., 
170.  Fel).  '20';h,  the  ixen.  had  addressed  ihe  gov.  on  the  importiuicc  of  it.- 
crgani:cing  the  presidial  companies.  Vallcju,  Onlciie-i.  (ilad  to  hear  if  hiil- 
ce.a,  hut  warns  A.  to  heware  of  Los  Angeles.  VaUcjo,  Doe.,  MS.,  iv.  ()■>. 
I'el).  '2.")tli,  urges  the  necessity  of  looking  out  for  the  northern  towns  aid 
much  greater  importance  than  those  of  the  south.   Id.,  iv.  7u. 


VALLEJO'S  MOVEMENTS. 


613 


;n()\vn  <lo- 


airost  of  Rafael  Gonzalez,  Francisco  Pacheco,  and 
Jujiii  Quintero,  the  first  of  whom  and  eight  convicts 
wne  sent  to  Sononia."'  At  Monterey  there  were 
found  some  symptoms  of  approaching  trouble,  foment- 
ed by  Angel  Ramirez,  Captain  Figueroa,  antl  other 
]\Iex.icans,  who  circulated  rumors  of  intended  perse- 
cution and  exile  of  their  countrymen.  A  proclama- 
tion of  the  general  seenjs  to  have  quieted  the  popular 
excitement.  "We  do  not  confound  the  vices  ofo-ov- 
crnnients  with  those  of  individuals,"  writes  Vallcjo. 
"We  repel  the  aggressions  of  the  one  and  punish  the 
faults  of  the  others.  Virtue,  honesty,  and  good  b.o- 
liavior  will  be  respected  in  all.  Live  in  peace  and 
union,  and  I  will  protect  j^our  lives  and  property."" 

The  general  was  back  at  Sonoma  by  the  middle  of 
^larch ;  but  late  in  that  month  was  roused  to  renewed 
activity  by  the  report  of  an  impending  attack  from 
Sonora.  He  issued  orders  for  all  troops  to  concen- 
trate at  Monterey;  while  with  fifty  men  he  hastened 
to  Santa  Clara.  The  report,  as  wo  have  seen,  proved 
without  foundation."'^  Another  affair  which  created 
some  local  excitement  was  the  arrtst  of  Lieutenant 
Antonio  M.  Pico,  who  had  been  sent  bv  the  ijovernor 
to  negotiate  a  loan  at  Ross,  but  who  on  the  way  was 
accused   of  attempting    to   incite   revolt  among  the 


""Feb.  14th,  Garnor  to  com.  of  Monterey.  Vallrjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxii.  7'2. 
Fell.  lOtii,  Yallejo  to  J).  A.  lioilrigncz.  Jd.,  iv.  Gl.  Feb.  21st,  .same  to  Al- 
var:i(lo.  Id.,  iv.  00.  Feb.  27th,  Mota,  one  of  the  prisoners,  offered  to  re- 
VL'nl  tlic  names  of  the  leaders  if  set  free.    /(/.,  iv.  80. 

'■'  I  'dllrjo,  Prodama  tli  I  Conminlaidc  Geii . ,  J.'/,  dc  Feb.  1S37.  Original  print, 
1  liaf,  \\\  Eurlkst  Pr'uitinij;  Vallcjo,  l'>oc.,  M.S.,  iv.  40;  xxxii.  7");  ami  with 
Frc'iK'h  translation,  in  Pef it- 17iOiiars,  Voi/aijc,  iv.  22-3.  in  his  JlUt.  CV(/.,M.S., 
iii.  'JiiJ-S,  Vallcjo  claims,  however,  to  have  arrested  Angel  Kamirez,  who  tried 
ti)  biilie  his  Indiana  to  seize  tlie  general.  Ho  was  released  after  2  days. 
Mail  li  0th,  Alvando  thanks  the  gen.  for  his  activity.  Valhjo,  Dor.,  MS., 
iv.  -JUS.  March  Otli,  A.  says  his  g(jvt  owes  only  8.'),()00,  of  wliich  half  will 
li;t  [laid  from  the  J]oliv(ir's  duties.  Jd.,  iv.  212.  March  14tli,  Santiago  Estrada 
I'lit  ill  connnand  of  Monterey.  Jd.,  iv.  81.  March  ISth,  no  person  unh^ss 
Well  known  to  cuter  S.  Francisco  without  a  passport  from  the  gov.  Id.,  iv. 
81. 

'■■  March  27,  1837,  orders  to  different  officers,  f'apts.T.  J.  Vallejo,  Francisco 
Saiulicz,  Salvio  Pacheco,  and  J.  M.  Alvisi).  Miood  I'aliforniuns  must  rush  to 
tlieilttV'nco  of  their  country,  threatened  witli  invasion.'  ^Vlsu  letter  to. VI  vaia<lo. 
I'lll'i'i,  lhn\,  MS.,  iv.  SJ-i).  April  4i:h,  20th,  false  alarm,  forces  may  retire. 
/■/.,  IV.  ;)2-3,2;J4. 

nisr.  Cal.,  Vol.  III.    33 


ill! 


514 


ALV.VRADO'S  RULE— TROUBLES  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


I 


it 


W^f 


militia  at  San  Josd  and  San  Francisco,  perhaps  at  tho 
instigation  of  the  southern  Picos.  He  was  sent  to 
Sonoma,  much  to  the  displeasure  of  the  alcalde  of  Siiu 
Josd,  who  deemed  his  authority  interfered  with.*'^  Fi- 
nally, Alvarado  arrived  from  the  south  at  the  capital 
on  October  30th,  but  was  obliged  to  announce,  in  the 
(same  letter  that  made  known  his  arrival,  the  occur- 
rence of  new  troubles  at  Los  Angeles  which  had 
caused  Castro  with  sixty  men  to  be  sent  back  in  haste, 
and  which  necessitated  an  interview  with  the  gcnoial 
at  the  earliest  moment. 

«•  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  95,  221,  SJT.l;  Alvarado,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  MS- 
7.  A.  says  he  cacapetl  by  breaking  his  parole.  The  arrest  was  on  April  'Jlst 
or  22d.  April  24th,  Vallejo  writes  to  deny  some  rumors  that  ho  is  hostile  to 
tho  presentgovt.  May  IGth,  complains  that  his  letters  are  not  answered.  IV,- 
Uijo,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  233,  98.  A.,  writing  from  S.  Antonio  on  his  way  uoitli, 
wrote  very  bitterly  of  the  disgraceful  acts  of  the  citizens  of  San  Jose,  wlio 
were  said  to  have  threatened  to  overthrow  him  because  he  was  a  relative  df 
Vallejo.  'Perhaps  they  don't  know  that  I  have  just  conquered  hundtcd.-i  of 
brave  citizens  who  opposed  me.'  Ho  speaks  also  vaguely  of  some  prist Jiiors 
coming  by  sea  from  ;Le  south,  whom  it  would  be  necessary  to  shoot  at  Mon- 
terey.  Id.,  iv.  235. 


mt\ 


III, 


CHAPTER  XVIir. 


SAN"  DIEGO  PLAN— ALVARADO  AND  CARRILLO. 

1837. 

Baxdini's  Movements— Plots  on  the  Frontier— Zamorano,  Portilla, 
AND  Estrada — Plan  of  May — Seizdre  of  Los  Angeles — Don  Jcan 
AT  San  Diego — The  Army  at  Angeles  and  San  Fernando— Castille- 
iio's  Commission — Oath  of  Centralism  in  the  South — Alvarado  at 
Monterey  and  Santa  Clara — Humors  from  Mexico — Ramirez  Re- 
volt— Monterey  Taken  and  Retaken — Alvarado  Returns  to  thk 
South — Treaty  with  Castillero — Alvarado  Swears  to  tuk  Con- 
stitutional Laws — His  Motives — Diputacion  at  Santa  Barbara — 
Castillero  Sent  to  Mexico — The  '  California '—Vallejo  Refuses 
to  Accept  Centralism — CArlos  Carrillo's  Appointment — Alvarado's 
Position — Carrillo  Assumes  Office  at  Angeles— San  Diego  Obedi- 
ent— Not  so  Sta  Barbara — Letters  of  Vallejo  and  AxvARwioo. 


Juan  Bandini  had  followed  the  advice  of  Oslo  to 
"go  home  and  keep  quiet,"  so  far  at  least  that  the 
records  are  silent  about  him  from  December  1836  to 
May  1837.  During  this  period  he  lived  on  his  fron- 
tier rancho,  and  spent  all  the  time  which  troublesome 
Indians  left  at  his  disposal  in  plotting  against  Alva- 
rado's government,  or  rather  in  devising  schemes  by 
virtue  of  which,  when  Mexican  supremacy  should  bo 
fully  restored,  his  own  agency  in  bringing  about  that 
result  might  be  so  apparent  as  to  obtain  proper  recog- 
nition and  reward.  He  had  an  understanding  with 
Captain  Portilla  and  other  prominent  men  at  San 
Diego;  while  across  the  line,  in  full  sympatliy  with 
Bon  Juan,  was  Captain  Zamorano,  who  after  his  vol- 
untary exile  at  th^  fall  of  Gutierrez,  had  found  his 
way  back  to  La  Jb'rontera.     Zamorano,  like  Bandini 

(515) 


'M 


5:o 


SAN  D.E   0  PLAX-ALVARADO  AND  CARRILLO. 


and  Portilla,  was  very  quiet  and  careful  in  his  movo- 
nients;  but  Captain  Nicanor  Estrada,  who  had  hwn 
exiled  with  Gutierrez  but  had  also  returned  fiom  C;i])e 
San  Li'icas,  was  more  aetive  in  enlisting  men,  pre|):ir- 
in''  arms,  and  arousing  enthusiasm  for  the  cause,  hrAuiy 
assisted  by  a  party  of  refugees  from  the  north,  who 
had  fled  from  Los  Angeles  at  Alvarado's  approaeli  in 
January.  Not  much  is  known  in  detail  of  the  prep- 
arations; but  tifty  or  seventy-five  men  were  enlistiMl, 
including,  I  suppose,  remnants  of  the  old  compaiiia  do 
fronteras,  and  were  armed  as  well  as  circumstances 
would  permit.  Indian  hostilities,  to  be  mentioned 
later,  interfered  somewhat  with  the  progress  of  these 
patriotic  efforts.^  Osio  and  Pico  were  secret  supporters 
of  this  movement,  and  their  plan  already  noticed  was 
doubtless  a  part  of  it,  those  gentlemen  having  ciianged 
their  mind  about  the  policy  of  being  "devoured  l>y 
wild  beasts"  rather  than  obey  a  Mexican  mandarin. 
Strangely,  in  their  narratives  they  say  little  or  noth- 
ing of  events  in  these  months,  though  the  former  has 
described  so  minutely  the  preceding  occurrences. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  late  in  April,  San  Diogo 
had  approved  the  new  system  as  expressed  in  tlio 
Santa  Barbara  plan  of  April  11th,  though  postponing 
on  a  frivolous  pretext  the  formal  swearing  of  allegiance. 
If  the  ayuntamionto  took  any  action  later  on  reccii)t 
of  Alvarado's  explanation,  it  is  not   recorded.     On 

*Tlicso  preparations  aro  briefly  related,  and  subsequent  events  more  fully, 
in  Bamliui,  Hid.  Cal.,  MS.,  80-07.  The  author  regards  the  treaty  of  J.ui. 
iJlitli  at  Log  Angeles  as  merely  a  trick  of  Alvarado  to  disarm  the  soutli,  jiml 
the  action  of  the  dip.  at  Sta  Baibara  on  April  11th  as  a  flagrant  vioUitimi  uf 
that  treaty.  The  subsequent  'persecution'  of  S.  Diego  by  Alvarado  in  scml- 
lug  Castro  to  take  away  the  cannon,  and  in  arresting  members  of  the  ayiint., 
rendered  the  Dicjuinos  desperate.  They  went  to  the  frontier,  and  in  a  IVw 
days  raised  70  men,  but  had  to  suspend  operations  for  a  time  to  light  Indians. 
The  same  version  in  much  more  gr.andiloquent  language  is  given  in  Jiniid'ui, 
Siicesos  del  Sur,  Mayo  y  A(]osfo,  1837,  MS.,  a  report  to  the  minister  of  luicim- 
da,  dated  Aug.  4th,  in  which,  of  course  after  a  new  tirade  against  Ai.-il 
E  imirez,  Don  Juan  tells  how  'S.  Diego  never  faltered  in  her  heroic  devoti"ii 
to  Mexico,'  and  how,  'resolved  to  sacrifice  our  existence  in  favor  of  the  na- 
tional government,  we  planned  for  victory  or  an  honor.ablc  death.'  He  d  m  s 
not  name  Zamorano.  Jansscns,  Vida,  JIS.,  90-121,  was  one  of  the  refugti'S 
from  Angeles,  and,  if  wc  may  credit  his  story,  which  there  is  no  one  to  cuu 
tradict,  took  a  very  prominent  part  in  all  this  campaign. 


!>!•  > 


JUAX  BAXDIXI'S  PROJECT. 


il7 


^fay  21st,  Bandiiii  and  his  associates,  witli  a  part  of 
1  heir  armed  force,  came  to  San  Diego  and  openly  pro- 
claimed their  purposes.  Zamorano,  styling  himself 
('(iiiiandante  general  and  governor  ad  interim,  addressed 
till'  uyuntamiento,  enclosing  the  plan  which  the  sol- 
diers and  citizens  had  already  approved,  and  asked  that 
body  to  cooperate  for  the  'national  decorum,'  which 
of  course  it  did  at  once.  Bandini  and  S.  E.  Arffiiello 
were  named  as  comisionados  to  present  the  plan  at 
Aii'jfcles,  carrving  also  a  letter  from  Zamorano,  similar 
to  that  already  mentioned."  The  plan  cf  this  ])ro- 
ii(»uiiceinent  contained,  as  a  matter  of  course,  since 
]>aiidini  was  concerned  in  its  production,  more  words 
and  more  articles  than  any  that  had  preceded  it.  I 
ap[)end  some  particulars  in  a  notef  but  the  general 

-May  21,  18.37,  Zamorano  to  ayunt.  S.  Diego,  Arch.,  MS.,  178;  Dept.  St. 
I'll  IK,  Anf/eles,  MS.,  xi.  83-.5.  Tlicro  is  no  formal  record  of  the  session  at  S. 
I)i('j(o.  Janssenssays  that  ho  and  J.  M.  Alvarado  were  also  members  of  the 
ciiMiiiiission.  Zamorano  must  have  assumed  tlie  command  l>y  consent  of  I'or- 
till:i,  who  was  liis  senior. 

■^  I'lan  lie  San  Dieijo  que  proclamaroii  Zamorano,  Banditii,  y  otros  en  21  da 
Mil  III)  1S37,  Ms.  Art.  1.  Alta  California  is  restored  to  order  and  obedience 
1(1  the  sup.  gcvtunderthe  system  adopted  by  decreeof  Oi^t.  '211,  IS.Io.  2.  The 
civil  and  military  command  is  to  l)e  vested  in  the  ofiiccr  of  senior  rank  as  per 
superior  order  of  Jan.  21,  IS.'l.").  3.  Tlic  dip.  having  taken  ai\  active  part  in 
the  revolution  of  the  north,  its  authority  is  ignored  until  th-";  campaign  bo 
dvir,  order  restored,  and  new  elections  lield.  4.  All  acts  of  the  dip.  since 
Xuv.  7,  1S3G,  ileclared  null  and  void.  Such  of  its  resolutions  as  have  jiroved 
h'iiflicial  may  be  sanctioned  by  the  new  dip.  later.  5.  The  person  allu'kd 
tu  ill  art.  2  will  take  the  oath  before  the  ayunt.  of  Los  Angeles,  uapitil  of 
tlir  territory.  C.  Volunteer  forces  supporting  the  sup.  govt  avr  to  be  flis- 
liauiled  by  the  comandante  when  peace  i^  restored.  7.  Tiic  gefu  will  rccom- 
iiniul  to  the  sup.  govt  as  highly  meritorious  the  services  of  soldiers  and  yol- 
imticrs  who  may  aid  in  re-organizing  the  territory.  8.  The  leaders  of  the  reb- 
els (if  Nov.  7th,  and  oificcrs  commissioned  by  the  sup.  govt,  who  may  present 
tlicinsclves.  acknowledging  their  error,  and  asking  clemency,  will  be  favorably 
ricdmmcnded  to  the  sup.  govt,  to  whicli  authority  those  not  doing  so  will  be 
givi  u  up  for  judgment.  !).  Troops  from  sergeant  down,  on  presenting  tliem- 
isolves,  will  be  re-admitted  to  the  service,  the  act  being  credited  to  tlieni  a;>  a 
merit.  10.  All  the  forces  organized  as  civic  militia  l)y  the  northern  rel  els 
Kit'  hereby  dissolved.  11.  Persons  of  the  latter  class,  on  presenting  them- 
selves, may  retire  to  their  homes,  or  serve  as  vohintecrs  for  the  sup.  govt. 
VI.  Loans  made  in  favor  of  tlic  just  cause  will  be  reimbursed  from  the  pid)- 
lie  treasury.  13.  The  new  dip.  is  to  make  a  respectful  representation  tlirough 
the  gefe  politico  to  the  sup.  govt  of  the  strong  desire  of  tl-e  people  of  Cal.  for 
a  separation  of  the  civil  and  military  commands.  14.  Uiiill  the  new  dip.  is 
installed,  there  is  to  be  a  junta  of  Ti  members  appointed  ]iy  tlie  gefe  as  coiin- 
fielliiis  in  cases  of  difficulty.  15.  This  junta  will  be  presided  over  by  one  of 
its  members,  the  p res.  being  changed  each  month.  10.  The  junta's  duties: 
tn  resolve  doubts  )i  the  gcfc;  to  have  charge  of  the  public  funds;  and  to 
appumt  a  treasurer.     17.   The  treasurer  to  be  paid  a  salary  fixed  by  the  gefe. 


ti 


1 ; 


+.  ill 


lis 


1  ii 


618 


SAX  DIEGO  PLAN-ALVARADO  AND  CARRILLO. 


J  ,1 


It 


purport,  as  in  the  plan  of  Osio  and  Pico,  was  to  undo 
all  that  had  been  done  since  Noveinher  5th  of  the  jKist 
3'ear,  to  recognize  the  full  authority  of  Mexico  under 
any  system,  to  rule  the  country  under  southern  and 
'loyal'  auspices  until  the  national  authority  should  l)o 
fully  restored,  and  to  treat  the  rank  and  file  of  those 
who  had  favored  the  Monterey  rebellion  as  'crriiiLj 
brethren'  worthy  of  pity  and  forgiveness.  The  coiiii- 
sionados  on  arrival  at  Los  Angeles  seem  to  liavo 
acted  secretly  for  a  day  or  two,  making  known  tlk  ir 
mission  only  to  a  few  trusted  partisans  like  Ibarra, 
licquena,  and  Botello.  It  will  be  rem'embered  that 
half  the  ayuntamiento  had  ratified  the  Santa  Barbara 
plan  more  from  fear  of  arrest  and  exile  to  Sonoma 
than  from  any  other  motive,  and  the  fear  was  still  enter- 
tained.* It  was  therefore  deemed  necessary  to  secure 
the  garrison  and  guns  before  appealing  to  the  people. 
It  was  probably  on  the  evening  of  May  26th  that 
the  seizure  was  effected  by  Bandini  and  his  associatts 
without  resistance,  and  by  an  understanding  with  the 
comandante  of  the  guard.  The  sentinel  was  surprised 
and  disarmed.  A  few  soldiers  of  the  civic  militia 
were  disturbed  in  a  game  of  cards  to  surrender  tlie 
post  and  arms,  including  the  gun  brought  by  Castro 
from  San  Diego,  wdiile  Captain  SepUlveda  at  his  own 
house  was  brought  to  terms  without  any  suspension 
of  harmonious  relations  by  his  guest  Pio  Pico.^   Next 

18.  All  insults,  etc.,  to  the  pronunciados  of  Nov.  7th  arc  to  be  severely  inui- 
isheJ.  ]9.  A  copy  of  this  plan  to  be  sent  to  other  ayunt.  for  adoption.  Ll!i, 
This  plan  to  be  sent  immediately  by  extra  mail  to  the  Mexican  govcrnuioiit. 

*  Jansscns  narrates  at  some  length  that,  on  account  of  this  fear  of  arrcjt, 
the  connsionados  arrested  Capt.  Andrds  Pico  at  S.  Luis  Rey  on  the  w.ay  north, 
and  compelled  him  to  make  the  most  solemn  pledges  to  keep  quiet  and  not  in- 
terfere. 

*  Bandini  says  he  executed  this  movement  with  8  companions  at  7  r-  ^i-, 
not  giving  the  date.  Janssens  implies  that  it  was  done  on  the  nightof  ani\  al 
by  the 4  comisionados,  including  himself,  aided  by  4  others,  including  Huiria 
and  the  Frenchman  Baric.  Ho  gives  many  details,  makes  Bandini  a  grc  at 
strategist  and  hero,  and  implies  that  the  inhabitants  were  made  to  believe  ior 
a  day  that  Bandini  had  a  strong  garrison  in.  possession,  with  a  largo  militai  y 
force  approaching.  Janssens  was  sent  in  a  day  or  two  to  enlist  Charlcfoux 
and  his  '23  riflemen  in  the  cause,  which  he  did  successfully.  Botello,  ^1  ««'<-, 
ilS.,  37-40,  who  was  at  the  tune  sec.  of  the  ayunt.,  thinks  there  had  bion 
some  discussion  in  that  body  before  the  capture,  which  was  effected  by  12  or 


BANDINI  TRIUMPHANT. 


511) 


(lav  the  ayuntamicnto  met  to  listen  to  Banclini'8  olo- 
qiK'iiceand  take  his  plan  into  consideration.  Alcalde 
Sepulveda  took  part  in  the  debate  and  mildly  opposed 
th>^  San  Diego  plan,  but  the  majority  approved  it; 
and  while  no  formal  vote  of  approval  appears  on  the 
records,  it  was  decided  that  the  document  should  bo 
|iul>lished  next  day,  together  with  a  second  address 
nml  by  Bandini.  Another  session  was  held  on  the 
30tli  to  devise  means  to  prevent  conflict  and  blood- 
slicd,  and  to  this  end  three  comisionados  were  ap- 
pointed to  treat  with  Alvarado." 

IJandini  remained  at  Los  Angeles  only  a  few  days, 
"maintaining  his  position  with  great  difficulty,  but  re- 
solved to  die  rather  than  yield."  Then  in  consequence 
of  .ilarming  reports  of  Indian  hostilities,  the  ayunta- 
micnto in  a  secret  session  of  May  31st  voted  at  Ban- 
dini's  request  to  suspend  all  politico-military  move- 
ments and  negotiations,  in  order  to  send  a  force  to 
the  southern  frontier  in  obedience  to  the  call  of  the 
'governor  and  general,'  Zamorano,  Botello,  a  prom- 
inent southerner  wdio  accompanied  the  force,  says  that 
the  movement  was  hastened  by  reports  of  Castro's 
ap[)roach  from  the  north,  but  this  may  be  an  error. 
Bandini  and  his  men  carried  with  them  the  captured 
guns  and  entered  San  Diego  in  triumph.  It  was  a 
proud  da}''  in  the  life  of  Don  Juan  when  the  Diegui- 
uos  came  out  in  procession  to  welcome  with  shouts 
the  return  of  their  conquering  hero.     Indian  troubles 

1.5  iiion,  including  himself,  Capt.  Santiago  Johnson,  Pablo  and  Emilio  Vrjar, 
r.ctiiiir  ill  collusion  with  Alf.  Paloinarcs,  who  commanded  the  guard.  Tho 
BciiUiicl  was  a  boy  named  Lara.  There  were  later  rumors  of  a  plot  by  Sepiil- 
voda  to  recapture  the  guns  and  barracks. 

"^May  27th,  30th,  session  of  ayunt.,  in  //O.f  Anrjeirs,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  302-14. 
Of  Don  Juan's  address  I  have  only  a  fragment  of  tho  original  blotter.  IJainlini, 
Dii'-iiri^r)  ante  el  ayunt.  cle  Awjeles  cl  27  dc  Mayo,  1S37,  MS.,  in  which  I  find 
iiotliiiig  worthy  of  notice,  his  views  being  already  well  known  to  tho  reader. 
Tlio  comisionados  named  were  Antonio  M.  Lugo,  Andrews  Pico,  and  Ana.stasio 
Canillo.  The  instructions  given  for  their  guidance — Indmrrlones  d  i/itc  ili-.be 
fvjiturKC  la  comision  vomhradapor  eatc  ayuntamicnto  de  Los  A  narlcK,  30  dc  Mayo, 
1S.:7,  MS. — required  them  in  10  articles  to  submit  the  plan  to  Alvarado, 
and  if  it  were  rejected  all  hostilities  must  bo  suspended  and  all  armed  bodies 
r.mst  remain  where  they  were  until  an  arrangement  could  be  effected  to  last 
until  the  Mexican  troops  should  come,  when  the  chief  of  the  latter  would 
act  according  to  hia  orders. 


li: 


520 


SAN  DIEGO  PLAN-ALVARADO  AND  CARllILLO. 


were  of  sliort  duration.  Tho  enthusiasm  ^vas  ^^nut, 
and  volunteers  freely  offered  their  services.  Cliailc- 
foux  and  his  New  Mexican  hunters  had  beeti  indiici  d 
by  Janssens  to  join  the  force,  and  in  a  few  days  tlit; 
'army  of  tho  supreme  government,'  perhaps  one  liin- 
dred  and  twenty-five  strong,  was  ready  for  an  ad- 
vance,' and  began  its  march  northward  the  10th  ot' 
June. 

Captain  Portilla  was  in  active  command  of  the 
expedition,  though  the  self-siyled  governor  and  Gen- 
eral, Zamorano,  with  Nicanor  Estrada,  Bandini,  jukI 
Arguello,  seems  to  have  accompanied  the  force.  Tluv 
entered  Los  Angeles  June  IGth,  in  time,  as  Bandini 
says,  to  witness  "  the  shameful  dispersion  of  Cas- 
tro's force,"  and  the  flight  of  the  leader  in  such  haste 
as  to  leave  behind  some  of  his  wearing  appan  1. 
Janssens  goes  still  further,  and  states  that  the  ad- 
vance guard  of  the  foe  was  met  at  tho  Santa  Aui\ 
ranclio,  but  threw  down  their  arms  and  fled  in  disorder 
on  seeing  tho  southerners  prepare  for  a  charge,  not 
stopping  until  they  reached  San  Fernando.^  Castro 
was  certainly  at  Los  Angeles  on  the  12th,  when  liis 
presence,  and  the  absence  of  the  opposition  mendjors 
at  an  extra  session,  enabled  the  versatile  ayunta- 
miento  to  turn  another  political  somersault,  "rectify- 
ing their  vote  in  defense  of  the  state  government,  and 
ignorinsx  the  acts  of  Ibarra  and  his  followers,  wlii(  li 
had    disturbed    the   public    order."''     He    doubtless 

'May  31st,  ajrunt.  sess,  at  Angeles,  and  vote  to  send  a  force  south.  /.' t 
Aivjele!>,  Arch.,  iv.  31G-18.  Bandini  says  the  reports  of  Castro's  coming  iliil 
not  arrive  until  ho  left  Angeles;  and  tliis  is  coufirined  by  Janssens,  who 
claims  to  have  been  left  behind  at  Loa  Angeles  as  a  spy,  staying  at  the  iioiiso 
of  Ignacio  Coronel.  On  the  first  news  of  Castro's  approach  ho  was  sent  suKtli 
by  Pio  Pico  in  great  haste  to  warn  the  S.  Diego  leaders.  May  30th  Zaiiioia- 
no  -wi'ites  to  alcalde  of  S.  Diego  about  the  Indian  wars.  S.  Diego,  Arch.,  MS., 
177. 

*  Bandini  says  Castro  had  80  or  90  men  at  Angeles,  while  the  others  mini- 
bercd  90.  Janssens  calls  the  southern  force  125,  and  Botello,  250.  The 
latter  speaks  of  Rocha  coming  to  meet  tlienx  at  Paso  de  Bartolo  with  a  1(  w 
men,  at  first  supposed  to  be  foes.  This  was  perhaps  the  foundation  of  Jaus- 
scns's  story.  Botello  tells  us  also  that  a  few  of  Castro's  stragglers  weie 
captured. 

•June  12th.  Loa  Angeles,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  315. 


CASTILLERO'S  COMMISSION. 


n  tiled  to  San  Fornaiulo,  and  later  to  Santa  Barbaia, 
littt  as  to  tlio  manner  of  IiIh  di'j)arturo  it  in  best  not  to 
atlacli  much  iniportance  to  the  unsupported  .stato- 
iiiciits  of  his  enemies. 

Meanwhile,  Captain  And)\'s  Castillero  arrived  at 
San  J)ie<^o,  l)rin<jfin<^  the  constitutional  laws  of  ]J(!ceni- 
lier  20,  183G,  which  replaced  the  federal  constitution 
of  1824;  and  the  oath  of  alloijfiancc  to  the  new  system 
was  taken  with  ^reat  enthusiasm  by  the  assembled 
avuntamiento  and  vecindario  on  June  12th.  After 
tlie  ceremony  Castillero  hastened  away,  and  joined 
the  army  at  San  Luis  Rey  the  same  night,  when  he 
icpresenteCi  himself  as  a  comisionado  of  the  supreme 
government.*"  Having  arrived  with  the  army  at  Los 
Angeles,  he  proceeded  hy  virtue  of  his  commission  to 
siuumon  the  avuntamiento,  which  body,  together  with 
all  officials,  soldiers,  and  citizens,  took  the  oath  of  alle- 
giance to  the  constitutional  laws  on  June  18th,  with 
nil  due  religious  rites  and  social  festivities."  On  or 
about  the  21st,  Portilla's  forces  moved  forward  and 
occupied  San  Fernando,  whence  Castro  had  retired  to 
Santa  Barbara.'^ 


!■  n 


i^  ill 


'"June  12th,  session  of  ayunt.  •S'.  Diofjo,  Arrh.,  MS.,  179.  ItisnoticeaMo 
that  (.'astillero'a  name  is  not  mcutioneil,  and  AliiiMc  Kstuilillo  speaks  of  tlio 
laws  as  having  been  received  t-xtrajinliclalmeiile.  It  was  only  after  sonic  ilis- 
ciissiiin  that  it  was  deemed  proper  to  take  the  outh.  This  circumstance,  not 
mentioned  by  Bandinl  and  liotcllo,  gives  somo  plausibility  to  tlio  charges  of 
tliijsi!  writers  that  Castillero's  commission  was  a  mere  pretence  invented  to 
serve  liis  own  ends  between  S.  Diego  and  S.  Luis.  liandini  goes  so  far  as  to 
intimate  that  Castillero's  instructions,  whiclihesaw,  were  a  forgery,  suspected 
by  him  to  be  such  at  the  time.  It  is  not  very  jirobablc  that  Castillero  would 
h;ive  L;one  so  far  in  his  deception  as  to  forge  papers,  though  under  the  circum- 
staiiccs  he  is  likely  enough  to  have  resorted  to  much  verbal  deception  and 
exiijrgeration.  Ah'arado,  in  a  letter  of  Sept.  l.st,  stated  that  Castillero  Mas 
not,  as  he  claimed  to  bo,  a  comisionado.  Vdlhjo,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  .SOC.  Tho 
captain,  it  will  be  remembered,  was  one  of  the  officers  who  surrendered  at 
Monterey  in  Nov.  1830.  Of  his  subsequent  movements  until  he  appeared  at 
8.  l»iego  in  June  1837  nothing  is  known.  He  may  have  gone  to  Mexio 
with  (intierrez,  and  have  been  sent  back  as  a  commissioner,  or  he  may  Iiavo 
resniiicd  his  command  as  captain  of  tlic  compafiia  do  frouteras,  his  speciid 
commission  to  have  the  central  system  sworn  to  being  sent  to  him  from 
Jlexico. 

"  Los  Anrjcles,  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  138-9;  iv.  310-21;  hi,  Aymt.  liec,  5.  The 
f(c''f  was  communicated  to  the  min.  of  war. 

'-'  Handini  speaks  of  dissatisfaction  with  Portilla's  acts,  in  consequence  of 
wjiicii  the  command  was  offei-ed  to  himself,  but  declined.  Why  Zamorano 
iHil  not  command  is  not  very  clear,  but  I  think  it  possible  that  ho  did  not 


1    M\ 


522 


SAN  DIEGO  PLAN— ALVARADO  AND  CARRILLO. 


ti?Ti'?i 

lin'  ::■'! 

||ifl:iil 

H   ;  'i       ; 

El  111 

nf; 


Alvarado  on  arriving  at  Monterey  May  30th  liad 
immediately  heard  of  the  new  troubles  in  the  soutli, 
including  Bandini's  seizure  of  the  Angeles  garrison, 
and  had  despatched  Castro  back  in  haste  with  sixtv 
men.  This  he  announced  to  Vallejo  in  a  letter  of 
June  1st,  and  a  few  days  later  he  sent  more  details 
about  the  plan  of  San  Diego  and  the  defensive  picp- 
arations  at  Santa  Bdrbara,  where  three  guns  had  bom 
mounted  at  the  Rincon  Pass,  and  whither  Castro  was 
already  hastening  with  aid.  Still  more  alarming  news, 
howcA'cr — for  Alvarado  had  no  doubt  of  his  ability 
to  control  the  south — was  that  contained  in  the  news- 
papers, to  the  effect  that  Mexico  was  organizing  a 
ibrce  to  be  sent  to  California,  a  report  that  doubtless 
accounted  for  the  actions  of  Bandini  and  his  associ- 
ates.^^ An  interview  between  the  governor  and  gen- 
eral was  held  at  Santa  Clara  about  the  middle  of 

leave  S.  Diego  at  all.  Juno  20th,  ayunt.  receives  request  irom  Portil!;i  for 
arms,  supplies,  etc.,  to  continno  his  inarch  and  enforce  the  new  constitiitii  n. 
An  appeal  was  accordingly  made  to  the  people.  Los  Angeles,  Arch.,  MS.,  i'.-. 
322.  iSanio  date.  Tortilla  addressed  as  com.  gen.  JJcpt.  St.  Pap.,  Aii',if'i.<, 
MS.,  ii.  102.  June  .SOth,  Portilla  at  S.  Fernando  as  comandantc  milit;u- 
interino,  asks  Ignacio  Coronel  to  take  command  at  S,  Gabriel,  raise  vohuitci  i  s, 
and  get  supplies  from  the  mission.  Coronel,  Dor.,  MS.,  1S7;  J)ep'.  St.  /'";'., 
Angele.i,  MS.,  ii.  103.  Same  date,  Portilla  complains  that  some  of  his  men  aic 
returning  homo  without  leave.  Id,,  ii.  10.5-0. 

'^  June  Ist,  Alvarado  to  Vallejo.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  242.  Juno  Otli, 
same  to  same,  from  Sta  Clara,  in  Jd.,  iv.  243,  says  that  Castro's  men  liiivc 
very  few  arms;  he  must  be  aided;  Salvador  Vallejo  wishes  to  go  south  witu 
a  company,  and  Villa  will  command  another;  tlio  general  urged  to  make 
haste.  JuneTtli,  V.'s  reply,  in  Id.,  iv.  102.  Wislics  Salvador  to  return,  that 
ho  may  come  down,  for  the  northern  frontier  must  not  bo  left  unprotccti  il. 
Prompt  steps  must  be  taken ;  Angeles  could  not  have  been  taken  witlmut 
collusion;  other  towns  will  perhaps  turn  against  their  benefactors  if  tlicic  ii 
any  hope  of  aid  from  Islexico,  hot  the  coming  of  such  a  forco  is  very  do.ilit- 
fill.  June  8th,  V.  orders  Alf.  Prado  Mesa  to  put  his  men  at  Sta  Clar;t  at  lliu 
governor's  disposal,  and  Capt.  Sanchez  at  S.  V.  to  liold  hims^cli  anil  fnixt,'  i:i 
readiness  for  action.  /</.,  iv.  240-7.  Juno  P.2th,  Alvai-ado,  at  .Sta  Clara,  1 1 
Castro,  in  answer  to  letters  of  Oth  and  8th.  Is  indignant  at  the  falsehooil  of 
S.  Diego  and  the  coAvardicc  of  those  who  yielded  at  Angeles.  Agrees  whU 
C.  that  vigorous  measures  aro  called  for;  tlio  Californians  must  bo  inailc  f:'<  ' 
whether  they  wish  it  or  not.  Capt.  Sepiilvcda  must  be  court-martialU  1. 
All  cnci"'es  of  the  sj's„em  may  bo  arrested  and  sent  north,  if  it  seems  Int. 
Arms  ai  •  ammunition  will  soon  arrive  from  Honolulu  by  the  CIctnentiiic.  Wiil 
eonio  to  Sta  B.  himself  as  soon  as  ho  can  see  Vallejo,  who  slumld  coiiu'  1 1- 
morrow.  /(/.,  xxxii.  89.  Vallejo,  Jlist.  C«?.,  MS.,  iii.  282-5,  descriluH  t lie 
interview  at  Sta  Claraas  having  been  on  Juno  13tli-18th;  and  says  tiint  lie 
promised  tho  gov.  his  liearty  support,  though  ho  objected  to  some  of  liis  ;:i  ts 
in  tho  F.outh,  and  deemed  tho  north  as  tlio  part  of  tho  country  needing  i  I'jst 
at  tentiun. 


REVOLT  AT  MONTEREY. 


523 


Jmip.  and  im.nediatoly  after,  the  former  sailed  from 
Monterey  for  Santa  Barbara,  where  he  arrived  in 
tiiiio  to  send  back  on  Juno  21st  the  news  of  what  had 
occurred  at  Los  Angeles,  now  in  the  power  of  the 
southern  forces.  Vallejo  was,  as  usual  on  receipt  of 
ail  iij)peal  for  aid,  busied  with  some  important  expedi- 
tions against  the  Indians,  but  on  the  25Mi  he  issued 
ord»  IS  to  different  subordinates  to  mass  their  troops 
at  Monterey  in  expectation  of  active  service.-* 

Bifore  retui liing  to  the  south,  it  is  as  well  to  re- 
cord an  important  political  event  whicli  occurred  early 
ill  July  at  Monterey,  namely,  a  counter-revolt  against 
Aharado's  authority  by  the  very  IVIexicans  who  had 
aided  to  put  him  in  power.  Angel  Ramirez  and 
Cosine  Pena  were  the  leaders.  They  had  expected 
to  control  the  governor's  policy  in  their  own  interests, 
and  had  failed.  Ramirez  had  lost  his  position  in  the 
custom-house  before  the  end  of  183G.  Pena  had  gone 
south  with  Alvarado  as  secretary,  but  had  soon  re- 
turned, being  succeeded  by  Victor  Prudon.  We  have 
seen  that  there  had  been  some  ill  feeling  on  the  part 
(tf  the  Californians  toward  the  Mexican  residents,  fo- 
iiientcd  perhaps  to  some  extent  by  foreigners,  and  that 
ValKjo  had  been  oldiged  to  make  some  arrests  earlier 
in  the  year,  issuing  a  proclamation  which  had  prom- 
ised protection  and  temporarily  allayed  discontent. 
Ramirez,  however,  continued  his  plottings;  and  the 
pivsciit  time,  in  view  of  the  news  from  the  south  and 
From  Mexcio,  was  regarded  as  a  favorable  opportunity 
for  active  operations.  Vallejo's  orders  to  mass  troops 
at  the  capital  had  not  apparently  been  promptly 
o1)eyed,  else  the  revolt  would  hardly  have  been  prac- 
tical o. 

The  active  leaders  at  Monterey  were  Captain  Fran- 
cisco' Figueroa,  Juan  N.  Ayala,  and  Sergeant  Santia- 

"luuc  2.")th,  v.  to  A.,  com.  of  Monterey,  Capt.  Sanchez,  Alcalde  Alvircz, 
an<l  C.ijit.  J,  J.  Vallcjo,  in  Vallejo,  iJoc,  MS.,  iv.  '2.jI,  2ol-0;  xxxii.  »1;  \'a- 
"'/o,  Ui4.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  289-91.  San  JostS  was  evidently  suspected  of  dia- 
atieutiMU,  and  was  to  be  watched. 


i: 


524 


SAX  DIEGO  PLAN— ALVARADO  AND  CARRILLO. 


\m 


go  Aguilar,  director  of  the  printing-office.  RauMio/, 
and  Surgeon  Alva  were  absent  from  the  town,  ex  n't- 
inof  their  influence  amonix  the  rancheros,  and  at  San 
Jose  and  San  Juan.  Cosine  Pcna  was  in  town,  Uit 
worked  secretly,  afterwards  pretending  that  lie  liad 
been  forced  into  a  passive  compliance  in  the  plit. 
Captain  Villavicencio  had  just  started  with  most  of 
his  men  to  join  Castro  in  the  south,  and  Jesus  Pico, 
left  in  command,  was  absent  from  his  post,  wlieii  at  5 
p.  M.  on  July  1st,  the  Mexicans,  perhaps  thirty  or 
forty  in  number,  under  Figueroa,  seized  the  fort  nml 
arms  without  resistance,  holding  possession  until  the 
od}^  Villavicencio  was  hastily  recalled;  Pico  raised 
a  few  men  in  the  interior;  Graham  volunteered  with 
a  part  of  his  riflemen;  the  Mexican  garrison  was  in 
its  turn  besieged,  and  a  message  was  despatclicd  to 
Vallejo.^''  Figueroa's  men,  frightened  by  the  warlike 
preparations,  and  disappointed  in  not  getting  nen- 
forcements  from  the  country,  offered  to  surrender  it' 
Vallejo  would  come  to  protect  them,  claiming  that  their 
revolt  had  been  solel}?-  with  a  view  to  protect  their 
lives,  which  had  been  threatened  by  Pico  and  others. 
Vallejo  replied  favorably,  knowing  that  there  was 
really  much  bitter  feeling  against  the  Mexicans,  and 
promised  protection  to  all,  with  punishment  to  l)iit 
few,  if  their  statement  should  prove  true;  but  btd'oie 
this  reply  arrived,  Figueroa  surrendered,  all  his  men 


Im 


"Florencio  Serrano,  Ajmntcn,  ilS.,  41-.'j0,  is  the  only  participator  in  tliid 
inovoniciit  on  the  Mexican  side  who  lias  tohl  tlic  story,  and  ho  fails  to  throw 
nincli  light  on  it.  Ho  says  they  fonnd  at  the  fort  4  or  5  men  playinu;  nwh, 
but  at  the  presidio  nobody  at  all,  Pico  having  run  away  at  the  first  al:iini. 
There  were  .")()  Mexicans  in  all,  and  Alva  returning  from  the  country  ri'purtcil 
n  failure  to  get  rei'uforceinents.  Spence,  Estrada,  and  Munras  hail  fir|iii'iit 
inti'rvicvs  with  Figueroa  and  Pefia.  Mrs  Avila,  CoKtM  ile  Cnl.,  MS.,  H-HI, 
states  that  during  tlio  Mevican  occupation,  the  Indian  servants,  at  the  iiisti- 
gutiou  of  the  Mexicans,  plundered  the  houses  of  their  masters. 

'"July  3d,  Villavicencio  to  Vallejo,  in  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  •-'(HI,  ,iii- 
iioni.cing  both  the  capture  and  recapture;  but  there  had  been  a  previous  do- 
spatch,  lor  on  the  same  day,  July  3d,  V.  announced  from  Sonoma  hi-*  own 
departure  for  Mont,,  and  later  in  tlie  day  lie  wrote  from  Petalumaon  lii-*  way. 
Julylid,  V.  to  com.  of  S.  Francisco  and  alcalde  of  Monterey.  /<l.,iv.  ■Ji'i4-i). 
^'.  was  at  8.  Rafael  on  July  Otli,  when  he  heard  that  Mont,  had  been  retiken, 
IL,  iv.  272. 


ARREST  OF  THE  MEXICANS. 


xieans,  and 


625 


wore  made  prisoners,  and  the  leaders  were  put  in 
irons.'' 

A'alk'jo  came  down  to  ^'nta  Clara,  and  caused  the 
allot  of  several  men  in  that  region,  including  Angel 
Kuiiiirez.  All  except  the  leaders  were  i-elcased  within 
a  iew  days.  Tliose  leaders  were  at  first  delivered  to 
Ca]itiiiii  J.  J.  Vallcjo  for  safe  keeping  at  hisrancho;^^ 
but  w  ere  soon  sent  to  Sonoma,  both  Vallcjo  and  Alva- 
radii  agreeing  that  they  must  be  verj'  strictly  guarded 
until  all  political  troubles  should  be  at  an  end.'"  Those 
sent  to  Sonoma,  and  held  in  captivity  there  as  late 
as  the  end  of  August,  were  Ramirez,  Alva,  Figueroa, 
IVna,  Ayala,  Aguilar,  ]VIanuel  Crespo,  and  Jose  ]Ma- 
iia  Maldonado.     I  have  no  definite  information  about 

'"It  would  seem  from  V. 'b  letter  from  Petaluma,  tliat  the  Mexicans  had 
mail '  tlii'ir  olFcr  to  surrender  on  July  lat,  the  s:imo  day  they  took  the  fort, 
la  tilhng  the  story  of  the  recapture,  Serrano  claims  to  have  iireventod  a  dii- 
a.i'or  liy  si'izinu;  Ayala'.s  hand  aa  he  was  about  to  apply  the  match  to  a  loaded 
c:iiiiuin".  Osio,  llid.  Hal.,  MS.,  ;UG-17,  .S7fi-Sf),  tclli  us  that  the  li,i,ditcd  match 
WIS  dished  from  the  man's  lingers  by  a  bullet  from  the  rifle  of  one  of  C!ra- 
liain's  men!  Other  Calil'ornian  writers  who  speak  more?  or  less  fully  of  t!ds 
Mmitt'iey  revolt  are:  Torre,  Brmiii.,  MS.,  T."*-!*;  Arci\  Munurlax,  ^IS.,  11; 
/•■(■u,  Aaiiil.,  MS..  44-5;  Pintn,  yl /)«//«.,  MS.,  27-!);  JJo'dlo,  Aimle.%  MS..  -Ji-o; 
Alvanvl>\  Ilkt.  Cat.,  MS.,  iii.  174-5,  •J40-1;  Vdllrjo,  //isf.  Cil.,  JIS.,  iii. 
'JilJ  (i;  Fcrnaiuhz,  Corns  de  Cal.,  MS.,  101;  Ord,  Onirrdiriax,  MS.,  10:)-1; 
Coroiiil,  ( 'o.san  ile  (ML,  MS.,  '-'2;  (Jalindo,  Apuiilei>,  jSIS.,  38  -t);  Garcia,  llahox, 
Ms.,  (iS-70.  Vallcjo  re^jjards  A.  M.  Pico's  attcmipts,  already  noticed,  as  a 
]i;nt  (if  this  same  plot.  Hairy  J.  Bee,  Recollections,  MS.,  C-'Jl,  and  in  .S'.  ./o.sd 
J'ii'iiicr,  Jan.  13,  1877,  gives  a  narrative  from  memory  of  this  allair,  so  ab- 
siuilly  inaccurate  that  it  merits  no  further  attention. 

''July  4th,  com.  of  Monterey  to  Capt.  V.  The  prisoners  may  either  bo 
ke]it  at  the  raneho  or  sent  to  Sonoma.  Va'h'jo,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  "JfiS.  Uonzale/, 
licnihwhiw's,  MS.,  10-11,  says  the  prisoners  were  given  up  to  him  as  alcaldo 
on  Ills  demand. 

''•••Inly  8th,  Vallcjo  to  Villavicencio.  The  Monterey  prisoners  and  all  sus- 
pected persons  to  be  sent  to  Sonoma  under  a  strong  escort.  Vallcjo,  J>or. ,  MS., 
iv.  'JT.'S.  July  9tii,  same  to  Alvarado.  Fears  that  the  lives  of  Mexicans  are  i;i 
(l;m:(  I'.  All  would  ecrtixinly  l)e  killed  .should  any  native  chance  to  ])erish  in 
fiituic  trouides  with  ^lexico.  The  persona  named  in  an  enclosed  list  (not  given) 
sliould  bo  shipped  out  of  the  country.  /(/.,  iv.  275.  July  Otli,  Villavicencio 
to  \allejo,  with  orders  from  Alvarado  of  July  Oth,  that  no  leniency  be  shown 
tinny  nian  that  took  up  arms  to  capture  the  fort.  Id.,  iv.  274.  July  11th, 
ValK  jo  to  Alvarado.     Has  arrested  Itaunrez.     Has  abundant  proof  of  his  plots 

tuipset  the  govt.  /(/.,  iv.  2'0.    July  llth.Vallejoto .    Leonardo  Felix  and 

ridii)  Cliabolla  arrested;  Mesauud  Kigiiera  detained  for  examination.  A/., 
iy..  27S,  2.VJ.  Jidy  I4th,  Vallcjo  to  J.  J.  Vallcjo.  Peuaisin  great  terror. 
T(i  ri:i\  c  liother  his  irons  may  be  removed  and  he  may  bo  treated  a  little  better 
tliiui  tlie  others;  but  must  be  kept  secure  and  not  allowed  to  speak  to  any  one. 
III.,  xxxii.  00.  Aug.  9th,  Alvarado  recommends  great  precautions  with  Iho 
o'lptives.  Id.,  iv.  202.  Aug.  31st,  list  of  the  captives  nt  Sonoma.  /(/.,  iv. 
3t)i,  MJ, 


m 


M 


rt  it. 
I  II 


026 


SAN  DIEGO  PLAN— ALVARADO  AND  CARRILLO. 


.1 


ft  t'^ 


-,'!     i 


the  date  of  their  release,  except  that  of  Figuoma  on 
August  31st;  but  several  Californians  state  that  after 
leaving  Sonoma  they  were  scattered  at  ditferciit  mis- 
sions for  a  time  under  surveillance  before  beiuL^-  re- 
stored to  entire  liberty. 

Let  us  now  turn  to  the  south,  where  at  the  end  of 
June  Alvarado  with  Castro  and  the  'civic  militia  of 
the  state'  at  Santa  Bdrbara  was  awaiting  the  approach 
of  the  'army  of  the  supreme  government'  encaiiijied 
at  San  Fernando  under  Portilla  and  Juan  Bandini. 
There  is  a  notable  and  unfortunate  lack  of  exact  data 
respecting  what  was  said  and  done  in  these  days,  tliere 
being  no  record  at  all  on  the  side  of  the  northerners, 
and  only  a  very  vague  one  from  the  standpoint  of  the 
abajeiios.^''  It  is  clear,  however,  that  Castillero  as 
commissioner  of  the  supremo  government,  but  regarded 
by  Bandini  and  his  associates  as  fully  in  sympathy 
with  their  plan,  went  to  Santa  Bdrbara  in  the  larly 
days  of  Jul}'^  and  had  an  interview  with  Alvarado. 
We  may  only  conjecture  what  was  said  at  that  inter- 
view, but  the  result  was  that  Alvarado  agreed  to  t;i^o 
the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  constitutional  laws,  a'ld 
thus  restore  California  unconditionally  to  IMexico.  So 
far  as  sectional  issues  were  concerned,  this  was  Alva- 
rado's  greatest  victory  and  the  most  crushing  defeat 
he  had  administered  to  the  south  in  all  this  play  at 
politics  and  war.     The  country  being  restored  to  its 

*0Osio,  Hist.  Cat,  MS.,  3GI-7.3,  who  say.s  that  tho  'amigo  do  Sepiilvo.la,' 
tliough  tho  first  man  to  whom  Baniliiii  npplicil  fi)r  support,  refused  to  promiso 
more  than  not  to  use  his  influence  against  the  Dicguinos,  next  speaks  of  tlia 
dilBculty  experienced  in  getting  a  little  coin  to  distribute  among  the  soMit^^ra 
wlien  the  oath  was  taken ;  tells  of  Scpiilveda's  arrest  and  tcmjiorary  detcitioa 
by  the  southerners  in  spite  of  his  own  efforts;  notes  somo  faults  of  Macidniuo 
Gonzalez  in  matters  having  no  bearing  on  the  political  situation;  and  tlii;illy, 
explains  that  Castillero  was  clever  enough  to  man.ago  tho  leaders  on  both  i-idos 
for  liii  own  interests,  favoring  Alvarado  finally  as  tho  one  who  couhl  holp  him 
mo.it.  Bandini  in  his  report  of  Aug.  4th — Sitcesos  del  Sur,  MS. — stated  th:it 
h.ia  force  marched  on  victoriously  to  within  30  leagues  of  Sea  B.,  wlu'ii  tho 
rebels  demanded  a  truce,  the  result  being  that  the  so-called  state  govt  w  aa 
dcatroycd,  nnd  Cal.  restored  to  Mexico.  In  his  //j.s<.  Cal.,  MS.,  9(5-7,  I'lii- 
dini  says  that  'Castillero  deceived  us  vilely,  sold  his  honor  for  a  few  d"ll  us, 
and  joined  Alvarado  nnd  Castro  agamst  us,  so  that  by  his  intrigues  wo  fell  iiito 
the  power  of  our  adversaries. ' 


ALVARADO'S  TRIUMPH  IN  DEFEAT. 


527 


national  allegiance,  the  diputacion  would  naturally  re- 
81111K'  its  powers,  and  Alvarado  would  become  gover- 
nor ad  interim  as  senior  vocal  of  that  body.  There  was 
kit  no  pretext  for  southern  opposition.  The  army 
(if  the  su})reme  government  must  be  disbanded,  the 
Lliiborate  plan  of  San  Diego  had  melted  into  thin  air, 
and  there  were  no  temporary  offices  to  bo  filled,  not 
even  that  of  treasurer.  Centralism  was  triumphant, 
for  Nvliich  the  abajenos  cared  nothing.  Mexico  was 
victorious,  which  gave  them  very  little  joy,  but  the 
anilieilos  still  controlled  California,  and  southern  pa- 
triotic intrigues  would  go  for  naught  in  the  final  set- 
tk  iiu'ut.  No  wonder  Bandini  deemed  his  party  'vilely 
tkciived'  by  its  pretended  friend  Castillero;  yet  what 
more  could  the  Mexican  comisionado  insist  on  than 
'jubniission  to  the  national  authority? 

On  the  other  hand,  Alvarado  as  an  advocate  of  fed- 
eralism and  Californian  independence  suffered  a  defeat, 
somewhat  humiliating  in  view  of  the  recent  proclama- 
tion of  his  purpose  to  make  the  Californians  free  in 
spite  of  themselves.  He  has  written  nothing,  then 
or  since,  which  throws  much  real  light  on  his  motives;-^ 
yet  it  is  not  difficult  to  conjecture  with  approximate 
accuracy  the  arguments  by  which  Castillero  induced 
liiui  to  triumph  in  defeat.  Experience  had  now  proven 
that  the  south  could  not  be  depended  upon  to  support 
tlio  governor  in  the  position  he  had  assumed,  but 
Wijuid  seize  upon  every  pretext  to  revolt  in  order  to 
oain  sectional  advantages  or  gratify  personal  prejudices. 
Even  in  the  north  there  were  signs  of  disaffection  at 
San  Jose,  growing  out  of  a  local  quarrel;  while  the 
^[('xicaii  residents  had  gone  so  far  as  to  rise  in  arms 
and  seize  the  capital.     United  effort,  by  which  alone 

-'  III  a  letter  of  July  l'2th  to  Vallcjo  Iiu  refers  to  a  previous  comtnunicition 
iianaliiig  all  that  had  occurred  f'nco  their  last  interview;  but  unfortunately 
tli.ii  document  is  not  extant.  '  dlcjo,  JJor.,  MS.,  iv.  '282.  In  a  letter  of 
•Sept,.  1st,  however,  A.  saya  ho  was  strong  enough  to  defeat  tho  consijirators 
of  bcith  north  and  south.  Tho  plan  ot  S.  Diego  was  simply  to  seize  tho 
olliccs.  When  tho  Dicguinos  saw  Al;arado's  force  they  put  themselves 
liypoLiiticall/  under  tho  constitution,  abandoned  their  position,  and  acted 
ilisi;iucefully.  Id.,  iv.  307. 


Vm 


m 


lit:      \ 


628 


SAN  DIEGO  PLAN-ALVARADO  AND  CAKRILLO. 


success  was  attainable,  could  not  be  secured,  and  tliore 
was  much  ground  for  discouragement.  Not  only  did 
Castillero  present  these  facts  in  a  strong  light,  but  In; 
also  confirmed  the  re})ort  that  a  strong  force  was  be- 
ing fitted  out  in  Mexico  to  reconquer  California.  It 
was  merely  a  question  under  what  leaders  the  country 
should  be  restored  to  its  national  allegiance,  and  hy 
made  no  secret  of  his  preference  for  Alvarado.  Td 
aid  in  the  final  triumph  of  the  men  who  had  dealt  so 
unfairly  with  him  seemed  no  part  of  the^  governor's 
duty,  and  his  desire  to  remain  in  office  was  naturally 
strong.  Moreover  Castillero  assured  him  that  by  his 
influence  with  the  government,  if  sent  to  Mexico  as  a 
commissioner,  he  could  prevent  the  sending  of  the  mil- 
itary force,  which  would  of  course  be  ruinous  to  tlu 
country,  and  could  probably  secure  a  confirmation  o'i 
Alvarado's  title  as  governor.  Finally,  there  can  l)c 
but  little  doubt  that  Castillero  brousfht  the  news  that 
by  the  decree  of  December  30,  183G,  one  day  after  thi! 
adoption  of  the  constitution,  the  Californias  had  heoii 
formed  into  a  department,  and  that  thus  one  of  the 
main  objects  sought  by  Alvarado's  party  had  ))clii 
sccured.^^  It  is  noc  strani^e  that  under  the  circuui- 
stances  Don  Juan  Bautista  was  converted  to  ccntial- 
ism. 

It  was  on  July  4th  that  Portilla  announced  the 
agreement  of  the  northern  pronunciados  to  accept  the 
constitutional  laws,  and  the  consequent  withdrawal  of 
his  army  to  San  Gabriel.-'*  On  July  9th  Alvarado 
issued  a  proclamation  to  the  people,  a  ver}^  gracclul 
eftusion,  albeit  not  very  explicit  as  an  explanation  of 
his  late  change  of  front,  bearing  evident  marks  of  Itav- 

2^  Mexico,  Leyes  Constif.ucionnles,  20  de  Die.  1S3G,  in  A  rrillaga,  Rccop.  1S30, 
(•2)  317-78.  Decree  of  Dee.  30th,  makinji  the  Califomiaa  a  department,  in  /(/,, 
370-80.  It  docs  not  appear  that  Castillero  brouj^ht  oliicial  new  3  of  this  ik- 
creo,  though  Alvarado  inimcdiately  called  hiniscif  gov.  of  the  dept  of  Alt;i 
C'al. 

"  July  4th,  Portilla  to  ayunt.  of  S.  Diego.  Ilnyp!^'  Doc. ,  ^IS. ,  73 ;  /(/. ,  M}<x\(>n 
Bool;  i.  S2'2;  S.  Dirgn,  Index,  M8.,  4"2.  The  communication  is  hcadcil  'I'i- 
vision  of  opanitions  of  tho  sup.  givt.'  July  Sth,  a  similar  document  n'lil 
to  ayunt.  of  Angeles,  and  congratulations  ex[)res8cd  for  so  happy  a  result. 
Loa  Ai:<jele8,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  323. 


■i 

, 

'hi  t    -•■ 

\  J;;:/  i|: 

\ 

IJ! 

THE  GOVERNOR'S  SPEECH. 


620 


iiiof  emanated  from  the  luind  as  well  as  pen  of  the 
versatile  and  eloquent  Frunehnian,  Vietor  Prudon.-* 
This  proclamation  was  first  delivered  as  a  s})eeeh  l)y 
the  i^ovcrnor  on  the  occasion  of  swearing  allegiance 
to  the  Mexican  constitution,  an  event  celebrated  at 
Santa  Bdrbara  on  the  date  named,  July  9th,  with  all 
possible  ceremony  and  enthusiasm.  From  this  date, 
harring  certain  mysterious  indications  of  irregularity 
ill  the  composition  of  the  di[)utacion,  which,  as  they 
excited  no  comment  either  in  Mexico  or  amonjj  Alva- 
rado's  enemies  in  California,  need  not  greatly  trouble 
cither  historian  or  reader,  Alvarado  may  be  regarded 

^^  Alvarado,  [Proclama  del]  Gohcrnador  fiifcrliio  del  Dejmrtammto  dc  la 
Alia  Cali/onia  d  sun  hulnf antes,  'Jdc  Julio,  1SJ7,  MS.  Issneil  at  Sta  Barham. 
'(jmiiiatriots!  Liberty,  peace,  and  union  form  the  trinal  intelligence  that 
sliDuM  rule  our  destinies.  Our  anns  gave  ua  the  first;  a  wise  congres:)  assures 
tn  UH  the  second;  and  upon  ourselves  depends  the  last,  witliout  which  wo 
liave  neither  lil)erty  nor  peace.  Let  us  then  preserve  inviolate  that  union, 
Kicrcil  aik  which  holds  the  custody  of  our  political  i-cdemption.  Wara.;ain3t 
the  tyrant  only!  Peace  among  ourselves!  Tlie  solidity  oF  an  edifice  consists  in 
the  tiiiion  of  its  parts;  a  single  stone  torn  out  from  an  arch  causes  the  columns 
to  tdtter,  Itringing  iiiin  to  a  structure  that  would  mark  the  ago  of  time  did 
it,;  0  iiiiponent  materials  remain  united.  Not  otherwise  disunion  brings  ruin 
t )  the  moral  edifice  of  a  society.  The  territory  of  Alta  California  is  immense; 
i;s  coasts  .arc  b.athed  by  the  Pacific  Sea,  which,  placing  us  in  contact  with  tlic 
Ultima,  develops  our  industries  and  commerce,  fountains  of  abundance.'  (See 
iKv.sjiMpcrs  of  later  years!)  'The  benignity  of  our  climate,  the  fertility  of 
our  siiil,  .and — I  say  it  in  your  behalf — the  suavity  of  your  customs  and  ex- 
oc'llcuee  of  your  character  are  so  many  privileges  with  which  the  Omnipotent 
lias  favored  us  in  the  distribution  of  his  gifts.  What  c(mntry  can  count  so 
many  advantages  as  ours?  Let  us  then  strivi.  to  give  it  in  hi.story  a  place  .as 
(listiii^'uished  as  that  which  it  occupies  on  the  map.  The  constitutional  laws 
of  KSoG  guarantee  to  us  our  rights,  and  even  extenil  them  beyond  our  moderate 
(ksire^j.  The  august  chamber  of  national  representatives  is  ready  to  consider 
a  hill  to  be  presented  by  us  for  our  greater  welfare  and  prosperity;  our  votes 
may  he  cast  in  favor  of  the  citizen  whom  we  deem  worthy  to  occupy  the  su- 
lireuie  magistracy  of  the  nation — and  what  more  do  j-ou  wish?  The  very  laws 
assure  us  that  we  arc  not  ag.ain  to  fall  a  prey  to  the  despotism  and  ambition 
of  a  tyrant  like  D.  Mariano  CliicOi  The  department  of  Alta  California  can 
henceforth  be  governed  only  by  a  native  or  a  citizen.  Yes,  friends;  tiic  en- 
thusiasm and  pleasure  which  you  feel  on  receiving  such  news  is  well  founded. 
I  share  your  pleasure,  and  I  close  in  order  that  you  may  no  longer  h.ave  to 
restrain  your  joy.  Give  it  free  course,  and  shout  with  me — Viva  la  Nacion! 
Viv.i  la  Constitueion  del  afio  dc  '301  Viva  el  Congreso  que  la  sanciono!  Viva 
laLiliertad!  Viva  la  Union!' 

Also  in  Hayes,  Doc,  MS.,  7i>;  forwarded  liy  Alvarado  to  ayunt.,  and  re- 
ceived at  S.  Diego  on  July  31st.  S.  I>ir<jo,  Arch.,  MS.,  183.  July  •24th.  the 
prnchiniation  had  been  read  at  Monterey,  causing  great  enthusiasm.  Vallrjti, 
Doc,  MS.,  xxxii.  103.  Sent  to  Sonoma  to  be  sworn  July  l*2th.  Id.,  iv.  "280. 
And  it  would  seem  that  the  people  of  Sta  Cruz  went  to  Monterey  on  July 
17th  to  take  the  new  oath.  Sla  C'niz,  Arch.,  MS.,  20.  The  fact  that  the 
oath  was  taken  at  Sta  Bdrbara  on  July  9th  is  mentioned  by  Alvarado  in  a 
letter  of  July  12th  to  Vallcjo.  Valkjo,  Doc,  iv.  282. 
HiBT.  Cal.,  Vol.  ill.    31 


I    1^ 


]>■ 


Wi^ 


ml 


I  iSi 


SAN  DIEGO  PLAN-ALVARADO  AND  CARRILLO. 

as  legally  the  governor  ad  interim  of  California,  liis 
revolutionary  term  ending  with  his  new  oath. 

In  his  letters  sent  northward,  though  unfortunately 
the  most  important  of  them  describing  the  negotia- 
tions with  Castillero  is  missing,  the  governor  describal 
the  state  of  affairs  as  on  the  whole  satisfactory,  his 
enemies  being  filled  with  confusion.'*^  The  southern 
friars,  represented  by  Padre  Duran,  now  consented  tc 
take  the  long-delayed  oath  of  allegiance,  on  the  groiiiid 
that  Spain  had  recognized  the  independence  of  Mex- 
ico, while  the  Zacatecanos  of  course  made  no  objec- 
tion, having  already  sworn  to  the  bases. **"  The  dipu- 
tacion  assembled  as  early  as  July  IGth  at  Santa  Bar- 
bara; but  we  have  no  record  of  its  acts,  except  that  on 
the  21st  it  resolved,  1st,  that  in  consequence  of  certain 
doubts  arising  in  relation  to  the  election  laws,  a  com- 
mission of  two  persons  should  be  sent  to  the  national 
capital  to  treat  with  the  supreme  government;  and  2cl, 
that  the  senior  vocal,  on  whom  by  law  devolved  the 
office  of  gefe  politico,  should  notify  the  ayuntamieiitos 
and  other  authorities  that  the  diputacion  was  assem- 
bled in  extra  session.  He  was  also  authorized  tu 
carry  out  the  first  resolution."'' 

It  is  probable  that  the  diputacion  took  no  other 
action,  and  that  the  governor  had  no  other  use  foi-  its 
services  at  this  time,  after  securing  its  indorsement 
of  his  title,  wath  authority  to  send  a  commission  to 
j\Iexico.  It  had  been  determined  from  the  first  Iv 
Alvarado  and  Castillero  that  the  latter  should  jio  to 

=5  July  9th,  12th,  17th,  Alvarado  to  Vallejo,  in  Vallrjo,  Doc.,W>,.,  iv.  '200, 
282-3.  Pio  Pico  still  ilisposed  to  favor  the  vagabonds  at  S.  Gabriel,  and  Tor- 
tilla  for  gefe  politico,  being  instigated  by  Zamorauo.  Bandiui  gone  hoiiii', 
convinced  that  it  is  no  use  to  struggle  longer. 

^''July  8th,  Duran  to  Alvarado,  in  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxii.  96.  July 
12th,  P.  Moreno  to  A.   Arch.  Arzuh.,  MS.,  v.  pt  ii.  18. 

'■"  These  resolutions  were  published  at  Sta  Barbara  on  Aug.  2d,  ami  at 
Monterey  on  Aug.  13th.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  289;  xxxii.  105,  107.  Soiit 
to  Los  Angeles  July  29th.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  A)i(i<'les,.MS.,  xi.  90-1.  The 
first  meeting  of  July  16th  is  mentioned  by  Alvarado  on  July  17th.  Valhjy 
Doc,  MS.,  IV.  283.  Tliere  is  also  a  short  address  of  Alvaraxlo  to  the  tli[).  iu 
Id.,  xxxii.  121,  undated,  but  probably  delivered  at  this  time.  It  contaiiw 
congratulations  on  'California  Libre,'  and  states  that  only  a  few  poiutii  m- 
quire  action  at  this  time. 


CASTILLERO  SENT  TO  MEXICO. 


631 


cxii.  9G.    July 


^I(  xico  in  the  former's  behalf,  and  the  doubts  on  elec- 
tion laws  were  siu)i»ly  a  pretext.  Early  in  July  the 
K(»\ L'lnor  began  to  speak  of  the  project  in  his  letters, 
cx[tif.ssing  his  belief  that  Don  Andres,  with  the  aid 
of  Ills  brother,  could  exert  in  ]\Iexico  a  greater  inllu- 
ciirc  in  favor  of  hiniself  and  Vallejo  than  any  other 
iiiaii;  meanwhile  Castillero  made  a  trip  to  the  south- 
tiii  li'(jntier  to  restore  order  among  the  men  of  hi;4 
coKiiiiand.^^  He  returned  in  August,  and  sailed  after 
the  middle  of  that  month  on  the  schooner  Califonn'd, 
retuhing  Acapulco  the  15th  of  September.  Plis  mis- 
sion was  to  prevent  the  sending  of  a  Mexican  force  to 
Calitornia,  to  defend  Alvarado's  acts  and  policy  before 
tliL'  government,  and  to  obtain  if  possible  a  confirma- 
tion of  his  title  as  governor  together  with  that  of  Va- 
Ikjo  as  general.  It  is  not  very  unlikely  that  he  car- 
Yhd  with  him  a  moderate  sum  of  money  to  be  placed 
"where  it  would  do  most  good" — else,  knowing  much 
(»r  ^lexican  methods,  he  w-ould  hardly  have  been  so 
conlidont  of  success. 

The  California  was  a  schooner  called  originally  the 
Chi'ion.  and  at  the  Sandwich  Islands  the  Kanitt; 
hronght  this  year  from  Honolulu  by  Henry  Paty; 
and  by  him  sold  to  Alvarado  for  the  state  govern- 
iiicnt.  She  was  paid  for  in  mission  produce,  and  was 
conmianded  during  this  year  and  the  next  by  Thomas 
M.  Kobbins  of  Santa  Barbara.  Tlie  governor  had 
at  first  intended  to  purchase  two  vessels  with  mission 
funds;  and  had  hoped  to  use  them  profitably,  not  only 
in  cnnnnercial  enterprises  and  to  protect  the  revenues, 

-'Alvarado  to  Vallejo.  VaUcjo,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  282-3,  .306.  Osio,  ///.•/. 
Cdi,  MS.,  373-.5,  tells  us  that  A.  lirst  appointed  on  this  coininission  Carl(j3 
Canil'.o  and  'another'  (Osio  himself  I  suppose),  who  were  sunnnoucd  to  Sta 
1j.  to  receive  their  instructions.  I'ut  it  was  suggested  that  one  of  them,  the 
'otiu  r'  probablj',  had  the  defect  of  telling  (he  truth  on  all  points,  which  would 
If  iiRDUvenicnt;  and  therefore  A.  announced  that  to  his  great  regret  the 
sc'iciue  would  h.ive  to  be  abandoned.  Finally  Castillero  accepted  tlie  placo 
(pidlialily  as  a  man  of  some  wealth),  from  a  desire  to  give  himself  importance 
by  iippcaring  in  person  before  the  president.  The  Cal.  records  name  no  com- 
p:niii  n  of  Castillero,  though  the  commission  was  to  consist  of  two;  but  IJusta- 
mante,  dah'nwtc,  Mex.,  i.  30,  mentions  the  arrival  at  Acapulco  on  Sept.  I.")tli 
of  Custillero  and  Nicolils  Estrada  as  comisionados.  I  know  of  no  such  Califor- 
niaii,  but  it  may  have  been  Capt.  Nicauor  Estrada. 


M'l 


532 


SAN  DIEC.O  PLAN— ALVARADO  AND  CAllRILLO. 


! 


but  also  for  purposes  of  defence  aofainst  IMexic-,  ;iii{l 
even  as  the  nucleus  of  a  west-coast  navy  with  .vhidi 
to  enforce  federalism  in  the  nation  I  Circunistaucrs 
changed,  however;  funds  were  not  too  plentiful;  uuJ 
one  vessel  was  deemed  sufficient.'** 

Alvarado's  position  as  governor  was  now  tempora- 
rily secure.  On  September  4th  he  circulated  fur 
jiublication  the  Mexican  decrc"  of  December  ;;i), 
183G — nine  davs  rfter  the  news  of  Alvarado's  revolt 
reached  the  capital — making  California  a  department, 
authorizing  the  national  government  to  designate 
provisionally  the  capital  and  the  authorities  to  act 
until  the  regular  elections  could  be  held;  and  empow- 
ering the  junta  departamental  to  divide  the  depart- 
ment into  districts  and  partidos.  Not  even  ytt, 
though  published  in  the  usual  form,  had  this  decree 
been  received  'officially,'  and  for  the  present  notli inn- 
was  done  in  consequence  of  it.  Alvarado  in  lati  r 
times  claimed  that  he  had  not  before  known  of  I  he 
fact  that  California  had  been  made  a  department."'^ 
About  the  middle  of  September  he  returned  onco 
more  to  Monterey. 

If  Alvarado's  position  was  for  a  time  comparatiw- 
ly  secure,  that  of  Vallcjo  had  no  longer  any  founda- 
tion to  stand  upon.  He  had  no  claim  to  the  militaiy 
command,  which  now  belonged  to  the  ranking  officer 

'  OCT 

in  the  territory.  The  governor  recognized  this  j'act 
in  his  letters  of  July;  stated  that  both  Portilla  and 


mn 


*  March  9th,  Alvarado  to  Vallejo,  about  his  projected  purchase  (if  2 
vessels.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  212.  There  is  no  record  of  the  actual  pm'- 
chase,  which  is  however  spoken  of  by  several  Califomians.  The  movcim  nts 
of  the  Kaniu  at  the  islands,  and  her  sailing  for  Cal.  in  May  1837,  art:  le- 
corded  in  the  Honolulu,  S.  I.,  Gazette,  183G-7.  The  pay  of  the  crew  litj/r.n 
Aug.  14th.  There  were  IG  men  and  a  boy,  only  .5  being  of  Spanish  i\i:irii- 
can  blood.  G.  Robinson  (William  '!)  was  1st  pilot,  and  later  W.  Rctd  'Jd 
pilot.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Cust.H.,  MS.,  v.  13-14. 

^*'  Sept.  4th,  A.'s  order  for  publication  of  decree.  Published  at  S.  ])it'.!,'ii 
before  Dec.  10th.  S.  Diego,  Arch.,  MS.,  183-4,  190.  Alvarado,  Il}4.  CuL, 
MS.,  iv.  15,  says  he  had  heard  rumors  from  Castillo  Negrete  tlirough  Zaiiio- 
rano,  which  were  not  believed.  I  have  not  much  doubt  that  he  kiww  all 
about  it  at  the  time  of  his  arrangement  with  Castillero.  The  news  of  Al\a- 
rado's  revolt  was  announced  to  congress  by  minister  Tomel  on  Dec.  21st  ac- 
cording to  Bustamante,  Voz  de  la  Patria,  MS.,  xi.  CO-1. 


THE  MILITARY  COMMAND.  088 

Zaiiiorano  dosirod  the  position;  but  desired  Vallcjo 
to  aid  him  in  •Ji'ivin'if  it  to  Captain  Josu  de  la  (JtU'i-ra, 
oil  tlio  ground  ihat  it  was  hotter  that  it  should  ho 
held  by  a  friend  than  a  foe.''*  Yallejo  re})li(Hl  in  a 
printed  letter  of  July  20th,  the  meaning  of  which  la 
not  (|uito  clear,  but  in  which  he  declai'od  the  sopaia- 
tion  of  the  civil  and  military  command  to  be  im- 
practicable, and  thus  apparently  showetl  a  desire  to 
sec  Alvarado  share  in  his  own  fall.^-  He,  however, 
saw  the  necessity  of  resigning  his  position,  and  based 
Ills  resignation  on  the  alleged  ground  of  Ids  raiwill- 
iiigiK'Ss  to  swear  allegiance  to  the  central  constitution, 
"such  oaths  having  become  l)ywords  in  the  whole 
country."  At  the  same  time  all  military  oHicers 
Mere  ordered  to  meet  at  ^lonteroy  to  choose  a  co- 
iiiaiidante  general.^^  The  San  Francisco  company,  on 
rcciij)t  of  orders  from  Alvarado  to  take  the  oath, 
addressed  a  protest  to  Vallejo,  in  which  tluy  de- 
clared that  thev  had  once  sworn  to  die  in  defence  of 
I'ederalism,  antl  asked  to  be  discharged  from  the  ser- 
vice rather  than  change  their  political  faith. "^  I  su|»- 
pose  that  Vallejo  and  other  officers  and  soldiers  in 
the  north  were  subsequently  induced  to  take  the  oath 
ill  supj)ort  of  centralism;  but  I  find  no  definite  recoril 
of  the  fact.  The  council  of  war  for  the  election  of 
a  coniandante  had  not  been  held  as  late  as  Oct(d)er, 
and  probably  was  not  held  at  all,  the  aim  of  Vallejo 
and  Alvarado  being  pcrha])S  to  postpone  definite  ac- 
tion until  the  result  of  Castillero's  efforts  could  be 
Icained.  Portilla  insisted  that  the  choice  must  fall 
on  the  senior  officer,  meaning  himself     Some  ollicors 

^'  .Inly  l-2th,  17th,  A.  to  v.,  in  Vallrjo,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  2SL'-3. 

'-  Vallejo,  Carta  imprfsa  al  Gobi  riuLdor,  i.'0  ..e  Julio,  1S.J7,  in  Ertrfifxt 
Pri.itiiiij.  There  is  a  possibility  of  error,  ns  the  date  wiis  priateil  iSoS  aud 
ciiiiiiatl  in  ink — apparently  liy  VuUejo's  cUrecti(jn — to  l.S.'JT. 

••'  No  (liite,  probably  early  in  August,  Vallejo  to  dip.  aud  to  Ah-araUo. 
Vallrjo,  Doc,  JSIS.,  iv.  20-_'. 

"'  Aug.  KJth,  Com.  Sanchez  to  V.,  in  Vallrjo,  Due,  MS.,  iv.  204.  Aug. 
•il^t,  |iiutest  of  the  company.  Id.,  iv.  30.">.  This  is  probably  what  Alvarado, 
//;.</.  <'<il.,  M.S.,  iii.  ISl-Ii,  ridicules  aa  Burreycsa's  revolt  at  the  instigatiou 


1  I 


m 


t'. 


I? 


!i  i  ! 


of  suulhera  aijeuts. 


ii>^i 


0M 


SAN  DIEGO  TLAN-ALVARADO  AND  CARRILLO. 


in  their  letters  expressecl  a  ])referencc  for  Vallcjn.'' 
Tiiere  BeeiuH  to  have  been  no  final  decision  in  tlm 
mutter.  It  does  not  aj)[)ear  that  Vallejc/s  iisi^na- 
tlon  was  aceepted  hy  the  diputacion,  or  that  .my 
other  officer  attempted  to  exercise  the  coiiiukukI. 
All  waited  for  news  from  Mexico. 


hldr 


mr 


'■I  111' I 


1  "    '!i' 


[I     i 


And  this  news  came  sooner  than  looked  for,  and  in 
an  unexpected  form.  It  was  an  announcement  Hint 
Carlos  Carrillo  had  been  ap])olnted  provisional  n()v. 
crnor  of  the  department  of  Californias>  It  rcaclud 
Monterey  October  30th,  and  Los  Anijeles  ten  davs 
earlier,  in  letteis  from  Luis  del  Castillo  Negnti;  ami 
Jose  Antonio  Carrillo  at  La  Paz,  enclosint^  ciitificd 
copies  of  the  appointment  to  Alvarado  and  the  ayimta- 
miento,  and  the  original  probably  to  Don  Carlos  him- 
self at  San  Buenaventura.  There  is  not  mueli  to  1)d 
said  of  the  circumstances  in  Mexico  which  had  Inl  to 
this  appohitment.  I  have  no  copy  of  the  report  w  liidi 
Gutierrez  rendered  on  his  arrival  in  exile,  thoiinii  it 
is  not  difficult  to  conjecture  its  purport.  The  Mexi- 
can government  was  too  busy  with  troubles  at  Ikhikj 
to  devote  much  attention  to  a  distant  territory,  hut 
finally  it  did  go  so  fur  as  to  make  prepurutioiis  lor 
sending  1,000  men  under  General  Iniestru  to  rcstoit' 
the  wayward  California  to  her  allegiance.^"  Monty 
and  arms,  however,  were  scarce.  The  fitting-ou(  of 
the  expedition  progressed  slowly,  and  before  it  was 
completed  the  Californian  congressman,  Jose  Andiuio 
Carrillo,  devised  a  method  of  suspending  it  ultoguthui', 

'■*  Sept.  lat,  Alvarado  expresses  u  h!(i;h  opiniou  of  V.'s  services,  .iiul  liopta 
the  Mexicans  will  not  succeed  in  brcakinjT  tiio  fricndsliipof  the  two.  IV('/'Jo, 
Jhic,  MS.,  iv.  30(1-7.  Sept.  iOth,  Portilk  to  'Lieut  M.  (I.  Vallejo,' sayiug 
tiiat  ill  health  may  prevent  his  attendance  at  the  council,  hi.,  iv.  iWA.  Oct. 
1st,  Alf.  Saluzar  to  Vallejo.  Cannot  come  in  time,  but  votes  for  V.  1'/.,  iv. 
315. 

'"I  have  no  official  record  of  these  preparations,  but  there  is  no  rensdii  to 
doubt  the  reports  current  in  California  at  the  ti;nc,  founded  on  articles  in  the 
newspapers  and  the  st.'itenients  of  J.  A.  Carrillo.  Castillero,  and  others.  Viio 
and  several  others  namo  Ocn.  Iniestra.  Greenhow,  who  names  Gen,  Uiit a  ;:s 
in  charge  of  the  movenient,  Mofras,  Forbes,  Mtirsli,  and  others  tell  us  th;it  on 
hearing  of  the  rebellion  ^Mexico  'fulminated  furious  proclamations,' etc.,  but 
I  have  seen  uo  such  papers. 


CARLOS  CARRILLO'S  APPOINTMENT. 


535 


III  tilt;  samo  tinio  advancing  tlio  intcrosts  of  his  own 
liihiily  and  sparinj,'  his  country  tlio  threatened  intht^ 
lidii  ot'cholo  soldierH.  He  persuaded  tiie  govermnent 
that  Cahtbrnia  was  not  really  disloyal  or  hostile  to 
M(  \ico;  but  had  been  driven  to  her  present  rebellious 
attitude  by  the  arbitrary  acts  of  Alexiean  rulers.  In- 
stt  ad  of  sending  an  army  at  great  exi)ense,  it  would 
lie  sufficient  merely  to  appoint  a  native  ruler — his 
I  not  her  Don  Cilrlos  for  example,  well  known  in  Mex- 
ico and  popular  at  homo^ — whom  California  would 
f^ladly  recognize  and  thus  return  to  her  allegiance. 
The  administration  was  glad  to  be  })ersuaded,  and 
willing  to  try  the  experiment.  The  api)ointment  was 
issued  in  a  hurry  by  the  minister  of  state  on  June 
Citli;  Don  Jose  Antonio  left  Mexico  two  days  later, 
and  from  La  Paz  en  route  sent  the  papers  ahead  in 
Aiigusf' 

Li)s  Anfjeles  of  course  was  deliijhtcd  with  Carrillo's 
ap|i()intment.  True,  Don  Carlos  was  not  in  sympathy 
viitli  th'3  abajeilos,  and  had  been  a  partisan  of  the 
other  side  throughout  the  late  controversies,  but  "any- 
Ihiiig  to  beat  Alvarado  and  the  pronunciados  del 
iioite"  was  the  Angelinos'  motto,  and  they  made  such 
haste  that  Carrillo  to  the  letter  announcing  his  ap- 
])(»intment  had  to  attach  his  thanks  for  their  acknowl- 
cdgnient,  their  congratulations,  and  for  a  grand  illu- 

'''  June  6,  1837,  Minister  Pcfla  y  Pcfla  to  Cilrloa  Carrillo,  announcing  hig 
iiii|ii)iiitment  by  the  prctjiilent,  with  power  to  fix  tlio  capital  provisiimally 
wlicrovur  circumstances  might  require.  Copy  from  the  original  in  the  pos- 
siiision  of  the  Carrillo  family,  in  Carrillo,  Due,  MS.,  i.  Also  in  Drpt.  Sf. 
I'li/i.,  Angeles,  MS.,  xi.  92-3;  and  translation  in  IIojikiiin'  Tramlulioiis,  0.  July 
'2Kt,  Antonio  M.  Ercilla  announces  tlio  news  from  Tepic,  where  J.  A.  Car- 
lilli)  then  was,  to  Guerra,  Guerra,  Doc.,  MS.,  vi.  14j;  but  it  does  not  a[)pcar 
V. Inn  this  was  received — possibly  a  little  earlier  than  by  tlie  other  route. 
Aui,'.  20th,  J.  A.  Carrillo  at  La  Paz  to  Alvarado,  with  certified  copies.  ])<']it. 
SI.  I'ap.,  MS.,  iv.  105-0.  Oct.  20th,  Castillo  Negreto'a  despatch  from  JSaja 
Ciiliforuia  with  similar  copies  read  before  ayunt.  of  Los  Angeles.  Carlos  C.ir- 
lilli/s  letter  of  Oct.  24th  received  on  Nov.  4th.  Los  Angeles,  Arch.,  MS., 
W.  !i2G-30.  Oct.  25th,  Cdrlos  Carrillo  to  Alvarado,  with  news.  Dept.St.  P<ip., 
MS.,  iv.  169-70.  Oct.  25th,  same  to  Vallejo.  Vulltjo,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  .'i;J7. 
Urt.  31st,  Alvar.ido's  proclamation  of  the  news,  which  came  'by  yesterday's 
iiKiil.'  Depl.  St.  Pap.,  AHgclei),  MS.,  x.  20-1;  S.  Jose,  Arch.,  MS.,  vi.  5;  Hop- 
/.'■/.>■'  Translations,  0-7.  Petit-Tliouars,  \'oi/ii<je,  ii.  100,  who  was  at  Monterey 
at  the  time,  says  the  news  came  ou  Nov.  ls.t.> 


~i  f 


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r.3G 


SAN  DIKGO  PLAN— ALV  All  ADO  AND  CAlttLLLO. 


iiiiiintioM  of  the  city  in  liis  lionor.  Ho  also  plcMl;,;! 
fii.s  word  to  iimko  Los  Aiigcilos  tlio  cajjital  on  assuiimin- 
the  government,  a  very  ini[)olitie  jtroniise  to  be  made 
HO  early,  but  Don  Carlos,  an  easy-<^oing,  kind-heaitcl 
man,  was  all  at  sea  in  matters  of  political  manage- 
ment. 

Alvarado's  submission  to  the  national  autliorilirs 
and  his  aoee])tance  of  the  constitutional  laws  wore  imt 
lUiown  in  JNIexico  at  the  time  of  Carrillo's  ai)]t()iiit- 
iiient.  Jose  A.  Carrillo,  writing  from  La  Paz  to  Al- 
varado,  prescnti'd  a  strong  argument  in  favor  of  siidi 
submission,  showing  the  impracticability  of  resisting 
Mexican  ])owcr,  i.lhuling  to  the  difficulty  he  had  hail 
in  ])revonting  the  sending  of  one  thousand  soldiers, 
and  (Maiming  that  the  most  essential  objoct  t)f  the  '.ev- 
olutionists had  been  secured  with  a  native  ruler.  He 
urged  Alvarado  to  submit  to  the  new  govemo'.;,  and 
pronused  in  such  case  to  go  in  person  to  Mexico,  and 
obtain  all  necessary  guaranties  of  pardon  and  piotec- 
lion  for  the  revolutionarv  leaders,  that  is,  to  undri'- 
lake  the  very  mission  in  which  Castillero  was  \\n\v 
e-mployed.  Don  Carlos  announced  his  a|)pointiiiint 
to  Alvarado  and  Vallejo  in  friendly  modest  letteis, 
exjjivssrig  much  diffidence  in  respect  to  hisowncajia- 
bilities,  but  hoping  to  succeed  by  earnest  effort  wiih 
the  aid  i)f  ]iis  good  fiieiids.  He  made  no  formal  de- 
mand for  a  tiansfer  of  the  office,  but  left  Alvarado  lo 
take  such  action  as  might  seem  proper  in  consequeiiec 
of  his  ainiouncement. 

Doll  Juan  l>autista  now  found  himself  in  a  veiy 
])eculiar  situation.  Of  course  he  had  ho[)ed  t('  i"taiu 
the  onnnand,  and  was  disappointed  at  the  pros|).ct 
of  losing  it,  es|)ecially  when  any  day  might  bring 
n('ws  from  Castillero  which  would  secure  him  in  its 
possession.  With  this  feeling,  howevi  '•,  neither  tiie 
writer  nor  reader  of  history  is  called  ipon  to  feel  any 
spe'cial  sympathy.  ][is  person.'>l  di  appointment  iui- 
nishcd  no  justiiication  for  refusing  or  delaying  compli- 
ance with  the  orders  of  the  u:overnnient  which  he  1i;m1 


ALVARADO'S  POSITION. 


537 


swivii  to  obey.  There  were,  however,  other  and  more 
sciHMis  compHcations.  Alvarado  liad  phiced  hiuiself 
nt  ih(!  liead  of  a  r'-vohition,  i  "d  while  lie  had  sur- 
rriiilered  in  a  sense  and  acknowledj^ed  ti>6  .supremacy 
(it'  tht!  national  laws,  yet  tin;  govej'i.inent  had  not  ac- 
(r|)tod  his  surrender,  Castiliero  havin*^  had  no  author- 
iiv  whatever  in  the  matter  In  the  eyes  of  the  gov- 
ri'iiiiu.'nt  at  the  time  of  this  J<<-u  appointment  lie  wa.s 
>-iiiiji!y  a  rebel  cliief,  ord'^iod  virtually,  not  to  trans- 
\'vv  I  he  governorship,  but  to  obey  tin;  governor.  Was 
lie  u.ider  obligation  to  come  down  from  the  vantage- 
^•|•(  I'.iid  of  success  and  high  position,  to  place  himself 
v.i'ii'out  guaranti(;s  as  a  ))ri\ate  citi/en  at  the  mercy 
(if  ;i  ]>ow(!r  that  might  legj'.lly  shoot  him  as  a  traitor? 
Could  he  disregard  the  fate  of  his  associates  whose 
j)i)>ition  Avas  like  his  own:*  Surely  no  successful 
win-]  was  ever  known  to  give  such  excessive  proofs  of 
(I(j\(>tion  to  his  country.  Again,  Alvarado  looked 
iiji(.!i  himself  at  this  time  as  the  legitimate  ruler  of 
Calilornia.  lie  was  so  considered  by  the  })eople,  even 
ly  ( 'arlos  Carrillo,  and  there  was  not  much  reason  to 
t'car  that  President  Bustamante  would  not  so  recog- 
iii/.c  him,  knowing  the  circumstances,  even  if  ho  should 
insist  upon  nnnnng  a  successor.  An  order  to  tiie  in- 
•  uuiltent  to  u.  'liver  the  otlice  was,  by  custom  il'  not 
ly  law,  as  necessary  to  a  change  of  rulers  as  was  the 
aj>[)oiiitee's  order  to  receive  it,  and  the  recogni'ion 
iiii])liod  in  such  an  order  was  of  vital  imjiortaut.  to 
JJt'i)  Juan.  Thus  a  way  seemed  open  to  the  delay  so 
ii'uviitlv  demanded  by  the  safet\'  of  the  former  rebels 
as  well  as  by  Alvaratlo's  and)Itious  hoj)os. 

In  his  [)roclamation  of  Octouer  l^lst,  the  governor 
made  known  to  the  [)eo}ile  the  news  which  he  had 
uiiiillicially  received,  an<.l  of  which  Ik;  hoped  to  receive 
niiilirmation  by  the  next  mail,  adding,  "'All  the  de- 
partment may  be  sure  that  I  shall  deliver  the  coni- 
luand  to  the  nominee  on  receiving  the  slightt.'st 
iDtiniation  from  the  supren)e  government."  Within 
11  lew  days  he  notiiied  tlie  ayuntamientos  indue  Ibrm, 


mm  \ 
\  ^  Mi  i 


i|    n  a 


ih  i  n 


\n:.\ 


'  H 


I!''; 


•*-VU 


(  Tit' 


M 


!i     !1 


Ihmr' 


^:  ii  I 


638 


SAX  DIEGO  PLAX— ALVARADO  AXD  CARRILLO. 


spcalving  of  "the  nearness  of  the  time  wlien  I  sli.dl 
deliver  the  command  to  Carrillo."^^  Don  Ciulos 
unwisely  yielded  to  the  counsel  of  his  advisers,  utid 
chose  to  regard  Alvarado's  position  and  his  rcqiii'st 
in  a  private  letter  for  a  conference  as  insulting  to  liim- 
self  and  threatening  to  the  peace  of  the  couiitrv, 
speaking  of  '  frivolous  i)retexts'  for  delaying  obedieiuu, 
and  hinting  vaguely  by  a  negative  assertion  at  i'cnis 
that  "you  aspire  to  the  place  I  occupy."^'  ]\l(',iii- 
Avhile  the  a^'untamiento  of  Los  Angeles  on  receipt  <>i 
the  governor's  comnumications  refused  to  recognize 
any  other  authority  than  that  of  Carrillo,  who  was 
invited  to  come  and  establish  his  government  in  that 
city  before  replying  to  Alvarado.*' 

Could  Alvarado  have  obtained  an  interview  with 
Don  Ciirlos — his  so-called  'uncle,'  that  is,  cousin  to  ti 
lady  whom  a  real  uncle  had  married — he  would  [)i()i, 
ably  have  succeeded  in  making  him  understand  the 
fidl  force  of  the  reasons  for  delay,  and  of  his  right,  ti) 
insist  at  least  on  the  guaranty  implied  in  recognition 
of  his  title;  and  thus  further  disagreement  niiu'lit 
perhaps  have  been  avoided.  But  Carrillo's  luw 
southern  friends  knew  better  than  to  trust  tlieir  easily 
inlluenced  protege  within  the  reach  of  Juan  Bautista's 
eloquence;  and  if  there  was  any  uncertainty  ahmit 
results,  it  was  removed  by  the  arrival  of  Jose  AiitniiM 
Carrillo  at  the  beginning  of  December.  This  geiitlc- 
man  feared  the  influence  of  Castillero  in  Mexico, 
knowing  how  little  the  administration  cared  who  was 
governor  of  California  so  long  as  there  was  no  rohel- 

'^Xov.  3il,  7th,  Alvarado  to  ayunt.  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  Anrjelrn,  MS,,  xi. 
OS;  S>(i  Cruz,  Arrli.,  MS.,  "jT-S;  Iloiik'nrs'  Tnuisldi'iouK,  7.  A  private  lifttf 
of  Alvarado  to  Carrillo  of  X^ov.  4tli  ia  not  extant,  nor  the  ollicial  iu'le  of 
the  :i(l. 

'"Xov.  14'th,  Carrillo  to  Alvarado,  in  reply  to  letters  of  Xov.  ,'M,  4tli, 
pi'ivate  letter  in  Vdltcjo,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  IM.');  ollicial  note  in  Dcpt.  St.  I'a/i., 
%l!i.,  iv.  1(57-8.  On  Xov.  18th,  before  receiving  G.'s  reply,  A.  viMtj  t) 
Vallejo  a  privato  letter,  expressing  the  s;uno  views  as  in  his  coinmuuicatioii!) 
to  C— that  is,  his  willini^uess  to  give  up  the  rule  on  receipt  of  an  onUr  tioiii 
Mexico.    Vallejo,  Doc.,  I\IS.,  iv.  ,'^40. 

■'"Xov.  ISt'li,  session.  Loi  Annrles,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  329-30.  C'anillu'd 
letter  of  Xov.  14th  to  Alvarado  had  also  been  forwarded  to  this  body,  h'l't. 
Si.  Piij).,  Anjdes,  MS.,  xi.  90-8. 


,11    '-l 


''1.1-:|. 


CARRILLO  ASSUMES  THE  -^OMMAXD, 


5.19 


]i(  m  to  call  for  Mexican  troops  aiul  money.  He  feared 
Castillero's  arrival  with  an  order  that  if  no  change 
had  yet  been  made  in  the  governorshi[)  none  need  be 
nmde.  It  was  as  much  for  his  interest  to  avoid  a 
d'  i.iy  in  the  transfer  as  for  Alvarado's  interest  to  se- 
cure it.  His  inliuence  over  his  brother  was  of  course 
L'lcat,  and  the  latter  followed  his  lead  without  hesita- 
tion. 

On  December  1st  the  Angelinos,  as  representatives 
dt"  tlie  supreme  government,  took  ])ossession  of  a  house 
tiiat  had  been  rented  as  a  temporary  ca[)it(jl.''^  Next 
(I,iy  Juan  Bandini  seems  to  have  deli*^ered  an  oration 
h( Tore  the  ayuntamiento.*-  On  the  4tli  the  same  il- 
lii  trious  body  in  an  extra  session  received  formal  no- 
ticL"  that  Don  Carlos  would  take  the  oath  of  office, 
thus  assuming  the  governorship,  on  the  Gtli,  at  9 
A.  M.  It  was  thereupon  resolved  to  ]ire[)are  the  sala 
oijiitular,  to  open  a  subscription  for  funds  wherewith 
(hilvto  solenmizo  the  act,  to  issue  tickets  of  invitation 
to  prominent  citizens,  to  obtain  a  big  cannon  from  San 
(jabi'iel  for  salvos,  and  to  illuminate  the  city  for  three 
uiu'lits.  At  last  the  day  arrived,  and  the  ayuntami- 
ciito  met  in  public  session;  Jose  Antonio  Carrillo 
made  a  speech;  Carlos  Carrillo  took  the  oath  and  de- 
li \cred  an  address;  mass  and  te  deum  followed  at  the 
church;  and  the  enthusiastic  Angelinos  proceeded  to 
their  now  governor's  house  to  shout  their  vivas  and 
overload  him  with  congratidations." 

The  address  of  Don  Carhjs  was  circulated  among 
th(3  ])cople.'**     It  was  of  the  congratidatory  and  grand- 


till' 
II'. t 
,l,'| 


"  Lou  Angeles,  Ayiintamlento  RecoriU,  MS.,  24.   The  hon.se  was  that  of  tho 

iiw  Josefii  Alvanuli),  rcntcil  i)f  .John  Toiiiplu  for  .?U00  per  year,  tlio  neyotia- 

is  haviug  l)i'giiu  ill  Suptciiihur. 

'-There  is  soino  mystery  about  this  s]iec('h,  whicli  is  fragment  of  a  Jilotter 

I'laiiiliui'a  handwritiug,  headed  '  1  )i»eoiuse  pi'tmouueed  liy  tlic  Siiidieo  J. 

ill  tho  session  of  Dee.  'Jd,'  in  /!(tii>liiit,  Due,  MS.,  4().     Kainlini  wa.s  not  a 

lico  at  all  in  that  year  or  the  next.     Tho  s]ieeeii,  however,  amount.;  to 

!iiii,<,',  being  apparently  au  argument  in  favor  of  a  meeting  of  tho  asamblea 

iiutainental. 

" Sessions  of  Dec.  4th.  Cth.  Lof  Awitlrx,  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  ;«1-."). 

' '  (Jarrilfo,  hiar.trno que  pruHu nc'iO  id  toinur  d  muiulo  iioldko en  Los  A ii'ieles, 

d.-  Die.  1837,  M.S. 


ff 


I  'i 


I   'l 


MiM  I  '  " 


540 


SAN  DIEGO  PLAN— ALVARADO  AND  CARRILLO. 


iloqucnt  type  ilecined  suitable  for  such  occasions.  Its 
purport  was:  "The  end  of  all  our  troubles  has  coinp, 
the  [)olitical  sea  is  calm,  nothing  but  hajipincss  aliead. 
Your  wishes  are  fullilled  now  that  a  Californiau  ruli's 
California.  It  was  mv  brother  who  brouijht  us  the 
gii't  of  peace  and  my  appomtment;  but  for  his  inter- 
cessions, a  thousand  bayonets  would  now  gleam  on  our 
shores.  I  recognize  my  own  unworthiness,  but  I  trust 
in  your  cooperation.  Let  us  be  united,  asking  heav- 
en's blessing."  There  was  not  the  slightest  intimation 
that  any  opposition  was  expected,  and  no  attempt  to 
explain  the  irregularity  and  haste  with  which  tlic  oi- 
fiee  was  assumed.  The  action  at  Angeles  was  ratilied 
at  San  Dietjo  on  December  9th. *^ 

The  suj)port  of  Santa  Bdrbara  was  essential,  and 
Don  Ctlrlos  sent  his  brother  Jose  Antonio  as  a  co- 
misionado  to  obtain  it,  instructing  him  to  lay  l)of  )ro 
tlie  ayuntamiento  the  disasters  which  must  result  from 
the  coming  of  the  military  expedition  now  ready  to 
start  from  the  Mexican  coast.**^  Yet,  notwithstanding- 
the  coinisionado's  eloquence  and  influence,  his  threats 
of  bringing  a  force  from  Mexico,  and  the  fact  tliat 
Carlos  Carrillo  was  a  Santa  Barbara  man  with  many 
relatives  and  friends  in  that  place,  the  Barbaronos 
could  not  be  induced  to  support  the  present  plan  ami 
policy  of  Los  Angeles.  Tliey  had  sworn  allegiance  to 
Alvarado,  and  regarded  their  oath  as  bindinix  until 
the  command  should  be  in  due  form  transferred  to 
another.  Moreov^er,  they  recognized  their  own  ni'td, 
as  Alvarado's  associates  and  supporters,  of  formal 
guaranties  from  Mexico,  and  they  could  but  regard 
Carrillo's  present  actions  as  savoring  of  treachery.^' 

■■'Dec.  Sill,  Carrillo  to  ayunt.,  with  his  appointment,  etc.  Dec.  l()'!i, 
Fnincisco  Alvaivido  to  C,  with  news  of  the  nitilication,  oithusiasm,  etc.  S. 
JUiyo,  Arch.,  MS.,  l,S!)-!)0.  Doc.  10th,  V.  onlcra  the  ayunt.  of  Anf;clos  to 
prochiiiii  him  ffn:  in  its  jurisdiction.  JJept.  Si.  Pap.,  Aniic/cs;  MS.,  xi.  !•''. 

■"'  1  >fc.  8,  1S.37,  appointment  and  instructions  of  Cdrloa  to  J.  A.  Carrillo  in 
Sohrrimcn,  Doc,  MS.,  70. 

"  In  a  li'tter  of  Doc.  '20th,  Alvarado  informs  Vallojoof  thoannval  of  2  nun 
from  St;i  liiirharn,  with  nows  of  Caiiiilo's  cftbrts  and  threats  at  that  ))lii(i,'. 
They  report  a  bitter  feeling'  against  D.  Carlos,    ['alltjo,  JJoc,  MS.,  iv.  oGl. 


ALVARADO  DESIRES  A  CONFERENCE. 


541 


ns.  Its 
IS  comn, 
s  alicad. 
ian  rules 
;  us  the 
is  iiitcf- 
u  on  niir 
t  I  trust 
g  lieav- 
timatidii 
euipt  ti) 
I  tlic  oi- 
3  ratiiici] 

tial,  and 
as  a  co- 
,y  l)ofi)ro 
,ult  from 
ready  to 
■^tandin^' 
5  throats 
t  tluit 
1  many 
jarch(  >s 
an  and 
mcc  to 
o'  until 
•red  to 
n  ui'od, 
forninl 
repird 
lei'V-^' 


Doc.  lOtii, 
m,  etc.  S. 
Aiifrck's  t') 

xi.  !tO.  ^ 
Cari'ilio  ill 

il  of 'JlllOU 

!iat  )i!.icc. 
iv.  oGl. 


During  the  rest  of  tlie  year  notliing  was  accom- 
plished on  cither  side,  save  that  the  Zacatccan  friars, 
tin'ough  their  prefect,  expressed  their  recognition  of 
Carrillo  as  governor,*^  and  that  Castro  was  sent  down 
with  an  escort  of  ten  men  to  take  command  at  Santa 
])iiibara.  Castro  was  instructed  to  forward  connnu- 
nications  from  the  north  and  south,  aid  the  local  au- 
thorities in  preserving  order,  keep  a  close  watch  on 
fonienters  of  opposition  to  the  government,  but  not  to 
uso  force  without  orders,  it  being  especially  desirable 
to  avoid  a  rupture.*'^  Corres[)i)ndence  continued  in 
Doeombcr.  The  governor  hacl  been  offended  l)y  Car- 
lillo's  letter  of  November  14tli,  and  hacl  not  answered 
it,  but  now  he  wrote  a  reply,  which  was  forwarded  by 
Castro.  It  was  a  dignified  and  forcible  presentment 
of  the  matters  at  issue,  expressing  deep  regret  at  Car- 
rillo's  hasty  assumption,  without  legal  formalities,  of 
a  command  which  the  writer  was  willing  to  turn  over 
to  him  legally,  and  at  his  refusal  to  consult  with  the 
wan  whom  he  had  recognized  as  a  legitimate  ruler 
rcs[)ecting  certain  matters  that  could  not  bv  treated 
in  writing.  He  closed  by  renewing  his  proposal  for  a 
conference,  which  might  take  place  at  San  Miguel, 
and  by  which  further  sectional  strife  might  l)e  ])rc- 
vontod.-'° 

General  Vallejo  also  wrote  on  December  2r)th  let- 
ters to  Alvarado  and  the  two  Carrillos.  To  the  for- 
mer he  declared  that  his  right  to  await  orders  and 
•guaranties  from  the  ]\Iexi('an  government  could  not 
l)e  questioned;  that  the  threat  to  bring  a  force  from 
!Mexicowas  but  braggadocio  to  frighten  cowards;  and 
that  were  it  not  for  the  expected  arrival  of  the  C'"//- 
f.'i'aia  at  an  early  date,  he  would  not  hesitate  to  march 


''Doc.  14th,  p.  Moreno  to  tha  friars.  Amh.  OhUpmJn,  IMS.,  50. 

'■'I) 'o.  25,  l.S.tT,  Alvarado'a  iuitriiotiaiia  to  Castro.  Sobuntiifn,  Doc,,  MS., 
Tt  .'..  i;i  0  articlos. 

"Iii'c.  20,  IS.'l",  Alvarado  to  Carlos  Carrillo.  Sohomnefi,  Dor.,  M.S.,  7^- 
M;  V'll<[jn,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxii.  )1S.  Same  date,  to  Vallejo.  Advises  liim  to 
lai|i  military  men  on  f;ooil  terms,  so  tliut  they  may  l>e  disposed  to  ol)cy  his 
ord.  IX.  /,^,  IV.  304. 


\im 


^m 


li 


1 


■  ih'it 
I'll!''" 


I: 


mn 
■  it 


kt\yi\ 


w 


0-1-2 


SAX  DIEGO  PLAN— ALVARADO  AND  CARRILLO. 


with  Ills  soldiers  to  the  south  in  Alvarado's  support; 
yet  under  existinix  circumstances  it  would  doubtless  Ixj 
best  to  avoid  violent  measures.''^  To  Jose  .Vntoujo 
Carrillo  he  wrote  that  his  boasting  and  threats  at 
Santa  Barbara  had  aroused  not  fear,  but  indignaiiDu 
that  a  son  of  California  could  adopt  such  a  course,  le- 
buking  him  for  his  hasty  action  and  advising  prudence. 
Let  them  wait  till  the  vessel  should  arrive  witli  do 
spatches,  and  then  the  connnand  would  be  legally. md 
gladly  surrended,  although  the  legitimate  ruler  liad 
been  grievously  insulted.^^  In  writing  to  Don  C;ul  is, 
A'allejo  adopted  a  milder  tone,  appealing  to  his  goiMl 
sense  and  [latriotism,  and  begging  him  not  to  pluii'^t! 
the  country  needlessly  into  a  sectional  strife  l)y  igimr- 
ing  the  rii^hts  of  a  ruler  whom  he  had  himself  aided 
to  put  in  power.  Alvarado  could  not  yield,  even  il'li,; 
wished  to  do  so,  and  leave  his  friends  unprotected, 
while  Carrillo  assuredly  could  not  rule  successl'idly 
without  northern  support.  Why  not  then  secure  tluit 
support  by  showing  a  conciliatory  spirit,  and  consent- 
ing to  a  slight  delay,  or  at  least  to  a  conference?'^'' 

Answers  to  these  letters,  though  not  extant,  were 
evidently  not  conciliatory.  The  sum  total  of  all  that 
can  be  said  against  the  position  of  Alvarado  and  \'a- 
llejo  at  this  time  is  that  they  perhaps  hoped  to  receive 
by  the  California,  not  an  order  to  surrender  tli "Ir 
1  lower,  but  authority  to  keep  it.  This  hope  on  tli(  ir 
part,  causing  them  to  desire  delay,  was  neither  nmro 
nor  less  culpable  than  Carrillo's  fears  on  the  sanies,  d>- 
ject  prompting  haste.  Otherwise,  Alvarado's  ground 
was  tenable  legally  and  morally,  besides  tench iig  to 

5'  DccCOtli,  V.  toA.,  :^  VuHrjo,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  308.  He  hints  that  Canillo 
may  hiivchoiu'il  ill  Mexico  of  H.iiiio  pvopo.sitiou  to  code  Califoriiia  to  the  U. 
S.,  which  nijiv  afcoitut  for  his  liaste  to  get  jiossession. 

^■'Doe.  iGth,  \'.  to  J.  A.  Carrillo,  in  Val/rjo,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  .307. 

='»Dcc.  '2(itli.  V.  to  Ciirlos  Carrill(\  in  Valkjo,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  .30.".  T: 
later  letter  to  .J.  A.  Carillo,  notdateil,  Vallejo  accuses  him  of  having  a^' 
congrcs.s  to  expend  SOO.OOO  in  sending  an  army  to  Cul. ;  and  says  tliat  hail 
connni.'<sion  and  th(!  appointment  of  1).  C;irh)s  lieen  genuine,  theyshould  li 
gone  like  men  to  lay  their  ])ap(>rs  before  tlio  governor,  and  to  come  to  an 
derstamling.  It  aeema  tliat  (.'arrillo  had  replied  to  V.'s  lirst  letter,  assert 
that  his  threats  were  exaggerated.  /(/.,  xiv.  13. 


:i  a 

.rl 

Ins 

iVU 

lai- 


CARRILLO  IN  THE  WRONG. 


643 


pc.ue  and  harmony,  while  Carrillo's  position  was  in- 
c'oii.^istent,  partisan,  and  suro  to  result  in  sectional 
stiifc.  Don  Carlos,  a  strong  supporter  of  Alvarado's 
oovernment,  on  receipt  of  his  appointment  with  power 
in  st'lect  his  capital,  at  once,  without  consulting  his 
chiefs  or  associates,  oflered  to  make  Los  Angeles  the 
capital.  Tlien  he  simply  notified  Alvarado  of  his  a[)- 
pdintment,  not  recognizing  the  hitter's  title,  even  so 
ill  I'  as  to  ask  for  a  transfer  of  the  office.  He  merely 
waited  for  Alvarado  as  a  rebel  chief  to  submit  hum- 
My  to  him  as  representative  of  the  supreme  govern- 
inent;  and  at  the  governor's  suggestion  of  delay  for 
at  hast  a  conference  and  the  legal  formalities  of  a 
transfer,  he  wrote  insulting  betters  in  rejjly,  and  by 
an  Irregular  assumption  of  the  governorship  at  Los 
Angeles  became  virtually  leader  of  the  faction  that 
had  so  long  struggled  against  Alvarado  and  himself 
That  Carrillo  was  a  weak  man,  easily  influenced  by 
others,  is  far  from  sufficient  excuse  for  this  act  of 
treachery.  Don  Carlos  deserved  no  s\'mpathy,  and 
ho  got  none,  even  from  his  own  town  of  Santa  Bar- 
hara,  until  long  years  had  caused  the  facts  to  be  for- 
gotten. In  time  foreign  residents  and  writers,  and 
even  manv  Californians,  were  taught  to  regard  him  as 
a  loader  of  the  surehos  from  the  beginning,  defrauded 
(if  the  governorship  by  the  plots  of  a  northern  fac- 
tion. 

Naturally  Carrillo's  partisan  acts  In  favor  of  the 
Minth,  his  treatment  of  his  former  associates,  and  his 
l)r()ther's  loud  threats  of  bringing  an  army  from  Mex- 
i<")  excited  much  anger  In  the  nortli,  not  o'.dv  anions^ 
tho  leaders,  but  among  the  pe()i)le.  The  leaders' in- 
terests, depending  on  the  (7a///oyyim'.s  expected  arrival. 
Were  in  favor  of  peace;  therefore  Alvarado,  Vallejo, 
aii(]  Castro  kept  their  temper  toleral)ly  well;  but  hud 
the  governor  chosen  to  yield,  it  is  almost  certain  there 
Vv'iuld  have  been  a  nvolt  In  the  north.  That  Is,  Car- 
rillo's policy  had  brought  about  a  renewal  in  a  new 
form  of  the  old  sectional  quarrel,  the  wc^^st  possible 


I  •    f 


I 


I  1l 


544 


SAN  DIEGO  PLAN— ALVAPtADO  AND  CARRILLO. 


mM 


result  for  California.  It  was  Carrillo's  fault,  and  n^t 
Alvarado's.  Here  as  elsewhere,  such  a  quarrel  once 
be^nui,  there  is  very  little  room  for  syui[)athy  or  blaiiii,' 
for  either  side." 

''Testimony  about  tho events  of  thia  period,  from  printed  matter  and  fidtii 
statements  of  Californians,  does  not  aa  a  rule  a(l<l  anything  to  our  knowlcd'.'L' 
derived  from  contemporary  documents.  Most  (Jalifoniiaus  content  tlicmsclvci 
with  statiiiy  tiuit  Alvarado  refused  to  recognize  Carrillo,  approving  or  di.sip- 
jiroving  lii.s  policy  according  as  they  lived  in  the  north  or  south.  Alvaiado, 
Hift.  CaL,  MS.,  iv.  '2.'?-;32,  gives  a  much  fairer  and  more  accurate  version  of 
tliese  than  of  some  earlier  events,  agreeing  for  the  most  part  with  Id.s  litti  r.-' 
written  at  tlie  time.  Vallejo's  statements,  /Jist.  C'dl.,  MS.,  iii. 'J77-.'{-'li,  ;ii  j 
very  miuh  less  com])lctc  and  satisfactory  than  arc  his  original  letters.  Oslo, 
Illxf.  CuL,  MS.,  382-5,  does  not  indicate,  either  under  liis  own  iiiinie  or 
anonymously,  what  part  he  took;  nor  docs  he  give  many  details;  but  he  seems 
to  have  Some  words  of  Idanie  botli  for  Alvarado  and  for  J.  A.  Carrillo.  Hun- 
dini,  //(^•^  C(il.,  MS.,  97-0,  states  that  Alvarado  had  no  intention  of  givin,' 
up  theoflico,  but  made  a  new  revolution  to  avoid  it.  Carrillo  was  dot'cit'd 
through  Imd  management  on  his  side.  J.  J.  Vallejo,  Rcmiiili.,  MS.,  Ij;;  .'), 
seeu's  to  regard  Carrillo's  appointment  as  the  result  of  southern  intrigue,  ami 
represents  Inm as  having  'rai.sedtlie  standard  of  revolt' !  Botello, ^1  ««/».<,  MS,, 
4H-S,  tells  us  that  .Mvarado  and  hisfriemls  resisted  (,'arrillo  on  one  pretext  ^a- 
anotlicr,  but  really  to  picvcnt  tlio  abajenos  from  avenging  tiieir  past  \vnin;.'s 
and  to  kci'p  them  from  moving  the  capital  and  custom-house.  Ko  admits  that 
it  was  tho  intention  of  the  surenos  to  clip  tiic  wings  of  tlic  northern  cliiiue. 
In  the  brief  account  sent  to  tlic  Islands,  and  puljlished  in  the  Jloiiolnhi  S.  I. 
O'fizcUe,  May  5,  183S,  and  llonolnla  Poli/iieifiaii,  ii.  9.3,  Nov.  '20,  181 1,  Alv:i- 
ra<lo  is  said  to  have  agreed  to  give  up  the  command  on  being  shown  Caniiio's 
commission  and  receiving  guaranties  from  him  of  protection  for  the  life  and 
property  of  himself  and  friends,  which  Carrillo  refused.  Mentions  nmre  ur 
ies3  accurate,  but  all  incomplete  and  brief,  of  Alvarado  vs  Carrillo,  souk;  tx- 
tending  beyond  the  point  to  wliieli  I  have  brouglit  my  narrative,  are  as  lol- 
lows:  March's  Litter,  MS.,  8;  Ord,  Ocurirnclns,  MS.,  103-8;  Pko,  Arniit,, 
MS.,  47-8;  Serrano,  Apuntes,  MS.,  54-9;  Valle,  Lo  Pasa do,  "Sl^i.,  19-'J1; 
Coroiiel,  dims,  MS.,'2i;  Janssens,  Vida,  MS.,  122-8;  (.'«,s<ro,  AW.,  MS.,  41 -2; 
Galiiidn,  A/iiinten,  MS.,  39—10;  Oonzah'z,  Erppr/niiciai,  MS.,  33;  Arlla,  A'o/^;-, 
MS.,  21.  Also  tho  following  in  jirint:  Beh-her'n  Voijaqe,i.  137;  Mofra^,V..c- 
])lor.,  i.  301-2;  I'ohiiiifoii's  Life  in  CaL,  178-9;  Laplace,  Votjaije,  \'\.  l'.)0-l; 
Grcaiihoii''-:  Ilisl.  (Jr.,  .3()7;  Forliex'  Hint.  Val.,  l.")0;  Farnham'a  Life  and  Trac, 
290;  TiUhiWs  Hist.  CuL,  lU-o;  Los  Amjdcs  Hist.,  14, 


■M-. 


feTFisr 


III  Nil 


CHxVPTER  XIX. 


DON  JU^iN  BAUTISTA  AND  DON  C.UlLOS, 

i8r>8. 

Don-  f'ARLO.s  Closes  NonTiiEiiN'  Pokts— Sends  for  Mexican  Tnoors — 
I'astuo'.s  Plan— a  Si'i'itior.s  Aitoixtment— Cai-jullo's  Letters— 
Military  ruEi'ARAiiON.s— CastaSkua  at  Sax  BtTESAVENTURA — Santa 
Barbara  Threateseu — News  from  Mkxico— Battle  of  Sax  Bcexa- 
vi'.NTLRA — Los  Axgeles  Takex— Alvauado  at  Sax  Ferxaxdo — Dux 
Carlos  at  Sax  Diego — A  New  Plan— Tobar  ix  Command— Cam- 
I'Aicx  of  Las  Flouks — Treatv — Negotiations  at  Sax  Fernando — 
JCscAPE  OP  THE  Prktknder — Vallejo  Favors  Dox  Carlos — News  by 
THE  'Catalixa' — Arrival  OF  Castillero — Recognition  of  Alvarado 
AND  Vallljo — Ax  IsL\Nu  FOR  Carrillo— Abajenos  Desponoent — 
ArribeSos  Tricmphant— Re-arrest  of  Carrillos  and  Picos. 


Thk  state  of  affairs  was  not  greatly  changed  in  Jan- 
larv  1838.  On  the  3(1,  however,  in  view  of  critical 
cininnstances  arising  from  'polyarch}^  Carrillo  from 
his  capital  at  Angeles  proceeded  to  close,  so  far  as  he 
could  do  so  by  a  decree,  the  ports  of  Monterey  and 
San  Francisco,  "until  the  north  shoidd  submit  to  the 
su])i'emc  government,"  and  to  establish  the  custom- 
house at  San  Diego.*  Such  an  act  did  not  tend  in  any 
maila'd  degree  to  conciliate  the  people  from  Santa 
Barbara  northward. 

Next,  through  his  brother,  he  sent  to  ^Mexico  a  re- 
ijutst  Ibr  200  armed  men  to  aid  in  making  his  authority 
ivspL'cted,  after  which  Don  Jose  Antonio  was  sent  on 
the  (jth  to  labor  afjain  with  the  obstinate  Barbareiios. 
lie  was  aided  by  the  Valles,  Don  Antonio  and  his 

'.s'.  Dh'fio,  Arch.,  'Mfi.,  193;  //rt//c«.  Doc,  MS.,  79;  Id.,  Em'nj.  Notex,  i. 
S(13,  I'liblished  at  S.  Diego  and  S.  Luis  Rey  ou  Jan.  8th.  .V.  JJicgo,  Arch., 
MS.,  210. 


Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  III.    35 


(615) 


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DON  JUAN  BAUTISTA  AND  DOX  cARLOS. 


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son  Tgnac'io,  and  l)y  llio  Pioos,  Don  Pio  juid  liislji'otlior 
Andres.  They  oU'ervd  to  Castro  and  Villavi(.*enclii  ;is 
tlioir  ult'iniatuni  that  Don  CVirlos  on  Alvarado's  siiK- 
niission  wonld  countermand  his  request  i'or  1200  anncd 
^Jexieans,  and  M'ould  <^ive  j^uaranties  for  the  h\t's  (»[ 
the  rel)els  against  Chico  and  Gutierrez.  He  would 
iiho  consent  to  an  interview  at  San  Puenaventuia. 
C'iU-tro  ])roniised  to  go  as  a  coniisionado  to  ^Monlciw 
to  nia]<e  known  tlio  propositions  to  .Vlvarado,  wlioin, 
witli  A'^allejo  perlia])s,  lie  would  induce  to  return  with 
hiui  to  Santa  Parhara,  where  negotiations  nnglit  liu 
continued.  He  started  on  the  11th,  and  both  ilio 
Carrillos  addressed  letters  to  Alvarado,  urniu'''  liiia 
to  submit." 

Castro  believed  that  there  was  really  danger  of  a  t'f  ^nv 
coming  from  ]\Iexico,  and  his  object  in  coming  i 
was  to  consult  with  Alvarado.  Ho  proposed  and  1 
governor  approved  a  sudden  attack  on  Los  Angeles, 
to  be  followed  by  the  sending  of  Don  Carlos  aiiil 
some  twenty  others  to  the  north  as  prisoners.  This 
plan  was  submitted  to  Vallejo/  who  ])robably  dis- 
approved it  or  counselled  delay,  not  i)uttiug  itiiuh 
faith  in  Carrillo's  threats.  Of  course  there  was  no 
tliought  of  accepting  the  latest  propositions.  In 
these  days  the  theory'  became  current  that  Canilln's 
appointment  v;as  spurious,  since  neither  Alvarado,  imr 

2Jan.  9,  IS-IS,  J.  A.  Oirrillo  to  A.  Brpt.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  \71  (1. 
'.Tuaiiita,  ymi  know  my  Ihinncss;  acci^pt  tliu  iiivitatiuii  and  coiilulo  in  im.'. 
Do  not  adlicic  t(i  !i  capiico  vliicli  will  iiijiiio  you  and  youf  country.'  •i.;:i. 
10th,  Carlos  Carrillo  to  A.  /(/. ,iv.  JTi'-SO.  Drops  uU  icscntjuciits,  mv\  is 
■willing  to  comply -with  all  that  lias  been  stipulated;  that  is,  is  willing  liml  liis 
rival  should  yield.  Same  date,  C.  C.  thanks  Castro  for  promising  to  usf  liis 
influence  with  A.  hi.,  iv.  J 70-7.  Jan.  lOth,  A.  to  Yallejo,  private  ktur. 
Cawtro  liad  arrived  Jan.  ISth.  The  ISarbarenos  were  reporti'd  very  hitter 
against  Carrillo;  and  one  niglit  they  v.ould  have  kilkul  his  agent;',  if  Ci  tro 
luul  not  prevented  it.  Vdih'jf,  l)oi'.,  M.S.,  v.  '21.  On  .Jan.  lotji  A.  had  Aviit- 
ten  to  V.  that  J.  A.  Carrillo  had  said  at  .Sta  IWrliara  that  Don  Carloi  hail 
shown  at  Los  Angeles  his  original  appointment  and  guaranties  for  the  lute 
revolutionists.  /(/.,  v.  20. 

Man.  10,  1838,  A.  to  V.,  in  Vallrjo,  Dor.,  M.S.,  v.  22.  He  announces  liis 
intention  to  go  south  soon,  says  J.  A.  Carrillo  is  do  facto  governor  in  Los 
Angeles,  abusing  cveiybody;  there  arc  two  parties  at  Angeles;  Carrillo  hrnu^'ht 
a  Capt.  Castafieda  from  Mexico,  who  has  lieeu  ofl'cred  the  command  at  Sta 
Biirliara.  Ho  (Alvarado)  has -10  men  at  Monterey,  10  at  S.  Juan,  20  at  .Sta 
Barbara,  all  aii.\ioua  to  iiglit. 


CONTROVERSY  CONTINUED. 


r.l7 


anybody  else  outside  (»f  Aiii^elcs  at  least,  had  as  yet 
Ik'1'11  I'avored  with  a  olimpso  of  the  (trininal.  Kvcii 
the  doeiiinent  of  wliieh  an  allei;'t'd  eopy  luid  \>vvn 
shown,  was  not  le^al  as  was  elainied,  hccause  it  did 
not  bear  the  presiilent's  signatuiv.  The  latter  theoiy 
]i;ul  perhaps  some  I'oree  as  a  teelmieality ;  and  to  the 
fiiiiiier  a  degree  of  })lausibihty  was  given  by  Carrill.)'s 
mysterious  aetions.  At  any  rate,  they  served  their 
jiiu'|)Ose,  and  strengthened  Alvarado's  eause  somewhat 
at  the  north. 

Tliroughout  February  also  Alvarado  waited,  being 
content  that  affairs  at  the  soutli  should  remain  in  statu 
(|!io,  and  believing  that  favorable  news  from  Castiilero 
was  more  likely  to  arrive  than  was  C^irrillo's  reiin- 
i'.iiromeut.*  Correspondence  was  continued,  tiiough 
it  brought  no  progress  toward  a  settlenicnt.  J.  A. 
(anillo  liad  iidbrmed  Vallejo  of  the  reipiest  for 
}.hxican  troops,  and  the  latter  wrote  to  Don  Curios 
in  i'e[)ly  a  very  earnest  letter  of  reproach  for  having 
paid  no  attention  to  his  past  oonununications,  and  for 
liis  hasty  and  unwise  policy,  which  was  sure  to  residt 
in  civil  war.  "If  it  be  true,"  he  said,  '"that  troo[>s 
liavc  been  sent  for,  you  may  be  sure  the  comman<l 
will  not  be  given  up,  nor  will  those  wrongfully  termed 
rebels  tamely  submit."  Yet  he  woukl  like  to  see 
Carrillo  legally  in  possession  of  the  connnand,  and  as 
an  'affectionate  cousin'  hoped  that  all  would  result 
in  tranquillity.'^  On  February  15th  both  Carrillos 
answered  Vallejo's  communications  of  Deceml)er  2()th, 
which  they  claimed  not  to  have  received  until  the  day 
belbre.     Both  said  in  substance:  "Your  arguments 

'  Vallejo,  oil  Jan.  29tli,  had  given  the  command  at  Sonnma  to  D.  Salvador, 
..ml  announced  his  purpose  to  niavcli  Siiutlnvanl.  V(il/<Jo.  Jh/c,  M.S.,  v.  •_'.'). 
]iv.  luid  been  at  S.  F.  on  Feb.  1st,  and  ordere'd  a  siijall  force-  fmui  that  ])hR'i;  to 
St:i  Clara ;  but  the  ayunt.  interposed  obstacles  and  could  liml  no  men.  Soh<  /■«  ii).<, 
I)'"-.,  MS.,  8G-8. 

;'Fel).  10,  18.38,  V.  to  Cdrlos  Carrillo,  in  Val/pjo,  Dor.,  MS.,  iv.  .31.  1\1). 
llrli,  Capt.  Villavicencio  wrote  to  Alvarado  from  Sta  IJiirljara  tliat  Carrillo 
^^:ls  making  enemies,  and  it  was  rumored  that  he  had  .suniincjned  the  Indian.^ 
til  lii.s  ;ad.  Even  Capt.  Casteueda  wa.s  displeased,  and  had  been  heartl  to  deny 
that  Carrillo  had  any  commission  from  the  govt.  Had  A.  decided  to  yield, 
tile  writer  and  others  had  formed  a  plan  of  re\olt.  Id.,  v.  -'J. 


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DON  JUAN  BAUTISTA  AND  DON  CARLOS. 


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have  no  force.  Wo  hold  authority  from  the  supronio 
government.  It  is  your  duty  simply  to  obey.  Ymi 
have  refused.  We  have  sent  for  troops.  If  ivil 
conies  of  it,  yours  is  the  fault."  Don  Cdrlos  claimed 
to  have  "  exhausted  every  conciliatory  means,"  and 
declared  that  Alvarado's  invitation  to  a  conference 
had  involved  an  attempt  to  degrade  his  authority. 
])on  Jose  Antonio  denied  having  threatened  to  briiiL,' 
one  thousand  armed  men,  but  defended  the  request 
for  one  fifth  of  that  number;  ridiculed  the  "  Quixotic 
enterprise  of  conquering  Mexico;"  and  declared  tliat 
whatever  orders  the  much-talked-of  schooner  niiglit 
bring,  they  would  come  addressed  to  the  governor  and 
not  to  rebels.** 

The  position  assumed  in  these  communications  and 
others  of  the  time  entirely  ignored  all  that  had  l»ri  ii 
done  by  Alvarado  since  November  183G.  It  was  Iho 
oUl  position  of  Los  Angeles  and  San  Diego  striving' 
for  the  capital  and  custom-house.  Considered  as  tlio 
position  of  Bandini,  Requena,  Ibarra,  Portilla,  and 
others  who  had  nevoi-  tmitted  to  Alvarado  exci'iit 
when  forced  to  do  so  possessed  to  a  certain  extent 
the  merit  of  consistency;  but  as  that  of  Carlos  C;ir- 
rillo  it  had  no  merit  whatever.  jVIeanwhile  ])(>n 
Carlos  continued  to  act  as  governor  in  the  south  liy 
issuing  the  usual  routine  orders  on  minor  mattcis 
connected  with  the  civil  administration.'  And  late 
in  February  he  seems  to  have  resolved  on  certain 
military  movements,  for  in  obedience  to  his  older 
Alcalde  Estudillo  .*ient  a  force  of  citizens  under  J^io 
l^ico  with  a  sujijjly  of  ammunition  from  San  Diego 
to  Los  Angeles.** 

Portilla  was  still  acting  as  general  in  the  south, 
with  headquarters  at  San  Gabriel.     Manuel  Trujille, 

•jFcl).  IT),  18.38,  Canillos  to  Vallcjo,  in  Vnlk)o,  Doc,  MS.,  v.  .30-1. 

"  J'oiir  of  these  onlera  ilatcd  Feb.  10th,  Kith,  lOth,  relating  to  laml 
gnmts,  oominercc,  niul  liuliaTis,  are  given  in  Ilojtkhm'  Traii-i/atioiii,  7  '^. 
AIm)  S  otliei's,  on  jiolife  matters,  mails,  passports,  etc.,  dated  Feb.  G-lSlli,  iu 
S.  />/Vr/o,  Arrh.,  MS.,  I«14-.1. 

*  Feb.  '20,  18;W,  C.  to  Kstudillo.  Feb.  2.-)th,  E.  to  C.  Several  conimuiii- 
cntiuus.  S,  Jjieijo,  Arcli.,  MS.,  lltj,  lSt7,  '211, 


CARRILLO  BEGINS  HOSTILITIES. 


049 


a  leccnt  arrival,  was  Carrillo's  secretary.  Early  iu 
]\larch  San  Dieixo  was  warned  to  be  on  the  lookout 
jiir  any  force  that  the  northerners  niiiiht  send  down  in 
Hinckley's  ship,  since  it  was  said  that  Alvarado  was 
(dinini;  south  with  an  army;"  and  a  few  davs  later 
Ca[)tain  Juan  Castaneda,  a  Mexican  officer  who  had 
ooniu  to  the  country  with  Jose  Antonio  Carrillo,  was 
stilt  with  a  force  to  occupy  San  Buenaventura. "^ 
Tliis  occupation  was  effected  probably  on  March  I'Jth, 
without  disaster,  and  soon  Castaneda  was  instructed 
til  advance  and  attack  Santa  Barbara  before  it  could 
be  reeniorced  from  the  north.  He  was  to  form  his 
own  plan  of  attack,  but  was  to  lose  no  time.  ITo 
must  allow  no  conditions,  but  insist  on  inniiediato 
surrender  at  discretion,  after  which  the  leaders  weie 
til  l)e  kept  in  close  contlnenient.  "Xo  more  consid- 
eration must  be  shown  for  those  faithless  rebels."" 


eral  coniinuni- 


»  March  3,  18.1S,  C.  to  the  cncarfrado  of  S.  Dicpo,  Ilai/cx,  Dor.,  ]MS.,  SI; 
S'.  lH'i/o,  Arch.,  MS.,  1!).">.  Estiulillo  in'oiuised  on  March  5th  to  oliscrvu  all 
[I  <.<il)lc  caution,  and  on  March  7th  sent  the  warnhig  down  to  Todos  Santos 
aci OSS  the  frontier.  /(/.,  'Jll. 

'".March  10,  .ISIJS,  Tortilla's  instructions  to  Castiifioda.  Valltjo,  Dor-., 
Ms.,  V.  .SS.  He  was  to  hold  the  niis>-ion  and  prevent  the  northern  revolii- 
ti'iiists  from  Using  its  resources — it  will  he  noticed  that  Ci'ulos  ("arrillo  was 
tl;  ailiuiniistrator  of  this  mission — to  cut  oil"  all  communication  \\ith  Sta, 
llililiara,  and  if  attacked  Ijy  the  enemy  in  overwhelming  numliei's,  to  'save 
tl.r  national  honor'  by  I'etreating.  Should  he  lind  tlic  jilacc  already  in  jios- 
.«c  -inn  of  the  foe,  he  might  u.se  his  judgment  as  to  the  ))ossibility  of  di.sloilg- 
i'lrtii'in.  A  letter  of. I.  A.  Carrillo  to  his  brother  on  March  10th,  Di/it.  St. 
J''.'.,  MS.,  iv.  182-.'),  seems  to  iiulicate  a  degree  of  displeasure  that  some  of 
lii  ■  ideas  hail  not  been  adopted. 

"  -March  Ki,  1S.')8,  I'ortilla  to  Castaneda.  .3  despatclics.  Alf.  J.  A.  Pico 
i-^  to  juin  him  with  a  reenforcemeiit.  Va'lcjo,  Jhc,  MS.,  v.  4:2-4.  March 
i-'',li.  i  'arrillo  warned  Castaneda  against  Sergt  Macedonio  (Jonzalez,  who  was 
t . !  1  cliisely  watched.  And  on  March  l.")!!),  lie  had  recommended  a  Mi'.xican 
1.  .I'd  liadillo,  who  has  a  plan  'favorable  to  our  vie\\H.'  A/.,  v.  40-1. 
Mivh  loth,  Manuel  Ueijiiena  also  wrote  to  Castaneda  that  a  reserve  force 
M:- being  orgaiuzcd  to  aid  liini.  'A  Mexican  ollicer  accustomed  to  victoiy 
vi'l  not  be  det'eated  in  California.'  '  Laurels  of  victory  await  youl'  /'/.,  v. 
■1"'.  -March  17th,  (.'anillo  to  1st  alcaMe.  Orders  liin\  to  go  with  the  sec.  of 
t!ii' .lyiint.  to  S.  IJuenaventura,  escorted  by  1")  armeil  nien,  that  the  citizens 
li  l.os  Angeles  there  may  liavo  a  civil  authority  at  their  head.  The  sec.  is 
tl  report  all  occuiTonccs  until  tlio  gov.  can  come  in  perscm.  Id.,  v.  4(j. 
M: :n  li  ISth,  J.  M.  Covarrnbias  to  Castaneda.  Kecnforcements  will  be  scut, 
ri.lii  st  conlidence  felt  by  the  writer  and  by  others,  who  sign  their  names  ou 
til'  I'.ickof  the  same  letter;  viz.,  I'io  Pico,  Trujillo,  Zamorano,  Keipicna,  .\. 
ai  1  .loaquin  Carrillo,  Ignacio  del  Valle,  and  two  others.  Iil.,  r.  40.  March 
I'' :!i,  (V.n'illo  and  Portilhi  to  Castaneda.  He  must  accelerate  his  movements 
Hill  .ittack  Sta  IJiirbara  before  Alvarado  can  arrive  or  the  garrison  escape. 
Ik  must  uot  however  pursue  the  rebels,  should  they  escape,  farther  than 


600 


I)0\  JUAN  BAUTISTA  AND  DON  CARLOS. 


S!i:] 


!    I, 


Castauedn,  in  obodioncc  to  liis  orders  from  Portilla, 
lefV  San  liiK'navoutura  probably  March  17tli,  iind 
took  a  position  with  his  force  in  siglit  of  Santa  IMi'- 
bara,  dcniandini:^  the  innncdiate  surrender  of  the  pl.x c. 
Coniandante  Villavicencio,  thougli  his  force  was  small, 
had  two  or  tliree  small  cannon  so  placed  as  to  dctciid 
tlie  approaclies.  He  refused  to  surrender,  and  di- 
spatched a  C(jurier  in  all  haste  to  the  north  for  ncii- 
forcements,  while  Captain  Guerra  and  Padre  Duiaii 
went  out  to  ])arlt.'V  with  the  besiegers.  I  have  no  meaiii^ 
of  knowino-  exactly  what  arguments  these  veneialilo 
diplomatists  used,  but  such  was  their  force  that  Cas- 
taneda  did  none  of  the  brilliant  things  expected  of  liim 
l>y  the  Angelinos.  The  cajttain  most  assuredly  dis- 
obeyed in  a  dis'jfraceful  manner  the  orders  of  his  chit  Is 
Carrillo  and  Portilla,  which  with  his  force  of  oxci' 
one  hundred  men  he  miuht  easilv  have  execnt' d. 
AVhether  his  course  was  inspired  by  fear  of  Villavi- 
cencio's  guns,  or  was  the  result  of  deliberate  treach- 
ery to  CVirrillo,  as  Botello  intimates,  or  of  an  a;j;i('e- 
ment  with  Guerra  afterward  broken  by  Castro,  as  Pio 
Pico  seems  to  think,  I  do  not  know;  but  after  remain- 
ing three  or  four  days,  perhaps  at  the  Cerro  del  Xo\- 
untario,  he  retired  to  San  Buenaventura.^'^ 

rui'isima.  The  gov.  will  leave  Angeles  on  Monday  so  as  to  enter  Sta  V>.\v- 
Viiira  on  Wednesday.  /(/. ,  v.  HO-'i.  It  is  noticeable  that  several  k'ttcr.s  ni 
('arrillo,  I'ortilla,  and  other  iironiinciit  men  at  Angeles  at  this  time  l)c':a'  tlio 
nystevions  sipi  'Fn....n,'  which  evidently  liad  some  hidden  Kigniliiaiicc. 
On  March  *20th  Carrillo  acknowledges  the  receipt  of  !?1,000  from  I'm  i'ico 
iMa  lo^n  to  the  treasury  in  aid  of  Castafieda's  movement.  On  July  T),  lSi;i, 
Gov.  Mioheltorena  indorsed  this  by  a  marginal  decree  that  it  sIkjuIJ  be  \r.n>l 
when  convenient.  Indorsed  hy  I'io  Pico  to  Andrt^s  I'ico,  and  by  the  lnUir 
to  I'ablo  do  la  (Juerra.   Oiierrd,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  2:J2-3. 

'■'  JJotello,  Annies  del  Siir,  MS.,  50-2,  who  as  sec.  went  with  the  alciddoof 
Angeles  to  Castaficclii's  camp,  says  that  he  pretended  not  to  have  men  cnniiLili, 
though  his  oilicors  urged  an  attack,  and  friends  in  Sta  IJarbarasent  word  how 
easily  it  could  bo  tiikcn.  Castaiic  la  was  said  to  have  had  some  diilenMRX'S 
V  ith  Carrillo  before  starting.  Pico,  J/int.  ('nl.,  M.S.,  03,  says  that  the  au'ive- 
inent  was  that  Casta i"ieda  should  retire  to  8.  liuenvcntnra  and  no  troojjs  du 
the  other  side  should  pass  Cariiinteria,  that  is,  until  Alvarado  and  C;iiiillo 
could  hold  a  conference.  Lugo,  i'ida,  !MS.,  18-10,  tells  us  the  comisioiiailos 
persuaded  them  to  retire,  ])ronnsing  mediation  witli  the  northerjieis.  I 'into, 
Apuiitacinncs,  MS.,  29-34,  claims  to  have  been  present  at  the  interview  he- 
t\veen  Villavieiencio  ami  .Andii's  Pico,  after  the  negotiaHons  with  (iiierra 
and  Dnran,  when  an  arrangement  was  made  to  slop  hostilities  until  Alviiiailo 
fchould  come.     Wtllc,  Lo  Panado,  MS.,  21,  merely  says  that  Castaiii.da  re- 


>s. 


CASTRO  SENT  TO  THE  SOUTH. 


551 


m  P(»rti]]a. 

17tli,  iiiid 

■^anta  ]5;ir- 

if  tlie|il.((r. 

3  was  small, 
s  to  det'ciid 
3r,  and  dr- 
li  for  ivcii- 
idre  Dura II 
^o  noincauii 
!  vencralilc 
'  that  Cas- 
ctotl  of  1  111  a 
aircdly  dis- 
)f  his  chirts 

CO    of  OVt'l' 

oxo('iit"d. 
of  Villavi- 
fitc  treacli- 
au  a^^rci - 
itro,  as  Pio 
:er  rcmaiii- 
o  del  A  (»1- 


Iii  tlio  nortli,  (Uirini*  th(>  first  half  of  March,  tliey 
wcw  cont'out  to  wait  as  before,  news  from  the  south 
being  unexciting,  and  the  governor  also  suH'ering  for  a 
tiiiio  from  illness. ^^  Then  came  the  information  tliat 
])()ii  Carlos  had  sent  a  force  to  San  Buenaventura, 
tlius  assuming  the  offensive.  The  force  was  undt-r- 
stood  to  be  small,  and  Carrillo  not  apprehensive  of 
any  inwnediate  attack.  Alva^ado  resolved  on  prompt 
action,  and  sent  Castro  with  fifteen  men  to  Santa 
])iirhara  to  join  the  garrison  of  that  place,  attack  the 
aliajL-nos  by  surprise,  and  to  send  Don  Carlos  anil  his 
lta(l('rs  as  prisoners  to  iSIonterey.  It  was  the  plan 
su"<''ested  by  Castro  earlier,  the  ext'cution  of  wliit  h 
liad  been  postponed.  "It  is  time  to  })ut  an  vnd  to 
these  political  dis(;ussions,"  wrote  the  governor.^* 

There  were  j)articular  reasons,  it  seems,  lor-  prompt 
action  on  both  sides  at  this  time.  Alvarado  learned 
that  a  despatch  from  Castillero  I'or  him  had  been  in- 
tcicL'pted  by  Carrillo;  and  he,  on  the  (jther  hand,  inter- 
cepted a  letter  from  Don  Carlos  to  his  wife.  In  that 
letter  it  was  announced  that  the  Qdl/oniin  had  reached 
Acapulco;  that  some  of  Alvarado's  official  letters  had 
been  published  in  government  journals  of  September 


enter  Sta  IVir- 

cnvl  k'tli'i'.s  I'f 

lime  l)o;ir  tliL' 

'11  KigiiilicuKr. 

from  I'io  I'ii ) 

n  July  •"),  1^1^!. 

\i>n\d  hi.'  ]i::i  1 

Yty  tho  l;ii;ir 

the  alciilili'uf 
I'lnciu'iiiiiiu'li, 
sent  Wdi'il  !i'i\v 
lue  (liirurpiici's 
hat  tho  11  ,nn- 
1  no  tnioiii  "11 
0  and  riii'iillo 
eoniisiciiiii'liis 
L'niers.  I'iiitu, 
intei-virw  In'- 
witli  (iiicna 
ntil  Alvnni'l) 
Castani.i.Ia  I'l-'- 


tn.itcd,  pleading  insufficiency  of  force.  Mrs.  Ord,  Orurrcnclns, "SIH.,  lOS-10, 
s-iNsthiit  Villavieenuio'a  garrison  of  'JO  or '_M  men  was  increjiscd  to  lUD  men 
liv  the  citizens.  She  says  tliaS  Castancda  came  only  to  Cariiinteria.  Fiirn- 
ii.iiii,  /,//('  iaCal.,  '21(0-4,  gives  a  very  amusing  liut  of  course  inaccurate  .-.c- 
(1. nut  of  the  Sta  Darbara  campaign.  Mention  only  in  Alrni-mlo,  llisl.  Cii/., 
MS.,  iv.  41-'2;  Piro,  A'-oiil.,  MS.,  48-!l;  L'.shnlll/o,  JJatos,  MS.,  2-2-',];  Cod- 
T-'lix,  Exper'unciaK,  MS.,  o3-5;  Jaiisgeiis,  Vida,  MS.,  TJli;  VidJis,  Mnii., 
iMS..27. 

'■'March  4,  18:18,  Alvarado  to  Vallejo.  Thinks  of  going  Ro\ith  in  S  days. 
VuUcjo,  Doc,  MS.,  V.  3(».  March  T-Hh,  frii'iid.s  in  Lu.s  Angi'les  send  in- 
iiiur.igement.  .Same  to  same.  Itl.,  v.  ol(.  March  I'Jth,  V.  to  J.  A.  Carrillo. 
X  rather  severe  answer  to  his  last  letter,  suggesting  that  it  is  as  veil  to  diup 
1  rii'.cstations  of  friendsliip  for  a  while  until  things  are  more  settled.  'I  am 
i:iiLlier  centralist,  federalist,  nor  monarchist,  liut  ranchcro,  caring  little  for 
systems  while  we  have  neither  iiopulatinu  nor  capital.'  /></:'.  lif.  P'l/i-,  MS., 
iv.  IS,")-.").  There  is  also  a  letter  of  Alvarado  to*  Virlos  Carrillo,  in  Vallijn,  /inc., 
-MS.,  iv.  .lO,  not  dated,  and  prohalily  wiittei»  a  little  later.  It  is  a  repetition 
iif  the  old  views  expressed  somewhat  inde))endently. 

"March  IS,  ls;J8,  A.  to  V.,  in  \tilt,jo,  Dor.,  MS.,  v.  48.  Ho  wants  a 
fi'w  men  sent  from  Sonoma  and  S.  Francisco.  March  l.'lth,  Villavicenciu  to 
A.  from  Sta  Darbara.  Sends  4  documents  to  undeceive  him  alxiut  Carrillo "s 
intentions,  one  being  doulitlcss  I'ortilias  order  to  Castuuedu  to  occupy  S. 
Ijianavcutura.  JJeiJt.  St.  Paji.,  MS.,  iv.  1S5-0. 


m 


652 


DON  JVAS  BAUTISTA  AND  DON  CARLOS. 


1837,  and  that  Captain  Robbins  had  been  rewarflod 
with  sonio  position  in  accordance  with  Alvarado's  rec- 
onnncndations.  It  was  imphed  also  that  the  govein- 
nicnt  was  incHned  to  favor  Alvarado  as  govornor. 
The  party  in  power  when  official  despatches  should 
arrive  would  manifestly  have  the  advantage;  there- 
fore Castro  had  orders  to  win  or  lose  in  fifteen  days." 
Santiago  Estrada  was  the  courier  sent  by  Villavi- 
cencio  to  announce  to  the  governor  Castaneda's  aj)- 
[)earance  in  front  of  Santa  Barbara  with  one  hundred 
and  fifty  men.  Estrada  met  Castro  on  the  wjiy  at 
San  Luis  Obispo,  and  hastened  that  officer's  move- 
ments; at  Buenavista  rancho  his  strength  gave  out, 
and  he  forwarded  a  letter  to  Santa  Clara.'"  All  avail- 
able force  was  at  once  placed  at  Alvarado's  dis[)()sal 
by  the  general,  Salvador  Vallejo  being  sent  by  forced 
marches  from  Sonoma. ^^  I  have  no  details  respecting 
the  march  southward  of  Alvarado  and  his  reenlorce- 
ments.  Ai)ril  5th  he  was  at  Santa  Ines,  and  six  da y.s 
earlier  at  Buenavista  had  heard  of  Castro's  success. 


Castro,  after  joining  his  escort  to  Villaviccncio's 
force  and  the  Santa  Barbara  volunteers,  had  probal  tly 
about  one  hundred  men,  with  whom,  taking  along  also 
a  few  cannon,  he  hastened  on  to  San  Buenaventura. 
His  approach  to  the  mission  seems  to  have  been  uii- 

'^  March  18,  1838,  Alvarado  to  Vallejo  from  S.  Juan,  in  Vallejo,  Doc, 
MS.,  V.  47.  llustamaiite,  in  his  Oabhiete  Mex.,  i.  90,  MS.  (nut  in  tlic 
pviiited  edition),  also  says  it  was  on  Sept.  S'Jd  that  the  return  of  California  to 
alli'Ljiancp  was  announced  in  congress.  Uustamanto  had  predicted  thisruturu 
in  IXc.  ls:?(J,  and  tiiat  it  would  lie  effected  through  tho  friars. 

"^iliircli  22,  18;W,  Estra<la's  original  letter,  forwarded  by  Alvarado  to 
Vallejo  the  same  day.  Vnllejo,  Doc,  MS.,  v.  53-4.  He  says  Castaficdii's 
force  was  eucanipcd  at  the  *  liiguna  do  Sal  this  side  of  Montecito,' which  cur- 
responds  to  tho  Cerro  del  Voluntario  mentioned  in  different  statements. 

"March  '24,  1S,S8,  V.  to  Sanchez,  Martinez,  com.  at  Sta  Clara,  and  to 
Capt.  Vallejo,  in  Vallejo,  Doc.,  MS.,  v.  55-8.  Same  date,  A.  to  V.  froinSt.a 
Clara.  \Vill  march  next  day  for  S.  Juan.  Is  determined  to  avenge  hinisth' 
and  punish  the  southerners  for  their  shabby  treatment  of  him.  Docs  nut 
need  a  largo  force  to  do  it.  /(/.,  v.  CO.  March  28th,  Lieut  Martinez,  rancliD 
do  la  Merced.  Was  lame,  Iiaving  been  thrown  from  a  horse;  could  not  ^I't 
any  civicos  to  go,  but  helped  Salvador  with  horses,  etc.  Id.,  v.  02.  Manli 
24th,  v.  to  A,  Mentions  tho  orders  he  has  issued.  An  accident  to  his  h'l; 
prevents  him  from  coming  in  person.  Is  glad  the  time  has  come  to  act  with 
decision.  Dci'L  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  187-8. 


BATTLE  OF  SAN  BUENAVENTURA. 


653 


suspected  until  he  had  surrounded  it,  or  at  least  cut 
otl"  its  communications  with  Los  Angeles. ^^  On  the 
nil  lining  of  March  27th,  Castaueda  was  notified  by 
("astro,  from  the  campo  militar  of  the  'northern  divi- 
sion of  operations,'  to  evacuate  the  place  within  one 
liour  under  assurance  of  protection  to  life  and  property, 
else  force  would  be  employed.  He  returned  the  sum- 
mons, writing  on  the  back  that  in  case  of  an  evacuation 
it  must  be  with  all  the  honors  of  war.  In  a  second 
note  Castro  declined  to  make  further  concessions,  and 
ivi»eated  his  demand,  and  on  the  back  of  this  note  was 
returned  Castaneda's  refusal  to  surrender  except  as 
1)1  I'd  re  offered.  Yet  a  third  summons  was  sent,  with 
a  threat  of  opening  fire  at  once;  and  the  reply  was, 
"Do  as  you  please."*"     Firing  soon  began. 

The  battle  of  San  Buenaventura,  though  much  pow- 
der was  burned,  was  not  a  bloody  one.  Castro  reports 
to  the  governor  the  28th:  "I  have  the  pleasure  to  in- 
form you  that  after  two  days  of  continuous  firing,  and 
witli  the  loss  of  only  one  man  killed  on  our  side,  the 
wliolc  force  of  110  men  which  defended  this  place  has 
i\vd  on  foot  under  cover  of  night;  and  at  this  moment 
I  liave  determined  that  a  company  of  mounted  infan- 
try under  Captain  Villa,  and  another  cavalry  company 
of  lancers  under  Captain  Cota,  shall  start  in  their  pur- 
suit, myself  remaining  here  with  the  rest  of  the  divi- 
si(  in  and  the  artillery  to  protect  this  place,  which  would 
1i  •  very  advantageous  for  us  in  case  the  escaped  rebels 
should  join  the  force  of  Don  Cilrlos  and  return  to  save 
llieir  honor."**     Next  day  he  announced  his  success 

"March  2G,  1838,  CastaneJa  to  com.  of  Sta  B.,  asking  that  4  men  who 
li,  1  l)(ca  given  leave  of  abacncc  bo  Bent  back.  Vallejo,  Dor.,  M.S.,  v.  Gl. 
Miivli  "iTtli,  Carrillo  to  cncargado  at  S.  Diego,  asking  for  a  gun,  the  wheels 
1 1 1 1'  f.litiiineJ  from  Fitch,  also  munitions.  S.  Diego,  Arch.,  M.S.,  195. 

'"In  Pico,  Doc.,  MS.,  ii.  3-5,  7-8,  I  have  the  originals  of  Castro's  first 
nti'l  second  summons  with  tho  replies  of  Castadeda.  The  latter's  2d  and  3d 
It  [iiis  are  in  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  189. 

'  March  23, 1838,  Castro  to  Alvarado,  forwarded  by  tho  latter  to  the  Mon- 
ti n  y  jileaUlcson  Anril  4th  from  StalmJs.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxii.  155;  also 
ill  III i>t.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  188-9.  March  30tn,  Alvarado  from  Buenavista 
aiiiiMiiiiLes  the  victory,  the  news  having  just  arrived  by  a  courier  from  Sta  IJ., 
ti)  .ndrninistrators  of  missions  from  S.  Juan  northward.  He  says  tho  forces 
ou  each  side  were  about  100  men;  and  ho  has  80  men  who  are  to  start  south- 


0S4 


DON  JUAN  BAUTISTA  AND  DON  CAllLOS. 


ill  having  captured  70  of  the  fugitives,  with  50  mus- 
kets and  other  anus.  The  soldiers  were  to  be  sut  five 
according  to  the  laws  of  war;  the  officers  were  sent  to 
the  governor  as  prisoners.*^ 

Naturally  accounts  of  this  battle  written  from  iiiein- 
ory,  though  numerous,  present  many  discre[)aii(it.s. 
There  is  a  very  general  tendency  to  grossly  cxagj^ii- 
ate  the  forces  engaged,  really  a  little  more  than  100 
men  on  each  side,  and  to  speak  of  assaults  repelled, 
and  other  purely  imaginary  details.  Castaneda's  loivc 
had,  as  it  would  seem,  no  artillery,  but  included  a  ]>;iitv 
of  New  Mexicans  armed  with  rifles.  Castro's  iip- 
proach  was  altogether  unsuspected  until  at  dawn  lie 
made  his  presence  known,  having  by  that  time  seized 
all  the  garrison's  horses,  cut  off  conmiunication  witli 
Angeles,  and  also  probably  cut  off  the  water  sui)|ily, 
thus  obliging  the  soldiers  to  quench  their  thirst  nuiiuly 
with  the  mission  wine.  Two  guns  were  placed  en 
the  shore-side  in  the  direction  of  the  chapel,  and  eiio 
perhaps  on  the  elevation  back  of  the  mission.  ]];iily 
in  the  fight  a  rifleman  from  the  church  tower  killed 
one  of  Castro's  men."  The  guns  were  then  directed 
upon  the  church,  which  in  1874  still  bore  some  sliiifht 
marks  of  the  cannonade,  and  from  the  walls  of  wliitli 
in  the  course  of  certain  repairs  some  time  in  the  past 
decade  a  cannon-ball  is  said  to  have  been  taken.  The 
"continuous  firing  of  two  days"  was  perhaps  continu- 
ous only  with  considerable  intervals  between  the  Mil- 
leys,  and  it  could  not  have  continued  into  the  second 
day  for  a  longer  time  than  was  necessary  to  make 

■wait]  at  once.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  v.  04.  The  doc.  ia  indorsed  at  Jklorcoil  1<.V 
Martinez,  at  S.  Pablo  l)y  .1.  Castro,  and  at  S.  Rafael  by  Murphy,  I)ot\ML'ii  8 
A.  M.  and  7.30  r.  M.  of  April  2d.  In  /(/.,  v.  (i.3,  is  what  purports  to  bo  ii  iH]]y 
of  a  siniilnr  note  to  Gen.  Vallejo;  but  the  copyist  has  iuteutiouallv  ciuui'i-il 
its  (ii^iires  so  as  to  exaggerate  grossly  tlic  forces  engaged. 

'■'March  2'Jth,  Castro  to  Alvarado.  JJept.  St.  Pap.,  MS. ,  iv.  190-' .  Muidi 
31st,  Cajit.  Cota  asks  to  have  the  prisoners  Ignacio  Alvarado,  Teodc-o  Yoil"V, 
and  Enrique  Sepiilveda  left  with  him  at  Sta  Bdrbara,  he  being  re?iioii>ible 
for  them.  Id.  Castro's  report  forwarded  from  8ta  Int^s  to  Vallejo  on  Apr.  'ith. 
]'ull<Jo,  Doc, 'MS.,  \.  72-.'i;  xxxii.  128.  April  9th,  great  rejoicing  at  S.  liua- 
Cisco  at  the  news.     Sanchez  to  V.  Jd.,  v.  70. 

'-  The  man  is  called  by  most  Califomians  Cordero  or  Comado.  Alvarado 
Bays  he  was  Aquiliuo  Kamircz;  and  Jesus  I'ico  calls  Lim  Olivas. 


CAPTURE  OF  SOUTHERNERS. 


5.-5 


known  the  flight  of  the  garrison  during  tho  niglit. 
Tlio  fugitives,  or  such  of  thcni  as  kept  together,  wi.ro 
easily  overtaken  by  tlie  horsemen  near  Saticoy  on 
;Maivh  28th.  Castaneda  and  a  few  of  his  officers 
wcie  sent  under  arrest  to  Santa  Bdrbara,  and  perliaps 
1(1  Santa  Ines.  Nearly  all  the  Californians  state  tliat 
aftii"  the  occupation  Castro  found  concealed  in  the 
mission  church  certain  other  men  of  some  prominent-e, 
who  were  sent  north  with  the  other  prisoners.  There 
is  a  general  agreement  that  Andrds  Pico,  Alealdo 
Luis  Arenas,  and  Ignacio  Palomares  were  of  tiiis 
iiuniljer.^^  There  are  no  contemporary  records  respect- 
iii;4'  any  of  the  prominent  prisoners,  nor  the  circum- 
btanecs  and  length  of  their  captivity.^ 

Escaping  fugitives,  who  seem  to  have  met  on  tho 
way  Pio  Pico  at  the  head  of  a  small  reenforcement, 

''  Otlicrs  named,  most  of  them  and  perhaps  all  incorrectly,  are  J.  A.  C'ar- 
rillii,  (iil  Iharra,  Miinuel  Rcqucna,  Manuel  Alva,  Ignacio  del  Vallc,  and  J(wi5 
K.iMiircz.  Yorba,  Alvarado,  and  Scpiilveda  (see  noto  -1)  were  probably  of 
the  minil)cr  found  in  the  church.  Arenas  was  at  Sta  Intjs  on  April  (ith,  giv- 
ing' tthtiniony  on  that  day  agnii<st  Carrillo.  Deyt.  St.  Pap.,  M.S.,  xviii.  i;{  -11. 

-' i'lotello,  Anules,  M.S.,  oJ-G3,  was  one  who  ran  away  from  the  mission 
with  tho  rest,  and  unlike  the  rest  escaped  to  carry  the  news  to  Carrillo.  JostS 
(';niillo,  son  of  D.  Carlos,  also  cscajicd,  but  was  rc-aiTcstcd  at  (Sta  Ana. 
IJciti  llo  notes  some  suspicious  actions  on  the  part  of  Castaneda,  which  sccni 
lui important.  Alvarado,  J/kf.  Cat.,  MS.,  iv.  30-41,  testifies  that  tho  New 
Mi.\icans  had  Ixsen  promised  all  the  marcs  at  S.  Fernando  for  their  services, 
mill  were  therefore  known  as  Yegucros.  Oslo,  Ilixt.  Cat.,  MS.,  385-90,  puts 
Tiiliar  in  command  instead  of  Castaiieda,  states  that  the  garrison  did  not  .suo- 
Cfdl  in  escaping  from  the  mission,  and  describes  some  of  the  abuse  shown  by 
Alwirado  wlien  drunk  to  the  prisoners  at  Sta  ln6a.  Salvador  Vallcjo,  A'. /'(,•» 
Hi-lnrlc'ts,  MS.,  73-80,  gives  one  of  tho  most  absurdly  inaccurate  narratives 
of  the  nli'air  extant.  Garcia,  Ilechos,  MS,,  !SO-t)-,  claims  to  have  been  sent 
ti>  S.  Luis  Obispo  with  tho  prisoners,  who  he  says  were  soon  set  at  liberliy. 
rintii,  Apuiilaciones,  MS.,  34-7,  aided  in  capturing  Andri^s  Pico  and  tlic  test, 
wh'i  were  hidden  under  tlie  sacred  vestments,  etc.,  ia  the  s.acristy.  lie  hays 
Castro  at  first  threatened  to  shoot  Surgeon  Alva.  Gonzalez,  Lxperiein'ta  ', 
Ms.,  :{.">-G,  says  that  only  a  few  volleys  wcro  fired.  Mrs  Ord,  Ooirrciu  /'■■'i, 
Jls.,  1 10-11,  'heard  the  firing  all  day  at  Sta  Bdrbara.  Tio  Pico,  Hist.  Cnf., 
Ms.,  (),'{,  and  Avila,  Xotw,  MS.,  21-2,  narrate  that  Pico  witli  20  men  on  his 
way  to  join  Castaiieda  met  some  of  tho  fugitives  at  Sta  Clara  Itiver.  Valh-, 
L'j  I'tisado,  MS.,  22-3,  as  well  as  Botello,  mentions  Jost5  Carrillo's  arrest.  .\u 
a  I Duiit  of  these  events,  dated  March  30th,  was  published  in  tho  llonoliilu  S. 
I.  C'l'zrUe,  May  5,  1838.  In  it  Castro  is  said  to  have  made  several  arrests  on 
liis  first  arrival  at  Sta  Bdrbara,  including  that  of  D.  Pedro  Carrillo.  Tarn- 
liaiu.  Life  ill  Cal.,  204-8,  evidently  used  tho  version  in  tho  O'azitte,  and  added 
to  it  in  his  usual  'opera  bouflfe' stylo  of  writing  history.  Brief  narratives 
also  in  Vnldcn,  Mem.,  MS.,  27-9;  Forater'^  Pioneer  Data,  MS.,  14-15;  Cantro, 
Iidaciu7i,  MS.,  44-5;  Arce,  Mem.,  MS.,  13-15. 


AM 


DON  JUAN  BAUTISTA  AND  DON  CAllLOS. 


soon  carried  to  Los  Angeles  the  tidings  of  the  disas- 
ter at  San  Buenaventura.  Cdrlos  Carrillo  had  tiuio 
to  collect  his  friends  and  the  remnants  of  his  (Kiiku- 
alized  army  and  retire  to  San  Diego  before  Castro 
came  and  took  possession  of  the  city,  probably  on  the 
1  st  of  April.''"'  Very  little  can  be  learned  about  events 
of  the  next  two  weeks  and  more.  Castro's  only  act 
at  Angeles,  so  far  as  known,  was  to  issue  a  recom- 
mendation, or  credentials,  to  a  committee  of  citizens 
who  went  to  meet  Alvarado  with  a  view  to  seeme  a 
cessation  of  hostilities.^"  On  April  8th  lie  had  retired 
to  San  Fernando,  whence  he  modestly  acknowledged 
the  receipt  of  Alvarado's  letter  expressing  satislac- 
tion  with  his  past  achievements,  and  promised  still 
more  good  service  when  his  force  should  be  joined  hy 
that  of  the  governor.'*'^  Alvarado,  having  left  Santa 
Ines  as  late  as  the  6th,  and  spent  perhaps  a  few  days 
at  Santa  Bdrbara,  joined  Castro  at  San  Fernando  on 
or  before  April  16th.  On  this  date  he  addressed 
another  letter  to  Don  Cdrlos,  deploring  the  lattei's 
policy  and  the  resulting  hostilities,  but  reminding  his 
'dear  uncle'  that  there  was  yet  time  to  prevent  serious 
calamities  by  submitting  his  credentials  to  the  dipu- 
tacion  and  consenting  to  a  conference.^^ 

Meanwhile  Carrillo  was  at  San  Diego  again  pre- 
paring for  war,  at  the  instigation  of  Bandini,  Zamo- 

**  March  31,  1838— after  Carrillo  had  departed,  but  before  Castro's  arrival 
— the  ayuiit.  sent  a  committee  of  3,  Lugo,  Covarrubias,  and  Joa6  Carrillo,  to 
urge  Don  tJdrlos  to  como  to  the  city,  where  the  presence  of  his  Excellency 
■was  deemed  necessary  for  the  protection  of  lives  and  property.  Loh  A wji  A ■«, 
Arch.,  MS.,  V.  2-3.  Same  date,  showing  that  Don  Cdrlos  had  not  yet  rcjielicil 
S.  Diego,  alcalde  of  S.  Diego  announces  the  sending  of  the  gun  desired  and  0 
iiic:i,  all  that  could  bo  induced  to  go  to  Angeles.  8.  JJiego,  Airh.,  MS., 
197;  I /ayes,  Doc,  ^iS.,  83.  April  Ist,  same  to  Carrillo.  Abarkiusight  wliiih 
iniiy  be  the  one  of  which  the  gov.  had  written,  viz.,  Hinckley's  vessel.  S. 
Uicfjo,  Arch.,  MS.,  197. 

^«  April  Ist,  Castro  to  Alvarado.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  192.  There  is 
not  a  word  about  events  since  the  fall  of  S.  Buenaventura. 

"April  8,  1838,  C.  to  A.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv,  197-8.  Alvara.lo'3 
letter  had  been  dated  the  day  before,  probably  at  Sta  Barbara.  He  had  50 
men  with  him,  probably  Salvador  Vallejo's  northern  troops. 

"April  14th,  A.  to  Carrillo.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  201-2.  He  l)Pgs 
Don  Cdrlos  to  leave  the  4  or  5  vagabonds  who  advise  him,  and  to  form  uu 
alliance  with  himself. 


TOBAR  SUPPORTS  CARRILLa 


587 


riino,  and  the  rest.  Hero,  as  in  the  north,  we  have 
liiit  low  particulars  of  the  preparations;"  the  chief 
sn[)p()rt  of  the  would-be  j:jovernor's  reviving  hopos 
stems  to  have  been  the  arrival  from  Sonora  overland 
ol'l'aptain  Juan  Josd  Tobar,  said  to  have  been  some- 
what distinguished  as  an  Indian -fighter  and  guorri- 
llcro.  Tobar  arrived  on  April  4th  and  was.  ai  once 
iiuulc  general  in  place  of  Portilla.  It  does  not  appear 
that  lie  came  in  any  official  capacity,  or  accompanied 
hy  more  than  a  small  escort;  but  Don  Cilrlos,  wishing 
to  make  the  most  of  his  new  ally,  announced  that  ho 
had  come  to  quell  the  disorders  in  California,  imply- 
iii'^  of  course  that  he  brouijht  a  force  with  which  to  ac- 
coiii])lish  that  object.  Carrillo,  however,  desiring  to 
treat  the  citizens  fairly,  had  induced  Tobar  to  suspend 
his  operations  until  the  result  of  communication  with 
Castro  could  be  known.  So  he  informed  the  ayunta- 
niiento  of  Los  Angeles,  to  which  body  T>bar  also 
wrote,  expressing  his  desire  to  try  gentle  means  first, 
aiiil  authorizing  an  announcement  "in  my  name  to 
the  troops  with  the  northern  rebels  that  they  shall  bo 
pardoned  if  they  present  themselves  before  me  with 
their  arms  within  fifteen  days  which  expire  on  the 
25tli — otherwise  I  shall  be  inexorable  in  punishing 
thein.'"'" 
From  volunteers  at  San  Diego,  refugees  from  Los 


''  April  4,  1838,  Ortega  to  Ca  "llo.  Is  at  his  orders,  but  excnses  liimsclf 
from  ;.'oing  to  meet  him.  April  11th,  senda  from  8.  JosiS  del  Vallo  some  ru- 
mi  IS  aliont  the  northern  forces.  Dt'pt.  St.  Pn/i.,  MS.,  iv.  190.  April  4th, 
Kiuiiriiado  Kstudillo  orders  all  to  come  from  the  mission.  'The  gov.  is  wait- 
iiiL;  for  yijii  to  have  a  conference  on  various  matters.'  S.  D'u'ijo,  Arch..  MS., 
l!ts.  Apr.  5th,  10th,  P.  Calmllcro,  at  (Jiuidalupe.  B.  Cal.  sends  cattle  nwA 
report  of  anns  and  ammunition  to  Carrillo.  I^cpt.  St.  Pnp.,  MS.,  iv.  \'.)2, 
I'.is  !».  Apr.  (ith,  justice  of  8.  Jos6  del  Valle  tells  Carrillo  that  both  as  legit- 
iiiiatp  gov.  and  as  a  co'.isin  he  may  count  on  him.  Id.,  iv.  2'21.  Apr.  14th, 
Osiiiia,  S.  Luis,  to  Carrillo,  has  been  unable  to  secure  the  services  of  Linares. 
C;istr..  haid  to  be  advancing.  Jd.,  iv.  '200.  April  lOth,  '20th,  Pio  Pico,  S. 
Liii-t,  to  Carrillo.  Is  ill  and  cannot  meet  him.  liegrets  Carrillu's  illness.  /'/., 
iv.  1  !).->. 

"Wpril  11,  18.18,  session  of  ayunt.,  when  the  letters  of  Carrillo  and  To- 
Kir  V  ore  read.  It  was  resolved  to  send  the  former  to  Castro.  The  people 
.ift(  r  lioaring  the  other  letter  at  a  public  meeting  'dissolved  without  uttering 
a  word.'  Lns  AvriHr.t,  Arrh.,  MS.,  v.  4-7.  April  0th,  Tobar  to  the  ayunt. 
Dipt.  St.  Pap.,  Antjetes,  MS.,  xi.  102-3. 


M  DOX  JUAN  BAUTISTA  AND  DOX  CAULOS. 

An«^ulcs,  rt'cruits  obttiiiud  across  the  frontier — for 
Carrillo's  jurisdiction,  it'  lie  had  any,  extended  over  (ho 
])eninsula — and  the  remnants  of  Portilhi's  men,  Don 
( 'lirlos  formed  an  army  of  100  men  or  more  for  liis  m  w 
general,  who  soon  marched  northward.  At  L;is 
Fiores,  after  passing  San  Luis  Key,  he  heard  that  tlio 
enemy  had  left  Anjjeles  lor  the  south,  and  here  To- 
har's  army  made  a  stand,  perhaps  on  the  same  t!uy  tliat 
Castro's  force  came  in  sight,  antl  probably  on  the  'Jotli 
or  21st  of  April.  An  adobe  building  of  the  rantho 
served  as  barracks,  and  an  adjoining  corral  as  a  fint. 
Three  cannon  were  mounted  so  as  to  command  tlio 
approaches,  the  guimers  being  protected,  and  weak 
pomts  strengthened,  by  a  judicious  arrangement  dt' 
hides,  pack-saddles,  and  whatever  else  was  at  hand. 
Juan  Bandini  and  Jose  Antonio  Carrillo  seem  to  liavo 
been  present  as  well  a  i  Don  Cilrlos.  Requena,  Ibarra, 
antl  other  [)romincnt  Angelinos  were  also  within  tho 
fortified  corral. ^^ 

Meanwhile  Castro  and  Alvarado  had  united  their 
forces,  obtaining  volunteers  also  from  Santa  Barbara 
and  perhaps  from  Angeles,  and  had  marched  south 
from  that  city  with  ov  r  200  men,  occupying  the  mis- 
sion of  San  Juan  Capis.rano  about  the  same  time  that 
Carrillo  reached  Las  Flores.^-     An  advance  guard  of 

"Botello,  Analea,  MS.,  64-S,  Janssena,  Vida,  MS.,  ISO-.'JO,  and  Cnroiul, 
Comn  (If,  Cdi. ,  MS. ,  'J5-8,  give  some  meagre  details.  Tlie  last  two  were  \<vcn- 
ent,  Janssena  liaving  charge  of  one  of  the  guns.  Botello,  being  diaibkil,  re- 
niiiinc'd  at  S.  Luis  with  I'io  I'Ico'h  family.  Don  Pio,  Iliat.  Cat.,  MS.,  0.">-70, 
nceounta  for  his  own  absence  by  claiming  to  have  discovered  in  advance  tliut 
Carrillo  intended  to  capitulate,  luid  he  was  busied  with  plana  to  surprise  S. 
llucnavcntura,  and  thus  counteract  the  cowardly  policy  oi  D.  Cilrlos  ! 

"^Ignacio  Kzqucr,  Mem.,  MS.,  5-10,  who  was  temporarily  in  charge  of  S. 
Juan,  the  administrator  having  gone  to  join  the  southern  army,  tells  us  t!i;it 
J.  A.  Camllo  with  a  umall  party  from  the  south  came  one  evening  ami  in- 
quired about  Castro's  men,  of  whom  nothing  had  been  heard.  He  intcii'liil 
to  sleep  at  the  mission,  but  finally  decided  to  go  to  the  arroyo  near  by  to  (iin'iul 
the  night,  taking  along  a  supply  of  wine  and  aguardiente.  At  midnight,  uar- 
rator  was  roused  from  sleep  by  the  arrival  of  Castro's  men.  Later,  nnieh 
liquor  was  consumed,  and  narrator  waa  compelled  to  get  drunk,  not  lioiiig 
consciousness,  however,  until  the  new-comers  liad  fireu  a  cannon  toward  tlio 
port,  thus  scaring  away  the  sleepers  at  the  arroyo,  who  left  some  of  tlair  ac- 
coutrements behind.  Pinto,  Aptint.,  MS.,  74-u,  confirms  the  story  that  tlio 
gun  was  fired  on  account  of  Alvanulo's  suspicions  that  there  might  be  foc^  in 
that  direction,  and  that  some  horses  were  found  tied  there.     Alvarado,  llisl. 


CAM  PA  in  X  OF  LAS  FLORES. 


T(il»;ir'.s  force  utidor  J.  A.  Ctirrillo  8ooniH  to  have  iirc- 
vi<iiisly  visited  tlio  mission  and  retired.  It  was  on 
April  'J  1st  that  tlie  northern  anny  appean-d  in  battle 
aiT.iy  hel'ore  the  iniprovisod  fort  which  i>roteeted  the 
southern  foe. 

The  combat  at  Las  Florcs  was  for  the  most  part 
one  of  tongue  and  pen,  thoiiirji  a  cannon  was  tiled 
once  or  twice  from  the  corral,  doinj^  no  harm — ho  say 
several  witnesses,  confirmed  hy  a  letter  written  at  the 
time.  A  flaiX  of  truce  was  sent — from  whicii  '  le  first 
is  not  quite  clear — with  a  demand,  not  for  surrender, 
l»iit  for  an  interview.  Don  Juan  Bautistu  iiad  no 
motive  for  fightinj^  if  he  could  accompl it  ,  his  purpose 
Ity  other  methods;  the  cannon  had  a  threatening  as- 
pect, ahu  Tobar  mi^ht  be  a  man  who  wouM  not  Iicsi- 
i^iite  to  use  them;  besides,  he  hod  not  much  doubt  of 
liis  ability  to  control  his  uncle  in  an  interview.  On 
tlic  other  hand,  there  is  some  reason  to  believe  that 
Tol)ar  really  intended  to  fight,  trusting  to  his  guns  to 
make  up  for  disparity  of  numbers.  Many  of  his  men 
were  imbued  to  a  certain  degree  with  their  leader's 
valor.  Cilrlos  Carrillo,  freely  charged  by  liis  associ- 
ates with  cowardice,  declined  to  assume  the  responsi- 
bility of  shedding  blood,  forbade  the  discharge  of  a 
single  gun,  and  wont  out  to  meet  his  nephew  on  tho 
l)loodless  field  of  diplomacy.  Tobar  finally  retired  in 
disgust,  with  many  companions,  not  pausing  until  he 
liad  crossed  tho  frontier;  and  Don  Carlos  was  left  to 
his  peaceful  methods  of  warfare.  Zamorano,  of  whom 
veiy  little  is  known  since  the  failure  of  his  aspirations 
to  the  governorship  with  Alvarado's  submission  to 
Mexico  in  July  1837,  probably  crossed  the  frontier 
al)out  the  same  time  as  Tobar.  He  came  back  four 
years  later,  only  to  die;  and  as  nothing  is  known  of 


('(iL,  MS.,  iv.  82-95,  and  Vallejo,  Hist.  Col.,  MS.,  iii.  369-75,  represent  that 
the  .southerners  liad  occupied  S.  Juan,  and  retired  at  Castro's  approach.  They 
aid  that  Salvador  Vallejo  heing  sent  forward  to  occupy  S.  Juan  by  'concilia- 
tory '  means,  did  so  by  sending  a  threat  to  hang  all  who  did  not  instantly  sur- 
render; or,  as  one  says,  ho  charged  bayonets  and  rushed  madly  through  all 
the  mission  buildings  from  which  tho  foe  bad  retired! 


if 


860 


DON  JUAN  BAUTISTA  AND  DON  CARLOS. 


his  experience  in  the  mean  time,  I  append  a  biograpli- 
ical  sketch.  He  was  a  man  of  much  abihty,  hoiKir, 
and  energy;  of  exemplary  conduct,  though  ambitious; 
and   never  warmly  in   sympathy  with   the  Calit'or- 


nians 


33 


''  Coroncl,  Botello,  and  Janssens  are  those  who  complain  most  bittci  ly  of 
Carrillo's  cowardice.  Osio,  Hhl.  6W.,  MS,,  390-4,  deacribcs  Don  C;irli.s;ia 
'fluctuating  between  fear  and  ignorance.'  This  writer  also  speaks  of  a  j;uu 
planted  by  Alvarado  on  a  hill,  and  of  the  enemy's  water  supply  being  cut  ntl'. 
Also  of  Carrillo's  running  to  the  beach  and  escaping  in  a  boat.  Alvar.-ido, 
JIht.  C'ld.,  MS.,  iv.  87-108,  insists  that  Tobiir,  after  he  finnid  out  what  kiml 
of  men  he  was  lighting  witl),  came  to  an  understanding  with  Castro,  whij  \y.v:- 
posely  left  the  way  clear  for  his  escape.  Several  persons,  with  no  s|Hii,il 
ads-antages  for  knowing  anything  on  the  subject,  speak  of  a  previous  undtr- 
standing  l)etween  Alvarado  and  Carrillo,  which  is  absurd.  Salvador  Vallcj.i, 
^otcis  Hist.,  MS.,  04-7,  talks  of  aconflict  between  400  mounted  Califoniiiiiis 
and  500  Sonorans  and  Opatas,  of  a  bayonet  cliargc,  a  rout,  horses  killed,  ;i  !mt 
pursuit,  etc.!  Pinto,  Apunt.,  MS.,  37-8,  says  that  some  cannon-shots  wiie 
fired.  Juan  Forster,  Pioneer  Data,  MS.,  15-17,  on  whose  land  the  liuttlo 
took  place,  says  he  watched  tiic  operations  without  taking  any  part.  Also 
brief  accounts  in  Valle,  Lo  Paaado,  MS.,  23;  Sanchf-z,  Notax,  MS.,  ,'{-."; 
Mvadoirs'  O'riiham  Affair, MH.,  1-3;  Pico,  Acoiif.,  MS.,  52-3;  Et<tHilillo,J)'it'i.i, 
MS.,  2.1;  OnUOairrmdax,  MS.,  111-13;  Arce,  Mem.,  MS.,  15-17;  Lwjo,  Vhht, 
MS.,  l'J-21;  Avila,  Xotas,  MS.,  21  4;  Ca^ro,  h'elncion,  MS.,  45-8. 

1  know  nolliing  of  Capt.  Tobar's  life  after  tliis  visit  to  Cal.,  and  little  of 
his  earlier  I'ccord.  In  1828  ho  was  stationed  at  Altar  under  Gen.  Fiiiurra's 
orders.  In  1832  he  revolted,  seizing  Pitio  and  Guaymas;  and  in  1S35  i.^sucil 
a  inanificsto  at  Arizpe  in  defence  of  his  past  acts.  It  wiis  probably  in  the 
character  of  a  political  refugee  that  he  came  to  Cal.  He  is  dcscril)cd  as  a 
very  tall  man  of  fine  appearance  and  great  bravery,  about  50  j-ears  of  aj,'o. 
Tliere  were  later  rumors,  probably  unfounded,  of  his  intention  to  return  \\\t\\ 
a  larger  force.  Pliiarf,  Vol.  de  Soiiorn,  MS.,  no.  ,3S,  print,  3l!2.  Apiil  -\tl\, 
Tubar  to  Carrillo,  bidding  him  farewell,  with  thanks  for  his  kindncs.s.  Is  at 
S.  Diego,  and  is  about  to  leave  Cal.     Dejit.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  iv.  203. 

Agustin  Vicente  Zainorano  is  said  to  have  been  a  native  of  Floriilii, 
parents  being  Spaniards.  Of  his  early  life,  save  that  he  received  a  good  ( 
cation,  nothing  is  known  until  he  entered  the  army  on  May  1,  1821,  as  c;i 
In  July  he  was  attached  to  the  Gth  battalion,  taking  part  in  several  l)attli' 
the  insurgent  side  under  generals  Hustamantc  and  (^uintanar,  and  l)cing  uiado 
alfcrez  in  October.  In  Oct.  1824,  he  was  transferred  to  the  corps  of  engineers; 
and  came  to  California  with  Gov.  l']chcandia  in  1825.  lie  served  as  Kclicaii- 
dia's  .'secretary  for  5  years;  was  man-ied  in  Feb.  1827  to  Maria  Luisa,  d.'iuirh- 
ter  of  Santiago  Argiiello;  was  made  lieutenant  in  1828,  still  of  the  battali-  a 
and  engineers;  and  early  in  1831,  on  Echeandia's  reconmiendation,  wasmiu. 
missioned  captain  of  the  Monterey  company.  Record  of  military  service  iu 
J)(pl.  St.  Pap.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxvii.  2-3;  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  x.  30,  'is. 
Marriage,  A)xh.  Sta  li.,  MS.,  xii.  342;  Dejit.  liec.,  MS.,  vi.  30-1;  vii.  Ids. 
In  1832  he  refused  to  accept  the  results  of  tlie  revolt  against  Victoria;  nimlo 
a  counter-revolt  against  Kclieandia:  and  sustained  himself  as  couiandanto 
general  of  the  north  until  the  arrival  of  Figueroa  in  1833,  as  related  in  chap. 
viii.-ix.,  of  this  volume.  He  served  as  Figueroa's  secretary  in  1S33-5;  and 
in  addition  to  his  duties  as  captain  of  the  presidio,  conducted  aprinting-inlieo 
at  Monterey,  having  succeeded  inobtaining  a  press  and  type  in  1S34.  AU  the 
products  of  this  press  down  to  his  departure  bore  his  name,  and  I  liave  in 
Earlie.it  Priniiiirj  many  specimens,  together  with  Zamorano's  circular  and 
scale  of  prices.  He  was  not  a  printer  by  trade.  In  June  1835  he  was  i;iado 
captain  of  the  S.  Diego  company.   Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxix.  bj. 


Ilia 

hi- 

et. 


DIPLOMATIC  INTEIIVIEV/S. 


Several  interviews  were  lield  at  Las  Flores,  iiiiJ- 
way  between  the  two  armies,  by  the  lival  goverimrs 
aiiil  their  representatives,  bei'ore  a  satisfactory  settle- 
iiK  lit  eoiikl  be  efieeted.  Alvarado,  describing  those 
n»'L;()tiations  from  memory,  njcntions  three  interviews. 
Til'  first  was  broken  oft'  by  Carrillo's  i'amiHiir  way  of 
adihessing  Don  Juan  ]>autista  as  Juanito,  or  Jolimiy. 
Tlie  hberty  was  not  disjilcasing  to  Alvarado,  but  liis 
f()iiij)anions,  Castro,  A'^illa,  and  Salvador  A'allejo,  in- 
.sisled  on  the  use  of  his  proper  title,  which  Carrillo's 
frii'uds,  Requena  and  Tobar,  would  not  pej'uiit.  Next 
clay,  however,  the  two  rivals  withdrew  out  of  heai'ing 
((ftlie  rest  to  have  a  conference  untrannnelled  by  oili- 
cial  etiquette.  Don  Carlos  now  showed  his  original 
aiipnintment,  and  was  much  grieved  that  Don  Juan 
did  n<>t  at  once  yield  to  so  convincing  an  argument, 
but  before  tliey  parted  sonic  progi'css  was  made  tow- 
ard a  tempoi'ary  settlement  which  would  remove  the 
iieicsf^ity  for  i'urther  warfare."'* 

On  April  2'jd  Alvarado  sent  a  despatch  to  A'^allejo 
and  other  officials  in  the  north,  stating  that  for  three 
days  with  his  250  men  he  had  besieged  the  foe,  100 
strong  with  three  cannon,  at  Las  Flores,  preventing 
tli'ir  advance  to  attack  *he  peaceful  inhabitants  of 
tlir  north.  Don  Carlos  was  among  the  besieged,  but 
alter  several  interviews  had  oll'ered  iiothinsji:  satisfac- 
tniy  to  the  Californian  })eo[)le.  Yet  a  complete  vic- 
tory by  force  of  arms,  the  only  way  left,  could  iK.t 
lad  to  follow  within   a  few  days."'     Tiiat  same  day. 

His  tIToi'ts  with  the  surcflos  ngainst  Alvarado,  prompted  l)ypersonnlam1)itif)ii 
.111' 1  the  hojio  of  {,'aniiig  favor  ill  -Mexico  leather  than  liy  syinpiiUiy  with,  or 
i>li|j(i>iti(m  to,  the  s.mth,  liavi;  hei'ii  I'ccdrded  in  the  prceeiliii,!,' chapter.  'J'ho 
la:  t  ihliiiito  record  of  liiri  i)rescn(e  was  on  -Mareli  IS,  ISIIS,  at  Aii/ti  Ics, 
Viiirn  lie  signed  a  letter  to  (.'astaiioila.  It  in  ])os.-sil)h!  tli.it  lie  left  the  country 
il:i;iii(li:itely  on  tlie  l.ill  of  Lom  An;,'eles;  hut  he  pidhahly  remained  for  a  while 
to  :  upport  t'anilh/d  claims.  I  know  notliiiig  of  him  dnria:^'  his  ah.senee.  In 
HI-'  he  came  hack  with  l!ov.  Micheltorenaas  lieut-ciolomd  and  inspector;  hat 
ilii  ■!  siiDn  after  landing  at  San  Diego  in  An;,'ust,  li'aving  a  widow  who  lo!i.( 
.survived  him.  One  of  his  daughter.s  married  Gen.  Josu  Muria  Flon.'s,  and 
iui'. filer  was  the  wife  of  lieiiry  l)alton. 

'  Alrnrnilo,  I/i.sl.  CciL,  MS.,  iv.  !l.")-107.    I  omit  farther  details,  which  are, 
I  i^uspecl,  much  more  amusing  than  accurate. 

^■' April  '2'.],  ls;{S,  A.  to  V.   Vdldjo,  Doc,  MS.,  v.  77.     Same  to  ayuut.  of 
Hut.  Cal.,  Vol.  III.    US 


■i''«il 


! 


562 


PON  JUAN  BAUTISTA  AND  DON  CARLOS. 


however,  a  treaty  was  signed  which  I  give  in  full.-'' 
Py  its  terms  the  <)[)posing  tactions  were  to  be  foi-  the 
most  ])art  disbanded;  Carrillo  was  to  accon)panv  Al- 
varado  to  San  Fernando,  where  an  arrangeineiit  was 
to  be  made  respecting  the  governorship;  and  until 
siuh  arrangement  had  been  made,  Vallejo  was  to  l)e 
recoLjnized  as  general. 

It  was  after  the  general  terms  had  been  agreed 
upon,  but  before  they  were  signed,  that  Tobur  was 
allowed  to  escape,  either  by  intention  or  carelessness 
on  the  part  of  Castro.  The  treaty  was  virtually  a 
surrender  by  Don  Carlos,  who  indeed,  consistently 
with  his  aversion  to  the  use  of  cannon,  could  do 
nothing  but  surrender.  He  may  have  had  sonic 
hopes  of  success  in  the  consultation  to  be  held  at  Sau 
Fernando,  but  there  was  notliiny:  in  the  troatv  on 
which  to  found  such  hopes.     A  few  southerners  rep- 

S.  Josi?.  S.  Joii<i,  Arch.,  MS.,  vi.  G;  circular  in  Vallrjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxii. 
120. 

'^  Tratado  ile  Las  Floren  eiitre  A  harudo  y  Carrillo,  ii3  de,  Ahril,  JSJS.  Origi- 
nal MS.     Copy  in  liandiiii,  Doc.  lliM.  Cat.,  MS.,  77. 

'  In  the  space  between  the  northern  and  soutliern  forcea  of  Alta  California, 
on  the  field  of  I^is  Flores,  April  •2i\,  1838,  the  subscribers  have  a;^rec<l  upmi  I'lo 
followinj^  articles:  Art.  1 .  Tlio  force  of  the  south  at  Iais  Florcswill  be  ilislii.iidcil 
absolutely,  the  citizens  (volunteers)  retiring  to  their  homes  with  tlic  iiniis 
bolonginy  to  them.  Solclicrs  in  said  force  will  inarch  under  tlicir  rcsju'itivo 
cliiefs  to  protect  the  points  'where  they  belong.  Art.  2.  The  artilleiy  iiiul 
nuinitions  l)elonging  to  the  said  division  will  remain  at  the  disposition  of  the 
drjiiirtniental  government.  Art.  3.  The  division  of  the  north  near  the  H.iid 
pucl)lo  will  disband  its  auxiliary  citizen  soldiery  at  tlio  same  time  that  t!ic 
disbanding  mentioned  in  art.  1  takes  place — there  remaining  as  a  giuiid  for 
Don  Ci'irlos  Antonio  Carrillo  and  Don  Juan  Bautista  Alvarado  7'>  nieii  c!i  i-i  ii 
by  their  respective  chiefs.  Art.  4  Don  C.  A.  Carrillo  will  proceed,  .irii^!!!- 
panied  by  Don  .T.  B.  Alvarado,  with  tlic  escort  cited  in  the  preceding  iir'.lLlc, 
to  the  establi.shment  of  San  Fernando  for  the  purpose  of  arranging  tliiio 
gubernatorial  matters  pertaining  to  Alta  California,  this  not  being  done  in 
tb.c  city  of  Los  Angeles,  named  by  a  law  as  capital  of  the  department,  for 
liick  of  resources  to  do  no  in  the  present  circumstancca.  Art.  5.  ^Mcfting  in 
the  said  establishment,  both  gentlemen  named  in  the  preceding  article  will 
a;^'roe  upon  what  is  necessary  for  the  tranquillity  of  the  country.  .\it.  <i. 
I'cnwns  in  the  division  of  tiio  south  remain  entirely  at  liberty  to  live,  woi  1;,  or 
Bottle  at  any  point  of  Alta  California;  assured  that  they  will  not  bo  nlo^•^-t^•ll 
for  liaving  manifested  their  opinion  on  this  occasion,  on  condition  that  they 
never  use  their  arms  to  break  this  agreement,  others  concerned  enjoyinL:  tlio 
siinio  guaranties  on  the  aanic  conditions.  Art.  7.  Oen.  Tobar  will  be  rcco;rni:;('il 
aT  an  oiScer  of  the  Mexican  army,  and  will  be  shown  all  the  conaidi'ration 
due  to  his  position.  Art.  8.  Pending  the  arrangement  indicated  in  int.  ">, 
Lieut  M.  G.  Vallejo  will  be  recognized  as  comandante  general  of  Alta  (,'ali- 
foniia.     Cdrloa  Aut<»  Carrillo.    Juan  B.  Alvarado.' 


TREATY  OF  LAS  FLORES. 


503 


il,lS3S.  Urigi- 


resent  Alvarado  as  having  promised  to  give  up  the  coiu- 
iiiaiul  and  as  having  broken  his  pledge;  but  he  made 
11(1  such  promise  in  writing,  and  there  is  no  reason  to 
klieve  that  he  did  so  verbally.  If  he  failed  to  carry 
out  the  treaty  of  April  2:]d  faithfully  in  any  respect, 
it  must  have  been  in  not  promptly  disbanding  his 
ioiccs,  and  there  is  no  evidence  against  him  on  this 
j)()iiit.^' 

The  northern  army  now  retraced  its  march  by  way 
of  San  Gabriel  to  San  Fernando,  takiniv  alouLf  the 
captured  cannon,  which  were  soon  sent  to  Monterey 
Oil  Steele's  vessel,  and  escorting  the  two  rival  gover- 
nors, who  were  now  on  the  best  of  terms.  True,  J^on 
( Viilos  suggested  en  route  that  his  position  seemed 
111(110  like  that  of  a  prisoner  under  guard  tlian  of  a 
lulor  attended  by  an  escort.  Don  Juan  replied,  "If 
you  are  a  prisoner,  so  am  I,  as  we  are  marching  side 
by  side."  At  San  Fernando  in  the  early  days  of 
May  their  respective  claims  to  the  governorship  were 
iliscusscd.  Carrillo  could  only  show  his  original  ap- 
jioiutment  and  urge  his  rival's  duty  to  submit  to  the 
^ul)l•emc  government.  Alvarado  could  no  longer  deny 
that  the  document  was  in  a  certain  sense  genuine;  in- 
deed, ho  had  probably  never  had  any  real  doubt  on 
the  subject,  but  he  still  insisted  that  the  appointment 
should  bear  the  president's  signature,  and  he  made 
the  new  ]K)int  that  he  had  no  official  knowledge  of 
I'l'iia  y  Pena's  signature,  or  indeed  of  his  ai)point- 
i.ieut  as  minister  of  state.^^  Ho  also,  in  addition  to 
the  old  arijuments  with  which  the  reader  is  familiar, 
attached  much  weight  to  the  fact  that  Don  Carlos, 


f,'h 


m 


1  'It 


^' May  14,  ISJW,  Com.  Sanchez  to  Vulk'jo,  niiiiouiiuiii<;  liis  return  fro;n  the 
si'.itliern  campaign  with  the  S.  Francisco  troops.  \'a!lrj<>,  Doc.,  MS.,  v.  T''. 
T!iis  indicates  conipl'unec  with  the  treaty.  Alvarado,  L'(iiii}iiii)a  </<■  Lm 
riiin.-i  1/  SitcfsO't  dc  Ahr'A-Mnyn,  JS,'JS,  MS.,  a  letter  to  Vallejo  from  St;i  JS.ir- 
li-i:i  .May'22d — a  most  iniiiortant  original  document — stated  that  Carrillo,  lie- 
fore  signing  the  treaty,  wislied  to  be  alloweil  to  escape  and  to  go  to  Lower 
Caliiiirnia,  where  ho  thought  ho  could  make  himself  recognized  us  goVM'nur, 
but  he  persuaded  him  that  this  was  an  impracticable  sehem<!. 

""('iinnllo's  appointment  was  simply  an  announcement  that  the  presidi'nt 
liail  made  him  governor,  dated  from  the  Ministi'rio  (lo  lo  Interior,  and  signed 
IVlki  y  refta.     Copy  from  original  in  Carrillo  (/'.),  Doc,  MS.,  1. 


3G1 


DON  JUAN  BAUTISTA  AND  DON  CARLOS. 


if 


lii 


during  the  year  that  had  elapsed  since  his  appdlnt- 
nient,  liad  not,  as  ho  admitted,  received  a  siii^k'  oiii- 
cial  conjiiiunication  from  the  government.  Had  llic 
negotiations  j)rocecdcd  uninterruptedly,  Don  CVirlws 
remaining  under  Alvarado's  influence,  it  is  prohahlo 
that  they  would  have  resulted  in  an  agreement  to 
await  orders  from  Mexico  to  transfer  the  conniiaii'!. 
The  two  had  already  partially  agi'eod  on  a  convent  inn 
of  representatives  from  each  pueblo;  when  Jose  An- 
tonio Carrillo,  Juan  Bandini,  and  Pio  Pico  made  tli>  ir 
a}>pearance,  and  soon  regained  control  of  their  weak- 
minded  chieftain.  With  them  Don  Carlos  went  away 
to  Angeles,  announcing  his  intention  to  n'niaiii  in 
that  city  where  he  was  still  recognized,  but  pronii.- 
in<x  to  commit  no  further  hostilities.^" 

Alvarado  went  to  Sta  Barbara  al)out  i\Iay  lOtli. 
He  had  advised  Carrillo  not  to  cfo  to  AnLjeles,  hut 
had  not  otherwise  attempted  to  detain  him.  It  ap- 
pears that  he  had  well  founded  hopes  of  a  reactijMi  in 
his  own  favor  among  the  Angelinos.  On  the  I  Itli 
over  sixty  citizens,  headed  by  Juan  Gallardo,  Ju-c 
M.  Herrera,  Vicente  Moraga,  Pedro  Dominguez,  ;iii  I 
Antonio  Aguilar,  presented  a  petition  to  the  ayuiita- 
miento,  in  which  they  represented,  with  all  due  ddi  i- 
ence  to  the  supreme  government,  that  the  appointment 
of  Carlos  Carrillo  as  governor  had  not  produce(J  the 
beneficial  resuks  intended,  since  the  a])pointee  liad 
shown  himself  to  possess  none  of  the  qualities  necessa- 
ry in  a  ruler,  but  had  on  the  contrary  committed  seii- 
ous  blunders,  notably  in  exciting  hostilities  at  San 
Buenaventura  and  Las  Flores,  where  "only  by  di\iiK' 
dispensation  had  California  been  saved  from  mouniinL;' 
and  sorrow."  Therefore,  the  petitioners  advised  suli- 
mission  to  the  government  of  the  north  in  accordance 

".l/fnraf/o,  Cnijiprn'ia  ilr  la  Flores,  MS.  May  2il,  A.  to  J.  J.  \'Mlliio. 
Says  tliat  as  the  statu  is  iiow  entirely  jiacilicd,  it  lias  been  ilcterniiiuMl  in  ic- 
liiiso  all  political  prisoncis.  VnUi'jn,  Doc,  MS.,xxxii.  1.12.  May  IM.  A.  to 
alL'al«l(M)f  S.  Josi'.  Tran(HiilIity  restored;  Tobar  lied;  artillery  in  my] mssis- 
siiin;  Don  Curios  pardoned;  sliullsooii  come  north,  etc.   Hopkins'  Tmiitila'.ioiii, 

s-y. 


• 


ARREST  OF  THE  CARRILLOS. 


B65 


w  itli  public  opinion  and  for  the  country's  good.  No 
action  was  taken,  because  the  petition  was  not  written 
oil  stamped  paper,  but  next  day  when  that  irre^nilari- 
tyi>ad  been  corrected,  the  people  were  sununoned  and 
the  subject  discussed  on  its  merits.  Eight  citizens 
t(M)kpart  in  the  discussion,  and  of  twenty-eight  wlioso 
names  were  not  on  the  petition  twenty-two  voted 
fur  what  was  asked  in  that  document,  while  only  one, 
Scibulo  Varela,  voted  in  favor  of  Carrillo.  The 
matter  was  finally  referred  to  a  committee,  which  re- 
IHiited  that  while  the  ayuntamiento  hatl  no  right  to 
criticise  the  acts  of  Carrillo,  yet  a  clearly  defined 
j)ul)lic  opinion  demanded  the  recognition  of  Alvarado 
as  L;overnor  pending  the  decision  of  the  government. 
This  was  ap])roved  by  a  plurality  of  votes,  the  result 
hting  formally  connnunicated  to  the  ])eople  and  to 
Carrillo,  who  was  still  addressed  as  governor.  Thus 
did  the  versatile  city  of  the  Angels  accomplish 
another  political  somersault.*' 

Of  course  .the  two  Carrillos  and  their  supporters 
Avtie  not  disposed  to  accept  the  position  in  which  the 
ayimtamiento  had  jilaced  them.  Some  of  the  number, 
like  Requena,  Portilla,  and  Trujillo,  had  crossed  tlie 
frontier  with  Tobar;  while  others,  as  Pico,  Bandini, 
Iharra,  and  Botello,  were  left  to  continue  the  agita- 
tion. Before  they  had  time,  however,  to  carry  into 
(.•\'.'cution  their  new  plan,  whatever  it  may  have  been, 
tho  leaders  were  arrested  on  or  about  May  20th. 
■uado,  promptly  informed  of  the  troubles  that  weio 
hr.  wing  in  the  city,  had  sent  Yillavicencio  with  twen- 
ty-live men  from  Santa  Barbara  to  nip  the  conspiracy 

■"Sessions of  ayunt.,  jMay  lt-ir>,  1S3S.  Loi^  Anijeks,  Arch.,  ]\1S.,  v.  8-2.1. 
The  citizens  taking  pint  in  the  discussion  weio  Til)iuvio  Tajiia,  Vicento 
S:;iiilicz,  Abel  Stcania,  Antonio  Ign.  Avila,  .losi'  Scpiilveila,  Felipe  Carrillo, 
li.i;:icio  Maehado,  .inil  Francisco  J.  Alvarado.  The  coinniitteo  was  eomposccl 
of  \  ii'cnte  dc  la  Osa,  Sanchez,  Castillo,  Sepulvcda,  Stearns,  and  Tapia.  In 
till'  li;  tis  of  about  90  citizens,  only  one  foreigner  nppear.s  besides  Stearns,  and 
tli.il  was  Miguel  IJlanco,  or  Michael  White.  In  JJc]>t.  St.  Pi'p.,  A  iitjilrs,  MS., 
ii.  I  l"J,  is  an  incomplete  blotter-copy  of  the  uctd  of  the  connnittce,  of  which 
Stc.ons  was  made  prcs.  and  Castillo  sec.  According  to  tlio  Ao.s  Aii'jilcs 
Atinnl.  liii\,  MS.,  21,  thcro  would  Bcem  to  Lave  been  also  au  earlier pctitioa 
on  ihe  subject  signed  by  28  citizens. 


1 


ii 


568 


DON  JUAN  BAUTISTA  AND  DON  CARLOS. 


in  tlio  bud.  The  governor  states,  both  in  his  k'tt(>rs 
written  at  the  time  and  in  his  later  recollections,  Ilia t 
the  arrests  were  made  bv  the  citizens  of  Los  An<»vl>  s, 
who  delivered  the  prisoners  to  Villa  on  his  arrival; 
but  other  evidence  is  to  the  effect  that  the  captain's 
force  made  the  arrests,  searching  the  houses  of  pnnn- 
inent  citizens  for  that  purpose.  At  any  rate,  tlaic 
were  seized  and  carried  as  captives  to  Santa  Biirhara, 
Ci'ulos  Carrillo,  Jose  A.  Carrillo,  Pio  Pico,  Gil  Ibana, 
Xarciso  Botello,  Ignacio  Palomares,  and  Jose  M.  Ka- 
niirez.  Bandini  escaped.  It  seems  that  the  prisoiurs 
taken  at  San  Buenaventura  had  probably  been  rekasid 
before  this  time ;  but  Andres  Pico  was  now  re-arrest- 
cd,  together  with  Ignacio  del  Valleand  Roberto  Purdo 
at  Santa  Barbara."  Pio  Pico  was  quite  ill  at  tlio 
time,  and  served  out  a  short  term  of  nominal  inipiis- 
omnent  at  the  presidio.*"-  Carlos  Carrillo  was  rclcviscd 
on  ])arolo  after  a  few  days,  promising  not  to  leave 
Santa  ]3arbara  and  to  let  politics  alone,  a  promiso 
which  he  kept  religiously  till  opportunity  offered  to 
escape.^^     The  other  cajjtives,  eight  in  number,  wuio 


*^  Alvaj-ado,  Campafia  dc  Las  Flares,  MS.;  Id.,  Hist.  Cnl.,  MS.,  iv.  100- 
11.  ]5otfill(),  Anahs,  MS.,  71-88,  says  ho  was  taken  at  Rcquena'a  houso  ;iii(l 
taken  to  (.'iU'rillo'.s,  where  Ibarra  anil  llaniirez  were  soon  brought  in.  JMo  I'ico 
had  lieen  at  (!"arrillo'.s  house,  but  went  to  that  of  Dona  V.  Sotclo  tie  Doiiiiu- 
giicz.  wliorc  lie  was  found  by  Villa's  men  hidden  under  the  floor  of  achaiiiln  r. 
At  Sta  ]'>;ii-liarii  all  were  confined  in  one  room  under  that  occupied  by  Alv:i- 
radd.  Jesus  I'ico,  Aroid.,  MS.,  TiO-'i,  was  with  Vilkvicencio.  Hosays.i.  A. 
Cairillo  was  found  under  a  pile  of  hiilcs.  Carlos  Carrillo  was  taken  in  elKiigo 
by  \"i'laviccneio,  his  godson,  and  treated  very  kindly.  Mrs  Ord,  OfK/'^'c/nn-', 
MS.,  1  i:V17,  remembers  the  arrival,  when  her  mother — Camllo's  sister— ail- 
dre.ssingVillavicencio,  said,  'Is  it  possible,  Jost5  Maria,  that  thou  hast  bron;:l!t 
as  a  prisonei-  thy  second  father?'  Ho  replied,  'Godmother,  I  am  ordered  aiul 
must  obey,  but  I  have  cared  for  him  on  thewayas  if  he  were  my  own  fatlier.' 
J.  J.  Warner,  Los  Ainjilcs,  Hid.,  14,  .says  he  had  an  arm  broken  in  resisting' 
arrch^t  for  refusing  to  have  his  house  searched  by  a  party  under  Alf.  Es[iiniis;i; 
mid  f'M  .Juno  .'{Oth  Warner  made  a  complaint  before  the  alcalde  that  Agusiiu 
M-irtiiK'z  on  .May  14th  had  entered  his  house  sword  in  hand,  forced  him  into 
tlio  street,  and  dangerously  wounded  him.  Los  Any.,  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  lJli-7; 
/'/.,  A 'III lit.,  MS.,  IS. 

*-'  I'ieo,  J f !.•</.  Cal.,  MS.,  7fi-8.'?,  remarks  that  though  at  first  subjected  to 
potty  annoyances,  lie  was  finally  allowed  the  freedom  of  the  presidio,  and  mm 
even  taken  in  P.  Imuran's  conch  to  be  i>w(rhio  at  a  christening,  Alvarado  giv- 
ing him  .*200  to  be  expended  in  gifts. 

"Alvarado  says  he  simply  took  Don  Cdrlos  to  his  wife,  saying,  'Here, 
aunt.  I  bring  uncle  to  yon  for  safe-keeping.  Tiy  to  make  him  uuderstaud 
that  he  is  too  old  now  for  school-boy  piauka.' 


THE  PRISONERS  AT  SONOMA. 


507 


fstaitcd  on  May  22d  for  the  north,  being  mounted  on 
lidises  more  famous  for  docility  than  speed,  and  jiro- 
tc'i  ted  1)V  an  escort  of  fifteen  men  well  mounted  and 
at  liK'd.  Jesus  Pico  commanded  the  escort  to  iJueiia- 
vi>ta,  Stintiago  Estrada  to  San  Juan  liautista,  Jt'sus 
A'iillcjo  to  San  Jose,  and  Corporal  Galindo  beyond 
that  j)oint.  They  reached  Sonoma  the  3d  of  June, 
and  were  kept  in  confinement  there  by  A^allejo  until 
till  end  of  September,  or  a  little  later," 

Jn  his  letter  of  May  22d  Alvarado  com})limented 
liis  otlicers  and  men  for  their  ctmduct  during  the  cam- 
jtaii;)!,  announcing  his  intention  of  keeping  up  a  force 
(il'.ilxnit  one  hundred  men  for  the  ])resent,  and  of  go- 
in.;-  soon  to  Los  Angeles  in  person."  General  Vallejo 
ill  turn  congratulated  him  on  hia  triumphs,  urging 
liiiu  to  follow  up  his  victory  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
SLcure  permanent  peace,  and  not  allow  the  trouble- 
sum*;  clement  in  the  south  to  recover  from  their  de- 


^'  May  22,  1S.38,  Alvarado  to  J.  J.  Vallejo,  orilerinj?  liim  to  come  witli  a 
pii.'iiil  'icj  meet  the  prijiuners.  ValUjo,  Doc,  MS.,  v.  8G.  May  SOtli,  Cien. 
V.i'Kj  1  to  Sanchez  at  S.  Francisco  ami  Mnrpliy  at  S.  Rafael.  Must  furnish 
liiMx.i,  ))oat.s,  ele.  /(/.,  v.  90-1.  June  1st,  .J.  J.  Vallejo  to  Gen.  V.  IIi.s  ill- 
iu>.  )'!t  vents  him  coming  in  person,  but  sends  Corp.  (Jalindo.  Id.,  v.  \)1. 
.)ui]'' tith,  (len.  V.  to  Alvara<lo.  I'risoner.s  arrived  3  days  ago  and  are  kept 
stcun  1.  Not  allowed  to  communicate  witii  the  people.  /</.,  xiv.  24.  .luiio 
9tii,  \'allfj()  to  Lieut  Kanurez.  Cannot  grant  his  request  for  release  witlumt 
(iri'.iis  from  the  gov.  /(/.,  v.  !)4.  June  20th,  A.  to  V.  May  show  some 
kiii.  ;i.  y  to  such  of  the  prisoners  as  are  grateful  for  tlie  kindness  M'ith  wliicli 
tlu  \  !i.i\  c  Ucn  treated.  /(/.,  v.  OS.  Aug.  Dtli.  A.  toayunt.  of  Angeles.  Grants 
rojuist  I'lir  lilieration  of  political  prisoners  at  Sonoma.  Dept.  St.  I'lip.,  Aiifiili  ■•<, 
Ms..  \\.  lOS.  Sept.  22(1,  A.  to  \'.  He  is  to  free  the  prisoners  as  soon  as 
tiny  1  Jiid  tliemsclves  to  resi)eet  tlie  goveinor'.s  authority  and  not  to  distui'l) 
tlir  \'i  ;ice  of  the  country;  but  they  are  not  to  be  allowed  to  come  south  until 
III  n  C.ilos  and  others  have  presented  themselves  as  invited.  ViiUiJo,  Jhi\, 
.Ms.,  V.  Isl.  Botello  says  the  j)risoiK'rs,  or  the  4  Mexicans  at  least,  wci'o  very 
liv.  ilv  treated  at  Sonoma,  being  .shut  up  in  a  iloorlcss  room,  witliout  bciU, 
ami  ui-.  en  insullicicnt  food.  Oslo,  Hint.  Cat,  M8.,  3!);J-4,  398-'J,  tells  us  tli^it 
\'.i!m  j,i  Would  not  speak  to  them,  gave  them  food  that  only  excessive  liuiigcr 
(■IU.1. led  them  to  swallow,  and  would  not  permit  them  lo  receive  food  pre- 
.'oiitf  1  liy  the  people.  Ignacio  del  Valle,  one  of  the  prisoners  ami  a^Iexii'iUi, 
S!iy-i  tlay  were  treated  Mell  enough.  Lo  Pui'iido,  MS. ,  25-9.  Two  of  tiieui, 
Ili.i:  ■  .1  and  rahmiarcs,  had  the  small:pox  while  at  Sononui. 

*'  .11  ni ratio,  < 'mil paua  <le  Luk  //orw,  MS.  He  also  asks  Vallejo's  advice 
.'ilinnc  o['cniug  negotiations  withSonora.  Salvador  Vallejo,  one  of  the  oHiccrs 
ii'iiiilnnentcd,  in  a  letter  to  Gen.  Vallejo  says  that  Juan  Rautista  is  no  mili- 
tary iiuiii,  and  he  has  had  to  use  his  sword  several  times  on  the  officers,  by 
\\\vA\  they  have  been  brought  at  last  into  tolerable  discipliue  and  respect  for 
tlitii  superiors!  Vullejo,  Doc,  MS.,  v.  87. 


S68 


DON  JUAX  BAUTISTA  AND  DON  CARLOS. 


fent.*"  To  tlio  ayniitainicnto  of  Los  AiiLTt'les  tl)o 
governor,  for  soiiio  ri-asoii  i i lox pi i cable  to  ine,  instead 
of  a  letter  of  thanks  for  its  action  of  May  15th.  ad- 
drcssed  a  severe  lecture  on  the  evils  of  its  |)ast  coiuse, 
with  earnest  advice  for  the  future  to  attend  stiii  th- 
to  municipal  aft'airs  and  let  state  politics  alono.^' 

At  the  end  of  jNIav,  Alvarado  was  invited  ])v  tlio 
ayuntaniiento  to  visit  Los  Angeles,  his  presence  ho- 
ing  required  there  to  preserve  j)eace  and  restrain  eei'- 
tain  turbulent  citizens.  He  accepted  the  invitatiuii, 
but  seems  not  to  have  made  the  visit  until  late  In 
June;  and  the  only  incident  to  be  noticed  in  coniiei'- 
tion  with  ii:,  and  even  this  may  very  likely  refer  to  a 
previous  visit,  was  a  plot  to  assassinate  the  goveiimr, 
which  he  claims  to  have  discovered  in  time  to  |>iv- 
vent  its  success.  The  jdot  was  revealed  by  a  veiKnl 
v.'oman  who  did  not  make  herself  known.  Alvarailo 
had  reason  to  believe,  however,  and  has  always  be- 
lieved, that  the  lady  to  whom  he  owed  his  life  was 
none  other  than  Dona  Concepcion  Argiielh*.  the 
hei-oine  of  the  Rezilnof  romance.*^  Meatiwhile  San 
Diego  through  its  alcalde,  Estudillo,  had  the  iiii|iii- 
dence  to  inform  Alvarado,  the  *  gcfc  de  la  division  del 
norte,'  that  the  people  could  not  recognize  any  ( it  her 
ruler  than  Carrillo.  Reports  came  also  that  Z.niui- 
rano,  Portilla,  and  others  were  plotting  mischiet'  on 
the   frontier;  but  Alvarado  promptly  sent  word  to 


'I  i 


'"May  2r)th,  V.  to  A.  Drpt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  20C-7;  Vallfjo,  Doc,  MS., 
V.  88.  Tlic  generiil  is  very  enthusiastic  on  tlie  subjoct.  'The  fate  of  Calilor- 
iiia  (lepenils  only  on  the  conditions  you  make  witli  tlio  rebels.' 

*'  May  'JTth,  A.  to  ayunt.  of  Angeles.  S.  Dieijo,  Arch.,  MS.,  207;  />'/''■  .S''. 
Pap.,  AiiijdtK,  AIS.,  xi.  104-fl.  The  communication  was  also  sent  tn  S. 
I)icgo.  Juno  0th,  Vallejo  suggests  the  propriety  of  chartering  a  vessrl  on 
which  to  send  away  a  party  of  vagabonds  wlio  do  nothing  but  make  troalile. 
He  also  suggests  a  revision  of  mission  administrators'  accounts.  Dfi'.  Si. 
Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  208-9. 

**"  May  .31,  18.'?8,  aynnt.  to  A.,  with  invitation.  Xo.'f  Angehu,  Arrfi..  .MS., 
V.  20-7.  June  0th,  10th,  A.  accepts  and  orders  a  house  for  his  use  to  bi'  juc- 
pared.  Dfipf.  St.  Pap.,  Auijehs,  MS.,  xi.  107.  June  9th,  ayunt.  receives  his 
letter.  />o.s  Amjilfs,  Arrh.,  MS.,  v.  28.  Juno  20th,  still  afc'Sta  Biirbarii.  I'lit 
going  to  Angeles  to  reorganize  the  town.  Vallejo,  Dor.,  MS.,  v.  98.  .\l\ii- 
rado,  y//,'?^  (.'al.,  MS.,  iv.  ()o~71,  tells  the  story  of  the  plot,  which  was  to  he 
carried  out  by  certain  convicts,  and  gives  his  reasons  for  believing  Dofia  (-'""■ 
ccpcion  to  have  been  his  benefactress. 


ESCAPE  OF  THE  PRETENDER. 


rm 


tin  ISO  fjfcntlcincii  that  if  ho  lioanl  of  their  cr()ssin!:r 
the  Hno  as  threatoiiod  with  a  Mexican  force,  lie  would 
li;st  shoot  ton  })r()niinent  men  of  the  south,  and  then 
iiiaich  to  defeat  the  invaders!*'^  On  the  other  Jiaiid, 
clicoring  rumors  camo  i'roin  Honolulu  by  the  J)<>n 
(Jiii.rote,  brouLifht  by  the  Clementine  from  San  IJlas, 
tli.it  Captain  liobbins  of  the  Culifornia  HpoktM)f  hav- 
ing" i'avorablo  despatches  for  iVlvarado,  having  been 
liiinself  made  a  naval  captain  by  Alvarado's  reconi- 
inciidation.''"  Severe  earthquakes  were  felt  in  the 
noith  late  in  June. 

In  Jnly  there  wore  no  new  developments  of  a  po- 
litical nature."'  August  was  a  more  eventful  month. 
Ill  its  earliest  days  Carlos  Carrillo,  the  'Pretender,' 
escaped  from  Santa  Bdrbara  in  company  with  his  son 
Pedro  and  Jose  Maria  Covarrubias.  Thev  Hod  in  a 
boat,  probably  with  the  connivance  of  Dana  and  otlun' 
forciixners  during  the  governor's  absence ;  but  Don  Ciir- 
los,  whose  management  and  luck  were  equally  unfortu- 
nnt;3  on  sea  and  land,  was  driven  bv  stress  of  weather 
to  land  near  Point  Dumetz,  whence  he  was  aided  by 
friends  to  join  the  'Carlist'  conspirators  on  the  San 
I  )ien;'o  frontier.  Carrillo's  alleged  motive  for  fli<dit  was 
the  fear  that  he  would  be  one  of  the  ten  men  whom 
Alvarado  had  threatened  to  shoot  on  the  approach  of 
^lexican  troops.  Yet  Don  Carlos  forgave  his  perse- 
cutors, and  promised  to  do  all  in  his  power  to  have 
them  ])ardone(l  when  the  supreme  government  should 
have  enforced  his  recognition!  Ho  even  had  the  assur- 
ance to  recommend  his  family  to  Alvarado's  care.''^ 

"June  26th,  Estutlillo  to  Alvarado.  San  Dmio,  Arch.,  MS.,  201.  Jiino 
•2!ltli.  A.  to  Vallejo.    Vallcjo,  Dor.,  HU.  Mex.,  MS.,  v.  98. 

'"' Jiino  20tli,  Alvarado  to  VivUejo.  Vallrjo,  J)oc.,  MS.,  v.  08.  Is  orgaiiiz- 
iiii;  a  pcnnanont  force  of  KM)  men  to  be  stationed  at  S.  Fernando,  wln'iv'  tliay 
will  1)0  drilled  by  the  'unfortunate  but  able '  Castaucda,  who  was  so  poor 
that  Alvarado  had  to  give  him  a  jacket  to  wear. 

"'Tiio  printed  letter  of  July  20th  from  Vallejo  to  Alvarado  l)eavs  date  of 
iS.'fS,  but  probalily  belongs  to  18.17.  (See  chap,  xviii.)  JulyJOtli,  \'.  to  ofU- 
ti.ils,  circular  in  which  he  complains  that  commnnicationa  addressed  to  liim 
ofti'U  come  open.  Angel  Ramirez  has  tampered  with  the  mails  at  San  Luis 
Obispo.     Vigilance  is  required.    ToZ/ryo,  Z>oc.,  MS.,  v.  119. 

'-'July  .10,  18.18,  C  to  A.,  expViining  the  reasons  of  his  flight,  and  bidding 
farewell.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  214-15.     Aug.   IGth,  Alcalde  Olivera  to 


YA 


870 


DON  JUAN  Bx^UTISTA  AND  DON  CARLOS. 


llJiM 


If  Alvarado  was  not  vory  seriously  alarmed  at  tlio 
flij;lit  of  Don  Curios,  ho  was  indeed  troubled  by  lettcis 
from  the  north  announcing  the  partial  defection  of  im 
less  a  personage  than  General  Vallejo.  Jose  Antoni,) 
Cj.rrillo  had  utilized  the  time  of  his  imprisonment  at 
Sonoma  by  holding  long  interviews  witli  the  gemia!, 
and  had  succeeded  in  convincing  that  dignitary  of  his 
good  faith,  and  of  the  genuineness  of  his  brother's  aji- 
jiointment.  So  Vallejo  stated  in  his  letters  of  August 
lOth-llth,  and  in  them  advised  the  recognition  of 
Don  Carlos,  or  a*^  least  the  holding  of  a  convention  at 
Santa  Clara  with  a  view  to  such  recognition.  Of  tliu 
real  motives  for  delay  in  giving  up  the  command,  lio 
said  little  or  nothing.  The  point  of  his  long  and  alilo 
argument  addressed  to  Alvarado  was  to  this  effect: 
Carrillo's  title  being  valid,  it  would  be  necessary  to 
yield  sooner  or  later;  Alvarado  and  his  associates  had 
from  the  first  in  good  faith  disclaimed  any  purpose  to 
retain  the  command;  with  all  his  triumphs  he  had  l)eeii 
so  fully  occupied  in  quelling  revolts,  that  he  had  had 
no  time  to  introduce  needed  reforms;  experience 
proved  there  was  no  hope  for  a  cessation  of  sectional 
troubles;  to  yield  voluntarily  while  in  the  full  tide  of 
success  would  not  only  be  flattering  to  their  own 
pride,  make  a  good  impression  in  Mexico,  and  check 

A.,  excusing  himself  for  not  having  prevented  Carrillo's  flight.  He  luul 
watchcil  tlie  vessels,  but  never  thought  of  his  attempting  a  boat  voyage.  1<L, 
iv.  '223-4.  Aug.  18th,  A.  tells  Vallejo  it  seems  to  be  his  fate  to  act  the  part 
of  paj)a  to  the  families  of  his  adversaries  while  they  are  absent  on  a  ciuupaii;a 
against  him.  For  instance,  Zamorano  and  others  whom  he  won't  muiitii'ii. 
Va'icjo,  Doc.  Jlkt.  Mcx.,  ^IS.,  v.  145;  Alvarado,  Hist.  Cal,  MS.,  iv.  71-N-'. 
Capt.  John  Paty  of  the  Pli/mouth  carried  the  news  to  the  Islands,  where  it 
was  jiublished  in  the  Honolulu  S.  I.  Gazette,  Nov.  17,  1838.  Paty  said  tlmt 
C'arrillo  escaped  on  the  Kamamalu's  launch  in  the  night.  Alvarado  took  no 
notice,  except  to  fine  Carrillo  $100  for  departing  without  a  passport.  Alvaratlo 
asserts  that  about  the  same  time  correspondence  was  seized  bearing  tlie  mys- 
terious sign  'Fu. .  .  .u.'  Carrillo's  escape  is  mentioned  in  Pico,  J  list.  ('"I., 
MS.,  70;  Ord,  Ocnrreiicias,  MS.,  114-15;  Pinto,  Apunt.,  MS.,  38-9.  Tliu 
Ilawaiians  were  somevvliat  disposed  to  ridicule  the  course  of  events  in  Cali- 
fornia; witness  the  foUowingin  the  account  just  cited:  'The  task  of  rccuril- 
ing  great  i^olitical  events,  of  taking  the  profiles  of  revolutions,  and  sketchiii^ 
tlic  contour  of  national  changes,  falls  to  the  lot  of  our  brethren  of  the  quill  in 
more  enlightened  realms;  ours  only  is  the  duty  of  the  historian  of  miglity 
deeds!  It  is  for  us  to  tell  of  the  bloody  revolutions  of  California,  to  portiay 
the  magnificent  characters  of  lier  champions,  and  to  chronicle  the  deeds  uf 
glory  which  cluster  around  the  brows  of  her  sons  1 ' 


VALLWO'S  DEFECnOX. 


571 


dissensions  at  lionie,  but — a  Htill  more  practical  advan- 
t;i;,'^o — would  enable  Alvarado  and  his  party  really  tt) 
foiitrol  public  affairs  for  a  time  in  their  own  way,  nince 
])(.ii  Cilrlos  would  come  north  to  establish  his  govern- 
iiKiit,  remaining  in  their  power  until  the  whole  matter 
should  be  finally  settled.'''' 

All  these  things  Jose  Antonio  Carrillo  had  proui- 
isL'd  in  behalf  of  his  brother.  Furthermore,  beeom- 
Iiiij:  acquainted  with  the  general's  particular  hobin', 
he  liad  agreed  that  in  case  of  the  change  beiiiLr 
ffKctcd  the  presidial  companies  shouUl  be  at  once  re- 
oi'^anized.  He  had  realized  the  importance  of  play- 
uv^  liis  best  card,  for  he  better  than  any  other  under- 
stood the  nature  of  the  despatches  to  be  expected 
ti'oin  Mexico.  That  he  succeeded  in  winniiiijf  over 
Vallejo  to  his  views  is  not  strange.  Few  men  in 
California  could  resist  his  crafty  eloquence;  moreover, 
there  was  much  force  in  his  arguments,  as  reflected 
in  the  general's  1'^tters,  if  faith  could  be  placed  in  his 
promises  and  in  his  statements  respecting  the  feeling 
in  Mexico.  Alvarado  lacked  that  faith,  and  with 
much  reason.  The  plot  lately  discovered  against  his 
life  at  Angeles  had  not  left  him  in  a  conciliatory 
mood.  He  had  no  doubt  that  his  past  successes 
would  be  avenged  by  the  imprisonment  or  exile  (»f 
himself  and  friends  should  the  Carrillos  gain  control 
before  the  arrival  of  guaranties  from  ^lexico,  and 
the  recent  fliijht  of  Don  Cdrlos,  in  ignorance  of  his 
astute  brother's  plans,  was  by  no  means  a  pro[)itious 
circumstance. 

The  governor's  hesitation,  if  he  hesitated  at  all,  was 


'•''  Vallrjo,  Tres  Carlos  Hi'SPrvudas  en  que  innta  el  rrrononmienfo  dc  D. 
Ciirlon  Carrillo  como  Gahcrnador.  Aijosto,  IS.JS,  M.S.  AdtliHsscil  on  Aiir;. 
lOtli,  11th,  to  Alvarado,  Castro,  and  Vill.aviccncio.  Otlmr  letters  wire 
(li)iil)tle8s  written  of  similar  purport,  and  Carrillo  wrote  still  otlier.j  to  Doa 
CVnIos  and  friends  in  the  south,  which  latter  seem  not  to  have  lipcu  tkliv- 
ci(.il  by  Alvarado  until  later.  Vallejo  wished  tiic  matter  kept  si'oiet;  and 
tlio  plan  if  approved  was  to  emanate  ostensibly  from  Alvarado  biiii^elf.  TIio 
letter  to  the  governor  M'as  long  and  minute  in  detail;  the  others  shoi-tor. 
Alvarado,  /list.  Cat.,  MS.,  iv.  70-9,  says  Jie  sent  back  a  flat  refii.sal,  cliidinj^ 
V.illr.'jo  for  his  di^aflfection,  wliich  was  doing  much  harm  iu  the  south.  Ho 
iluLply  regretted  the  general's  course. 


672 


DON  JUAN  BAUTISTA  AND  DON  CAKLOS. 


Hot  however  of  lonjjj  duration;  for  in  u  Any  or  two  .-in 
event  occnrriMl  wliieli  |  ut  ji  new  face  on  the  whole  sul»- 
ject.  On  August  loth,  tile  Catal.lna  arrived  at  Mon- 
tei-ey  witii  new.s  from  Mexico.  Ca.stiliero  wrote  tliat  ho 
liad  heen  Huceessful  in  hi«  niissi(jn,  and  that  he  would 
.soon  arrive  in  Cahfornia  as  aooniisionado  from  the  na- 
tional ifovernment.  Just  liow  far  lie  entered  into  dc- 
tails  is  not  known,  as  his  letter  is  not  extant;  hut  fioiu 
this  and  otjier  private  communications  it  was  IvMkwh 
that  Alvarado  and  his  associates  had  nothing  to  l<ar, 
even  if  they  were  not  to  he  continued  in  j)ower.  Thcic 
came  also  oflicial  despatches  ahout  the  war  witli 
]'' ranee,  addressed  to  the  governor  and  general  iv- 
spectively.  One  package  of  correspondence  was  stiit 
in  haste  to  Sonoma,  while  Jesus  Pico  started  at  once 
to  deliver  the  other  to  Alvarado  at  Los  Angt  l(  s. 
A^allqjo,  on  August  17tli,  circulated  to  military  au- 
thorities the  despatch  res[)ecting  the  French  war 
"addressed  to  him"  by  the  Mexican  government. 
From  San  Fernando  on  the  18th  Alvarado  wrote  a 
loiiuf  letter  to  the  ueiierul,  communicatliiix  the  l;'<i"(1 
news,  and  next  day  issued  a  proclamation,  in  wliieli, 
besides  alluding  to  the  French  war,  he  announced 
also  the  'happy  results'  of  Castillcro's  mission  to 
jMexico,  without  specifying  what  those  results  w<M'e.  * 
There  was  of  course  no  further  thought  of  giving- 
u[)  the  governorship  to  Carrillo  before  Castillcro's  ar- 
rival, and  Vallejo's  plan  of  a  convention  at  Santa  Claia 


*♦  Axig. 
Cnl/Jbriiin  c 


Doc,  MS.,  \ 
v.irado  to  V. 
luution  to  V. 


IS.'IS,  J.  .T.  Pico  to  Vallcjo,  armouncing  amvnl  of  CatnUnt. 
^cteil  ill  10  or  \'l  days  with  money,  arms,  and  clothing.  Va/li  in, 
i:i7.  Aug.  17th,  V.'s  circular.  /</.,  v.  144.  Aug.  IStli,  Al- 
■ni  S.  Fernando.  J'L,  v.  \4').  Aug.  19th,  A.  sends  his  prdila- 
'.,  V.  147.  Same  date,  the  proclamation  sent  to  Los  An.L'i'li's 
and  San  Dicg(  JJrpt.  St.  Pap.,  Awjilvx,  MS.,  xi.  108;  S.  JJict/o,  Arch.,  MS., 
20S.  Sept.  S(  Estudillo  to  A.,  '  gofo  de  la  <livision  del  norte.'  His  ])r(irlii- 
niation  has  1  on  published.  Id.,  '201.  Sept.  14tli,  18th,  the  proclainiiti(.ii 
sent  to  Carrillo  at  his  rerjuest.  Jil.,20'2.  June  20tli,  ii  letter  from  Viniininl 
in  Mexico  to  Vallejo,  which  may  very  likely  have  been  received  by  the  ' '''- 
aJina.  Vallcjo,  Dor.,  MS.,  v.  97.  The  writer  announces  C'astillero'.s  suciiss, 
and  tho  favorable  ideas  of  the  president  towards  Cal.,  and  particularly  toward 
\'allcjo.  Says  he,  Virmonil,  has  often  taken  the  part  of  tho  Californiaiis. 
Castillero  is  about  to  fitait.  Money,  arms,  and  clothing  will  be  sent.  I'n- 
dcrstands  that  the  California  is  to  carry  the  mails  on  the  coast. 


GOOD  NEWS  FRONr  MEXICO. 


r.73 


^v;ls  kept  a  secret  uinonjjf  tlie  few  wlio  know  anythiii:^ 
alHiiit  it."  There  was  nothing  to  <h>  hut  await  (he 
jiiiival  of  the  California.  iJon  CaHos,  after  l)rinjL( 
liiidt'd  hy  his  boatmen,  who  carried  his  hin'tjaixc!  Ijack 
Id  Santa  J^arhara,  liad  wanchred  lor  many  days  on 
f'(M it,  harassed  with  fears  of  pursuit,  until  <)n  nri'ival 
at  San  Luis  Key  he  had  lieai-d  the  news  from  Me\- 
ji  I),  and  had  written  to  Alvarado  a  It.-tter  heiifi^ini^  foi- 
iiniiu'sty.  IMcanwhile  A'^alh'jo,  on  Septeniher  1st, 
asked  to  be  relieved  of  the  oouunand,  that  he  nuLi^ht 
attend  to  liis  private  interests  and  those  of  his  coh>ny 
at  Sonoma;'"'  but  there  is  no  evidence  tiiat  any  attcMi- 
tii>n  was  paid  to  his  request,  and  soon  the  i^^eneral  had 
t'>  issue  a  procL'imation  to  quiet  certain  ])o|»uhir  i-uni<»i's 
tliat  ho  was  in  league  with  the  enemies  of  Alvarado. 
These  rumors  he  i)ronouncod  false,  dcclariiii;  that  his 
vii'ws  had  not  changed  since  18.3(1,  and  that  he  M'ould 
ivsiijrn  sooner  than  be  false  in  any  way  to  his  friends."^ 
]\l('anwhilo  the  prisoners  had  been  liberated,  and  there 
are  some  vague  indications  that  they  tried  to  make 
ti(>ul)lG  at  San  Jose  and  elsewhere,  by  representing 
that  Vallejo  was  in  sympathy  with  the  Carrillos.     No 

''■'Sept.  lOtli,  A.  to  v.,  in  Valhjo,  Doc,  MS.,  v.  177.     This  ia  tlie  goverii- 

01  's  mily  reply  to  V'.'.s  ])lau  of  Aug.  lOtli,  so  fariis  the  i-ccords  show,  llo  says 
tli.it  on  account  of  the  favoi'al)lc  news,  he  did  not  deliver  the  letters  to  Houtli- 
(Tiiiis;  that  Castro,  Villa,  andS.  Vallejo  had  declared  that  as  military  men  their 
duly  was  to  obey  the  gov.,  and  tiiat  .1.  A.  ( 'arrillo's  letter  to  hinisolf  was  an 
in -lilt,  and  would  not  he  answered.  He  mentions  rumors  of  ji  pronuuciuniiento 
UL.Miust  Carrilloou  the  frontier;  and  speaks  of  Don  Carlos'  adventures  and  de- 
mand for  pardon. 

'"'  Vulkjo,  O/icio  impresKO  en  qitc  qiiiiri'  r<nuiiriitr  el  manilo  riiilitar,  ]'  th. 
Si'.  IMS.  In  'Earliest  Priiitiinj;  Vallejo,  Ordeties,  'J-U,  />.//<.  St.  Pa}>.,  MS.. 
iv.  2.")8.  This  coninumication,  which  is  quite  long,  seems  to  have  lucn 
niKlrcssed  to  Al^'aralo,  but  possibly  to  the  luin.  of  v'ar.  In  it  he  tirgcs  tin! 
noiganization  of  tlio  presidial  eonipaiues  as  the  only  means  of  averting  utter 
ruin  iit  the  liands  of  the  Indians. 

••' \o  date,  blotter  of  the  ]iroclamati(m,  in  Yallojo,  Dor.,  MS.,  iii.  'jsy. 
Oct.  'Ji'd,  J.  J.  Vallejo  nrgea  his  brotlier  not  to  give  up  his  conunand.  Iil.,  v. 
21;!.  A'ov.  0th,  Salvador  Vallejo,  from  St.a  J?arl)ara,  to  the  gen.  Speaks  of 
nuiiors  that  he  is  in  league  with  the  southerners;  and  blames  him  for  iiu\ing 
ciiuiied  his  cars  to  J.  A.  Carrillo,  who  has  '  made  a  bag  of  him.'  Says  ,\lva- 
niilo  is  ilrinking  too  much.  Id.,  v.  2(J0.  Xov.  10th,  D.  A.  Rodriguez,  S.  Krun- 
cisio,  to  Vallejo.  Eeports  a  conspiracy  at  S.  Josi^,  proniptcd  by  .1.  A.  Carrillo 
and  Angel  Ramirez — A.  M.  Pico  and  Pedro  Chai)olla  being  leaders,  with  ac- 
loiiipliccs  at  Sonoma.  The  outbreak  to  bo  on  Nov.  loth.  /</.,  v. 'J'29.  Nov. 
I'^ith,  J.  J.  Vallejo,  Verba  Buena,  to  his  brother.  Urgea  liim  iu  2  letters  to 
quiet  the  people  by  a  proclamation. 


i  "\ 


!ii 


i  ijife  i 


074 


DON  JUAN  BAUTISTA  AND  DON  CARLOS. 


blame  can  be  attached  to  General  Vallejo  for  liis 
course  in  this  matter;  but  he  was  unfortunate  in  liis 
choice  of  a  time  for  proposing  his  plan,  and  was  over- 
credulous  in  listening  to  the  special  pleading  of  L)ou 
Jos(5  Antonio. 

The  California  had  been  expected  to  follow  tlie 
Qitalina  in  a  few  weeks  at  most;  troubles  with  Fraiieo 
and  other  obstacles,  Jiowever,  caused  Castillero's  <k'- 
])arture  from  Mexico  to  be  delayed  from  July  to  Sep- 
tember. On  November  l.'jth,  the  schooner  anchoret! 
at  Santa  Bdrbara,  and  Captain  Castillero,  now  comi- 
sionado  of  the  supreme  government,  landing  in  bnd 
health,  sent  communications  to  Alvarado,  who  was 
absent,  and  to  Vallejo  at  Sonoma.  These  communi- 
cations informed  the  governor  and  general  that  by 
virtue  of  documents  brought  by  the  writer  in  liis 
official  capacity  they  would  be  able  to  retain  their  \m)- 
sitions,  that  the  California  had  also  brought  arms  and 
other  war-stores,  and  that  a  personal  conference  was 
necessary  at  the  earliest  opportunity.'^^ 

The  most  important  of  the  documents  brought  from 
]\It!xico  by  Castillero  were  as  follows,  in  the  order  of 
their  respective  dates:  a  decree  of  June  30th  dividing 
the  republic  into  twenty-four  departments,  one  of 
them  the  Californias,  with  capitals  as  before;^"  a  coin- 
mission  as  captain  of  the  presidial  company  of  8aii 
Francisco  for  Lieutenant  Guadalupe  Vallejo;"'^  an 
expression  of  thanks  for  the  gift  of  the  Calijornla 
from  the  departmental  to  the  national  government;''^ 

^^  Nov.  17,  18.^8,  Castillero  to  Vallejo,  transcribed  in  a  later  letter  of  the 
latter.    Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  v.  'ICyl;  xxxii.  108;  Earliest  Priii/ing. 

5" Decree  of  Juno  30th,  in  Arrilla(jn,  Ilccop.,  1838,  284-.");  Sup.  Govt  Sf. 
Pnp.,  MS.,  xxi.  2'2;  xii.  4;  ValUJo,  Doc,  MS.,  v.  'I'l'i.  This  decree  divided 
the  departments  into  2  sections,  Californias  being  one  of  those  whicli  was  to 
elect  a  diputado  to  congress  for  2  years  on  Oct.  1st.  It  is  likely,  howevtr, 
that  this  decree  came  also  before  on  the  Calalina  in  August. 

""July!),  18.38,  original  appointment  and  commission,  2  documents,  in 
Valljo,  J)oc,  MS,,  i.  12. 

*' July  10th,  tlie  goleta  to  be  used  aa  a.  paquclp  vicrcmife.  Dept.  St  I'l'/'-, 
!MS.,  iv.  127;  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  v.  IIOJ.  There  is  no  other  evidence  tlmt 
such  a  gift  had  been  thought  of  in  Cal.   J  uly  20th,  decree  of  amnesty.  /(/. 


m 


ALVARADO  CONFIRMED  BY  MEXICO. 


575 


Icr  letter  of  t!iu 


Idocuincnts,  in 


a  (li^creo  of  amnesty  for  all  political  acts  and  opinions 
(luring  the  past  troubles;  an  order  add ressotl  to  Carlos 
("nriillo  to  the  effect  that  the  senior  vocal  of  the  ter- 
ritorial junta  should  act  as  governor  tenipoiarily,  a 
copy  of  the  same  being  forwarded  also  to  Alvarado;"^ 
iiii  order  to  the  governor  to  grant  lands  on  the  coast 
islands  to  Mexicans  who  might  ask  for  them,  giving 
pivference  to  Antonio  and  Carlos  Carrillo,  who  were 
to  have  exclusive  possession  of  one  of  the  islands  in 
consideration  of  their  patriotic  services;"'*  an  a[)point- 
mi'iit  of  Vallejo  as  comandante  general  in  consideration 
of  his  distinguished  services;''*  and  finally  private 
Ic'ttors  to  both  Alvarado  and  Vallejo  from  President 
Biistamantc,  who  ox[)ressed  his  high  esteem  for  those 
t,^(.utlemen,  and  confidence  in  their  patriotism  and 
abilitv  to  direct  the  afi:liirs  of  California  in  the  future."' 
Truly  Don  Andres  had  served  his  masters  most 
faitlifully,  and  all  had  resulted  well  for  the  revolu- 
tionists of  183G.     Men  of  the  southern  faction  have 

•^-•Tuly  20th,  inin.  of  the  interior  to  Carrillo.  'The  presiilent,  learning 
witli  satisfaction  that  Alta  California  has  retiirned  to  constitutional  order, 
ami  as  the  law  of  amnesty  draws  a  thick  veil  over  all  political  occurrences, 
(liitcts  that,  in  order  to  carry  out  the  constitutional  law,  the  1st  vocal  of  the 
jiii;ta  territorial  of  thst  deiiartnieut  shall  exercise  tlio  powers  of  governor; 
sti']is  hcing  taken  at  once  for  tlic  election  of  tlie  junt-i  departaniental,  and  a 
t'  run  being  sent  to  tSie  sup.  govt  for  the  regular  appointment,  tiie  pi'es.  re- 
liiKjiiisliing  for  this  time  the  powers  given  him  liy  the  constitution  in  the 
fioiitior  departments,'  forwarded  hy  Alvar.ado,  as  1st  vocal,  to  aymit.  of 
Ai_'oks  on  De  .  10th.  lk\)l.  St.  Pap.,  Aiindi^,  MS.,  xi.  I0!»-10;  also  tran- 
scrilied  by  Alvar.ido,  wlio  received  it  from  Castillero,  to  Vallejo  on  Dec.  10th. 
Vii'lijo,  hoc.  MS.,  V.  iKiS;  also  English  traiishition,  in //()yUv'/(.i'  Translit'ionn, 
!i.  According  to  Dept.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  iv.  VH.\,  tlie  order,  or  a  similar  one, 
Ma<  (lilted  June  'Jd. 

''July  'JOth,  nun.  of  the  int.  to  gos-.  .SV.  Pdp.,  J[i<ti.  and  Culoii.,  MS.,  ii. 
3;7;  Mont.  Airh.,  MS.,  ii.  Ki;  Li;/,  lire,  MS.,  iii.  !)•_';  Jlaiiilinl,  />'/-•..  MS., 
4n;  llal/eck'f>  ilept,  lS0-:2;  Jones'  R< port,  no.  'JS.  The  gov.  was  to  act  in  ac- 
ciiiilance  witli  the  junta;  and  the  avowed  object  was  not  only  to  setlli^  tlio 
isLiiuls,  but  to  prevent  foreignei-s  from  occupying  them  to  the  injuiy  of  cnm- 
iin:(  f  and  iisiicrie.s.  Sta  Kosa  Lsland  was  grantcil  to  the  (.'ariillos  iu  accord- 
:iiu\'  with  this  order. 

'  '.inly  !23d,  appointment  as  comandante  militar  of  Altji  California,  signed 
li,\  .Muran,  niin.  of  war.  Original  in  Vtillijo,  Doc,  ^IS.  i.  \',\.  Aug.  "Jlst, 
Milan  to  com.  gen.  Onlers  that  the  .auxiliary  troops  continue  in  service  until 
fin  tl icr  orders.  Solfniiii-. ,  l>o<\,  MS. ,  l)(j. 

''Sept.  l.'Uh,  original  letters  with  autograph  signatures,  in  VaJIcjo,  Do'\, 
Ms.,  V,  10(i;  xxxii.  lt")8.  The  writer  regrets  the  delay  in  Castillero 's  depart- 
in'',  which  could  not  be  avoidetl.  He  hopes  Vallejo  will  look  out  for  foieigii 
in\:ulors:  Castli'"ro"s  commission  seems  to  have  been  iinally  issued  on  Sept. 
Till.  Dcpt,  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  l-_'7;  Siq}.  Govt  St.  Pap.  MS.,  xiv.  1. 


i 


ii:  .;■!   !■ 


i'!!! 


676 


DON  JUAX  BAUTISTA  AND  DON  CARLOS. 


ifn 


1:  ill  i' 


I  ii ; 


I  ill.' 

1:1  pi 


been  wont  to  deplore  the  base  inj^ratitucle  of  ]\rrxico 
in  thus  rewanhng  rebels,  while  the  loyal  surem^s  for 
all  their  suftering  and  sacrifice  got  no  thanks.  The 
reader  knows  that  southern  loyalty  to  Mexico  wa.s 
but  a  very  tlinisy  pretence.  But  lor  his  own  iiijii,!i- 
cious  acts  and  utter  incompetence  as  a  ruler,  Cailii.s 
Carriilo  would  merit  a  degree  of  s^'mpathy;  as  it  was, 
his  island  grant  was  quite  as  much  as  he  desrr\(d. 
His  a])pointnient  had  been  obtvuned  by  his  brot'u  r 
on  the  representation  that  it  would  bring  California 
back  to  her  j\[exican  allegiance;  but  Alvai-a(l(j  liad 
acconi])lished  all  that  before  Carrillo's  appointini'iit 
was  known  there,  and  all  subsequent  disorders  had 
resulted  from  the  i-efusal  of  Don  Carlos  to  await  tlio 
decision  of  the  supreme  government.  The  president 
had  been  made  to  understand  that  Alvarado  and  liis 
associates  were  the  men  who  could  control  Califoiiiia, 
and  whose  good  will  was  of  some  value  to  the  na- 
tional administrati(Hi.  Well  would  it  be  for  the  ixp- 
iitation  of  Mexico  if  her  record  were  as  clear  on  evny 
matter  of  state  policy.  Alvarado  has  often  Ikvh 
represented,  by  writers  who  have  disposed  of  sevnal 
years'  annals  in  a  })aragrapli,  as  having  accepted  ( rn- 
tralism  in  gratitude  for  his  recognition  as  goveriMi'; 
but  he  had  really  sworn  to  the  constitution  a  y.ar 
before  he  was  so  recognized.  x\.nother  theory  tliat  lias 
been  current  to  some  extent  is  that  Castillerobrou^lit 
from  Mexico  two  blank  commissions  to  be  tilled  up  in 
favor  of  Alvarado  or  Carriilo  as  circumstances  a:;  1 
his  own  judgment  should  dictate,  having  also  duph- 
cate  papers  by  whicli  to  reward  with  an  island  estate 
the  one  who  should  not  receive  the  governorship. 
The  reader  with  the  facts  before  him  will  [)erha})S 
agree  with  me  that  this  version  is  improbable  to  tho 
verge  of  absurdity.*'" 

""This  version  of  duplicato  tlocumcnts  is  Jjicntioncil  .as  a  rumor  1)y  slvciviI 
Cnlifdniiinis  in  tlicir  moiiioirs;  ami  it  w;is  yivi-ii  currciu'y  by  i'cacliy  in  ;iu 
nrguiiu'iit  in  the  New  Ahnudon  ease,  an  item  from  Mhiehhns  liccu  wiih'l\'  cir- 
culated in  the  iiewsimiiera.  Usio,  7//,s^  Val.,  MS..  3'J4-(j,  dencribcH  the  unit- 
tor  very  uuiutelligibly.     Bandiui,   Jlisl,  Cat,,  MS,,  'M,  deemed  the  action 


CHRISTMAS  ARRESTS  AT  SAN  DIEGO. 


577 


Alvarado  and  Vallojo  proclaimed  the  tidings  in 
print  to  the  people,  at  the  same  time  congratulating 
tlituiselves  and  their  friends  in  private  letters;  little 
else  was  accomplished  before  the  end  of  the  year.*'^ 
There  was,  however,  some  further  revolutionary 
ti'otihle  at  San  Diego,  resulting  in  several  arrests  on 
Christmas  night.  The  Carrillos  were  there,  and 
naturally  the  objects  of  much  popular  sympathy. 
Tlint  there  was  any  intention  of  resisting  the  orders 
from  jMexico  and  continuing  the  struggle  against  the 
^(»\  t  inor  may  perhaps  be  doubted;  but  reports  of  such 
plans,  real  or  imaginary,  reached  Alvarado  at  Santa 

(it  Mexico  (lis,E;raccful.  Serrano,  Apwifes,  MS.,  56-8,  says  that  the  minor 
(Uli  i:ils  from  Castro  down  for  whom  Castillero  brought  comniisaions  were 
l.nn\\n  iiafifirialcn  (If  Cdtarrillo.  Alvarado  notes  the  arrival  of  Castillero  iii 
liis  lli.-it.  C'al.,  MS.,  iv.  42-3,  111-13.  A  piece  of  doggerel,  composed  by  one 
.111-'  i'^lisaldc  and  sung  by  the  S.  Diego  soldiers,  gives  their  view  of  the  whole 
iiKitter,  a  game  of  canls  being  used  as  an  illustration,  liomero,  Mem.,  MS.,  o; 
ihnji  .s'  Emiij.  A'atrs,  495. 

"Bautista  huscj  Imrnjas 

t'a>-tro  Hu  leu  linrtij 'i. 

lloiiti'nc'Kro  imso  vl  monte 

Y  Uou  IMo  lo  ta|h'i. 
Lncgo  \ini>  Castillpro 

Y  la  carpt'ta  so  llevo." 

"  III  demanding  his  salary  later,  Alvarado  seems  to  have  dated  his  taking 
pns-cssion  of  the  ollice  from  Oct.  ],  183S;  why,  is  not  very  clear.  />/)«.  /?i'r., 
MS..  X.  (i.  Xov.  '21st,  Alvarado  [Prodnma  del],  Oe/e  Politico  Inferiiio  dr  la 
J/V/  ('(tliforniad  mis  llah'tantes,  ,21  de  J^ov.  1S3S.  ImpreKO  oi  Sonoma;  Iiii- 
pirii'ii  lid  Giihierno.  In  Knrliext  Priiitiwj.  In  this  proclamation  the  governor 
(■i.i!;;r;vtulates  the  people  on  the  happy  ending  of  all  dia.sensions;  thanks  <  ':is- 
tillcvo:  announces  his  own  honest  purpose  to  sacrifice  everything  for  his  eoun- 
tiy:  and  advises  all  to  forget  tlicir  resentments  and  get  read.y  for  the  coming 
ik'clions.  Xov.  21st,  Alvarado  to  Vallcjo.  OtBcial  and  private  letters.  Ho 
.«ay-;  tlie  appointment  of  Carrillo  liad  been  due  to  underhanded  work,  and  tlio 
u'vt  had  boon  glad  to  cancel  it.  Vallijo,  Doc,  M.S.,  v.  24."i-0.  Nov.  22d, 
(jistillcro  to  Vallcjo,  private  letter.  /(?. ,  v.  248.  Xov.  27th,  I'allfjo,  ('iiciilrr 
i.iijtfiHt  en  qne  nnunria  su  Xomhrnmicnlo  de  Cumnndante  General,  Nor.  ,.'/, 
!s.:,'i,  iu  ICnrlle.if  Prinlhnj;  Valhjo,  Doe.,  MS.,  v.  2."il;  Sanuje,  ])ne.,  M.S.,  i. 
-0.  'I'liis  circular  merely  transcribes  rastillero'.s  letter  of  Xov.  17tli.  Xov. 
Ullth.  !'.  (!(in/alez  congratulates  Vidlcjo,  and  tells  him  tlie  news  was  eelo- 
lir:iticl  iit  S.  .Tos(5  with  salutes,  music,  te  denm,  etc.  Vnllijo,  Doe.,  MS.,  v. 
•2"^<.  |)ec.  ;M,  \'allejo  congratulated  in  letters  from  .Tost';  \\.  (.lonzalez,  Lniacio 
I'niil'n,  and  Simeon  Castro.  /'/.,  v.  2().V5.  Dec.  lOtli,  Alvarado  puldishea 
in  a  linu'lo,  and  includes  in  letters  to  Vallcjo  and  others,  tiio  news  of  ( 'as- 
lilli  ro',:  arrival  and  the  onler  of  the  sup.  govt  resjiccting  the  governorship. 
/■'..  V.  2(W;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Aniid,-;  MS.,  x.  21-2;  Id.,  S.  ./os'<,  v.  44-ti.  Dec. 
I."i'.li.  the  news  and  orders  iiublished  at  Angeles.  Los  Anijelix,  Arch.,  M.S.,  v. 
US  It;  Dept.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xviii.  8.  Dec.  !7th,  P.  Duran  congratulates 
Alvnrado.  .ireh.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  v.  pt  ii.  20.  Dec.  22d,  a  new  proclamation  by 
Alviinido,  nrging  the  people  to  be  true  to  the  govt  ami  not  listen  to  revolu- 
tieiiists.  Drpl.  .St.  Pap.,  Ainjihs,  MS.,  x.  23.  Dec.  29th,  Alcalde  Arenas 
(inlrvs  eomisarios  of  ranches  to  publish  Alvarado's  appointment.  Dept.  St. 
Pap.,  Anijdi.^  MS.,  ii.  l35-(i. 

Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  III.    37 


nm 


I  i  !"■! 


578 


DON  JUAN  BAUTISTA  AND  DON  CARLOS. 


»  I 


H 


I   ! 
I   f 


Burliara,  and  ho  sent  Castro  with  twentv-fivc  nioii  'n 
great  haste  southward.  At  any  rate,  it  gave  i\w  ofH- 
cers  and  men  a  chance  to  display  the  new  unifoiiiis 
lately  received  by  the  California.  The  pastorpJ((  was 
being  performed  at  Bandini's  house,  Don  Juan  liim- 
solf  not  being  present  apparently,  and  all  proniiiicut 
Dieguinos  were  assisting  in  the  festivities  of  Cliiist- 
nuis,  when  Castro  and  his  force  surrounded  the  houso 
after  midnia^ht.  The  two  Carrillos  and  the  two  Piros. 
with  Joaquin  Ortega,  were  taken  prisoners.  Alcalde 
Estudillo  was  wanted  also,  but  hid  in  a  loft,  and  was 
declared  bv  his  wife  and  son  to  be  absent  from  homo. 
Next  day  Castro  started  northward  with  his  captives. 
Ortega  was  soon  set  at  liberty."^ 

''Dee.  22,  1S38,  Alvarndo  to  Vallejo.  Carrillo  plotting  to  upset  the  l'o\  t, 
enlisting  men  on  the  frontier  and  in  Sonora.  A  letter  of  (or  to)  Ignacio  <\i\ 
Vallo  had  been  seen  revealing  the  plots.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  v.  'J78.  'i'liis  is 
tiic  only  contemporary  dociiincnt  on  the  sul)ject;  but  tliere  arc  later  pront's  i.f 
the  prisoners  being  at  Stii  Biirbara.  It  seems  that  there  was  a  project  fi  iiiih.I 
to  rescue  them  at  S,  Luis  Rey ;  and  that  Estudillo  did  go  to  tliat  place  nr  near 
it.  J.  j\I.  ICstudillo,  Daloi,  M.S.,  24-0,  saya  his  father  returned  because  thu 
prisoners  disagreed  and  decided  that  no  attack  should  bo  made.  Aiiotlicr 
version  from  tii"  Estudillos,  in  Hni/cx'  EmUj.  Notea,  343-4;  Id.,  MUcellnii;/.  41, 
is  that  Castro  and  his  men  were  to  be  made  drunk  at  a  banijuet  at  San  i>iiis 
and  then  attacked;  but  Estudillo  turned  back  because  his  Iieart  failed  him  at 
tlio  tliought  of  shedding  blood.  Pio  Pico,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  71-0,  says  the 
prisoners  were  armed  and  the  majordomos  wore  ready  to  lielp;  but  Estmlillo, 
after  coming  witliin  a  mile,  disappointed  their  hopes  by  going  back,  iiat'atl 
I'into,  Apuiitacioiicn,  MS.,  39-43,  who  was  with  Castro,  tells  us  the  plan  was 
arranged  l)y  AndrOs  Pico,  who  was  allowed  to  go  liomo  for  a  wiiile  umlcr  T'li- 
to's  care  before  starting  from  S.  Diego.  The  plan  was  for  eaeli  of  the  capti\  cs 
to  stab  one  of  the  captors  to  the  heart  at  the  supper-table  at  the  nioiiient  i.f 
Estudillo's  .attack!  .Slention  of  the  affair  also  in  (Jrd,  Ocurraiciaii,  MS.,  1 1  "i- 
](!;  Machado,  Tiempos  I'asndoi^,  MS.,  .34-5;  Ezquer,  Memorias,  MS.,  l.'!-14; 
Jansaens,  Vida,  M3.,  142;  Alvavado,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  113-1(3, 


r 

m 

III 

1 

l! 

If 
1 

hi 

1 

111 

!| 

1 

•}'■ 

1 

1 

i 

r-  , 

l| 

y 

1 

CHAPTER  XX. 

ALVARADO'S  RULE— POLITICAL  EVB:NT3. 
1839-1840. 

GoVKIiNOR   AND    GeNEKAL   AT    SaNTA    BARBARA — CaRLIST    PRISONERS — Doji 

Carlos  Yields — End  of  the  Conflict — Military  Discipline — Puk- 
siDiAL  Companies — Diputacion  as  a  Junta  at  Montekey — Division 
of  California  into  Districts  and  Partidos — Prefects — Plots  of 
Ramirfz  and  Padre  Mercado — Life  of  Angel  Ramikez— Sedition 
AT  Branciforte — Flao  Tumult  at  Los  Anceles— Castillero  Elected 
to  Congress — Vocales  Elected— War  with  France — Jimeno  Acting 
Governor — Alvahado  Married  by  Pi;oxy — Arrival  of  the  'Cali- 
foisnia' — Alvarado  Appointed  Governor — Cosme  Pe:^a — CastaSkda 
Sent  to  Mexico — Annals  of  1840 — Sessions  of  the  Junta  Depaut- 
amental — Tribunal  de  Justicia — Monterey  the  Capital — Conspir- 
acy OF  Carrillo  and  Gonzalez. 

There  yet  remained  some  traces,  albeit  not  bloody 
ones,  of  the  past  two  years'  conflict  to  be  obliterated 
before  the  rulers  of  the  department,  now  invested 
with  unquestionable  authority,  could  proceed  in  the 
Work  of  reorganization,  and  open  for  California  tlie 
path  to  complete  prosperity,  hitherto  closed  by  sec- 
ti(»nal  dissensions  and  other  obstacles  now  for  the 
most  part  removed,  if  the  proclamations  of  the  time 
Were  to  be  credited.  Tlic  reader  may  suspect  tliat 
iii'W  difficulties,  or  the  old  ones  in  new  forms,  wero 
likely  to  be  encountered.  In  the  first  days  of  the 
11 '\v  year  General  Vallejo  arrived  at  Santa  Bilrbara 
1*1  om  the  frontera  del  norte  to  bear  his  share  of  the 
liost-belluni  burdens;  the  first  public  business  in  order 
^\  as  mutual  congratulation  by  governor  and  coman- 
(laiite.^ 

'Jan.  1,  1839,  Vallcjo  to  Alvarado,  transcribing  iiis  promotion  of  July 
'2'M.    Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  v.  1.     Jan.  2il,  V.  congratulates  A.  on  his  rccogni- 

(579» 


1 


ij 


nJ     '■ 


m\ 


C80 


ALV.UIADO'S  RULE— POLITICAL  EVENTS. 


]■? 


At  the  same  time  arrived  Lieutenant-colonel  Castro 
>vitli  his  four  or  five  Carlist  prisoners  from  San  Dio'^o. 
( Jiiilos  Carrillo  was  allowed  the  freedom  of  the  town 
under  [)arole  by  Alvarado.  The  others  were  soon 
turned  over  to  Vallcjo,  who  sent  them  on  board  of 
vessels  then  lying  at  anchor  in  the  roadstead,  with 
ordci-s  to  the  captains  that  no  communication  was  to 
be  allowed  with  j)ersons  on  shore.  Josd  Antonio  Car- 
rillo was  confined  alone  on  the  Leonidas;  the  rest,  the 
Picos,  Covarrubias,  and  Jose  Carrillo,'*  were  committed 
to  the  care  of  Robbins  on  the  schooner  Califonud.. 
Vallejo  relates  that  the  penalty  included  a  short  tiip 
out  to  sea  in  order  that  true  repentance  might  be  de- 
veloped bythe  terrors  of  sea-sickness — not  a  bad  idea, 
but  ))erhaps  an  afterthought  of  later  years.*  Tliu 
Odifornias  prisoners  were  kept  on  board  four  days, 
and  released  January  19th — from  their  floating  dun- 
geon at  least.*  Don  Jose  Antonio  seems  not  to  have 
recovered  his  freedom  until  somewhat  later,  having 
aroused  Vallejo's  wrath  by  stating  that  his  solitary 
eonfinement  had  l)een  from  fear  that  he  would  imiili- 
cate  the  general  himself  in  his  ^^lots  against  the  gov- 
ernment.'' 

On  the  19th  Cdrlos  Carrillo,  being  released  from 
his  parole,  probably  at  the  same  time  the  other  pris- 

tinn  as  gov.  Id.,  v.  2;  St.  Pap.,  Mis-s.  and  Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  389.  Jan.  '2d,  A. 
ill  turn  congratulates  V.    Vallcjo,  Dor.,  MS.,  vi.  ItiO. 

-It  is  not  quite  clear  whether  the  last  two  had  been  arrested  with  the  rest 
lit,  S.  l)ic'go  or  suljsequently. 

^Vullijo,  I/isf.  Ccd.,  M8.,  iii.  .102-400;  Alvarado,  JIM.  Cat.,  MS..  W. 
J')0-4,  117  19.  rico,  JJM.  C(d.,  MS.,  71-G,  says  tliey  spent  a  fcwd.nys  on  tlic 
Vessels,  .ind  were  then  released.  Feb.  5th,  Don  Pio  wrote  from  S.  Luis  ]li  y 
that  ho  had  rejoined  his  family.  He  had  been  ill,  but  was  urged  homewaril 
bv  a  desire  to  make  known  his  liberty  and  the  end  of  all  political  diffcrciu'es. 
J'hj.f.  .SV.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  244. 

Man.  loth,  Vallejo's  orders  to  captains  of  the  two  vessels  to  receive  the 
pii.si'iier.s  on  board.  Vulhjo,  Per.,  MS.,  vi.  1.3-14.  Jan.  19th,  order  to  ^ilacc 
the  '  'itlijoniia',1  ])risoners  at  Castro "s  disposal.  Id.,  vi.  15. 

•'■  ,\:\n.  2;?d,  V.  toCapt.  Castaucda.  Orders  an  investigation  of  the  charges 
iipiinst  Carrillo.  Valltjo,  J)oc.,  MS.,  vi.  19-20.  The  result  does  not  appear. 
It  is  jiossilile  that  ]>on  Josi5  Antonio  was  released  on  the  10th  like  the  ivst, 
(II' tiiat  all  were  kept  under  arrest  for  some  days  after  leaving  the  vessels. 
I'lnx'c  men  of  bad  character  were  sent  out  of  the  country  at  this  time  on  tlu^ 
Lidnidas.  These  were  I'cdro  and  Pablo  Saenz  and  Mdximo  Guerra.  Jan. 
24tli,  V.  to  captain  of  the  Lioiikki^    Id.,  vi.  22. 


CAURILLO  ABANDONS  HIS  CLAIMS. 


581 


fith  the  lo.st 


(iiuM'8  left  the  vessels,  addressed  to  Alvarado  a  letter, 
ill  which  ho  for  mall  vrecoujnized  his  leoitiuuite  author- 
ii.v  as  governor,  relinquishiiiinf  Ids  own  claims,  juid 
piDinisiiig  to  give  up  all  official  documents  in  his  |)os- 
sission.  This  communicatiou  was  circulated  ou  the 
23(1  by  the  governor,  with  an  order  that  Don  Carlos 
1)('  not  molested  for  his  past  acts  and  opinions,  quickly 
fdllowed  by  a  publication  of  the  j\Iexican  decrees  au- 
thorizing a  grant  of  coast  islands,  and  forbidding  all 
juisecution  for  complicity  in  the  past  disturbances. 
Thus  ended  the  long  conflict  between  Alvarado  and 
Carrillo,  though  the  latter  made  some  efforts  subse- 
(juently  to  collect  a  salary  for  his  term  of  office,  an<l 
(■(■rtain  debts  contracted  by  him  at  Los  Angeles  as 
governor  were  paid  from  the  departmental  treasury. ° 
He  did  not  obtain  the  island  of  Santa  Rosa  until  some 
years  later,  not  deeming  it  at  the  time,  perhaps,  a  very 
clfsirablc  acquisition.^ 

General  Vallejo  found  matters  at  Santa  Bdrbara  in 
a  condition  which  did  not  square  at  all  with  his  ideas 
I  if  military  discipline.  Don  Guadalupe,  proud  and 
jHiinpous  in  manner,  had  been  a  soldier  from  youth, 
lie  was  a  martinet  by  disposition  and  education,  nud 
iit  Sonoma,  among  Indians  and  soldiers  [)aid  from  his 
own  pocket,  had  been  wont  to  put  on  the  airs  of  a 

"Jan.  10,  18.39,  Crtrles  Carrillo  to  Alvarado,  offering?  his  submission.  Cir- 
cMliited  to  different ofticials  ou  Jan.  -'."Jd.  iS'.  l>i'''jo,  Arch.,  MS.,  '21o;  Sin  fra:, 
Ai-'/i.,  MS.,  r)S;  VaUi'jo,  JJoc,  MS.,  vi.  109.  Jan.  '24tli,  A.  publishes  decree  df 
.1  illy  "20,  lb3S,  on  gr.ant  of  islands.  S.  Blcjo,  Arch.,MS.,  '210.  Jan.  •2.")th.  .\. 
1  MMrluims  eonuuunication  from  the  see.  of  tlic  int.,  condoning  uU  political  of- 
liiiLis.  Original  in  C'oroiiil,  J)oc.,  MS.,  Co;  <S'.  J)i('<jo,  Arcfi.,  MS.,  '217;  iS'a 
t'i'ii-..  Arch.,  MS.,  59.  Jan.  '27tli,  A.  to  sup.  govt.  Announces  the  coniplcto 
ri.-;i oration  of  tranijuillity  through  the  ed'orts  of  Castilk'ro  and  himself.  .S'/'/(. 
'i  I''  .SV.  Pup.,  MS.,  XV.  9.  Feb.  5lh,  S.  Diego  juczde  paz,  in  name  of  tlie  iu- 
l::iliitants,  congratulates  A.  iS'.  D'u'ijo,  Arch.,  MS.,  '2'21.  Sept.  '2'2d,  Carrillo  to 
\'.ill(  jo.  Urges  him  to  influence  A.  to  give  him  an  onlcr  on  some  vessel  for 
Ins  salary  as  gov.  from  Dec.  0,  18:J7,  to  Jan.  '21,  or  '2.'),  1SS9.  Vallejo,  J)oc., 
M-^..  viii.  100.  July  1,  1840,  sul)-comisario'3  account,  approved  by  A.,  shows 
•'^■l.lll  to  have  been  paid  for  '  extraordinary  expenses,' that  is,  sujiplics  fur- 
nislied  to  D.  Carlos  '  en  cl  tienipo  que  fu6  gobcrnador.'  /</.,  xxvi.  97. 

'  Alvarado,  I/ist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  l'21-'2,  says  he  at  lirst  told  Don  CVirlos  that 
till'  president  had  ordered  that  he  should  be  given  an  island  and  scut  to  live 
on  it,  s.Trcastically  proposing  to  give  him  a  servant  who  wotdd  say  every 
iiiniiiing,  'How  has  your  Excellency  slept?'  The  old  man  begged  not  to  bo 
couJeniucd  to  such  a  fate. 


I  ?i  is 
i  t  i'ii 


iiiii 


1  ''■•^ 


i  lii 

ill  !l'i-'«!i 


tl 


582 


ALVARADO'S  RULE-rOLITICAL  EVENTS. 


putty  sovereign.  Colonel  Alvarado  and  Lieutoii;uit- 
colonel  Castro,  on  the  contrary,  had  never  been  sdl- 
diers  at  all.  They  knew  little  of  military  disci[)liiR', 
and  had  not  cared  to  enforce  the  little  they  kmu. 
To  their  officers  they  were  ' Juanito'  and  'Jose,'  .iiid 
the  men  were  correspondingly  familiar  and  carehss. 
Captain  Vallejo  proposed  to  change  all  that,  and 
Alvarado  had  no  objections  to  the  experiment,  though 
doubting  the  practicability  of  enforcing  strict  disci- 
pline in  an  army  not  regularly  paid.  Tlie  new  regiiiu! 
was  introduced  at  once.  In  a  few  days  the  guanl- 
house  was  crowded  with  offending  soldiers,  while  prt'tly 
much  every  officer  in  the  place  was  under  arrest.  The 
Carlist  prisoners,  as  we  have  seen,  were  promptly  si'iit 
on  shipboard,  and  no  attention  was  paid  to  the  im- 
portunities of  weeping  sisters,  cousins,  and  aunts.  A 
lieutenant  and  a  citizen  in  conversation  ventured  to 
criticise  the  comandante's  acts.  The  officer  wasrej)ii- 
manded,  legal  proceedings  were  begun  against  the  cit- 
izen for  disrespect,  and  Castro  was  placed  under  arnst 
for  not  having  arrested  the  others.  Castillero  was 
snubbed.  Padre  Duran,  coming  to  plead  for  some 
]>risoners,  was  forced  by  a  sentinel  to  await  his  tuiii 
lor  an  audience  with  the  general,  and  on  announeiiiLf 
his  errand,  was  informed  that  he  might  retire  unks.s 
he  had  something  to  say  about  church  matters.  Caj»- 
tain  Guerra  y  Noriega  was  ordered  to  take  the  com- 
mand of  Santa  Barbara,  and  declining  on  the  ground 
of  ill  health,  was  ordered  under  arrest  at  his  ou  ii 
house,  and  informed  that  it  was  his  duty  simply  to 
obey  orders,  though  his  petitions  presented  later  in 
})ropcr  form  would  receive  due  attention.  Some  wcic 
amused  and  others  offended  at  these  new  methods, 
])on  Guadalupe  soon  found  himself  involved  in  sudi 
a  tempest  of  protest  and  entreaty  that  he  was  forcc<l 
to  yield.  At  a  grand  party  at  the  house  of  Guerra  y 
Noriega,  all  shook  hands,  made  peace,  and  receivt  <l 
the  surrender  of  the  general,  who  was  forced  to  admit 


VALLEJO  x\T  SANTA  BAllBARA. 


mi 


that  in  an  army  of  nnpaid  relatives,  the  old  Spanish 
discipline  must  be  somewhat  modilied.^ 

A^allejo  not  only  turned  his  attention  to  theimprac- 
ticiiljle  scheme  of  restoring  discipline,  but  he  also  nuido 
earnest  and  oft-repeated  efforts,  unfortunately  with- 
out success,  to  restore  the  old  presidial  companies  on 
wliich  he  believed  the  country's  permanent  prosperity 
to  depend.  The  companies  had  now  no  real  existence 
except  that  of  San  Francisco,  suj)ported  at  Sonoma  at 
Vallt'jo's  own  expense.  Alvarado  was  Jess  enthusias- 
tic in  the  matter,  but  whatever  his  desires,  he  could 
barely  find  funds  to  support  the  few  men  already  in 
arms.  He  however  ordered  the  municipalities  to  fur- 
nish recruits  to  the  number  of  seventy.  Vallejo  also 
addressed  his  representations  in  favor  of  military  re- 
organization to  the  minister  of  war,  asking-  for  money, 
arms,  and  chaplains,  but  getting  nothing  beyond  'au- 
tliority'  to  reorganize  the  companies.  The  goveni- 
inent  had  authorized  the  retention  of  the  civic  militia 
ill  the  service,  but  as  there  was  no  present  need  of  that 
f(jrce  and  no  money  with  which  to  support  it,  the 
incmbers  were  allowed  to  retire  to  their  homes.  It 
was  early  in  March  that  Vallejo  returned  to  the 
north  and  reestablished  his  headquarters  at  Sonoma." 

•-  Vdllrjo,  nut.  Cat.,  MS.,  iii.  392-418;  Alrnnnio,  IlUt.  Cal,  MS.Jii.  nO; 
iv.  UG-l!),  Jan.  28th-30tli,  corrcsp.  between  V.  and  Gucrra,  in  Vulkjo,  Due, 
-MS.,  vi.  174-9. 

"Some  military  items,  Jan. -April,  18."9.  Jan.  3d,  su])plics  brought  by 
( V.stilluro  from  Mexico:  598  coats,  477  panta,  297  shirts,  21)8  stocks,  289  shoes, 
'JilO  cloaks,  400  caps  and  casques,  41K)  muletnn,  200  chabni.^eM,  100  nuiskets,  200 
carbines,  99  salu'cs,  49  lances,  4  trumpets,  3,000  ilints,  1"),.")8()  cartridges.  I'a- 
/''/V>,  J)oc.,  MS.,  XXV.  15.  Alf.  LiiziU'o  I'iuawitli  9  men  of  the  S.  F.  eonijiany 
.it'stalJ.  as  Vallcjo's  escort.  IiL,  xxv.  10.  Jan  7th,  11th,  19th,  Vallejo  to 
Alvar.ado,  urging;  organization  of  presidial  com])anies,  or  of  permanent  militia. 
J'l..  V.  3;  vi.  l(jj;  ^JJcpt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  242.  Jan.  27th-29th,  recruits 
railed  for.  Quota  of  Angeles  40,  S.  Diego  10,  Brancifortc  1.'),  Sta  ]j:irl)a- 
ra  .").  S.  Dh'ijo,  Arch.,  MS.,  219,  221;  Vitllrjo,  Dor.,  MS.,  vi.  175.  Jan.  3l8t, 
^  .  authorizes  the  auxiliary  forces  to  disband  temporarily.  Names  captains 
J.  A.  de  la  Guerra,  Valentin  Cota,  and  A.  M.  Ortega;  lieutenants  Manuel 
Ciita,  Juan  P.  Ayala,  Felipe  Lugo,  and  Octavio  Gutierrez;  alfercces  Cleniento 
]]spiuosa,  Guillcnno  Navarro,  Hilarion  Garcia,  Isidoro  ''.uillcn,  Toiiias  Ro- 
mero, Antonio  Olivera,  Joaquin  do  la  Torre,  and  Ignacio  del  ^'alle.  i>l.,  vi. 
'.M,  183.  Feb.  Gth,V.'s  appeals  to  min.  of  warfor  repairiof  fortilications,  etc., 
describing  present  condition,  explaining  dangers  of  foreign  eiicnjachincnt, 
recommending  olHcers  for  promotion,  etc.  Id.,  vi.  217-24.  Authori/.ed  from 
ilexico  to  incur  the  expense  of  repairing  fortifications  Aug.  oth.   Sup.  Govt 


*5  mh  X 


i'l 


ii:!i 


684 


ALVARADO'S  RULE— POLITICAL  EVENTS. 


Alvarado  had  in  the  mean  time  convoked  the  dipii- 
taeion  to  assemble  at  the  capital.  He  issued  an  v\w- 
tion  })roclamation  lor  the  formation  in  March  of  a  inw 
junta  departamental,  and  returned  to  Monterey  at  tlio 
end  of  January,  being  accorded  the  enthusiastic  cero- 
nionies  of  a  public  reception,  with  the  usual  salutes, 
speeches,  races,  feasting,  and  dancing.^" 

The  diputacion,  its  composition  being  unchanj^od 
since  1837,  met  at  Monterey  the  25th  of  Februai y. 
Vocal  Pico  was  absent  during  the  sessions,  and  Osio 
served  as  secretary.  After  delivering  a  short  address 
upon  the  recent  measures  adopted  in  Mexico  for  tlu^ 
benefit  of  California,  Alvarado  declared  the  body 
legally  installed  as  a  junta  departamental.  The  ses- 
sions continued  until  March  7th,  and  action  was 
taken  upon  three  subjects.  First,  the  approach  inn- 
elections  for  members  of  the  junta  and  a  deputy  to 
congress  were  declared  legal,  despite  the  non-attciul 
ance  of  electors  from  Baja  California,  if  a  majority  of 
all  the  electors  were  present.  Second,  Alvarado's 
proposition  to  divide  the  department  into  districts,  to 
be  noticed  presently,  was  approved.  And  finally  ;i 
terna  of  three  names  was  made  out  from  which  a  ])ii- 
manent  governor  was  to  be  selected  by  the  supremo 
government.  The  names  in  order  of  preference  were 
Juan  B,  Alvarado,  Jose  Castro,  and  Pio  Pico." 

Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  XV.  8-9.  Complaints  of  Sergt  Petronilo  Rioa  in  coinm.ind  of 
artillery  at  Monterey  about  trouble  in  gettuig  fuuils  and  supplies  from  the 
sub-coinisario.  Vallrjo,  Doc,  ilS. ,  vi.  2G9,  .SIM-."),  405.  March  l.'Uh,  I'lvfect 
Castro  orders  from  S.  Juan  the  formation  of  a  company  of  auxiliaries  tn  )iro- 
ti'ct  the  district  from  Indiiins.  l)oc.  llist.  Ccd.,  MS.,  i.  302.  March  !Uli, 
v.  to  min.  of  war.  Appeal  for  chaplains.  Vallcjo,  Doc,  Hint.  Cut.,  MS.,  vi. 
2'JS.  March  .'list,  J.  A.  Pico  ordered  to  Sonoma  from  S.  Diego,  and  wants  •_' 
men  for  an  escort.  Ilaycti^  Ali^a.  Book,  i.  328.  No  comaudantc,  nor  iiiiuii- 
tious,  so  far  as  known  to  Judge  Osuna,  at  S.  Diego.  S.  Diei/o,  Arch.,  MS., 
2_*l.  April  25th,  V.  says  the  order  to  retain  the  auxiliary  troops  in  service 
will  entitle  Alvarado  to  the  military  fiirro.  I'allrjo,  Doc,  MS.,  vi.  -i'M. 
April  2Uth,  Capt.  Guerra  wants  .$12,000  of  back  pay.    Id.,  vi.  487. 

'"Jan.  17th,  call  for  election.  S.  Diajo,  Arch.,  MS.,  214;  Vallrjo,  Dec, 
MS.,  xxxii.  174;  Edudillo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  24'J.  The  order  convoking  the  nuni- 
bora  of  the  old  dip.  is  not  extant.  Jan.  2!)th,  A.  sails  for  Monterey.  Stn 
Jjdrhara,  Lib.  Million,  MS.,  47.  Reception  mentioned  in  Alvarado,  lll^t. 
fuL,  MS.,  iv.  124-5. 

"/.cf/.  llec,  MS.,  iii.  30-6,  47-8.     The  members  present  were  Alvarado, 


PREFECTS  AND  SUB-rREFECTS. 


5S3 


According  to  tlio  laws  of  December  188G,  the  re- 
puMic  was  to  be  divided  l\y  congress  into  departments, 
ami  each  department  by  its  junta  into  districts  and 
jjiiitidos."  The  corresponding  decree  of  the  junta 
was  issued  by  Alvarado  on  February  27th,  dividing 
tlie  department  of  Cahfornias  into  three  districts,  one 
ot'  them  belonging  to  the  peninsula  exclusively.  Of 
tin"  others,  the  first  district  extended  from  the  Sono- 
ma frontier  to  San  Luis  Obispo,  with  the  capital  or 
head  town  at  San  Juan  de  Castro;  and  the  second 
fioni  El  Buchon  to  Santo  Domingo  on  the  peninsular 
fiontier,  with  the  head  town  at  Los  Angeles.  The 
llrst  district  was  divided  at  Llagas  Creek  into  two  par- 
tidos,  of  which  the  second  had  its  cahecera  at  San 
Francisco  mission,  and  the  second  district  was  divided 
at  the  space  between  San  Fernando  and  Cahuenga, 
S;inta  Barbara  being  the  cahecera  of  the  second  par- 
tido,*^  By  the  laws  of  December  30,  1836,  and  March 
20, 1837,  each  district  was  to  have  a  prefect  appointed 
l)y  the  governor  and  approved  by  the  supreme  g<jv- 
oiinnent;  each  partido,  except  one  in  every  district, 
was  to  have  a  sub-prefect  appointed  by  the  prefect 
and  approved  by  the  governor.'*  Accordingly  the 
prefects  were  named  on  the  same  day  that  the  divi- 
sion was  made,  or  the  next,  Jos^  Castro  being  ap- 
j)()inted  in  the  first  district,  and  Cosme  Pefia  in  tlio 

r.uolna,  Guerra,  Jimeno,  Estrada,  ami  Osio.  The  organization  of  temporary 
courts  of  1st  instance  was  discussed,  without  result  so  far  as  the  record  shows. 

^^  Leyes  C'oustitucionafcs.  Ley  vi.  art.  1-3,  in  An-iltarja,  J'crop.,  1830, 
p.  .S'">7.  Also  decree  of  Dec.  30,  1830,  ordering  the  division  in  Califoniias  and 
t!:o  nppointment  of  prefects,  in  Id.,  p.  37".*.  in  the  Mexico,  Providoiria  de  la 
Siijirfina  Corte  de  JuMicia — que  se  proreda  u  la  divi'<ion  del  territorio  de  los  de- 
'j'liifumeutoaoi  Nov.  11,  1 837,  governors  were  directed  to  have  the  division 
iiuiilo  at  once  if  not  already  done,  /</.,  1838,  p.  Cn2;  hut  this  instruction  had 
pioliably  not  reached  Cal.  In  making  the  division,  it  does  not  ajipoar  that 
any  restrictions  were  imposed  as  to  number,  extent,  or  population  of  districts. 

'■•Feb.  27.  !S3'J,  decree  of  junta  dividing  Cal.  into  di.stricts  and  partidos, 
in  Le;i.  Sec,  MS.,  iii.  33-4;  S.  JJief/o,  Arch.,  MS.,  220;  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS., 
vi.  274;  Dept.  St.  Fap.,  Aivjelea,  MS.,  x.  20,  xi.  112;  EMuddlo,  Doc,  MS.,  i. 
'2:-i;  Dept.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  iv.  240.  The  3d  district  in  Baja  California  was 
imt  divided  into  partidos  at  this  time. 

' '  Mexico,  Ii'egtameiUo  Provisional  para  el  Gobierno  interior  de  Ion  Depart- 
ami'iitos,  SO  de  Marzo,  1837.  Art.  01-121  on  prefects  and  sub-prefects,  in 
An-illatja,  Eecop.,  1837,  p.  202,214-23.  Translation  iu  llalVs  Hid.  S.  Josd, 
4b'J-ol7. 


'1 


i'    ' 


II  It' 


i4 


!l 


086 


ALVARADO'S  RULK-POLITICAL  EVEXTS. 


BccoiKl,tliouL;h  tlio  lattcrwas  not  approved  in  Aroxico.'' 
TIio  profbcts  may  bo  reiifanlod  as  a  kind  of  pttty 
f^ovoriiors,  their  fimetions  beiniuf  oxocutivo  rather  th.in 
judicial;  further  explanation  of  the  system  is  deferred, 
and  the  somewhat  cc"  ^plicated  record  of  HU(.'cessivo 
ehauLfes  in  the  incumbents  of  the  prefectura  will  liu 
cleared  up  in  local  annals.  The  same  law  of  March 
20,  1H37,  which  defined  the  powers  of  i)refects,  niadu 
provisions  also  resj)0(.-tin.!Lif  ayuntamientos,  which  d(i- 
])rived  California  of  those  bodies  except  at  the  capital, 
justices  of  the  ])eace  takiniL?  their  place.  This  provi- 
sion was  put  in  force  by  the  dissolution  of  the  ayuiit- 
ami'-'utus  at  the  end  of  183!).^"  It  niay  be  noted  Iww 
that  an  attempt  was  made  in  the  ])eninsula  to  oi)p()sc 
the  union  with  Alta  California,  there  being  a  prelbi- 
cnce  for  union  to  Sinaloa — at  least  in  the  mind  of  (jri'c 
Politico  Castillo  Negretc,  who  had  no  fondness  for 
the  position  of  prefect  under  his  old  foe  Alvarado.'' 

Tlic  attention  of  the  people  was  occupied  in  Mardi 
to  a  slight  extent  with  the  elections,  but  in  April  and 
May  there  were  several  more  exciting  topics  of  popu- 
lar interest.  Angel  Eamircz  was  accused  of  new 
])lots  to  rouse  the  Indians,  being  supported  by  Padre 
Mcrcado,  and  by  certaia  persons  who  were  dissatislied 
with  the  tenia  for  governor.  Ramirez  had  been  ar- 
rested for  complicitv  in  tlie  revolt  of  July  1837,  and 
for  nuich  of  the  time  since  that  date  had  been  foi.i- 
jielled  to  live  at  certain  missions  under  surveillaiicL'. 
Whether  he  was  y.  t  entirely  free  does  not  ap[»i'ar; 

'"'I  liavo  not  found  any  regular  appointments  of  prefects,  but  Alv.ir.ido 
named  Castro  and  Pcua  in  his  letter  of  Feb.  i28th  to  Vallejo,  Tk/A,/),  J>^"'., 
!MS.,  vi.  277,  and  it  is  evident  from  many  documents  th.at  the  appointiii'.iit! 
vcro  issued  on  that  <latc  or  on  the  'J7th.  The  approval  of  tlio  division  aii'l  ni 
Castro's  appointment  by  the  sup.  gov.  was  on  Aug.  7th.  Dcjit.  St.  I'ap.,  MS., 
iv.  i:n,  '280;  Si'p.  Govt  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xv.  10,  12;  EstudlUo,  J)oc.,yiS..  i.  --'(l-'. 
Before  the  news  reached  Cal.  in  Sept.,  Peua  had  already  resigned  ami  liad 
been  succeeded  by  Til)urcio  Tapia. 

'"Nov.  7,  1S3'J,  gov.  to  prefect,  ordering  dissolution  of  ayunt.  Dcj'f.  St, 
Pap.,  Amjile-f,  !MS.,  xii.  If).     Details  in  locnl  annals. 

''.July  1(1,  18;}9,  Luis  Castillo  Nc,L,'retc  to  some  clergyman.  No  attention 
is  to  be  paid  to  orders  from  Alta  Cidifornia  till  tlie  change  now  pending  in  tho 
senate  shall  have  been  decided.  Castro,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  37. 


FATE  OF  ANGEL  RAMIREZ. 


C87 


\v>v  is  it  possible  to  dotcrinino  wlictlior  the  cliari^cs 
iii.ult'  at  this  time  were  well  tbimdetl.  l^oth  Kainiivz 
uikI  Mereado  were  detain«;(l  for  some  time  at  San  An- 
tniiio,  it  being  Alvarado's  intention  to  send  thcni  both 
out  of  the  country/^  Perhaps  Don  Anjjfel  escaped  to 
till'  Tularcs  and  spent  some  months  in  the  i-aneheri'as 
(if  tjfentile  tribes.  He  returned,  however,  to  live  aj^ain 
lor  a  time  at  the  missions,  and  died  early  in  the  next 
yrar  at  San  Luis  Obispo.  He  had  sutVered  long  IVum 
ii  terrible  disease,  and  died  at  last  without  receiving 
the  rites  of  the  church.  His  had  been  a  strange 
iM'iitful  career  as  friar,  soldier,  customs  officer,  and 
(■(>iis{)irator.  He  was  known  in  California  as  an  able 
and  brilliant  man,  but  without  a  redeeming  trait  in 
icspect  of  honor  and  morality.  There  is  nothing  in 
tlir  record  to  show  that  his  most  unenviable  reputa- 
tion was  undeserved.^" 

"*  April  .1,  18.39,  Cosine  Pcna  at  Sta  Birbara  to  Alvarado.  Reports  a  jjlot 
liicwiiig  to  rouse  tlio  Indians  of  S.  Antonio  and  otiier  missions.  Also  plots 
to  prevent  tlic  attendance  of  soutluTu  ineuil>era  elected  to  the  junta.  I'alfijo, 
]!'•<■.,  MS.,  vi.  .'!,")9.  April  lltli,  Alvarado  to  Vallejo.  Sends  I'efia's  c<:.iuniu- 
niiation.  Ramirez  is  to  remain  nt  S.  Antonio  until  ho  can  be  shipped  away 
ill  tlio  Cali/ornin.  lias  his  eyes  on  the  friars.  Ex-rov.  Carrillo  has  not  yet 
sent  the  papers  lie  promised.  Id.,  vi.  404.  April  "J'Jth,  A.  to  V.  The  padre 
(Mereado?)  detained  at  S.  Antonio,  and  will  he  sent  away  as  the  f,'eneral  de- 
.«ircs.  /(/.,  vi.  4!)7.  Pinto,  Aptiiif.,  MS.,  7.V80,  says  he  was  sent  to  aire.st 
Itaiiiirez  at  S.  Luis  Obispo,  but  he  escaped,  through  a  warning  from  A<liiiin- 
ir.trator  Moreno,  to  the  Tulares.  Inocente  Garcia,  I/erhos,  ^18.,  GS-70,  was 
rnliuini.'itrator  of  S.  Mignid.  He  says  tiiat  Victor  Arroyo  was  arrested  l)y 
liiiii  and  sent  in  irons  to  Monterey  for  complicity  in  this  plot.  Tiljurcio  Al- 
varez, had  also  been  concerned  ui  it. 

'"AH  tlic  Californians  agree  that  Angel  Ramirez  had  been  a  friar  of  the 
Mciced  order,  and  later  a  captain  in  tlic  insurgent  army.  Abrcgo,  Car/a-^, 
y]>^..  gives  a  few  details  learned  from  his  uncle  in  Mexico.  It  .seems  that 
liimircz  had  left  liis  convent  in  IS'20  and  fought  under  <!on.  Aiiaya.  Ho 
iillowcd  the  escape  of  some  royalist  intrusted  to  his  charge,  and  this  saved 
liis  life  later  when  himself  captured  by  the  Spanish  f<irci.'S.  lie  was  scvt'ial 
limes  under  arrest  before  coming  to  California.  The  government  dcsirnl, 
Siiys  Osio.  Hint.  C'al.,  MS.,  302-;$.  310-17,  3S0-1,  to  remove  him  a;,  far  as 
jiiissihle  from  Mexico,  where  his  intrigues  caused  on.staut  trouble.  Jaussciis 
r^aw  him  serving  in  command  of  Vice-president  Gomez  Farias'  body-guard. 
^■all.,•jo,  IliKt.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  71-4,  1S7-8,  208-9,  tells  us  he  was  a  protOge  of 
•  ieii.  iJgarte  y  Loyola  of  New  Galieia.  'Had  he  been  president  he  would 
liavu  conspired  against  himself.'  Says  Alvarailo,  I/isl.  (Jul.,  MS.,  ii.  221, 
'  i;i  capitan  frailc  tenia  mas  maflas  que  un  burro  do  aguador.'  In  1S3.'5  ho 
was  made  administrator  of  the  Monterey  custom-house,  and  arrived  in  tlio 
filling  of  1834  overland,  bringing  a  mistress  with  him.  lie  was  very  free 
Mith  his  money  .-aid  that  of  the  government,  giving  many  expensive  dinners 
aiicl  balls,  which,  with  his  social  qualities,  gave  him  much  popularity.  Ho 
knew  everybody',  and  was  skilled  in  all  the  arta  of  a  demagogue,     llo  was 


4    ii; 


m 


688 


ALVARADOS  RULE— POLITICAL  EVENTS. 


At  Brancifortc,  certain  evil-doers  disobeyed  and 
even  ridiculed  the  alcalde's  orders.  Comandaiitu  Cas- 
tro sent  Lieutenant  Soto  with  a  force  to  aid  the  niui.i- 
cipal  authorities.  Nine,  all  members  of  the  lloliKs, 
Salazar,  and  Soria  families,  were  arrested.  On  tlio 
njarch  back  to  San  Juan  the  prisoners  refused  to  (ibey 
orders,  and  were  fired  upon,  Avelino  Robles  being 
killed  and  Nicolds  Robles  badly  wounded.  Reports 
based  on  this  affair  and  the  plots  of  Ramirez,  were 
circulated  in  the  south,  to  the  effect  that  the  whole 
north  was  in  revolt;  but  Prefect  Pona  issued  a  denial 
of  such  reports,  presenting  the  death  of  Robles  and 
the  imprisoimient  of  his  companions  as  a  salutary  ex- 
ample for  the  benefit  of  the  Angelinos,  showing  the 
energy  of  the  government  and  the  inevitable  conse- 
quences of  insubordination.*' 

Yet  despite  the  warnings  thus  given  by  the  ]>re- 
foct,  a  tumult  occurred  before  the  month  was  over  in 
tlie  city  of  Los  Angeles,  or  'Los  Diablos'  as  it  was 

accused  of  embezzling  the  public  funds,  but  no  definito  proofs  exist,  .ruriii 
Ijaiiilini'a  fruitless  eftbrts  to  investigate  his  management  of  tlie  revenues  r.te 
VfU  kno^^  u  to  the  reader,  who  also  remembers  the  part  taken  by  Don  Au^'cl 
in  support  of  Alvarado's  revolution  of  18.3G.  He  thought  he  could  Cdutiol 
Alvarado  more  easily  than  (lutierrez,  but  learned  his  mistake  when  lie  iiiatlo 
the  attempt,  being  removed  from  his  ofUco  in  December  183(3.  Castillo  Xu- 
grcto  described  him  in  verse  as  'El  protodibertador — I'rimcr  hombre  de  Ivj- 
tado — Es  ini  frailc  renegade — (Jran  perjuro  y  gran  traidor — Do  oficio  aduiiu- 
istradoi'— Es  de  muy  ancha  concicncia — Derrochador  sin  clomeucia — Sau'az 
revolucionario — Jugador  y  pendulario — Sin  Dios,  ni  patria,  ni  cro'cucia.' 
Unable  to  control  the  governor,  he  engaged  in  plots  against  him;  and  \va^  ar- 
rested in  July,  1S37.  Later  he  lived  at  the  missions,  closely  watched,  and 
always  suspected.  Torre,  Jlemin.,  MS.,  79,  Garcia,  Ilerho";  M8.,  71-'-', 
and  iSerrano,  Apuntcs,  MS.,  53-4,  describe  not  very  clearly  his  mission  life, 
stating  that  at  the  last  ho  was  treated  with  great  i'.idiguity.  He  died  at  .'^au 
Luis  Obisjw  on  Feb.  0,  1840,  and  was  buried  next  day  by  P.  AboUa.  Aitir 
postponing  confession  from  time  to  time,  he  at  last  promised  to  attoiul  to  his 
spiritual  welfare  after  taking  a  short  sleep,  but  from  that  sleep  ho  never 
awoke,  and  thus  died  without  the  sacraments.  A'.  LuU  Obispo,  Lib.  Mi.s'oti, 
MS.,  00.  His  disease  was  syphilis  contracted  among  the  Indians.  A  wiiter 
in  the  Californian,  Nov.  21,  1S4G,  attributes  liisdeath  to  poison.  On  account 
of  his  promise  to  confess,  his  body  was  buried  in  the  mission  cemetery. 

■■"•April  19th,  Castro  to  Vallejo,  with  marginal  order  of  the  latter  that  tlio 
prisoners  bo  tried  by  military  law.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  vi.  450.  May  -d, 
Prefect  Peua's  circular,  in  S.  Die<io,  Arch.,  MS.,  223;  Monterey,  Arch.,  MS., 
ix.  7-S;  Dept.  lice,  MS.,  x.  24-'5.  May  2.'}d,  Castro  to  Vallejo.  No  I'lo- 
cecdiugs  by  military  law  because  the  gov.  had  banished  the  prisoners  tVoiu 
Cal.  or  from  the  Monterey  district.  V.  blames  C.  for  havmg  penuittcd 
an  'incompetent  authority'  to  interfere.    Vallejo,  Doc,  MS,,  vii.  131. 


TUMULT  AT  LOS  ANGELES, 


689 


rc-cliristened  bv  Don  Cosme  at  this  time.  Peila  was 
naturally  not  popular,  especially  among  the  class  that 
liad  so  bitterly  opposed  Alvarado  in  the  past,  and 
there  were  occasional  manifestations  of  the  feeling 
against  him.  One  ground  of  displeasure  was  that  ho 
luul  established  his  office  at  the  house  of  Abel  Stearns, 
in  front  of  which  he  had  raised  the  flag  of  the  prefec- 
ture and  planted  a  cannon.  It  was  said  that  Stearns 
Lad  used  the  flag-staff  as  a  post  to  which  cattle  were 
tit'tl  for  slaughter,  thus  insulting  the  dignity  of  tlic 
Angelinos.  On  Sunda}^,  May  19th,  while  Pena  was 
absent  at  San  Pedro,  some  fifteen  young  men,  armed 
and  mounted,  had  assembled  to  pull  down  the  flag, 
and  perhaps  to  sacrifice  a  calf  in  burlesque  before  it. 
Oh  his  return  the  prefect  caused  the  arrest  of  the 
lingleaders,  Varela,  Sepiilveda,  and  Yorba,  to  be  tried 
for  sedition,  and  obtained  a  guard  of  ten  soldiers  from 
Santa  Barbara.  Next,  the  citizens  sent  protests  to 
the  avuntamiento,  whicli  body  asked  Peha  to  remove 
tho  flag  to  the  public  buildings,  where  it  would  be 
respected.  Pena  in  anger  surrendered  the  prefecture 
to  Alcalde  Tapia,  and  both  reported  to  the  govern- 
ment at  Monterey.  The  reply  was  to  impose  a  fine 
of  five  dollars  on  each  signer  of  the  memorial,  which 
had  also  been  sent  by  twenty  citizens  to  tho  governor, 
and  one  often  dollars  (tn  each  member  of  the  ayunta- 
niiento.  Pena  was,  liowevcr,  ordered  to  Monterey, 
and  Tapia  left  in  charge  of  the  office.  Quiet  was  re- 
stored by  the  midille  of  June. -^ 

The  i)rimary  elections  had  taken  place  in   !March, 
and  on  May   1st  the  seven   partido  electors  met  at 


I'  I' 


■-' ( lonenil  ivct'otmts,  Perm  to  Viillrjo,  on  June  8th.  VftHrjn,  Dor.,  MS., 
I  '^  I'efiii  to  Alcalde.  Btpt.  St.  )'<(/>.,  ll(ii.,yiS.,  iv.  :V.)-'l7.  Miiy22d- 
..ctiou  of  ayuut.  /, /■<  Aiiiich'",  Arch.,  MS.,  v.  87  S;  J)'jif.  iSV.  /''(/*., 
xviii.  1,">-10."  M.iy  --Mtli.  Tapii  to  Alvanido.  JJrpt.  .S7,.  Pap.,  llni.  l'r<f. 
■Iir.'j.,  MS.,  \'.  'J-S.  May '2")tli,  ccm.  of  St;i  ]5ail>ar;i  t"  Va'lejo.  lias  .^eut 
t'jne  under  Lieut  Tarilo.  Vidlrjo,  Doc,  M.S.,  vii.  112.  June  !.st,  Tapia  an- 
iiiices  that  all  is  ([uiet.  iS*.  ])ifijn,  Arfh.,  MS.,  227  June  .'M,  gov.  io  I'ref. 
ipia,  iinposinL;  ihies.  JJifit.  SI.  I'ap.,  Aii'jrics,  MS.,  yi.  \  M- !  7.  June  12tli- 
lli,  action  fit  Angeles  on  the  fines,  whieh  there  was  a  wil'-'ignes!  to  jiay, 
'  ■lyh  Tapia  was  exempted  in  July,    /</.,  v,  22,  33,  4',i,  57;  Los  Angeles, 

vA.,  MS.,  V.  lU-5. 


M  i 


590 


ALVARADO'S  RULE-POLITICAL  EVEXTS. 


Monterey  as  a  junta  electoral.  The  result  of  tlioir 
labors  was  that  on  the  2cl  Andres  Castillero  was  eleci  od 
as  congressman,  with  Antonio  M.  Osio  as  substitute; 
and  on  the  3d  seven  members  of  the  new  junta  dc- 
partamental  to  meet  on  the  1st  of  August,  were  chosen 
as  follows:  Manuel  Jimeno,  Tiburcio  Castro,  Anas- 
tasio  Carrillo,  Rafael  Gonzalez,  Pio  Pico,  Santiago 
Argiiello,  and  Manuel  Requena.^^  May  1 3th  and  1 4th 
the  old  junta,  or  four  of  its  members,  held  meetings 
to  ratify  the  late  election,  and  to  empower  the  now 
congressman  to  receive  from  the  supreme  governuio;;*^^ 
the  product  of  the  pious-fund  estates  for  the  pay 
ment  of  public  expenses.'^  Two  or  three  days  lal,;:- 
Don  Andres  sailed  on  the  California  to  occupy  his 
new  post.  It  is  as  well  to  state  here  that  though  the 
newly  elected  junta  was  convoked  for  August  1st,  no 
meeting  was  held  at  that  time  nor  in  this  ^'^ear  at  all. 
The  vocales  would  not  present  themselves,  and  tlio 
substitutes  could  not  be  summoned  until  the  junta 
had  approved  the  excuses  of  the  regular  members!-^ 

Vallejo  in  the  mean  time  did  not  cease  to  urge  mili- 
tary reorganization,  especially  with  a  view  to  scenic 
the  northern  frontier  from  foreign  aui^resfion.  On 
May  10th  in  one  of  several  letters  to  the  minister  of 


^^  Records  of  this  election  and  of  the  local  elections  of  March,  in  L'li. 
I't'C,  MS.,  iii.  .SG-43.  The  partido  electors  were  Osio  and  Santiago  Estivida 
far  Monterey,  Felipe  Lugo  and  Joaqniu  Ortega  for  Angeles,  Covarruhias  t' n- 
Sta  Biirbara,  Josi5  Fernandez  for  S.  Jos6,  and  Francisco  Guerrero  for  S.  i'. 
Tiie  substitute  vocales  chosen  wore  Jos(5  Castvo,  J.  R.  Estrada,  Ignacio  ilrl 
Vallc,  CiJrlos  Castro,  Ignacio  Martinez,  J.  J.  Vallejo,  and  A.  M.  I'ico.  Or- 
der for  the  election  issued  Jan.  17th.  »S'.  Dieijo,  Arch,,  MS.,  214;  \'tiUij'<, 
Doc,  MS.,  xxxii.  \~\;  EitmlUlo,  Doc,  MS.,  i. '2-l'J.  Further  records  of  Imal 
elections.  Doc.  llkt.  Cat,  M.S.,  i.  307;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  2.J0.  May 
fith,  Alvarado  proclaims  the  election  of  Castillero  and  Osio.  .S'.  Diego,  Arch., 
MS.,  245. 

''^Lcrj.  Rec,  MS.,  iii.  43-4.  May  IGth,  Alv..rado  to  sup.  govt.  Smi. 
Govt  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  XV.  9.  Aug.  7th,  Castillero  not  successful  in  ol)tniiiitig 
the  pious  fund.  Dcjit.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  131;  VaUijo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxii.  lil.i, 
282.  Castillero  expected  to  sail  from  Sta  Bdrbara  ^Lay  13th.  /</.,  vii.  HI. 
The  vessel  left  S.  Diego  on  June  7th. 

'■"Aug.  1st,  junta  convoked  for  this  date.  Pico,  Doc,  MS.,  ii.  103;  Jiipt. 
Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  270.  Aug.  12th,  Castro  to  alcaldes.  No  quorum  ol.taiiiil. 
Sta  Cruz,  Arch.,  MS.,  40;  Depl  Si.  Pap.,  Mouf.,  MS.,  iv.  82-3.  A  ir.'  ;ttli, 
election  approved  in  Mexico.    Dcpt,  St.  Pap,,  Awjdcs,  ^l>.,  x,  28. 


MILITARY  AND  FINANCIAL  AITAIRS. 


591 


•war  he  described  at  some  length  his  past  efforts  and 
success  in  colonizini'  tJie  reijion  north  of  the  bay.  Ho 
required  not  only  approval  of  what  he  had  done,  but 
ai<l  to  carry  on  the  work,  including  certain  commercial 
concessions  to  the  colonists;  for  he  could  not  longer 
.sii[)port  the  military  force  from  his  own  resources,  and 
at  the  same  time  meet  the  constantly  increasing  de- 
mands of  the  settlers  for  aid.^''  A  few  recruits  w^ere 
obtained  for  the  regular  companies,  but  they  were  of 
a  vagabond  class  which  the  municipal  authorities  were 
glad  to  get  rid  of,  and  which  the  general  did  not  de- 
sire for  soldiers.'"^*'  There  was  trouble  also  because  the 
governor  discharged  militia  officers  without  the  coman- 
dante's  consent,  and  otherwise  interfered  in  military 
laatters.^^  The  chief  difficulty,  however,  was  a  finan- 
cial one.  There  was  of  course  a  quarrel  about  the 
distribution  of  revenues,  the  armv  not  sTfettinsf  its  share, 
as  was  believed  by  military  men,  and  each  company 
being  defrauded,  in  the  opinion  of  its  officers.  The 
chief  complaint  came  from  Santa  Barbara,  as  Sonoma 
interests  were  protected  by  the  presence  of  the  gen- 
oral,  Monterey  with  the  custom-house  had  the  first 
liMiuHing  of  the  funds,  and  San  Diego  had  no  company 
l/>    a[;port.     Both  in  the  south,  and  to  some  extent 


''  Vjiay  10,  1839,  V.  to  inin.  of  war  on  needs  of  the  northern  frontier.  I'ft- 
i'oc,  !^IS.,  vii.  28.  Other  coiiiinunications  on  military  needs,  in  May, 
,ii.  ;''l),  27,  -9,  37.  June  10th,  V.  to  Alvarailo.  A  printed  appeal  for 
rey  ';ir  nllitary  ci  ■  ipanies  and  an  escolta  for  each  mission.  'Nothing  but 
il.i  L  1  , stem  can  save  the  country.'  Vallcjo,Onlcii('s,  \^y-'21;  Id.,  Doc.  //i.-if. 
CaL,  MiS.,  xxxii.  200.  Same  date,  to  nun.  of  war.  JJepf.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv. 
218.  Dec.  Ist,  v.  begs  Castillero  to  get  aid  for  the  troops.  Vallejo,  Doc, 
MS.,  viii.  .3.34. 

-"May  10th,  V.  to  Alvarado.  No  crhninals  will  be  accepted.  Vallejo,  Doc. , 
Ms.,  vii.  43.  May  24th,  Capt.  Villavieencio  got  12  recruits  in  the  soutii, 
ui'lit  for  soldiers,  but  turned  over  to  Castro.  Id.,  vii.  138.  May  31st,  V. 
(■nils  the  recruits  physically  unfit  or  grossly  innnoral.  /(/.,  vii.  150.  Juno  1st, 
the  ivicked  recruits  to  be  sent  back  to  Angeles.  1<1.,  vii,  107.  No\.  12th,  V. 
t'l  A.  Sends  a  decree  of  .Tan.  20th,  requiring  regular  companies  to  bo  tilloil 
by  draft.  /(/.,  viii.  274.  Nov.  20th,  A.  says  the  conscription  will  be  carried 
iiitii  effect  when  instructions  arrive.  Id.,  viii.  318. 

-'  May  lOtli,  v.  to  A.,  complaining  of  the  discharge  as  a  dangerous  prece- 
atiit,  ;iiid  begging  the  gov.  as  colonel  to  revoke  his  order  and  put  himself 
imdir  the  general's  orders.  Vcdlfjo,  Doc,  MS.,  vii.  117.  June  7th,  Capt.  S. 
\'allejo  will  obey  the  general's  orders,  notwithstan<ling  his  dismissal  by  the 
piv.  Id.,  vii.  185.  July  5th,  Alf.  Andri's  Pico  refuses  to  take  command  at 
S.  Luis  Key  as  ordered  by  \allejo.  Id,,  vii.  310. 


:t,      n:  5 


:!il-'i 


592 


ALVARADO'S  RULE— POLITICAL  EVENTS. 


I 


m 


in  the  extreme  north,  the  'chqiie  at  the  capital'  Avas 
charged  with  s}3encling  the  public  moneys  almost  lx- 
clusively  for  the  benefit  of  local  interests  and  per.soinil 
friends.-** 

In  June  the  war  between  Mexico  and  France  took 
a  large  share  of  attention  from  the  authorities,  botli 
military  and  civil.  As  the  war  had  ended  time 
months  before,  the  real  danger  of  an  attack  on  Cali- 
fori'i.'in  coasts  was  not  great;  however,  as  tidings  <it' 
peac  '  'lot  yet  reached  the  north,  an  opportiiir\v 
was  ail  d  for  a  brilliant  display  of  national  patriot- 
ism in  p.eparing  to  repel  the  possible  attacks  of 
French  corsairs.  The  resulting  complication  of  mili- 
tary orders,  interwoven  with  complaints  respecting 
defective  fortifications  and  other  means  of  defoucc, 
was  very  nearly  a  reduplication  of  similar  alarms  in 
the  old  Spanish  times.  The  only  result  was  that  ex- 
penses were  considerably  increased  during  the  moiitli, 
and  that  a  little  work  was  done  on  one  or  two 
forts.  French  residents  were  not  molested,  though 
closely  watched,  if  orders  were  obeyed;  on  the  last 
day  of  the  month  the  news  of  peace  was  circulated.-' 

'•''May  2.")th,  Vallcjo  to  Guerra  at  Sta  B.  Explains  the  distribution  of  §10.000 
received  for  the  army  aa  its  share  of  the  Californ'ni's  duties,  S'Jo.OOO;  S.  I'laii- 
ciscoco.,  with  GO  men,  got  $2,000;  Monterey,  30  men,  81,500;  Sta  Barbiini, 
lo  men,  §1,001);  S.  Diego,  §.500;  staff  and  unattached  officers,  §1,0(X1:  w.w 
material  paid  for,  §l,.30b;  cliest  of  medicine,  §250;  Sta  B.  artillery,  S- "ii; 
capt.  of  port  and  other  officers  at  S.  F.,  .§350;  Alf.  Ignacio  del  Valle,  .SHiO; 
the  rest  for  relief  of  old  invdlidos  in  small  sums.  Vallrjo,  Doc,  MS.,  vii.  Mil, 
Jidy  oth,  com.  of  Sta  B.  to  V.,  complaining  of  neglect  from  the  Moiitcivy 
authorities.  /</.,  vii.  310.  Complaints  from  S.  Luis  lley.  Jd.,  vii.  .')1.'!-I4. 
July  10th,  V.  to  Alvarado.  Complains  that  the  comisario  refuses  to  oliey  U\i 
requisitions.  /(/.,  vii.  70.  Orders  payment  of  §1,000  each  to  Sta  15.  mid  S. 
Diego,  and  oders  to  lend  §10,000  to  the  treasury.  /(/.,  vi.  144,  140-7;  vii.  ;!riS. 
§1,400  in  goods  and  .§100  in  money  paid  to  Monterey  co.  from  Feb.  to.luly. 
Id.,  vii.  388.  July  22d,  Comisario  Abrego  expects  to  pay  one  fourth  of  ilms 
for  past  month.  Id. ,  vii.  400.  Aug.  Gth,  only  one  soldier  at  S.  Diego.  S.  Dh  jo, 
Arch.,  MS.,  234.  Aug.  7th,  not  a  cent's  worth  of  anything  received  for  tiie 
artillery  this  year.  Valhjo,  Doc,  MS.,  viii.  22,  17.  Sent.  3d,  men  at  S.  I.!iis 
lley— S.  Diego  co. — left  the  service  against  orders  to  uaru  a  living  by  tin  ir 
work.  /(/.,  viii.  09-70.  Sept.  8th,  Capt.  S.  Vallejo  complains  that  tlic  s. 
Francisco  co.  is  ne'/lected  by  the  comisario.  Id.,  viii.  80.  Sept.  Utli,  Vullt  jo 
to  Lieut  .1.  M.  Ramirez.  Cannot  relievo  liis  wants,  having  no  n^sourccs.  /'/. , 
viii.  133,  137.  Oct.  27tli,  Al)rogo  says  Capt.  Castaneda  and  the  h.ibiatailn  "t 
S.  F.  refused  .§4,000  proffered,  because  tho  amount  included  1,000  hidisiit 
81.50.  Id.,  viii.  2.33.  Nov.  3d,  northern  troops  to  Iiave  .§2,500  from  the  In  t 
duties.  Id.,  viii.  2.52. 

*  Over  40  communications  on  this  olarm.  S.  Dkiio,  Arch.,  MS.,  221,  22'J- 


THE  GOVERNOR'S  WEDDING.  693 

From  July  to  September  lampoons  of  an  insulting 
and  threatening  character,  and  directed  against  the 
departmental  rulers,  were  posted  at  different  i)laees, 
iuul  anonymous  letters  of  similar  purport  were  sunt 
to  Alvarado.  At  the  same  time  rumors  were  cur- 
rent, for  the  most  part  without  foundation,  of  plots 
ill  the  south,  and  even  of  a  hostile  expedition  ap- 
proaching from  Sonora.  Vallejo  evidently  did  not 
sliare  in  the  alarm  felt  or  feigned  at  the  capital,  as  ho 
rel'used  to  pu^  certain  troops  asked  for  under  the  gov- 
ernor's orders  tii.  he  should  be  informed  respecting 
the  exact  nature  of  the  suspected  plots.^  In  tlicse 
months  Alvarado,  as  was  often  the  case  durino;  his 
rule,  was  unable  to  attend  to  his  official  duties  on 
jiccount  of  illness,  and  his  secretary,  Jimeno  Casarin, 
acted  much  of  the  time  as  governor,  especially  in 
July;  however,  Don  Juan  Bautista  had  sufficiently 
recovered  his  health  in  August  to  marry  Doiia  Mar- 
tina, daughter  of  Francisco  Castro.  The  marriage 
took  place  at  Santa  Clara  on  August  24th,  but  Alva- 
rado was  not  present,  being  represented  by  Jose 
Antonio  Estrada.  Eight  days  later  the  bride  came 
to  the  capital,  where  the  festivities  lasted  several 
days.^^ 

The  national  schooner  California  arrived  Septeml)er 
15th  at  Santa  Barbara,  on  her  return  voyage  from 

;W;  Dcpt.  lice,  MS.,  X.  13;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  250-7;  fd,  Av/chs, 
xii.  G;  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  vi.  JIO-.'JG;  vii.  U7-9,  174,  170,  189,  L'OO-'iO,  '-'M», 
4()-t.  Coiiiiminication3  from  Mex.  Jean. -April.  Sitp.  Govt  St.  I'ap.,  MS.,  \v. 
"-4.  June  ioth,  ncwa  of  peacu  in  a  private  letter  of  Guerra.  Valhjo.  Due., 
^IS.,  vii.  204.  Ollieially  published  June  30tli.  Jd.,  vii.  275.  Oet.  :^l^>t, 
orders  had  been  received  from  Mexico  to  strengthen  coast  defences.  /(/.,  viii. 
210. 

^"Lampoons  and  anonymous  letters  at  Sta  Biirbora  and  Monterej'.  I'a- 
M,/n,  Doc,  MS.,  vii.  .310,  '.m;  Alvarado,  JIM.  (Jul.,  MS.,  iv.  140-4;  \'all<J„, 
JliM.  Cul.,  MS.,  iv.  7-14.  ItepiH-ts  of  the  Sonora  expedition  brought  to  S. 
liii'go  in  August,  contradicted  in  Sept.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  viii.  .■)8,  (17. 
riots  in  the  south  in  Sept.  Id.,  viii.  70,  88. 

^'  Copy  of  record  from  Sta  Clara  mis.sion  Iwok,  in  Valhjo,  Doe.,  MS., 
XNxii.  2i)3.  P.  Gonzalez  performed  the  ceremony.  Alvarado,  ll'mt.  Cid., 
-MS.,  iv.  109-72,  tells  us  it  was  tlie  arrival  of  La  Place  that  kept  him  from 
going  in  jierson  to  Sta  Clara,  and  he  also  says  the  riu^s  used  ut  the  wedding 
^^  ere  of  California  gold. 

HiBT.  Cal.,  Vol.  III.    as 


I 


■  ■;!^: 


594 


ALVARADO'S  RULE— POLITICAL  EVENTS. 


it 


Acapulco.^'^  She  brought  Mexican  despatches  of  Au- 
gust 0th  and  7th,  announcing  Alvarado's  ap|)ointnicnt 
as  gc^vernor,  en  propiedad,  and  promoting  Vallejo  to 
the  rank  of  colonel.^'  All  that  had  been  done  by  gov- 
ei-nor  or  junta  was  approved,  except  the  appointment 
of  Cosnie  Peila  as  prefect  of  the  second  district;  hut 
that  gentleman  had  already  given  up  his  position  to 
ajiothcr,  and  he  soon  took  his  departure  for  Mexico, 
to  be  hoard  of  no  more  in  California.'** 

The  despatches  brought  by  the  schooner  were  offi- 
cially circulated  a  few  days  after  their  arrival  l)y  Ait- 
ing-govcrnor  Jimcno,  the  prefects,  and  subordinate 
olhcials;  and  the  news  of  Alvarado's  appointment  was 
duly  celebrated  in  different  parts  of  the  department, 
es[)ecial  enthusiasm  being  shown  at  Los  Angeles,  where 
on  a  Sunday  the  flag  was  hoisted,  salvos  were  fired,  a 

"Sept.  Idtli,  capt.  of  port  reports  arrival.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  viii.  Ill); 
Cooper\s  Lo(j-Jiook  of  the  'CuliJ'oDiia,^  MS.,  entry  of  same  date. 

"■'Ar.g.  7tli,  mill,  of  int.  sciuls  Alvarado's  appointment.  Bepf.  St.  I'up., 
AiKjdfn:,  MS.,  xi.  12-13;  fd.,  Mont.,  iv.  10-17.  Aug.  0th,  Pres.  liustainaiito  ti) 
^^ ,  congratulating  him  and  Alvarado,  and  thiinking  him  for  his  services.  I  'oU/jo 
Dor.,  MS.,  viii.  II.  Aug.  Gth,  V. 's  appointment  and  commission  as  colonul 
of  the  dcfcnsorcs  de  la  patria,  sent  by  min.  of  war.  Id.,  i.  14-15.  Alsn  Aus:. 
'2;1,  4tli-Gth,  comuiun.  from  min.  of  war  to  Vallejo  in  reply  to  his  letters  of  IVi)- 
ruary,  approving  his  measures,  sending  commissions  for  several  otllcuis,  and 
promising  additional  aid.  Sai'di/p,  Doc,  iv.  308,  310,  312,  314-13.  Sept.  ITtli, 
'J2d,  V.  was  congratulated  by  Carlos  Carrillo  and  Cosme  Pcfiaon  his  ;ip]ioiiit- 
inent  as  comandanto  general  CK  ;>yo/(iVr^f((/.  Id.,  viii.  LIT,  lOo.  But  tlicri' was 
no  such  appointment,  since  that  of  July  1838  had  been  permanent  and  iiut 
tem]iorary. 

^'  The  liccnciado  Cosmo  Pena  was  a  Mexican  lawyer  who  camo  to  Califor- 
nia with  the  llijar  and  Padres  colony  in  1834,  as  asesor  to  succeed  (Imnc/. 
I  know  nothing  of  his  j)revious  career.  In  the  discharge  of  his  oflicial  dtiticH 
ho  .sliowed  himself  to  bo  a  man  of  fair  ability  and  education,  but  ho  wax  a 
h:u-d  drinker,  and  unfortunate  in  his  domestic  relations.  After  being  iuvolvud 
in  many  scandals,  his  wife  left  him  in  1837  and  started  overland  for  Sniiina. 
The  I'ai'ty  was  attacked  by  Indians  on  the  Colorado,  and  the  lady  is  s.iiil  I'V 
Prnacio  Coronel  to  have  become  the  wife  of  a  chief.  Don  Cosmo  hud  tmulilo 
with  (lov.  Chico,  and  was  at  one  time  suspended  from  his  oiUce.  In  tlic  au- 
t;'.nin  of  lS3(i,  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  Alvarado's  revolution— tliougli  far 
Ics.-i  inlluential  than  he  was  represented  by  Castillo  Negrete,  his  bitter  enemy  — 
niid  was  made  governor's  secretary.  He  subsocjucntly  joined  in  the  counter- 
revolt  of  Angel  Ramirez  and  other  Mexicans,  and  was  imprisoned  for  a  tiiuo 
at  Sonoma;  but  Alvarado  still  felt  disposed  to  befriend  him,  and  made  him 
prefect  of  Los  Angeles.  He  held  this  place  several  months,  but  of  his  arts 
nothing  is  known  beyond  the  events  of  the  'Hag  tumult'  mentioned  in  t'lis 
c'.iapter.  Vallejo,  who  in  his  JIUt.  Vah,  MS.,  iii.  188-91,  quotes  from  I'caa's 
poem  on  the  'Fall  of  Man,'  states  that  he  went  from  California  to  Giiaymis 
where  lie  served  as  a  juilgc.  None  of  the  Californians  have  much  to  say  iu 
Don  Cosmo's  favor,     lie  left  two  daughters  iu  the  country. 


GOVERNOR  AND  GENERAL. 


"-05 


of  An- 
ntinent 
l11('Jo  t(.) 

by  gov- 

intinciit 
Lct;  hut 
iition  to 
Moxic(  >, 

ere  oUi- 
by  A.-t- 
3rdinatu 
ent  wus 
irtnient, 
a,  vvliere 
!  tired,  a 


i.,  viii.   140; 

'.  ,SV.  I'll  p., 
Istainuntc  to 
Will, jo 
as  cdIoir'I 
Also  Atij:. 
tcrs uf  l'"cl.>- 
itlk'crs,  :iip1 
lopt.  ITlli, 
lis  ;ip|ioint- 
tlicrc  \v;is 
lit  and  uut 

to  Califiir- 

L'll    (loilll'Z. 

•iiil  ihitii'S 

ho  \v:i^  .1 

g  in  vol  veil 

for  S'lnora. 

is  s.iiil  liy 

m\  troulilo 

In  till'.  ;m- 

thougli  fur 

.'!•  enemy  - 

ic  counter- 

for  a  tiniu 

niadi'  liiiu 

of  his  acts 

led  in  this 

•oill  reaa's 

Giiaynns 

1  to  say  iu 


man  was  wounded  by  the  premature  discharge  of  a 
oaiiiien,  and  at  night  the  city  was  iUuminated.  Al- 
varado  was,  however,  ill  again,  and  did  not  take  the 
oath  and  fbrnially  assume  the  governorship  till  Xoveni- 
])rr  24th,  the  transfer  being  announced  next  day  by 
himself  and  Jiuieno.^^ 

Xow  that  the  governor  and  comandanto  militar 
were  secure  in  the  possession  of  their  respective  posi- 
tions, a  serious  misunderstanding  had  developed  be- 
tween the  two,  resulting  in  a  quarrel  which  lasted  as 
long  as  their  control  of  public  aftairs,and  in  a  suspension 
of  that  control  a  few  years  later.  The  causes  were 
somewhat  complicated.  It  will  be  remembered  tliat 
iu  Xovember  183G  Vallejo,  though  his  opinions  were 
substantially  in  accord  with  those  of  xVlvarado  and 
Castro,  had  declined  to  engage  actively  in  the  revolu- 
lution  against  Gutierrez,  but  had,  without  his  own 
knowledge  or  consent,  been  made  military  commander, 
a  position  he  was  very  willing  to  accept  after  the  first 
success  had  been  achieved  at  Monterey.  His  coo[)- 
eration  was  absolutely  necessary  to  the  revolutionists, 
and  the  position  of  general  was  a  reward  very  llatter- 
ing  to  the  young  lieutenant.  His  subsequent  support 
(if  the  cause  was  most  cordial  and  effective,  and  was 
fully  appreciated  by  his  associates.  Without  his  aid 
Alvarado's  project  must  have  failed,  and  this  aid  was 
none  the  less,  but  rather  more,  effective  that  Yallejo 
remained  in  the  north  instead  of  personally  taking 
part  in  the  southern  cam|)aigns.     While  disapprov- 

^■^  Sept.  20th,  Jimeuo  to  prefect  and  Vallejo  with  sovci'al  dec.  from  Mexico. 
D'lit.  ,S7.  Pap.,  Mont,  MS.,  iv.  1(>-17;  Vdllrjo,  Doi-.,  MS.,  viii.  KlO-.'l.  Se|it. 
2!st,  John  Tcinplr  to  Larkin,  hopes  the  new.s  of  Alvarado's  appointment  will 
jiiove  true.  Lark' 'is  Doc,  MS.,  i.  24.  Sept.  'J'2d-"23d,fnrtiicr  circulation  of  tho 
iippointment  by  Jiineno  through  prefects.  S.  JJicijo,  An-/i.,  ilS.,  'JliS,  21 1; 
Vfi'IcJo,  Doc,  MH.  viii.  1G7.  ICD;  Sla  Cnr.,  Arch.,  MS.,  ."iG.  Scjit.  30th,  cuii- 
giatulations  of  I'  Durtin.  Arch.,  A)-zob.,  MS.,  v.  pt  ii.  2.5-0.  Oct.  ."ith-Oth, 
receipt  of  tho  ne  vs  at  Angeles.  Dolores  Sepulveda  was  tho  m.an  Wfjundcd. 
L'.i  A»,jp.l(if,  Arch.,  MS.,  v.  96-7;  Dcpt.  S/.  Pap.,  Aiif/cli.%  MS.,  v.  cS7-;t; 
/'/.,  Ben.  Pre/,  y  o'nzg.,  v.  21.  Nov.  r2tli,  Vallejo  has  learned  with  iileasuro 
the  appointment  and  will  give  it  due  publicity.  Valkjo,  ]>oc.  Uht,  Cal.,  MS,, 
viii.  27.'{.  Nov.  24  ,h,  A.  takes  tiio  oath  and  tliu  oliico  as  announced  on  tho 
2.kh.  /(/.,  viii.  313,  315;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xii.  IS;  /(/.,  Mont.,  iv.  IS. 


U'\ 


C'JO 


ALVARADO'S  RULE-POLITICAL  EVENTS. 


injT  some  of  the  governor's  acts,  such  as  his  disposition 
of  the  San  Julian  rancho,  the  general  made  few  com- 
plaints, and  threw  no  obstacles  in  the  way  of  success. 
Later,  at  an  unfortunate  time,  as  already  related,  tlio 
comandante  was  induced  by  Jose  Antonio  Carrillo  to 
advocate  the  recognition  of  Don  Cdrlos  as  governor. 
Though  kept  secret  as  far  as  possible,  enough  of  tliis 
matter  leaked  out  to  cause  the  circulation  of  runiois 
not  flattering  to  Vallejo;  and  while  there  is  no  evidciico 
of  serious  ill  feeling  between  the  two  principals  attlic 
time,  yet  it  may  be  regarded  as  certain  that  both  weie 
left  in  a  state  of  mind  not  unfavorable  to  future  con- 
troversy, and  that  others  had  their  cue  for  the  provo 
cation  of  such  controversy. 

The  trouble  began  after  the  arrival  of  Castilloro 
and  the  submission  of  the  south  to  Alvarado's  rule. 
The  new  rulers  had  now  to  organize  the  interior  gov- 
ernment of  the  country,  and  the  military  branch  was 
to  Vallejo  all-important.  To  reorganize  the  presidial 
companies  and  put  the  army  on  a  sound  footing  was 
the  one  thing  to  be  done  before  thinking  of  other  ic- 
forms.  Vallejo's  plans  were  perhaps,  under  the  cir- 
cumstances, impracticable;  at  any  rate,  his  enthusiasm 
was  not  shared  by  Alvarado,  who  soon  became  iiulif- 
ferent,  and  was  disposed  to  regard  Vallejo's  importu- 
nities as  unwarrantable  interference  in  the  affairs  of 
state.  He  even  took  the  liberty  of  discharging  cer- 
tain officers,  thereby  greatly  offending  the  general, 
whom  he  had  not  consulted  in  the  matter.^  Alva- 
rado was  much  troubled  in  these  days  by  the  demands 
of  office-seeking  friends  and  other  petty  cares,  beiuLj 
also  nervous  and  ill  from  the  effects  of  too  much 
aguardiente,  so  that  his  duties  were  left  largely  in  the 
hands  of  his  secretary.     Neither  Jimeno  nor  Castro 


"May  19,  1839,  in  reproving  the  gov.  for  his  dismissal  of  the  oflScns,  a 
measure  positively  revoked  by  liimself,  V.  says,  '  Sr  Governor,  you  tliittii' 
yourself  with  being  in  power,  but  yon  must  not  forget  the  force  that  susliiins 
your  power.  No  govemmcut  has  existed  witliout  the  military. '  JJc/it.  SI.  i'cii,, 
^IS.,  iv.  2.15-0.  Vallejo,  J/lsf.  <'«/.,  MS.,  iv.  2,")-8,  represents  A.'s  niissiou 
policy  as  having  had  much  to  do  with  ins  opposition  at  tliis  time. 


THE  MONTEREY  CLIQUE. 


597 


was  specially  well  disposed  toward  Vallcjo.  Abrcj^o, 
in  charge  of  the  revenues,  naturally  favored  the  gov- 
ernor and  people  of  Monterey, rather  than  the  conuui- 
dante  and  absent  officials.  Trouble  arose,  as  already 
stated,  in  connection  with  the  distribution  of  military 
funds  and  supplies,  and  complaints  came  in  from  all 
directions  that  the  'Monterey  clique'  was  spending  the 
public  money  for  the  exclusive  benefit  of  its  friends. 
To  what  extent  these  charges  were  well  founded,  it  i.-J 
impossible  to  determine;  Alvarado,  while  his  difficul- 
ties were  not  fully  appreciated  out  of  the  capital,  and 
while  his  old  foes  were  willing  to  make  the  most  of 
the  coolness  between  him  and  Valleio,  was  certainlv 
subjected  to  influences  not  favorable  to  an  impartial 
distribution  of  the  revenues,  or  to  a  wise  administra- 
tion of  the  public  interests. 

There  is  no  reason  to  question  Vallejo's  honest  de- 
sire for  the  welfare  of  his  country.  He  spent  his  own 
money  freely  to  advance  his  plans  of  military  reform. 
Ho  believed  liis  former  associates  were  neaflectinij: 
tlieir  duties,  and  his  pride  was  deeply  wounded  by 
their  attitude,  which  seemed  to  say,  "Our  need  of  you 
ended  with  the  cessation  of  armed  opposition  to  our 
rule;  attend  to  your  northern  frontier;  put  your  force 
at  our  disposal  when  we  call  for  it;  and  leave  us  to 
govern  in  our  own  way."  When,  therefore,  the  gov- 
ernor did  ask  to  have  the  troops  of  Monterey  and 
San  Juan  put  under  his  orders  to  avert  dangers  in  the 
south,  Vallejo  refused  until  the  exact  nature  of  tlie 
danger  should  have  been  explained,  dcclarii-g  that  his 
troops  would  be  always  ready  to  support  the  law,  but 
not  its  abuse.'^  He  attempted,  however,  to  bring 
about  an  interview,  for  some  time  unsuccessfully. 

''  Sept.  9tli,  V.  to  A.,  in  answer  to  demand  of  Aug.  14tli.  D<})t.  Si.  Pap., 
MS. ,  iv.  '2TS-80.  iSopt.  '20th,  Jimcno  says  tlic  danger  is  past,  a'ul  the  force  no 
Kmijer  needed!  Vallijo,  Doc,  MS.,  viii.  170.  Aug.  10th,  Castro  would  1)0 
irliid  to  meet  V.,  but  wishes  liini  to  come  soutli.  V.  had  ordered  him  to  eomo 
to  Sonoma.  LL,  viii.  33,  3.").  Sept.  4tii,  J.  J.  Vallejo,  S.  Josl-,  to  the  gen. 
Has  not  succeeded  in  liaving  .in  interview  with  Alvarado  and  Castro  to  avert 
cahunities.  A.  is  eontroUcd  l)y  Castro,  and  things  have  a  suspicious  air.  Id., 
viii.  77.     Sept.  Oth,  Prado  Mesa  writes  very  bitterly  against  tlie  'cliiiue.'    It 


p 

P 

nWifpi 

:   '! 

:  'i!  ^^^1 

'  •''!• 

i\ 

1 

1   !     " 

i 

1< 


COS 


AL\'AR ADO'S  RULE-POLITICAL  EVENTS. 


Aljout  this  time  the  olii(;f,  Solano,  eonce'ivofl  tlio 
pioJL'ct  of  making  a  visit  to  Monterey  witli  an  escort 
of  Indian  braves.  He  had  hccn  invited  hy  Alvaiado 
in  1S3G  to  pay  him  a  visit,  and  had  promised  to  do  so; 
but  ]iis  action  at  this  time  was  doubtless  jtrompted  hv 
A'alk'jo,  who  thought  it  well  to  frighten  the  poten- 
tates of  the  capital  with  a  hint  at  his  reserve  power. 
He  of  course  had  no  real  intention  of  inflicting  on  tlie 
people  of  Monterey  a  large  force  of  Indians;  but  Ik; 
jtorhaps  at  first  exaggerated  the  number  to  be  seiit.^^ 
J  n  the  middle  of  October,  the  general  announced  that 
Solano  had  asked  and  received  permission  to  visit  tlio 
capital  with  eighty  Indians.  I  do  not  know  if  the 
visit  Avas  made;  but  if  so,  it  was  probably  with  a 
smaller  number,  who  formed  part  of  the  general's  es- 
cort, .IS  he  was  at  San  Francisco  October  22d  and  '2:U\, 
en  route  to  Monterey.'"' 

Having  arrived  at  the  capital,  Vallejo  asked  for  an 
interview  with  the  acting-governor — it  does  not  appiar 
that  he  had  any  communication  personally  with  Al- 
ls time  to  bring  them  to  their  seuses.  Id.,  viii.  78.  Sept.  8th,  V.  to  iinv. 
])i'siri.s  a  coiifercuce  at  Sta  Clara,  /d.,  viii.  84.  Sept.  tilth,  Jiinciio,  luiiiig 
iiliipiii;  to  turn  over  tlie  odice,  cannot  grant  the  interview;  besides,  a  pov.  hiis 
i;i(  vij^ht  to  leave  the  capital.  /(/.,  viii.  171.  Oct.  9th,  J.  A.  Carrillo  to  \'. 
The  political  condition  promises  nothing  but  misfortune.  Tliinks  of  scliiii;; 
hi-i  property  and  leaving  the  country.  Ho  is  always  su.speeted,  and  even  liis 
p! ixato  letters  are  not  safe.  Id.,  viii.  109. 

^"Sept.  Sd,  Pablo  de  la  Guerra,  in  the  name  of  his  own  Jind  otlier  Sta 
I'.fdbara  families,  protests  against  V'.'s  proposed  sending  of  Solano  with  '-'.(l:iO 
Indians.  He  begs  V.  not  to  run  such  a  risk  for  the  sake  of  frightening  Ah a- 
rado.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  viii.  73.  Oct.  "id,  Salv.  Vallejo  to  (iuerra.  H:;3 
ni'goil  his  brother  in  vain  not  to  send  Solano  to  Monterey.  Hopes  to  in- 
iliieiicc  Solano,  however,  not  to  take  more  than  1,()00  India'is.  Id.,  viii.  ID:;. 
Tncso  k'ttors  purport  to  be  copies  of  originals,  and  arc  in  tiie  handwriting  <if 
a  man  whom  I  have  often  detected  in  questionable  practices.  Doubtless  t'.io 
numbers  are  pure  inventions,  and  the  dates  are  suspicious.  Possilily  the 
wh.olc  is  a  forgery,  but  it  is  not  unlikely  tliat  Vallejo  may  have  made  a  tlneat 
and  used  largo  ligurcs 

■'"  (Jet.  IGth,  V.  to  Alvarado,  announcing  Solano's  departure.  Vnlhjo,  D'i>'., 
MS.,  viii.  "JIG.  Ochcnta  in  the  original  is  changed  clumsily  into  ocA'uvV///  ■« 
by  the  same  genius  mentioned  in  the  last  note.  Document  also  in  Dcjit.  SK 
J''j'..  ^IS.,  iv.  282.  Proofs  of  V.'s  trip  and  presence  at  S.  Francisco  on  Oct. 
2_Vl-;id,  and  indications  that  he  had  31  ineninall.  Va  llejo,  I)oc.,'MS.,  viii.  -10, 
'22'.l,  22o.  Dorotea  Vakk's,  Iiemhd/f.,  MS.,  7-8,  claims  to  remember  Solano's 
vioit  at  Monterey.  Fernandez,  Cosas  de  i'al.,  MS.,  9(3,  101-3,  remembers  iiis 
paasing  through  S.  Jos6  with  hundreds  (I)  of  Indians.  He  says  Solano  kept 
hl:(  men  in  very  good  order,  but  both  he  and  V.  acted  in  a  very  proud,  arro- 
g.ait  nuumer. 


VALLEJO  AND  JIMEXO. 


699 


vtinitlo,  who  was  perliaps  absent — and  such  an  inter- 
view was  held  on  Octoher  ^Oth.  Doubtless  the 
coHUindante  was  independent  and  dictatorial  in  man- 
ner, and  Jimeno  stubborn  rather  than  conciliate )i'V. 
Xext  day  the  former  wrote  a  letter,  stating  that  the 
conference  had  ended  without  results;  that  he  had 
been  able  to  get  no  satisfaction  for  Alvarado's  inter- 
ference in  military  affairs;  and  that  not  the  slightest 
attention  had  been  paid  to  his  pleas  for  reforn)s  in 
tiuancial  and  commercial  management.  Ho  would 
tliereforc  go  homo  to  attend  to  his  duties  as  best  ho 
could  without  support,and  to  hope  that  the  'ruler  of  na- 
tions' might  save  California  from  the  impending  ruin. *'^ 
J  [e  soon  resolved,  however,  to  go  to  the  national  ca[»ital 
to  lay  before  the  president  in  person  California's  needs 
— a  project  he  had  had  in  mind  for  some  months,  but 
which,  after  ordering  all  officers  to  vote  for  a  coman- 
(liuite  to  serve  during  his  absence,  he  abandoned  bo- 
lure  December,  and  decided  to  send  Captain  Casta- 
hoda  instead  as  his  comisionado.  The  captain,  alter 
some  trouble  in  raising  funds  for  his  journey,  sailed 
from  San  Diego  late  in  December.  Later  there  canio 
IVom  Mexico  a  denial  of  Vallejo's  request  for  leave  of 
absence." 


'"Oct.  20th,  v.  to  Jimeno,  asking  for  an  interview.  Drpt.  St,  Pnp.,  MS., 
iv.  2s;!.  Oct.  30th,  J.  consents,  naming  the  governor's  house,  at  -1  r.  :m. 
Vdllijo,  ]Jo(\,  MS.,  viii.  2o(j.  Oct.  .'{Ist,  V.  to  J.,  complaining,  as  in  the  text. 
/'/.,  viii.  2tl.  Xov.  1st,  J. 's  answer.  Is  surprised  that  the  conference  should 
li  ■  deemed  at  an  end,  and  evades  the  matters  at  issue.  Tliinks  there  is  not 
much  danger,  and  that  V.  should  have  conlined  the  discussion  to  the  niili- 
t:iiy  topic.  />/.,  viii.  247.  Xov.  l.'5th  (17th),  \'. 'a  reply  from  Sonoma.  I'l;!"- 
li(.".i(lcnt  and  sarcastic.  Peace  will  not  last  long,  and  the  country  is  (':i  "'I- 
11)11(1  to  ruin.  Implies  that  he  may  have  occasion  to  go  to  Mexico  to  e.;;  !.,.,i 
t':e  true  situation  and  needs  of  his  country.  /(/.,  viii.  2!).");  Dcpt.  SI.  Pan., 
MS.,  iv.  28-1-5.  Xov.  2.")th,  Alvarado  to  V.,  in  reply  to  the  last.  Will  .sac- 
liiicc  his  life  to  preserve  the  peace  that  now  exists,  etc.  /</.,  viii.  .'iKi. 
]>eL'.  18th,  V.  to  comandanto  of  S.  Jose.  'There  seems  to  he  a  determination 
tti  lead  the  country  to  ruin  and  exasperate  its  best  citizens.'  Id.,  viii.  ',\~'^. 

^'  Sept.  4th,  17th,  mentions  by  J.  J.  Vallejo  and  Kulogio  Celis  of  tlie  gen- 
eral's plan  of  going  to  Mexico.  l'«//f;/(),  7^o(;.,  M.S.,  viii.  77,  lo8.  X'ov.  l!Sth, 
\.  announces  his  intention.  Says  he  has  the  right  to  name  his  successor, 
I'Ut  prefers  to  leave  the  choice  to  the  officers,  who  are  to  send  in  their  votes. 
/'/.,  viii.  300.  Dec.  1st,  V.  to  Pres.  Bustamante.  Has  decided  tosendCas- 
ti\fieda,  but  at  the  same  time  asks  for  leave  of  absence.  /(/.,  viii.  3."{3.  Dec. 
;:icl  to  Jan.  10th,  ten  letters  with  votes,  mostly  for  Capt.  Uuerra.  lil.,  viii. 
S2(J,  344,  351,  378,  3i)3,  390-7;  ix.  12.     Dec.  7th,  trouble  with  the  comisario 


600 


ALVARADO'S  RULE-rOLITICAL  EVENTS. 


of 


The  nnnaLs  of  1840  ^roup  themselves  naturally 
ahout  four  general  topics,  Vallejo  versus  Alvarnd 
sessions  and  acts  of  the  junta,  alleged  conspiracy 
Cairillo  and  (;ronzalez  in  the  south,  and  the  Gralijiiu 
affair.  The  last  subject  will  be  presented  separately 
in  the  next  volume;  the  others  demand  present  atten- 
tion. 

The  controversy  between  governor  and  coniaii- 
dante  waxed  hotter  and  hotter  throughout  the  yvnv. 
Each  accused  the  other  of  interference  in  nuitteis 
beyond  his  jurisdiction,  and  each  was  disposed  to  lu- 
strict  the  other's  ])rerogatives  to  very  narrow  limits. 
Vallejo  recalled  the  old  Spanish  times  when  the  two 
conmiands  were  united  in  one  person,  and  looked  upon 
himself  as  invested  with  all  the  powers  of  the  old 
comaiidante  general,  while  to  Alvarado  he  accorded 
the  petty  civil  authority  of  the  Spanish  gober'vulor. 
Alvaratlo,  on  the  contrary,  held  that  in  a  rej  'can 
government  the  military  authority  was  sub  ite 

to  the  civil,  expecting  Vallejo  to  use  his  troops  as 
directed,  to  preserve  order  and  protect  the  country. 
Both  were  independent  and  assumed  superiority.  ]\Iu- 
tual  'friends'  were  ever  ready  to  widen  the  breach; 
the  old  topics  of  disagreement  still  existed,  and  new- 
ones  were  added.  The  respective  merits  of  the  [)ar- 
ties,  as  usual  when  a  quarrel  has  once  begun,  are  not 
worth  much  consideration ;  the  controversy,  however, 
was  as  effective  an  obstacle  to  all  real  progress  in  Cal- 
ifornia as  had  been  the  earlier  one  of  Alvarado  against 
Carrillo. 

Alvarado  had  appomted  Hartnell  as  visitador  to 
carry  into  effect  his  regulations  for  the  management 

about  funds,  and  Alvarado's  passport  for  Castafieda  to  go  on  a  military  cum- 
inission  'as  far  as  S.  Diego.  Id.,  viii.  358-00.  Dec.  20th,  Casafieda  at  S. 
Diego,  has  got  money  from  C(:^^li8.  Id.,  viii.  384.  April  23,  1840,  min.  of  war 
to  v.  The  pres.  would  be  glad  to  see  him,  but  the  leave  of  absence  cannot 
be  granted,  as  there  is  no  oliicer  to  take  his  place  on  the  frontier.  /(/.,  ix.  1  Hi. 
March  10,  1840,  Alvarado  to  min.  of  int.  All  quiet;  pay  no  heed  to  Casta- 
fieda'a  loud  talk  and  false  reports.  Dept.  liec,  MS.,  xi.  05-6.  April  21st, 
24th,  letters  from  Castillero  and  tho  min.  of  war  to  V.,  announcing  tliat 
Caetafieda  will  soon  return  to  Cal.  with  needed  military  supplies.  Id.,  ix. 
115,  118. 


CIVIL  AND  MILITARY  AUTHORITY. 


eoi 


of  inissions,  ns  will  bo  tnorn  fully  explained  clsowli(>ro. 
Vallejo  would  not  porniit  Hartnell  to  take  possession 
of  San  Kafael  in  jmrsuanco  of  liis  instructions,  and 
oven  arrested  the  visitador,  and  carried  him  across  the 
li.iy  as  a  prisoner,  for  having  ventured  to  interfere  in 
matters  concerning  the  northern  frontier  without  his 
consent.*'^  His  position  was,  not  only  that  by  vir- 
tue of  his  military  jurisdiction  and  office  of  direct(>r 
of  colonization  he  had  exclusive  control  of  Indian 
affairs  north  of  the  bay,  but  that  San  Rafael  was  no 
longer  a  mission,  the  property  having  once  been  dis- 
tiibuted  and  only  restored  partially  under  his  solemn 
})i()misc  of  redistribution — a  promise  for  the  fufil- 
iiicnt  of  which  the  Indians  were  clamorous,  and 
wliich  he  would  fulfil  at  any  cost. 

The  distribution  of  the  public  funds  continued  of 
course  to  be  a  subject  of  contention.  Vallejo  accused 
Abrego  of  not  dividing  the  revenues  equally  as  the 
law  required  between  civil  and  military  employees. 
][e  called  often  for  exact  statements  of  the  division; 
he  denied  the  governor's  right  to  interfere  in  military 
accounts,  and  gave  his  connnunications  the  form  of  pos- 
itive orders.  Abrego,  on  the  other  hand,  delighted  in 
the  governor's  interference  against  the  'autocrat  of 
Sonoma,'  called  upon  Vallejo  to  show  his  commission 
as  comandante  general  or  be  content  with  a  captain's 
pay,  and  refused  to  pay  the  salary  of  Richardson  and 

♦'May  14, 1840,  Hartnell  to  gov.  Tlio  Indians  objected  to  the  change,  and 
rcfovred  to  Vallejo's  promises.  They  could  not  be  made  to  understand  tliat 
the  comandante  had  nothing  to  do  m  ith  missions.  The  arrest  was  at  S.  F. 
nftcr  H.'s  return,  and  he  was  taken  back  by  V.,  but  released  probably  next 
(lay,  after  agreeing  that  V.'s  vii'W.i  in  this  particular  case  were  correct.  St. 
P'ip.,  Miss.,  MS.,  xi.  15-17.  May  IGth,  II.  left  8.  Jqs(5  for  Monterey  yester- 
day, and  the  gov.  is  now  satisfied,  writes  the  judge  of  8.  Jos6  to  Jimeno  in  an- 
swer to  an  order  to  investigate  the  arrest.  S.  Jonti,  Arch.,'SlS.,ni.  38.  Jimeno 'a 
iiniuiry  about  the  arrest.  JJi'i't.  St.  Pap.,  S.  Joni,  MS.,  v.  09.  The  matter 
Was  agitated  as  early  as  Jan.  *22d,  when  Alvaiado  complains  of  V.'s  disposi- 
tion to  dictate  to  him  about  the  distribution  at  S.  Itiifacl.  Vallejo,  Doc,  AlS., 
ix.  25.  V.'s  argument  on  the  matter  to  H.  and  A.  Id.,  xiv.  17;  ix.  lOG. 
April  4th,  A.  begs  V.  to  let  H.  act  according  to  the  regulations.  Id.,  ix.  97. 
April  9th,  V.  repeats  his  arguments,  but  seems  to  promise  compliance.  Dept. 
St.  Pap.,  MS.,  V.  3-4.  Alvarado,  Ilist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  145-57,  nanates  tho 
aflair,  except  tho  arrest,  and  says  that  it  displeased  some  of  V.  's  friends  at 
Sta  Biirbara.     Mentioned  by  Vallejo,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  202-3. 


IH  1;:! 


* 
:i:l 


m 


Ir 

k 

1(1  (a 


C02 


ALVARADO'S  RULE-rOLITICAL  F.VENTS. 


Gucrra  appointed  port-captains,  as  was  claimed,  illi'- 
gally."  Vallejo's  refusal  to  show  his  commission  wms 
mainly  to  snub  the  comisario  doubtless;  possibly  lie 
also  wished  to  conceal  the  fact  that  his  title  in  th;;t 
document  was  comandante  militar,  and  not  Q-eneml. 
Meanwhile  routine  military  correspondence  wasuiiini- 
portant,  except  promises  from  Mexico  of  supplies,  souio 
of  which  arrived  before  the  end  of  the  year/* 

Alvarado  now  regarded  Vallejo  as  an  enemy,  and 
would  not  oven  call  on  him  when  he  came  to  ^loiit- 
erey/^  On  April  1st  he  convoked  an  extra  session  dF 
the  junta,  and  declared  to  that  body  that  'certain  nun' 
were  plotting  against  the  lawful  authorities,  and  ])i(»- 
]noting  iiiijarrection.  He  implied  clearly  that  A^alluj.t 
was  in  league  with  these  men;  indeed,  Vallejo,  Pitu, 
and  J.  A.  Carrillo  were  the  only  ones  named,  antl  it 
was  against  the  tirst  that  his  chari;e«  were  most  bitter. 
He  accused  the  comandante  of  circulating  predictions 
of  impending  disaster;  of  massing  his  troops  at  Sonoria, 
whence  they  could  operate  against  the  government; 
of  refusing  aid,  both  against  the  Indians  at  San  Jose 
and  to  put  down  a  revolt  in  the  south;  of  refusing  re- 
cruits and  leaving:  the  south  defenceless;  of  sendin'' 

■"Correspondence  between  Vallejo  and  Abrego  on  financial  topics,  iiicliul- 
ing  some  rather  sharp  sayings  on  boLh  sides,  with  Abrego's  oniplaints  tot  ho 
director  de  rentas.  J)ept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.,  ^MS.,  iii.  140-1,  loO-l,  IWi-T;  A'., 
Jifu.  Mil.,  Ixxxviii.  31-4;  fil.,Ben.  Com.  and  Treas.,  iv.  15-16,  48-!);  I'alli  jn, 
J)or.,  MS.,  ix.  C,  14,  .'il,  144,  170,  202,  21.3.  Alvarado,  IlUt.  CaL,  MS.,  iv. 
in,J-200,  declares  that  ho  never  authorized  any  unfair  division  of  the  nioiuy. 

**  Jan.  1st,  '  fuero '  of  the  defensores  not  under  arms  ceases.  Depf.  St.  /'"/'•, 
Moiit.,  MS.,  iv.  20.  April  9th,  military  stores  sent  from  Sonoma  to  Monti  iry, 
Vullijo,  Doc,  MS.,  ix.  101,  104;  xiv.  2.j5.  April  7th,  recruiting,  l.")inLU  Id 
be  raised.  Dept.  llec,  MS.,  xi.  li.  Apr.  12th,  com.  of  Sta  1$.  complains.  No 
jiay,  wliilo  the  sub-prefect  is  paid  regularly.  Vallejo,  Doc.  /lint.  CaL,  MS.,  i\. 
1 12.  July  12th,  V.  sympathizes  and  hopes  for  relief  from  Mexico,  not  from  Uio 
tlcpai-tmental  authorities.  /'/.,  ix.  175.  Aug.  20th,  n,cninaiHl(iiiriaiiiili/itr  nn- 
thorizcd  on  the  northern  frontier.  ((>.,  x.  22.3.  Aug.  21st-22d,  relief  promi-rd 
from  Me:-ico.  Letters  from  Cuslilloro  and  Virmond.  Id.,  ix.  22(),  229.  Tin' 
relief  included  .500  muskets.  Nov.  2Gth,  (JataUiia  has  brought  part  of  (he 
stores.  /(/.,  ix.  ,327.  50  sabres  detained  at  .Mazatlan.  Savmje,  J)ne.,  MS.,  iv. 
.324-5.  Other  routine  commun.  in  /(/.,  iv.  .321,  .320,  328,  including  thconkr 
for  a  mil.  command,  at  Sonoma. 

^•'.Tan.  22(1,  A.  to  V.  Says  he  is  glad  to  get  ailvice  from  intelligent  nun, 
thougli  lie  will  not  bind  himself  to  follow  it;  lie  does  not  care  for  tlie  (p|iiiii"U 
of  fools  and  men  who  act  for  their  own  interests.  VnUrjn,  Doc,  MS.,  ix.  J.'). 
March  10th,  V.  chides  him  for  not  calling,  and  thus  making  a  public  displ^iy 
of  tlio  dissensions  between  them.  Id.,  ix.  72. 


THE  CONTROVERSY  CONTINUED, 


C03 


ssion  \v;is 


rastaneda  to  work  against  tlio  governor  in  ^loxii-o, 
witli  a  view  of  securing  both  commands  for  himself: 
ainl  of  bemg  the  })rospectivo  author  of  the  outbreak  he 
s;»  c(jnficlently  predicted.  Alvarado's  motive  in  calHng 
tlie  meeting  was  to  obtain  authority  to  spend  money 
ill  supplying  the  prefects  with  arms  for  the  [.rotection 
of  the  country.  The  junta  accordingly  gave  him  the 
powers  he  desired,  should  Vallejo,  who  was  'merely 
coniandante  militar/  persist  in  neglecting  his  duties 
with  sinister  views,*" 

All  that  Alvarado  appears  to  liave  done  in  conse- 
quence of  this  action  was  to  order  Castro  to  form  a 
company  of  auxiliary  troo])s  for  the  public  security, 
and  to  retain  at  ]\Iontercy  some  of  the  arms  and  mu- 
nitions brought  by  the  Catalhia.^'  I  find  no  re}>ly  of 
Vallejo  to  the  action  of  the  junta,  which  perhaps  ho 
(lid  not  hear  of  until  later,  as  the  session  was  a  secret 
one.  He  continued  his  complaints  and  arguments, 
however,  and  no  prcgrcss  Avas  made  toward  reconcili- 
ation,^^ Californiau  prospects  had  no  bright  side  to 
the  general  in  those  days.  His  despondency  and  bit- 
ti  r  opposition  to  the  athninistration  at  Monterey  Vv'ero 
founded  to  a  considerable  extent  on  wounded  pride, 
and  disappointment  at  not  being  able  to  control  affairs, 
vet  his  motives  wore  honest,  his  positions  were  for 
the  most  part  tenable,  and  Alvarado  had  no  reason  to 
isus})ect  him  of  treacherous  or  revolutionary  designs. 


*" Session  of  April  1,  lS4f\  Lcr/.  Pre,  MS.,  iii.  7">-8.  Pico  was  to  he  fined 
ami  ( 'nnillo  {uicchI  to  attend  to  hia  duties.  Tliis  wasai'onimitteo  report,  and 
no  linid  vote  appears. 

'■  J)ept.  ISt.  Pup.,  Ben.  Cum.  and  Treas.,  MS.,  iv.  54;   Valkjo,  Dor.,  MS., 

ix.  :m. 

^^  April  l.'itli,  V.  to  hia  brother,  in  i  very  despondent  tone;  can  never  f(ir- 
give  tlioso  wlio  have  brought  about  the  eoininj,'  evils;  desires  to  die,  since  liis 
tlloi'ts  liavo  been  fruitless;  hopes  tins  eri.ii  will  ''onic  soon  to  teach  a  lesson 
to  tlidse  who  believe  a  train  of  civil  employees  can  fiive  the  country;  will  nob 
.Tli;indon  his  post  till  Ids  resiijnation  is  acLcpted;  dwells  on  the  continual 
slii.'iits  to  which  he  is  subjected.  Vullejo,  Dor.,  MS.,  xxxiii.  57.  April  'lo\\\, 
to  minister  of  war.  Cannot  make  his  authority  respected,  and  should  not  bn 
licld  responsible  fo'"  results.  Id.,  ix.  1*21-5.  Ho  prob.ibly  sent  in  hia  resig- 
nation about  this  time,  is  he  states  in  his  history.  Sept.  1st,  argument  in  .i, 
liiivate  letter  to  Alviirado,  in  answer  to  the  latter  s  clain.  that  he  was  tryui^r 
to  enforce  the  laws.    /(/.,  ix.  241. 


:•!;  .,!■) 


1 


Hi; 


604 


AIA  ARADO'S  RULE— POLITICAL  EVENTS. 


Cu; 


IikIgccI,  it  is  probable  that  such  a  suspicion  was  but  a 
pretence. 

The  junta,  or  four  of  its  seven  members,  assem- 
bled at  Monterey  February  16th  under  the  presidency 
of  Alvarado,  holding  regular  and  extra  sessions  till 
the  end  of  May.  I  append  a  rdsume  of  the  proceed- 
ings in  a  note.^^     The  prominent  matters  presented 

**  Feb.  10,  1840,  Ji  Tieno,  Castro,  Argiiello,  and  Gonzalez  were  present  and 
took  the  oath,  lleciuena  and  Carrillo  absent  on  account  of  sickness.  I'ico 
not  heard  from.  The  gov.  delivered  an  address  on  the  state  of  public  affiiii's. 
inider  the  following  heads;  police  and  municipal  regulations,  agriculture, 
commerce,  education,  administration  of  justice,  and  ways  and  means.  'It 
is  for  you  as  a  body  to  shower  the  most  abunilant  benefits  on  the  country  you 
represent,  reaping  as  tlie  fruit  of  your  tasks  tlie  eternal  gratitude  of  ita 
dearest  sons. ' 

Feb.  18tli-22d,  a  liefjlamento  para  el  (jobicrno  interior  de.  hi  Junta  Depnart- 
mental,  IS40  (variations  from  the  former  reglamento  given  in  Laj.  Her.,  M.S., 
iii.  OO-O),  was  fonned  by  a  committee  and  adopted.  Regular  sessions  were  to 
bo  held  from  Jan.  1st  to  June  30th  of  each  year,  on  Tuesdays  and  Fridays, 
The  junta  was  to  have  a  sec.  and  two  subordinates  at  §800,  .?.'500,  and  !?JUiJ. 
The  changes  in  detail  from  the  reglamento  of  18S4  (p.  2.'52  of  this  vol.)  were 
for  the  most  part  iniimportant.  Feb.  18th,  Arguello  was  made  temporary 
sec,  and  Feb.  22d  Pico  appeared  and  took  his  seat.  Feb.  25th,  proposi- 
tion on  tribunals  of  justice.  Committees  formed:  taxes  and  municipal  .nd- 
niinistration,  Pico;  education,  agriculture,  and  industries,  Castro  and  (ion- 
zalez;  commerce  and  constitutional  changes,  Argiiello.  (Feb.  27th,  various 
doc.  from  Mex.  submitted,  including  Alvarado 'a  appointment  as  gov.  p.  ill.) 
Feb.  2!)th,  excuses  of  Carrillo  and  Rcquena.  (Dr  Den's  certificate  of  Car- 
rillo's  illness,  p.  GG.)  March  3d,  9th,  10th,  13th,  tribunal  of  justice;  land 
grants;  excuses  of  Carrillo  and  Roipiena;  suplentes  to  bo  summoned;  Zeiinii 
Fernandez  chosen  as  sec.  March  18th,  question  of  the  capital.  Fcrnanduz 
sworn.  March  21st,  Gonzalez  asks  for  leave  of  absence  on  account  of  ilhicss, 
ago,  and  incapacity.  About  salary  of  vocales,  §1,000  per  year.  March  "Jlth, 
capital.  (March  2Gth,  Gonzalez's  excuses  not  accepted.  'Every  pulilic 
functionary  is  a  mark  for  the  shots  of  scandal.'  p.  82.)  March  27th,  20tli, 
31st,  lands,  capital.  (Salaries  to  date,  .872.").  p.  99.)  (April  Ist,  secret  ses- 
sion to  consiilcr  acts  of  Vallejo,  Pico,  and  Carrillo.  Gov.  authorized  to  arm 
the  civil  oiTicers,  as  elsewhere  related,  p.  G3-4,  O'J-78.)  April  3d,  l.iiid 
grants.  April  4th,  9th,  23d,  threatening  attitude  of  foreigners.  Graiiaia 
afiair.  (April  8th,  Jinieao's  report  on  coast  and  mi.ssiou  lands,  p.  00  -.) 
April  9th,  Jimeno's  report  passed  to  com.  April  2Sth,  prop,  to  forbid  distil- 
lation and  importation  of  licpiors  from  wheat,  corn,  and  barley,  as  being  in- 
jurious to  Californian  farmers.  C\istro  allowed  to  go  homo  to  attend  to  mat- 
ters left  pending  by  his  son  who  had  gone  to  Mexico  with  the  prisoiu  is, 
(.linicno's  land  report  approved  liy  com.,  also  prohibition  of  distilled  li(iuoisnii 
April  30th.  Salaries  for  month,  !i<,")00.  p.  79,  83,  87,  92,  90. )  iMay  1st,  huul  Lill 
approved.  May  ritli,  liijuor  bill  approved,  except  the  article  on  importation. 
Census.  May  8th,  census.  May  12th,  eleven  Ir.nd  grants  referred  to  ("ui. 
Census  bill.  Secretary's  salary  rai.sed  to  .S1,0(X).  May  l."ith,  census  bill. 
May  19th,  land  grants.  27  referred  and  11  others  approved.  May  '-'.'d, 
land  grants,  14  referred  and  27  approved.  May  20th,  29th,  30th,  10  grants 
approved.  (May  30th,  Alvarado  reported  perfect  tranquillity,  obtained  \nv- 
mi.ssion  to  leave  the  capitJil  if  neces.sary,  and  declared  tho  sessions  elt).«cil.  ]>. 
78.)     Let/,  liec,  MS.,  iii.  49-05,  with  additional  records  of  various  dates  n  it 


SESSIONS  OP  THE  JUNTA. 


G05 


for  tlic  consideration  of  the  junta,  and  requiring  fur- 
ther notice  here,  were  the  establishment  of  a  supreme 
court  and  a  settlement  of  disputes  respecting  the 
capital.  The  tribunal  de  justicia,  in  accordance  with 
tlie  law  of  May  23,  1837,  was  to  consist  of  four 
iniiiistros,  or  justices,  a  fiscal,  or  attorney,  and  a  sec- 
ictary.  The  places  were  filled  in  the  session  of 
^larch  10th  by  the  appointment  of  Juan  Malarin,  J. 
A.  Carrillo,  J.  A.  Estudillo,  and  A.  M.  Osio,  in  that 
order,  with  Juan  Bandini  as  fiscal  and  Mariano  Bo- 
nilla  as  secretary.  The  last  named  was  the  only  one 
who  had  any  legal  knowledge,  and  as  a  measure  of 
conciliation  the  south  was  given  a  majority  of  the 
niumbers.^"  The  tribunal  does  not  a[)pear  to  have 
assumed  its  duties  until  May  1842,  when  Bandini, 
declining  to  serve  as  fiscal,  was  succeeded  by  J.  M. 
Castauares,  and  Bonilla  as  secretary  by  Narciso 
l^otello. 

March  18tli  Jimeno  introduced  a  resolution  that 
the  junta  should  propose  ^lonterey  as  the  capital, 
with  the  title  of  citj',  and  that  it  be  regarded  so  pend- 
ing a  decision.  His  reasons  were  tlio  resolutions  of 
the  diputacion  in  183G;  the  fact  that  the  decree  mak- 
ing Angeles  the  capital  had  not  been  oflicially  received ; 
and  some  evidence  whicli  appeared  in  the  government 
journal  to  the  effect  that  Monterey  was  regarded  as 
tlie  capital  in  Mexico.     The  matter  was  referred  to 

in  oviler,  but  introfUiced  by  nic  iimlor  their  dates  in  parentheses  so  far  as 
tliiy  have  any  importance.  /'/.,  p.  OO-OO.  Ilartnell  was  paid  §30  per  month 
fill-  the  building  occupied  by  the  govt.  Dept.  lice,  MS.,  xi.  0.  Items  re- 
filling to  these  sessions  of  IS40,  in  J)c}it.  St.  Pap.,  Aiifjclen,  MS.,  xii.  43;  / '., 
Jl'ii.  Com.  ami  7'iran.,  iv.  40;  DiriiwUc^s  Colon.  Hid.  S.  Fran.,  add.,  70  "J. 
Ill  Oct.-Nov.,  Jimeno  was  again  acting  as  govei'nor  on  account  of  Alvarado's 
illness.  Lrfj.  I,W.,  MS.,  iii.  [)o;  Dcjit.  lice,  MS.,  xi.  24,  09;  Arch.  Arzoh., 
MS..  V.  pt'ii.  'JS. 

''" Mexico,  A  rrc<ilo  Prormoti"!  de  la  Adminixtracion  de  Jiinticia  23  de  Ma}jo, 
JS,I7,  in  ArriUa<j(i,  Jicrop.,  1S37,  p.  399.  Chap.  iii.  on  '  Tribunal cs  Supe 
liiiivsdo  los  ])epartamentos.'  p.  40S.  Also  decree  of  Jnly  15,  1834,  on  tho 
f^aine  subject,  in  Id.,  1839,  p.  17.'>,  being  tho  one  cited  inCaliforniaat  thetinieof 
till'  appointment,  as  per  JJcpt.  lire,  MS.,  xi.  Cm;  S.  D'leijo,  Arch.,  MS..  2.Vi. 
Action  of  tho  jmita  Feb.  2."itii  to  March  10th,  in  Laj.  lice,  iii.  r)7-8;  Vidhjo, 
I ><!'•.,  MS.,  xxxiii.  3S.  May  19,  1841,  niembera  cited  to  instal  tho  tribunal. 
I'.inilini  sent  excuses,  which  wire  accepted.  Narciso  Botello  appointed  secre- 
tary. Dept.  lice,  MS.,  xii.  44-0. 


■  ■    <v 


II 

li  1 

pij 

1 

1 1 

ll 

1 

60G 


ALVARADO'S  RULE-POLITICAL  EVENTS. 


ArgLiello  as  a  committee,  and  ho,  although  asoiitliorn 
man,  reported  in  favor  of  the  resokition,  dcclaiiu"- 
tliat  Monterey  from  its  position  should  be  the  capital, 
and  that  it  had  virtually  been  recognized  as  sucli  hv 
the  supreme  government.  Pico  insisted  on  obedioncu 
to  the  law  of  May  1835  making  Los  Angeles  tlio 
capital,  but  Argiiello  cited  the  later  law  of  JJeccinlxr 
30,  1836,  authorizing  the  government  to  designate  tlic 
capital  provisionally.  On  March  27th  the  resolatioii 
was  adopted,  Pico  protesting  in  violent  language 
against  this  action  as  illegal  and  outraofcous.  Don 
Pio  went  so  far  as  to  quit  the  hall  in  wrath,  for  which 
ho  was  officially  rebuked  and  fined  by  the  junta;  but 
the  fine  was  remitted  when  he  apologized  and  retract- 
ed his  protests. ^^ 

Finally,  the  conspiracy  of  Josd  Antonio  Carrillo 
demands  our  notice.  If  estimated  from  the  bull;  of 
the  record,  it  was  an  important  matter  indeed.  In 
August,  Joaquin  Poreira,  a  Portuguese,  revealed  to 
Judge  Olivera  of  Santa  Barbara  that  Carrillo  had 
proposed  to  him  to  join  in  an  attempt  to  seize  that 
place  by  surprise,  he  having  one  hundred  and  liftv 
men  already  enlisted  for  the  enterprise.  Macedonio 
Gonzalez  had  gone  to  the  southern  frontier  to  raise 
troops,  only  the  resolution  of  Cdrlos  Carrillo  being- 
awaited  to  begin  operations.  Pereira  ran  away  soon 
after  making  the  revelation ;  and,  so  far  as  I  can  de- 
termine from  the  mass  of  papers  before  me,  not  a 
particle  of  evidence  was  found  in  corroboration  of  his 
statement.  Yet  Carrillo  was  regarded  in  these  times 
with  much  suspicion  by  the  administration  at  j\[on- 
terey,  and  Prefect  Argiiello,  who  seems  to  have 
become  all  at  once  an  arribeno,  attached  some  impor- 
tance to  the  charges,  or  pretended  to  do  so.  A  com- 
plicated corrospondence  ensued;  Carrillo  was  arrested 

^^Leff.  liec,  MS.,  iii.  58-9,  C3-78,  81-2,  84-5.  Tlie  knowledge  of  foreign 
plots  (Graham  affair),  to  oppose  which  ho  would  sacrifice  his  life,  had  nuic  li  to 
do  with  his  apology;  so  he  said. 


THE  CARRILLO  CONSPIRACY. 


607 


and  taken  to  Monterey  to  be  released;  Gonzalez  was 
l)r()Ught  as  a  prisoner  to  Angeles,  and  perhaps  even 
sent  to  Sonoma;  and  finally,  in  May  of  the  next  year, 
tlio  Carrillos  were  officially  vindicated  from  all  accusa- 
tions, and  restored  to  'good  reputation  and  fame.'  It 
seems  unnecessary  to  notice  in  detail  the  documents 
in  the  case,  though  they  contain  much  that  is  amus- 
ing, if  not  very  instructive."^ 

5-  Over  50  communications  on  the  Carrillo-Gonzalez  conspiracy.  Dept.  St, 
Pap.,  MS.,  V.  20-44;  xviii.  02-3;  /(/.,  Avgcles,  i.  21-G,  .38;  iii.  19^0,  53,  57; 
xii.  3(J-7,  63;  Id.,  Ben.  Pre/.  i/JtiziJ.,  i.  13:  iv.  5;  vi.  73-7;  Depf.  L'ec,  MS., 
.\i.  21-3;  xiii.  33;  S.  J)iei/o,  Arch.,  MS.,  258,  285;  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  ix.  223; 
xxxiii.  13!);  Doc.  Hist.  CV(^.,  MS.,  iv.  1006;  Ilaye.-t,  Doc,  MS.,  130.  Carrillo'a 
triji  to  Monterey  .is  a  pri.soner  was  made  from  Sept.  27th  to  Oct.  7tli.  Oon- 
Kilez  was  a  sergeant  of  the  frontier  gairison  of  Lower  Cal.,  ami  vci-y  inflnca- 
ti:il  with  the  Indians.  lie  had  left  his  post  in  18.37  for  the  north,  Vidhjo, 
]h,c  llht.  Mex.,  MS.,  i.  74,  being  an  order  for  his  return,  a,nd  liiul  been  en- 
g;i;^cd  in  the  plots  of  Bandiiii  and  Zamorano,  According  to  Dipt.  St.  Pap., 
Aii'j.,  MS.,  xi.  125,  he  was  aaTcsted  auJ  sent  to  Sonoma  in  Deo.  1840. 


Ml! 

h  I 


lil 


'1 


CHAPTER  XXI. 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SAN  DIEGO  DISTRICT. 

1831-1840. 

Military  Commandakts — Decrease  and  Disappearance  of  the  Pi:esi- 
DiAL  Organization — Fout  and  Other  Buildings— Population— I'la- 
VATE  Hanciios— Summary  of  Events— Politics  and  Indian  Dkimu;- 
DATioNS — Treasure  on  the  Colorado — Civil  Government— Avinta- 
MiENTO — Criminal  Record— San  Diego  Mission — Padre  Mautin— 
Statistics — Secularization — Ortega  as  Administrator— San  Li  is 
Rey — Padre  Peyri — A  Prosperous  Mission — Slaughter  of  Cattle 
— Chronologic  Happenings — Pio  Pico  m  Charge — Hartnell's  In- 

VESTIOATION — MISSION   RaNCHOS — SaN  JuAN  CaPISTBANO— STATISTICAL 

View — Annals  of  Emancipation — Administration  of  the  AkhIk- 
LLos— The  Ex-neophyte  Pueblos  of  San  Juan,  San  Diequito,  Las 
Flores,  and  San  Pascual. 

Santiago  Arguello  was  captain  of  the  San  Diego 
presidial  company  until  1835,  when  he  retired  t'n)m 
the  service,  but  he  was  often  absent  from  his  post. 
Agustin  V.  Zamorano  was  appointed  captain  in  IH-i.), 
and  held  the  position  on  the  rolls  during  the  rest  of 
tlic  decade;  but  he  was  here  only  in  1837-8,  and  never 
assumed  command  of  the  company.  Captain  Pablo 
de  la  Portilla  was  nominally  commandant  of  the  post 
by  the  seniority  of  his  rank  whenever  present,  until 
he  left  California  in  1838.  Rodrigo  del  Pliego, 
always  absent,  was  on  the  rolls  as  lieutenant  until 
about  1838,  when  Josd  Antonio  Pico  was  raised  to 
that  rank.  The  company  alferez  was  Juan  Salazar 
until  he  was  ordered  to  the  north  in  1839,  Jose  A. 
Pico  also  holding  that  rank  apparently  from  about 
1834,  when  he  was  promoted  from  that  of  sergeant, 


MILITARY  COMPANY. 


609 


and  Andres  Pico  becoming  alferez  in  1839.  Salazar 
was  habilitado,  and  more  often  than  any  other  during 
the  decade  is  named  as  acting  commandant,  though 
every  other  officer  of  the  compan}''  held  the  command 
at  times.^ 

The  military  organization  was,  however,  but  a 
shadow  of  its  former  strength.  In  1830,  as  we  have 
seen,  the  total  force  was  about  120  men.  During  the 
tir.st  half  of  this  decade  the  presidial  cavalry  company 
shows  a  muster-roll  varying  from  35  to  25.  Six 
artillerymen  and  three  Mazatccos  are  mentioned  in 
1833;  nine  and  17  of  the  same  classes  in  183G.  In 
1S35,  of  the  27  soldiers  11  were  on  duty  at  the  presi- 
dio, 13  at  San  Gabriel,  and  one  at  San  Juan.  In 
liS37  the  troops  were  sent  north  in  the  sectional  dis- 
])utes,  and  never  returned  as  a  body.  From  that  date 
the  presidio  was  abandoned,  though  a  force  of  one 
soldier  is  reported  in  1831).  The  organization  had, 
however,  been  kept  up  at  San  Luis,  where  in  Septem- 
ber 183i)  the  remaining  eight  soldiers  quit  the  ser- 
vice to  save  themselves  from  starvation.  Pay-rolls 
of  the  company  show  a  theoretical  expenditure  of 
from  ,$800  to  $900  per  month,  never  paid.  It  appears 
that  a  sum  of  $500  was  sent  down  from  the  capital 
in  1833;  the  commandant  was  notified  in  1839  that 
thore  was  $1,000  in  the  treasury  for  his  company;  and 
]>resumably  the  men  did  not  live  without  occasional 
r.itions.  Military  correspondence  is  devoted  almost 
exclusively  to  complaints  of  destitution.^ 


'  For  presidio  annals  of  S.  Diego  in  U>21-.10,  see  vol.  ii.  p.  5,39  et  seq.  Tho 
scattered  urcliive  references  for  the  oliiciiil  list  as  j^'iven  al)ove  I  <lo  not  deem 
it  « m'tli  wiiile  to  present,  tiicy  being  more  ))uliiy  and  complicated  than  im- 
liiiitiiut.     Many  of  them  are  inchulcd  in  i.ote  '2. 

Siinliugo  E.  Argiiello  was  receptor  of  customs  in  1833-4;  and  was  anc- 
ccrdud  by  Martin  S.  Cabello  under  a  Mi'x.  appointment  of  July  22,  IS'A'.i. 
lie  was  re(|uired  to  give  bonds  for  .'?2,000.  Jh'pt.  SL  I'ap.,  Mont.,  MS.,  vii. 
."i;  /(/.,  Jiiii.  C  ct  T.,  iii.  21.  He  had  trouble  witii  the  local  authorities  in 
I'^.'lti,  and  the  place  was  held  for  a  time  by  Audri'S  Pico.  In  IS.'JT-S  liandini, 
I'i'  II,  and  Cab'jllo  are  named  confusedly  as  in  charge  of  the  revenues;  and  in 
l"'l>'.i-40  nothing  appears  on  t'"}  subject.  iS'.  I).  Arch.,  MS.,  ">,  41,  9o,  107, 
lis;  ])fpt.  Si.  I'ap.,  Cnst.-II       ..•J.,  iv.  1-4;  J/ai/'s,  Doc,  MS.,  8. 

''  May  17,  1832,  want  of  .osomves  prevents  the  organization  of  a  frontier 
Co.,  as  the  gov.  thinks.  Minister  Alaniau  urges  the  necessity.  Sup.  Govt  St, 
Ui8T.  Cal.,  Vol.  III.    3tf 


m'ii 


GIO 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SAN  DIEGO  DISTRICT. 


Of  the  presidio  buildings  nothing  is  known  cxoopt 
tliut  thoy  were  abandoned  in  ISJif)  or  a  little  eailicr, 
and  in  ruins  long  before  1840.  l*robal)ly  much  i.t' 
the  material  was  brought  down  to  build  the  littlo 
town  of  80  or  40  houses  that  had  sprung  u])  at  tho 
ioot  of  the  hill.  After  Castro's  raid  of  Christmas 
18o8,  earthworks  were  hastily  thrown  up  on  the  lid'^o 
for  the  town's  protection,  anil  a  cannon  was  bi-ouglit 
over  from  the  castillo.  This  Castillo,  or  fort,  at  Point 
(iuijarros,  liad  no  garrison  or  guard  after  183'),  if  it 
had  one  before.  An  investigation  in  1839  showed 
the  existence  of  nine  cannon,  two  of  them  servicL'- 
able,  with  50  canisters  of  grape  and  300  balls.  It 
was  intended  to  put  a  guard  in  charge  of  this  prop- 
erty, but  the  enterprise  failed;  and  in  January  184(), 
the  remnants  of  the  fort  and  ca-ni  iiuita  were  sold  to 
Juan  Machado  for  $40.  A  few  of  the  guns  wore 
perhaps  removed;  one  may  still  be  seen  at  San  Diego; 
and  the  rest,  after  being  spiked  by  an  American  cap- 
tain in  1842,  are  said  to  have  been  thrown  into  the 
bay  during  the  war  of  184G-7.^ 

J'np.,  MS.,  V.  7-8.  June  18.33,  coinisario  senda  .$")00  to  S.  D.  Bi'pt.  Sf.  Pup., 
Jii-ii,  V.  A  T.,  MS.,  ii.  8(i.  April  17,  ISIU,  Alf.  Sahizar  cannot  go  to  Mdiit. 
for  want  of  ii  shirt  fiml  jacket.  Has  only  a  poor  cloak  to  cover  the  f  iuiit- 
fiil  comlitioi)  of  his  trousers.  LL,  Ii.  M.,  Ixxix.  oo.  (Jov.  has  called  on  jircsi- 
(Iciit  and  iiadros  to  furnish  supplies,  hi.  Juno  18.15,  S.  I),  nuist  furnish  it:j 
(piota  of  artillery  militia.  Ln/.  Jiec,  MS.,  ii.  'J(J,S-5.  Oct.  18;>.'>,  li.-it  of  olh- 
cers  and  men  of  the  co.  and  their  whereabouts.  S.  1).  Arch.,  MS.,  .V).  I'Vh. 
Ttli,  ilocreo  reestablishing  the  local  militia.  Id.,  S'2-',i.  Aug.  IS.'JO,  com.  suc- 
I'eeds  in  l)orro\ving  three  guns  for  his  troops.  Id.,  122.  ISIf!),  plenty  of  orn 
and  wheat  at  the  mission,  but  nothing  else,  i'allcjo.  Doc,  ^IS.,  vii.  .'il.']  1 1. 
I'our  lire-arins  and  pikes  borrowed.  Id.,'l\',\.  Final  di.sl)andment  at  S,  Luis, 
and  complaints  of  I'ico.  /i/.,  viii.  09-70.  Only  one  soldier  at  S.  0.;  therclmo 
the  juez  de  paz  cannot  execute  the  prefect's  oi'ders.  S.  D.  Arch.,  MS..  I'.W. 
July,  81,000  ready  for  the  co.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  lien.,  MS.,  iii.  102.  For  nius- 
toi'-iolls,  pay-rolls,  names  of  company  otUccrs,  etc.,  anil  com))laint9  of  dc-i- 
titution,  see  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  Ii.  J/.,  MS.,  Ixii.  ;{0;  Ixxiv.  4.5;  Ixxv.  5,  10  12; 
Ixxvii.  14,  20;  Ixxviii.  2,  4;  Ixxix.  2:J-4,  40,  54,  82;  Ixxx.  2(i;  Ixxxi.  ;),  i:», 
2!),  ;r>;  Ixxii.  1,  28,  l»4;  Ixxiv.  4;  l>rpt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  1,  8-10;  iv.  2,  4;  St. 
Pap.,  Sue,  MS.,  iii.  35,  37,  117;  x.  4;  xii.  0;  xiii.  10;  xiv.  10-20.  43;  l>c]il. 
Itcc,  :M8.,  ix.  47;  S.  D.  Arch.,  MS.,  30,  82,  158,  ISO;  Id.  Index,  33;  /^^v"^ 
]>oc.,  MS.,  12,  13,  in,  28;  Vathjo,  Doc.,  MS.,  i.  2a3;  iii.  170;  iv.  315;  \  i.  7, 
24-5,  OO-l,  204;  vii.  103-5,  312;  viii.  253. 

Not  a  building  of  the  presidio  left  in  1839;  all  in  ruins.  Vallcjo,  Doc, 
MS.,  vii.  8;  viii.  23-4.  It  was  therefore  neces.sary  to  buy  a  house  in  town  for 
a  proposed  garrison.  Tlie  earthwork  on  Stockton  Hill  mentioned  in  //»(//<-.•(* 
Em.  Notes,  3o4;  Id.  Mhrel.,  41;  .S'.  D.  Union.  June  20,  1876.  On  what  be- 
came of  the  guns,  Romero,  Mem.,  MS.,  3.     Photograph  of  one  of  the  guua 


DECREASE  OF  POPULATION. 


611 


The  population  of  the  district,  not  including  noo- 
])hyte  and  gentile  natives,  has  been  given  as  520  in 
1830.*  There  are  absolutely  no  statistics  for  this 
decade.  There  was  probably  a  small  decrease  in  the 
first  half,  and  subsequently  a  very  large  one,  caused 
by  the  scattering  of  the  luilitai-y  force  and  bv  t)io 
depredations  of  Indians  at  the  ranches.  Bandiiii, 
without  giving  figures,  states  that  the  depopulation 
Avas  very  rapid  after  183G.®  As  an  estimate,  I  jtiit 
the  population  in  1840  at  150,  the  smallest  figure  for 
more  than  half  a  century.  The  number  of  foreigners 
was  nine  in  183G,  and  ten  In  1840,  three  of  them  hav- 
ing families,*'  The  neophyte  population  of  the  three 
missions,  5,200  in  1830,  had  decreased  to  5,000  in 
1834.  After  the  secularization  there  are  no  definite 
statistics,  but  tliere  are  indications  that  in  1840  the 
ox-neophytes  whose  whereabouts  were  known,  at  the 
missions,  in  the  pueblos,  and  in  private  service,  may 
liave  been  2,250.  Of  gentiles  and  fugitives,  as  in  other 
periods,  the  number  cannot  be  given.  I  append  a  note 
on  the  ranches  occupied  by  private  citizens  during 
this  period.''     Most  of  them  had  to  be  abandoned  at 

in  the  plaza  at  Old  Town,  with  inscription,  El  Jupiter.  Violati/iiimina  jrfiix. 
Carolns  fertititi,  etc.  Manila.  Alio  de  17SJ,  in  Ilai/eH^  Em.  JVoti'x,  5  JU-"J.  J!e- 
portson  the  castillo anil  guns  in  1839.  Vullcjo,  JJoc,  MS.,  vi.  "iiii);  viii.  'Jl,  'JiU; 
-Nxv.  '204.  Apiil  lS;i'.l,  alcalde  says  Iio  has  never  received  any  u  un'tions  or 
iii'tillery,  but  will  have  a  searcii  made.  .S'.  D.  Arch.,  MS.,  'J'J!,  S-.lo  of  the 
Castillo  to  Macliado.  Ifai/en'  Em.  Xotei,  494;  Id.  Do<,.,  Ho.  iiii)?-  1S:!."», 
mention  of  a  contribution,  plans,  etc.,  for  buihling  a  church  and  casa  consis- 
torial.  iS'.  1).  .Irch.,  MS.,  SO.  May  1837,  I'adre  Duran  autlioii/es  tlie  alciiMe 
to  iiolect  a  building  for  a  chapel  and  to  fence  in  a  c.inipo  santo.  Jfai/r-i'  J/i-.<. 
/.'. ,  411.  I)ouglas,  Journal,  M.S.,  88,  describes  S.  D.  as  a  town  of  50  liou-scs 
in  IS40;  estimated  exports,  .§10,000. 

'  See  vol.  ii.,  p.  544  of  this  work. 

^  Jiandini,  Hid.  ('al.,  MS.,  8.  In  1S39  the  number  of  votes  cast  for  clco- 
tiir.-!  was  31.  S.  D.  Judex,  MS.,  53. 

'^St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  xii.  15;  Dppt.  St.  Pup.,  Anrj.,  MS.,  iii.  ,']9. 

'  .San  Diego  ranchos  in  1831-40,  according  to  land  commission  .and  district 
court  lists  in  Iloffmau'n  Re)iort>>,  list  for  1830  in  S.  ]).  Ar<'h.,  M.S.,  110,  and 
other  authorities.  Those  marked  with  a  *  were  linally  njccted  by  the  I,.  C. 
or  U.  S.  courts.  Agua  Caliente,  granted  in  1840  to  Jose  A.  i'ico;  chiiniaut 
under  a  later  grant,  J.  J.  Warner.  Cucros  de  Venado,  owned  by  J.  M.  M:ir- 
ron  in  1830;  not  presented  to  the  L.  C.  under  this  namn.  Jamuchii,  granted 
in  1840  to  Apolinaria  Lorenzana,  who  had  asked  for  it  and  obtained  tin;  ncces- 
.sary  certificates  fron'  the  padres  in  1833-4.  Cayetano  (Jaic.-in  was  in  charge 
bS.iO.  Lorenzana  cliimant  before  L.  C  Mamvd,  granted  to  I'io  I'ico  in 
Is31.     Andrea  Pico  in  charge  1830.     Pio  Pico  claimant  before  L.  C.     Jeus, 


612 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SAN  DIEGO  DISTRICT. 


one  time  or  another  on  account  of  Indian  depreda- 
tions. The  inhabitants  of  the  town  still  pastiiicd 
their  cattle  and  raised  crops,  as  they  had  done  bufon', 
on  lands  regarded  as  common.  The  cultivated  fields 
M'ere  chiefly  in  Soledad  Valley,  where  the  cultiva- 
tors built  enramadas  for  temporary  residence.  They 
claimed  no  property  in  the  land,  but  he  who  tilUd  a 
field  one  year  acquired  a  respected  right  to  do  so  tlic 
next.  The  town  lots  had  been  at  first  assigned  by 
the  military  commandant;  and  the  first  written  titli; 
from  the  alcalde  is  said  to  have  been  that  given  to 
Tomasa  Alvarado  in  1838. 

Events  at  San  Dieo-o  during  this  decade,  as  iu 
most  others,  were  neither  numerous,  important,  nor 

owned  hy  M.  I.  Lopez  in  1836.  Not  before  the  L.  C.  *Melyo,  grantcil  in 
l!S33  to  Santiago  K.  Argiiello,  who  was  the  claimant  before  L.  C.  Ninioii, 
not  yet  granted  to  private  ownership.  J.  A.  Kstudillo  in  charge  183(5.  Otiiy, 
graiitiil  in  1820  to  Jos(5  A.  Kstudillo,  whoso  heirs,  Victoria  Doininguez  et  nl., 
were  chiiniaut'i  before  L.  C.  Sant.  E.  Argiiello  in  charge  1830.  I'agu.n, 
granted  Sept.  7,  1839,  and  confirmed  May  22,  1840,  to  Rosario  Agnilnr.  Imt 
refused  by  the  grantee.  Ihujoi'  Km.  Notv!*,  488.  Penas(iuito.s,  grantcil  iu 
1823  and  again  in  1834  to  F.  M.  Ruiz  and  F.  M.  Alvarado,  the  latter  \iv\uj. 
owner  and  oecnpant  in  18.36  and  later  clainiiint  l)oforc  L.  C.  Rusmin, 
mentioned  in  1828;  in  charge  of  Manuel  Miichado  18.30;  not  before  the  i^.  ('. 
under  this  name.  Sivn  Antonio  Abad,  mentioned  in  1828;  Sant.  E.  ArLjiiflln 
in  charge  18.36;  not  before  the  L.  C.  San  Dieguito,  granted  provisionally  to 
Silva  family  1831.  Dfiit.  Rue,  MS.,  ix.  97.  Granted  in  part,  1840  or  Isti, 
to  .1  nan  M.  Osuna,  who  is  named  as  owner  in  1830,  and  whoso  heir  was  cl.iiiu- 
!tnt  before  L.  C.  San  Isidro,  mentioned  in  1828;  owned  and  occupied  liy 
.Ios(^  Lopez  in  1830;  not  before  the  L.  C.  Secuan,  Juan  Lopez  'solicitante'  in 
1830;  not  before  L.  C. ;  probably  in  Lower  Gal.  *Soledad,  regarded  .is  -a 
jiait  of  tiie  town  commons  and  form.ally  made  such  in  18.39.  Granted  l>y 
Gov.  Carrillo  in  1838  to  Fran.  M.  Alvarado;  claimant  before  L.  C.  Cave  .1. 
C'outts.  San  .losii  del  Valle,  granted  in  1830  to  Silvestre  de  la  Pcrtillu,  w  Im 
was  also  the  cl.aimant  before  L.  C.  In  charge  of  Francisco  Villa  1836.  ^Trin- 
uscal,  occupied  by  Leandro  Serrano  in  1828  and  owned  by  him  in  In.'!!!. 
Granteil  by  Gov.  Echcandia,  no  date  given.  Claimants,  Josefa  ^lontalva  ct 
al.  *Tenn''cula,  granted  to  .J.  A.  Estutlillo  in  183.1;  claimants  before  L.  C. 
V.  D.  Estudillo  et  al.  Granted  provisiouiilly  to  AndriSs  and  Rio  I'ico,  June 
2,  1840.  St.  Pap.  Miss.,  MS.,  x.  4.  Tecate,  owned  and  occupied  by.Iii.ui 
Ikmdini  in  1836.  Not  before  L.  C.  (Bandini  was  driven  out  by  Indians,  :iui\ 
iu  18.38  ol)tained  a  grant  of  .lurupa  fartlier  north.)  Tia  Juana,  on  the  fnv.i- 
tier,  granted  to  Santiago  Argiiello  in  1829.  Aban<loned  for  a  time  on  ac- 
count of  Ind.  raids.  Vallecitos,  granted  to  Josd  M.  Alvarado  in  1840;  L. 
Soto  claimant  before  L.  C. 

Feb.  'y,  1835,  Com.  Argiiello  turns  over  to  alcalde  papers  relating  to  np- 
plications  of  soldiers  for  lands,  as  being  no  longer  within  his  powers.  .S'.  /'. 
Arrh.,  MS.,  Jan.  12,  183,").  .loarj.  Carrillo  petitions  the  alcalde  for  a  grant 
of  the  mission  lands,  since  S.  D.  is  no  longer  a  presidio,  but  a  pueblo.  /'/. ,  .'>-'. 
Information  on  the  general  subject  of  lands  and  town  lots,  llayen''  Em.  yvds, 
4S0. 


SUMMARY  OF  EVENTS. 


613 


exciting.  A  chronological  suniinary  is  appended,  con- 
sisting of  references  to  items  of  political  and  military 
allairs  as  given  in  other  chapters,  interspersed  witli 
such  other  petty  happenings  as  seem  worthy  of  briut 
notice.^     This  little  connnunity  was  intensely  [)atii- 

'  Chronological  auinniary  of  S.  Diego  ovents,  1831.  Revolt  against  Okv. 
Xii'tipfia,  Nov.-Dec.  Sec  p.  •200-4,  210,  this  vol.  Arrival  of  Jackaon'M  trading 
jiaity  from  ISta  Fu  in  Nov.  lil.,  .S87. 

18.T2.  Meetings  of  olliuiaU  ami  of  the  diimtacion,  March-May,  and  posi- 
tiiin  of  the  Dieguinos  in  tliu  Htruggle  ugainat  Zanioruno  and  tlie  plan  of  Mon- 
ttiey.    Id.,  -JU.-)  !). 

KS;J3.  Departure  of  Ex-gov.  Echeandia  in  May,  LI.,  '244.  Petition  of 
tliL'  inliab.  fur  an  ayiintaniiento.  /'/. ,  •240.  Vi.sit  of  (jov.  Figueroa,  .(uly. 
hi,  '247.  Feara  of  an  attack  from  tlie  Indians,  neopliytos,  and  gentilea  eoin- 
hiiicd,  witli  rnmora  of  political  designs,  Ringleader.s  arrested.  Id.,  3.VS-0. 
I'l.indini  in  congress  tries  to  have  the  post  of  S.  Diego  opened  to  foreign  trade. 
/./. ,  .'WO.  Marcli  ■2(ith,  a  soldier  under  arrest  was  forcil)ly  released  hy  a  cor- 
]i(iial  and  7  privates,  all  belonging  to  the  L.  Cal.  forces.  Diiit.  St.  I'd/).,  />'. 
M.,  MS  ,  Ixxix.  9.  Nov.  l'2th,  a  fall  of  meteors  alarmed  tho  people,  and 
sent  them  in  iiaste  to  tiio  church.  It  also  broke  up  an  interesting  game  of 
numte.  Ez/jiifr,  Mem.,  MS..  3. 

1834.  Arrival  of  the  A'ataUn,  Sept.,  with  part  of  the  Hi'jar  and  Padr  s 
ciilony.  p.  '2(J7  of  tliis  vol.  liamlini  as  inspector  of  customs,  and  liis  smug- 
^'iing  operations.  Id.,  p.  .371.  Nov.,  according  to  tiie  reglamento,  S.  Diego 
jiiul  S.  Dieguito  formed  a  parisli  of  tiio  1st  class,  salary  .s I,, 'jOO.  /(/. ,  347  8. 
Xi)V.-Dec.,  robberies  by  Indians  of  fre(juent  occurrence.  Tnu  com.  gon.  w  ill 
'  t:ike  steps,' but  meanwliile  Capt.  I'ortdia  is  to  make  a  nalidii  asking  tiu) 
iiU'aUU!  for  volunteers.  /layci'  j\Iin.i.  Hook,  '221,  ■224-,').  Dec.  KStii,  '21st, 
ilrction  of  an  ivyuntamiento  for  the  next  year,  as  recorded  elsewhere  in  this 
(.liap. 

18.35.  First  ayunt.  in  session  attending  to  municipal  affairs.  S.  Diego  in 
behalf  of  Estuilillo  opposes  Castro  iis  gcfe  politico.  This  vol.,  '209-300.  \'isifc 
(It  Iv.  II.  Dana.  Two  Yearn  before  the.  Mn,it.  Feb.  11th,  Gov.  Figueroa  writes 
t'p  alcaUle  about  a  school,  for  wiiich  it  seems  the  people  had  ottered  to  pay. 
Ihnji'.i'  Doc,  MS.,  17.  Feb.  4tli,  effort  to  organize  an  expedition  against  the 
Cahiiillas  wiio  are  threatening  Sta  Isabel.  Id.,'S7.  Large  force  of  geutiles 
Slid  to  bo  threatening  ,S.  Luis  Rey.  Arms  to  be  collected  and  funds  raised 
liy  contribution.  Lou  Amj.  Arrh  ,  MS.,  iv.  loO-l.  April,  cxaminatiitn  of 
liiil.  accused  of  having  plotted  to  seize  Gov.'  Figueroa  at  S.  Luis,     This  vol., 

183G.  Vague  rumors  of  revolutionary  troubles.  Bandini's  plan  for  a  gcn- 
(■i;d  assembly  to  save  the  country,  and  assurances  of  S.  Diegun  loyalty.  This 
Vol.,  419-'20.  May '20tii,  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  new  Mex.  constitution. 
II.,  423.  Oct.  9th,  IGth,  primary  and  secondary  election.  Andres  I'ico 
sent  to  Monterey  as  partido  elector.  /(/.,  440.  S.  IJiego  to  l)e  a  part  of  tlic 
'2'1  or  southern  district,  that  of  Los  .A.ngelcs,  according  to  Aivarado's  i)lan. 
III.,  475.  News  of  Alvarado'a  revolution  or  the  plan  of  Mont^u'ey;  S.  Diego 
li)val  to  Mexico;  acts  of  the  .ayunt.,  tlie  people,  and  of  Handini  in  Nov. Doc. 
/'/.,  481-5.  Tlie  existence  of  iiiddeu  treasure  at  the  ruined  missions  on  tlie 
Colorado  was  reported  by  Indians;  or  at  least  their  stories  about  ccrttiin  coins 
ill  their  possession  gave  rise  to  a  belief  in  such  treasure.  Tlie  foreigners 
Tlios  Russell  and  Peter  Weldon  were  leading  spirits  in  the  matter;  the  al- 
c:ililc  was  an  interested  party;  and  Receptor  Cabello  made  a  formal  demand 
for  the  treasure  in  behalf  of  the  national  treasury!  A  party  actually  went 
to  make  the  search,  finding  nothing;  and  the  matter  was  investigated  by  tlie 
ayuntamiento,  Russell  and  Weldon  being  arrested.  This  matter  furnislied  a 
subject  for  comment  from  Feb.  to  July.  i'.  £>,  Arch,,  MS.,  95-6,  108,  114; 


■I:         .'I  ■    P'.t'|n' 


614 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SAN  DIKCiO  DliSTlJiCT, 


otic,  fully  iinljiicd  in  tlioso  times  with  politico-iiiilitarv 
Z(>ul  under  the  Icjulership  of  her  prominent  citizens 
Uandini,  Pico,  and  the  rest.  In  18(51  she  began  Ukj 
fir.st  revolution  against  Mexican  authority,  that  ex- 
pelled Governor  Victoria,  and  should  have  made 
Pio  Pico  a  San  Diegau  governor.  But  in  183G  j^he 
developed  intense  loyalty  to  Mexico,  in  opjwsitioii  to 
Alvarado's  revolutionary   plan;   and    both  then  and 

Id  Indi'X,  24;  Almnulo,  Hint.  Cat,,  MS.,  iii.  65-G.  Iiidiun  dcprediitioin, 
cliiotiy  in  Jan. -March,  with  rffcrciicc  to  authorities  for  many  but  confii.^til 
details.  Tliia  vol.,  G7-8. 

18117.  I'ort  open  to  eousting  trade  only  by  dccreo  of  Feb,  17th.  Vol.  iv., 
84.  Knthimiasni  of  S.  Diego  against  Alvarado.  Troops  sent  north  too  L.te. 
Tiiis  vol.,  485,  494-5,  505.  Arrest  of  iniiuieipal  officers  by  AlvarailoV  agents, 
aiul  jiartial  conversion  of  the  ayiint.  in  April.  !</.,  508.  Plots  of  IJamliiii, 
Portiila,  and  Zaiiiorano.  S.  Diegans  march  north  nnd  capture  Lou  An'relcd 
in  May.  /</.,  515-'J1.  Oath  to  tlio  central  constitution  June  litli.  S.  l/icro 
Buppoits  Gov.  Carrillo,  Dec.  /</.,  540,  Depredations  of  Indiau-i  on  tiio  fiou- 
tier.  Ilanchos  destroyed  and  the  town  thrcateju'd.  Kxpeditiuns  by  citizmn 
and  by  the  troops  enlisted  to  oppose  Alvarado.  Jd.,  08-U.  Tiiu  hostile  baml') 
included  fugitive  neophytes,  rancho  emjiloyi's,  and  savages  from  tl;c  iMiLrior. 
rlaudio  was  a  leader.  Leiva,  Jlolina,  (,'amacho,  and  another  were  killed  ut 
Jamul.  Tia  J  nana,  Tecato,  and  most  ■•  '  the  frontier  ranchos  were  jdundercd. 
There  was  an  absurd  tendency  to  comic  t,  for  political  eli'cct,  the  iKwtiiity  of 
tlio  Jiidians  with  the  ])lan  of  Monterey;  and  there  were  some  controversies 
between  civil  and  militaiy  authorities  as  to  the  methods  of  conducting  tlie 
tlcfcncc.     This  year's  ayunt.  was  the  last  elected. 

1S;J8.  Jan.,  (iov.  Carrillo's  decree  establishing  the  custom-house  at  S.  ]>. 
This  vol.,  545.  Fci). ,  force  of  citizens  under  I'io  Pico  sent  to  Los  Angelei. 
/'/.,  548.  April,  Carrillo  defeated,  retires  to  S.  D. ;  new  j'lrcparalions, 
Tobar'a  arrival,  and  campaign  of  Las  Flores.  Jd.,  55(J  et  seq.  June,  S.  I). 
Btill  refuses  to  recognize  Ah ai-ado.  /(/.,  5t>S-l).  Same  in  Wept.;  but  (lu-iillo 
at  S.  Luis  submits.  Id.,  57--.'l.  More  political  trouble  in  Dec.;  Castro's  raid 
at  Christmas  and  arrest  of  tlio  Carrillos  and  Picos.  /(/.,  577-8.  A  iieavy 
Btorm  of  rain  and  snow  in  Dec.  was  very  destructive  to  sheep.  >SV.  Pap.  .!//.«., 
MS.,  ix.  'M.  No  depredations  by  Indians  '.ais  year;  but  in  April  and  Sept. 
there  was  some  correspondence  on  precautious  and  suspicious  movements  of 
the  natives.  S.  Jj.  Arch.,  ^18.,  'J04;  tit.  I'ap.  Mlxs.  and  (.'oloii.,  MS.,  ii.  .'iSS. 

lS.'iO-40.  The  Indians  of  the  frontier  were  still  on  the  war-path,  csiiceially 
in  In;;!),  and  few  if  any  of  the  ranchos  escaped  plunder,  most  of  them  being 
entirely  abandoned  at  diircrent  times.  So  far  as  can  be  judged  from  the 
records,  nothing  eilectual  was  done  by  either  local  or  territorial  authorities  to 
punish  the  marauders,  though  there  was  no  lack  of  complaints  and  promises 
cud  plans.  See  this  vol.,  09-70.  Details  arc  too  bulky  for  separate  repro- 
duction, and  when  combined  give  no  satisfactory  result.  In  March  l^;!!( 
an  election  was  held  under  the  new  laws.  Fitch  presiding;  and  Andres  Pico 
and  J.  A.  Estudillo  were  sent  as  electors  to  Los  Angeles  to  vote  for  congress- 
man and  members  of  the  junta.  <S'.  U.  Airli.,  ilS.,  'J±J.  In  Oct.,  Ijclclier, 
the  English  explorer,  visited  the  poit  and  remained  live  days,  but  ho  gives 
very  slight  description  of  the  iilacc.  BcMicr'a  Xarr.,  i.  .325  et  seq.  lu  ISID 
several  foreigners  were  arrested  to  be  exiled  with  (Iraham  to  S.  Ijkus.  luit 
littiO  is  known  of  particulars.  This  vol.,  14-1."),  24,  .30-1.  J.  15.  Leamlrys 
visit  to  S,  D.  on  tliis  business  with  orders  from  the  prefect.  S.  I).  Aixh..  MS., 
254.  Romero,  Mem.,  MS.,  5,  thinks  it  was  in  1840  that  the  last  chamiel 
between  the  river  and  False  Bay  was  closed  by  a  ilood. 


DKritKDATlONS  OF  INDIANS, 


013 


ill  tlio  sectiotinl  stril'i-  )t'  1H;57-8  her  favorite  sinis 
fctru^'^lcd  valiantly  l»y  woiil  of  mouth  and  pen  in 
HUl)[>ort  of  Cailo.s  Carrillo  and  Houthein  inlerests. 
Some  Dicj^uino  force.s  even  took  part  in  the  hloodless 
(•ainpai<^nin<^;  their  town  was  more  than  onee  invatled 
hy  the  northern  foe;  and  prominent  citizens  were  made 
ciiptivoH.  Next  to  political  excitements,  and  often 
far  surjjassing  them,  were  tiioso  aiisini,?  i'roni  depred.i- 
1  ions  of  hostile  Indians,  especially  in  18;}()-7  and  l.s;;;). 
.\uain  and  aiiiiin  the  frontier  ranchos  weik3  i)liindered 
luitil  most  of  them  had  to  be  abandoned;  and  the 
town  itsel''  was  often  thought  to  be  in  danger,  wiih 
neither  soldiers,  arms,  nor  sui)plles  for  elfectual  de- 
leiicc.  A  search  for  hidden  treasure  on  the  Colorado 
was  a  local  topic  of  comment  in  18;i(5;  popular  elec- 
tions of  municipal  rulers  were  held  for  three  years; 
ciiniplaints  of  hard  times  and  various  pressing?  needs 
v/ero  always  in  order;  petty  controversies  between 
l(jf;al  oflicials  furnished  occasional  opportunity  for  c(»n- 
Huming  the  small  supply  of  paper  and  ink;  and  for 
the  rest  the  people  must  content  themselves  with 
their  social  diversions,  with  waiting  for  news  of  north- 
ern complications,  and  the  anchoring  in  their  bay  of 
the  trading  craft  that  came  not  infrequently  to  carry 
away  their  little  store  of  hides  and  tallow. 

Civil  Government  in  San  Diego,  as  distinct  from 
the  military  rule,  began  with  the  installation  of  the 
iirst  ayuntamiento  in  1835.  This  town  council,  con- 
sisting of  alcalde,  two  regidores,  and  a  sindico,  was 
elected  in  Decend)er  of  each  year  to  serve  during  the 
next  year.     I  append  the  official  list  for  the  decade." 

'  Ayuntamiunto  of  S.  Diego  elected  Dec.  21,  1834,  to  servo  diirinq  the  year 
]S;'i,5:  alcalde,  Juan  Miin'a  Osiuui;  regidores,  Juan  15.  Alvaradoand  Juaii  Mai'Ui 
Marion;  sindico,  Ilcnry  1).  Fitch;  sec  ,  appointed  at  $20  per  montii,  soon  ro- 
diici-d  to  §15,  Jos6  jM.  Mier  y  Teran;  jiinccs  del  canipo,  Bonifacio  Lopez,  ap- 
pointed hy  ayunt.,  Jan.,  Matias  Olivas  in  Aug.  At  the  election  13  electors 
Voted,  and  Pio  Pico  got  two  votes  for  alcalde.  S.  J).  Arc/i.,  M.S.,  2(i-ll.  Tlie 
iuhab.  on  Sept.  22d  bad  petitioned  the  govt  to  give  thcni  an  ayunt.  in  accord- 
iinco  with  the  laws.  Ley.  Tier.,  M.S.,  ii.  234-41.  Fran.  Basualdo  was  at  iirat 
appointed  sec.,  but  not  approved  bj'  the  assembly,  being  a  military  man. 

183G:  alcalde,  Santiago  Argiiello;  regidores,  Juaii  Maria  Alarron  and 
Manuel  Machado;  sfndico,  Jesus  Moreno;  sec,  Domingo  Aumo;  juccea  de 


610 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SAN  DIEGO  DISTRICT. 


n 


The  alcalde  had  jurisdiction  over  the  whole  district, 
appointing  the  administrators  of  missions  and  ownc  rs 
of  ranches  to  serve  as  subordinates,  or  comisarios  de 
policia.  For  three  years  only,  1835-7,  the  ayuiita- 
niientos  were  continued,  and  then  the  alcalde's  place 
was  filled  by  a  juez  de  paz  appointed  by  the  governor 
each  year  in  1838-40.  The  change  was  made  because 
the  population  was  less  than  that  required  for  a  legal 
ayuntamionto;  and  from  January  1838,  San  IJiego 
was  ordered  to  recognize  Los  Angeles  as  cabecera  do 
partido.  Details  of  municipal  affairs,  meagrely  re- 
corded, are  more  important  as  illustrating  the  system 
than  as  part  of  local  annals;  but  I  give  a  few  items 
in  a  note.^"     From  1831)  this  district  formed  part  (jf 

canipo,  Aiulrt^s  Ibarra  and  Ignacio  Lopez;  juez  do  policia,  Juau  ]i.  Corona  (?;; 
comisarioH  depolicfa,  Jose  Corona,  Ksciilano Olivas,  Juan  J5.  Alvarado,  llciiry 
D.  Fitch,  and  as  substitutes,  Fran,  lluiz,  Andres  Iljarra,  Matias  Olivas,  Ra- 
mon Osuna,  and  tlio  administrators  of  missions  and  proprietors  or  ovei .scti-.i 
of  all  ranclios  in  the  district.  At  the  election  of  ayuut.  Andres  "ico  got  .j 
votes  and  Argiiello  (i.  S.  D.  Arch.,  MS.,  03;  llaijea.  Doc,  M.S.,  ,'U.  'I'lic 
socrotai'y's  salary  was  still  a  matter  of  contention,  but  was  not  raised  tioiu 
§15.  Mier  y  Tcran  served  in  tiio  early  part  of  the  j'car,  but  was  removed  lor 
various  faults,  and  in  return  made  charges  against  the  alcalde.  S.  D.  Arcli., 
MS.,  GO.  The  "2d  regidor  was  elected  for  two  years,  so  that  Marrou  li'  Id 
over.  The  alcalde  found  fault  with  the  sindico  as  an  unruly  and  daiigcious 
man.  Id.,  98. 

1S.37:  alcalde,  .Jos6  Antonio  Estudillo;  regidorea,  Francisco  M.  Alvarado 
and  Francisco  Ituiz;  sindico,  .Tosi;  M.  Mier  y  Teran;  sec,  Domingo  Amao, 
Ko  other  oUicials  named.  Klectica  of  Dec.  18,  lS.'5(i,  in  .S'.  J).  Anh.,  MS., 
1-14.  Machado  should  have  held  over  as  1st  regidor,  but  declined  to  scivo 
on  account  of  bad  health. 

18o8:  no  ay untamiento  as  per  governor's  order  of  Dec.  9,  IS.'J?.  /'A,  !!(<). 
Juez  de  paz,  Josii  A.  I'^^tudillo;  sec,  Jose  F.  Alvarez.  No  election.  Estu- 
dillo held  the  oiiicoat  first  temporarily  as  '  encargardo,'and  then  perinancutly 
by  the  governor's  appointment.  Fitch  acted  at  E.'s  reriuest  in  .luuc.  /•/., 
300.  Sec  Amiio  having  run  away,  Governor  Carrillo  appoiutetl  Mvare/,  iu 
.March,   hi.,  ]<)o-(i. 

18;ii):  juez  de  paz,  .Tuan  M.  Osuna;  2d  juez,  or  suplcnte,  .Tuan  M.  .M:;!:ii:,. 
No  sec.  named.  O.suna  was  elected  by  the  people  on  Jan.  1st  to  .siiccecil 
Estudillo  at  the  latter's  reipie;  t. 

ISIO:  juez  de  paz,  .luau  M.  Osuna;  suplente,  Juau  M.  Marron;  treasurer 
(depositario  de  fondos  pi'opios),  J.  A.  Estudillo  to  April,  Francisco  M.  Aha- 
rado  from  May.  Fitch  and  .1.  M.  Alvarado  had  been  appointeil  ju.stiees  of 
tiie  peace  liy  the  prefect  in  Dec.  1839  for  1840;  but  in  .Jan.  the  gov  lestoied 
those  of  the  preceding  year.  Jlaifff,  Doc,  MS.,  10'2-"J0.  The  prefect  had 
made  the  appc  .tmcnt  on  the  nomination  of  the  justices,  as  there  was  no 
8ul)-prefect  to  propose  candidates.  Perhaps  the  governor's  act  \^a^'  tomi'lod 
on  this  irregularity.  Fitch  took  the  oath  of  otlice  and  began  to  act.  .\lva- 
rado  declined  to  take  the  oath  because  he  could  not  write.  S.  D.  Arch.,  MS., 
249.  The  secretary's  sakry  was  now  IJIO.  Dcpt.  SI.  Pap.,  Ami.  Pre/',  y  .Ji.r.i. , 
MS.,  iii.  48. 

'"  Many  ccmmuuicationa  received  by  the  alcalde  from  the  govt  and  by 


MUNICIPAL  AFFAIRS, 


617 


ITOU    ll'  111 

liiiigcrou.s 

Alvarailo 

,t(()  Aiuao. 

<h.,  MS., 

to  sei'vu 

1)11.     Kstii- 
iiiaiu'Mtly 

11110.     /'/. , 

Mvanv,  in 
M;;!-n:.. 

.SUCI'OCll 

trcasiin  r 

M.  Alva- 

il.stiuo.s  iif 

ivstnlcil 

vfuct   lliul 

^vlls  no 

loiiii'k'il 

■t.     Alv.i- 

.■h.,  MS., 

I'.  II  .Jir.,1., 

t  and  by 


tlio  third  prefecture  and  of  the  Los  Angeles  partido, 
not  having  sufficient  population  for  a  sub-prefect. 

The  criminal  record  presents  no  ca?^s'o.s•  celcbres,  and 
but  a  meagre  array  of  petty  cases.  JNIethods  of  court 
jiiocedure  and  principles  involved  in  the  administra- 
tion of  justice  call  for  no  general  remark.  The  sul)- 
ject  is  best  disposed  of,  like  most  others   connected 


him  forwarded  to  the  sub-alcaldes  or  comisarioa  at  the  ranches.  S.  D.  Arrli., 
MS.,  passim.  July  183.")  Los  Angeles  alcalde  claims  juiisd.  over  criiiiiiial 
iiiutters  at  >S.  D.,  re(|uiriiig  a  niule-tliief  to  be  sent  to  him.  Jan.,  trouble 
bttuucii  S.  D.  alcalde  und  the  com.  at  S.  Luis  Hoy.  the  latter  claiiiiiiig  tlio 
rii'ht  to  its  own  alcalde  und  rcgidores.  Feb.  10th,  alcalde  instructed  l)y 
gov.  that  his  poli^-ical  authority  does  not  extend  beyond  the  jiresidio  settle- 
laiiit;  but  in  the  adiiuni.stration  of  justice  his  jurisdiction  extends  to  all  the 
st'ttlements.  Jan.  5tii,  animals  must  be  kept  out  of  town  under  jiciialty  of 
a  line.  Vagabonds,  drunken  persons,  etc.,  must  l)e  lined.  Jan.  Ttli,  pajHU'S 
relating  to  a  rancho  turned  over  to  alcalde  by  coinmandant.  Jan.  iStli,  tines 
for  persons  carrying  prohibited  weapons.  Penalties  for  petty  tlief  ts.  J  iiez  do 
canipo  to  attend  to  hide  trade.  Merchants  must  suljinit  their  measures  and 
weights  to  the  ayunt.  Jan.  12tli,  schools  considered.  Feb.  10th,  coiiiiiiitteo 
to  in  estigate  (jualifications  of  applicants  for  lands.  Mar.  I'JtIi,  work  on  tho 
casa  i:oiisistorial  must  cease  for  want  of  8U))plies  for  tiie  prisoners.  People 
caHcd  on  for  contributions.  May  Md,  a  dispute  on  a  private  delit  referred  l)y 
gov.  to  ayunt.  May  lOtli,  Joaquin  Carrillo  forbidden  to  sell  his  garden,  at 
his  wife's  petition  and  on  order  of  the  gov.  Sept.  'I'liX,  alcalde  wisiies  to  know 
if  he  may  force  traders  to  sell  at  less  extravagant  prices.  Sept.  'ioth,  com- 
plaiiis  that  Argiiello  refuses  to  pay  his  (/<;/««7/o  tax. 

IS.'JO.  Indian  alcaldes  paid  I  I'eal  per  day.  Man.  Silvas  employed  on  'ne- 
gotiox  sulialternos  '  at  ji.'l  per  month.  May,  trouble  between  alcahle  and  tlio 
eiuargado  at  Temascal,  the  latter  refusing  to  oliey  the  former's  summons, 
l.s;i7.  March,  sindico  makes  a  report  of  receipts  and  expenditures,  .\yunt. 
ai:rees  that  each  regidor  shall  take  his  turn  in  aiding  the  alcalde.  Dec.  !)th, 
gi IV. "s  order  that  there  is  to  be  no  election  for  ayunt.  1838.  Jan.  17th,  S. 
Diego  must  recogni/a  Los  .\ngelcs  as  cabccera,  and  electors  must  go  there  to 
vote.  1839.  June,  prefect  onlers  juez  de  jiaz  of  S.  1).  to  select  Indians  for 
auxiliaries.  Colorado  lud.  claim  the  right  to  elect  their  alcaldes.  1840. 
Juez  de  paz  Fiteli  needs  an  t^scolta  tie  tropa  to  enforce  tiie  liquor  laws;  also 
a  secretary,  as  lie  cannot  write  Spanish.  I'refect  appoints  the  depositario  de 
foiidos  propios.  No  expenditure  without  prefect's  orders.  No  pay  for  acting 
as  receptor  or  captain  of  the  port.  A  tax  was  imposed  on  the  liide-saltiiig 
establishments  of  foreigners,  as  had  been  done  before  in  18.34.  Dcjit.  /'I'C,  MS., 
xi.  8;  Dcjjf.S/.  Pap.,  I'rcf.  i/JiiZ(i.,  MS.,  vi.  00.  See  also,  for  preceding  items, 
.V.  I).  Arch.,  MS.,  30-1,  4-i,  r>8,  00,  113,  172,  100,  -JU,  231,  •24ti,  240,  204;  /-/. 
Li'lrx,  10,  64-5,  130-4;  J/iiyis  lM,c.,  MS.,  13-14,  24,  70,  112;  Id.,  MUi. 
liiiok,  220. 

Items  of  revenue  and  finance.  Customs  revenue,  year  ending  .Tune  1831, 
?3S!»,  all  paid  out  to  employes.  Mv.iico,  Mem.  Ilac,  18.32,  doc.  3.  Liliro  de 
liaiizas  1833-4,  I'eferred  to  in  Ihjit.  .S7.  /'<//>.,  C^.*/. -//.,  viii.  1">.  Alcabalas  or 
excise  tax  1834  to  April,  !?10,(K)7.  I<1.,  Ihii.  MIL,  Ixxvi.  4.  Aug.  1830,  Uamou 
Osuiia  appointed  collector  of  tithes.  .S'.  J).  Arrk.,  MS.,  23.").  Mimic,  receipts 
In."!),  .S70;  expenditures,  1?77.  Same  May  to  .luly  1840,  .*!20.  Sept.  to  Nov. 
•SM  and  §29.  July  1840,  some  hides  were  diiclared  to  have  been  unlawfully 
seized,  but  there  was  no  money  to  pay  for  them.  Id.,  200. 


:1      ' 


618 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SAN  DIEGO  DISTFJCT. 


with  local  annals  of  tlie  period,  in  a  list  of  oiigiimi 
items  as  appended." 


!1|1 


"  1S;U.  Cliavges  of  rape  and  incest  hy  a  gii'l  against  her  father,  a  mili- 
tary oflicer.  The  evidence  wiis  not  strong  enougli  for  conviction,  but  iho 
gill  was  removed  from  her  faLJier's  control  on  acconnt  of  liia  cruelty,  y'';/. 
,Sf.  /'(ij,.,  B.  J/".,  MS.,  Ixxiv.  11-20.  J8:i3.  Mnch gambling  among  hoth  lill- 
ian.s  and  gentc  de  razon.  L'z'/iicr,  Mi'ni.,  MS.,  '_'-.S.  18;i.3-40.  .Munici|;d 
l>i)lieo  regulations,  instructions  to  jueees  de  campo,  etc.,  most  relating  tu  il\u 
killing  of  cattle,  carrying weapoiif!,  punishment  for  petty  thefts.  »S'.  I).  Ar-i<., 
MS.,  51,  10-2,  KiS;  l',l.  Iiuhj;  l()(i-!).  IS,"..").  For  want  of  funds  tosu|ii)<ut 
prisoners,  they  were  put  to  work  for  any  citizen  who  would  feed  them.  S.  i >. 
A,  h.,  !MS.,  .'iS.  Domingo  sentenced  to  4  yeais  of  pii-sidio  for  murder  of 
Cruz.  JJai/rs'  Mini.  Jj.,  ;{10;  Jj(]i/..  Si.  l'"/>.,  Awj.  Pre/.  j/Jir.;/.,  ]\1S.,  ii.  •_'!. 
A  prominent  citi;cen  granted  hy  the  alcalde  a  .separation  from  Ids  wife  \\ ':) 
had  lost  !?2,000  Ijy  g.imljling.  iV.  D.  Arch.,  JIS.,  O;!.  Tliere  are  many  I'ltiy 
ganduing  cases  before  conciliadorcs  in  tliese  years.  lS;j(J.  F.  M.  Ahai:,.ii) 
lined  l?.";0  and  i^2')  to  the  Jml.  he  had  lloggi.il,  'a  scandalous  prociHMliu,;.' 
Fine  reduced  to  !r!"2.")  and  'satisfaction'  to  complainant.  J</.,  (i7.  A  .Mex.  Uiv 
api)lying  his  braml  to  the  cattle  of  others,  and  an  Ind.  for  forging  the  t^wi- 
dico's  name  to  a  ]Krndt  for  a  keg  of  aguurdieide,  .'<ent  bj'the  alcalde  to  l.ii'it. 
Cuticrrezas  no  longer  to  be  tolerated  in  the  jurisdiction.  I<l.,  1  i;H4.  Pcniil- 
ties  in  the  alcalde's  court:  stealing  cattle  or  horses,  one  to  three  montli ;  of 
public  ^^()l■ks;  steiding  brandy,  '2d  oll'ence,  1  year  with  chain;  not  infi'iiiitu.; 
against  a  thief,  !j.'i  and  ;{  days' arrest;  hid.  for  rape,  1  year  witli  chain;  in  I. 
servant  of  llandini  for  carrying  oil' a  woman,  (i  months;  running  away  :!iid 
f-tealing  a  liorse,  20  days;  conung  from  S.  Migue!  without  a  jiass  and  mli- 
liery,  1  month;  robbing  a  room,  banishment  for  nuiuicipality.  /(/.,  07.  'i'wi 
e\-couvicts  arrested  as  vagrants.  IiL,  71.  Thos  Ilus.seli  lined  §10  and  lor--;  nf 
his  pistol  for  sending  a  challenge  to  Liinisden.  Id,,  t'>7.  I'risoners  all  at  work 
for  ]irivate  .itizens,  says  the  com.,  being  lilaiiied  fur  the  escape  of  a  com  it. 
Jhjil.  SI.  Pap.,  I).  M.,  MS.,  l.\.\.\i.  10.  Jj^ndini  supposes  that  an  Ind.  murdi  irr 
lieing  a  christiiin  will  come  under  jurisdiction  of  the  alcalde,  and  not  of  tlio 
mil.  com.  J/(I;jih'  .!/(<»■.  JJ.,  ',M2.  Se[)t.,  an  Ind.  who  '  tuvo  inconsi'queiu;.;-!' 
with  his  wU'c  aft<.r  prayers  went  and  hanged  himself.  J.  J.  Ortega  and  tuo 
others  went  to  look  at  the  man  and  reported  to  the  chief  alcalde.  Then  tlio 
Istregidor  and  sec.  went  to  the  sjiot,  and  looking  upou  the  hanging  luaii 
asked  three  times  in  the  name  of  God  who  had  killed  him.  Getting  no  reply, 
they  proceeded  to  examine  the  l)ody,  and  being  satistied  he  had  hanged  him- 
Bclf,  ordercil  him  to  be  taken  down.  Id.,  301.  Dec.,  liussell  Ijanislied  i^r 
escape  from  prison.  S.  I).  Arch.,  MS.,  (J.'j.  1837.  lad.  for  killing  a  i.ilf 
lined  §2  and  45  days  on  public  works.  Fine  for  gambling,  S2.r)0  tor  c;ii  li 
l)a"y.  'I'lio  alcalde  founils  his  decisions  on  the  laws  of  1827  and  lSI!;i.  /'A, 
191.  Feb.,  there  vere  14  prisoners  on  public  works,  three  of  them  allotiiil 
to  Fitch  to  repair  the  plaza  road.  Id.,  172.  Sindico  ordered  to  patrol  tlio 
town  with  a  guard  of  citizens.  Jd.,  l(il.  Five  prisoners  at  work  on  a  cnii  t- 
house  and  jail  deemed  more  important  than  a  church.  No  place  to  keep  tlio 
prisoners  at  night  unless  some  citizen  would  give  up  a  room.  ContribiUions 
calletl  f(jr,  ami  8  fan.  corn  received.  /'/.,  l(i(i-7.  1839.  Prefect  calls  for  a 
list  of  'O'.'iosos  y  mal  cntretenidos.'  Alcalde  replies  that  owing  to  his  ellnts 
there  are  no  idlers  in  town.  Id.,  223.  Prefect  asked  to  decide  about  two  i  \- 
neophytes  who  stole  a  cow.  Alcalde  understanda  that  such  are  to  bea.'iiii 
'rctluced  '  to  their  mission,  IlayeH'  Ml-'H.  13.,  334.  Prefect  says  a  thief  niu  t 
bo  sent  to  the  alcalde  of  Los  .Angeles,  from  mission  to  mission,  with  the  [nip  ra 
ill  the  ease.  S.  D.  Arch.,  MS.,  237.  1840.  There  being  no  troops  or  j  lil, 
Fitch  needs  an  csccUa  to  enforce  laws  against  drunkenness,  etc.  Uaijc.-f,  /'"•, 
MS.,  118.  Feb.,  citizens,  ehiedy  foreigners,  subscribe  §828  as  a  rcwartl  I'H' 
discovery  of  the  murderer  of  Luis  Juan.  S.  D,  IiuUx,  MS.,  Go, 


SAN  DIEGO  MISSION. 


619 


At  the  San  Diego  mission  padres  Martin  and  Oliva 
continued  their  ministry,  t'lo  latter  throughout  the 
tk'cado,  the  former  until  his  death  in  1838,  after 
twenty-six  years  of  continuous  service.^"^  Down  to 
J  834,  when  statistics  come  to  an  end  here  as  else- 
where, the  padres  had  baptized  IGO  Indians,  buried 
312,  married  127  couples,  and  had  on  their  register 
1,382  neophytes.  At  the  end  of  the  decade  tiiere 
wtre  about  800  nominally  under  control  of  the  ex- 
mission  authorities,  tliough  there  were  only  50  at 
the  niission  proper.^^     Naturally  secularization  is  the 

'-  Fernando  Martin  y,ns  a  native  of  Robledillo,  Spain,  born  May  2(5,  ] 770. 
]|i  became  a  Franciscan  in  1787  at  the  convent  ot  Cindad  IJodrigo,  ulurc 
(iiicr  completing'  liis  s'aidie.^  lie  served  as  preacher  until  ISO'.!,  wlien  lie  voliin- 
ti  lied  for  tlio  American  missionary  field,  leaving,'  Cadiz  in  March  and  arriv- 
ill,'  at  the  ^lex.  college  of  S.  Fernanda  in  June  1810.  The  next  year  he  was 
:i|iliointed  to  Cal.,  and  after  vexatious  days  at  Acaimlco  and  clicwlieii,'  on 
II  ■'■oiint  of  a  pestilence  and  of  insurgent  troubles,  he  reached  L.  Cal.  in 
,\]iiil  1811,  and  came  up  to  S.  Diego  by  land,  arriving  on  July  (ith.  His 
missionary  service  began  at  once,  and  he  never  served  at  any  other  establisji- 
iiiciit.  He  was  an  exemiilaiy  friar,  of  ■whom  little  was  heard  beyond  the 
liiiiit.sof  his  mission,  yet  he  was  acci'edited  by  his  superior  in  iSi'O  with 
liiiiic  than  average  ability  and  ;:eal.  lie  was  one  of  the  few  friars  who  took 
till' oath  of  repubiicanism.  His  death  occurred  on  Oct.  19,  1838.  Aii/vl/ia;/. 
Jiii.ii/.  lie  liii  J'Vai/rK,  ]\1S.;  Surrift,  Inj'onw  de  1S17,  MS.;  Arch.  SlaU,,  MS., 
iii.  1J;{;  J>iih(Uit-<Jil/!/,    Viiffnio,  ii.  1!)--JI;  St.  Pap.  Mis.t.,  MS.,  is..  ;!(i. 

'■Statistics  of  18;>l-40:  decrease  of  pop.  I,."i44  to  1,;{8"J;  baptisms  IGO; 
lUMths  .'Jl'2;  marriages  1'27;  decrease  in  hirge  stock  S,8'2J  to  .i,417;  horses  and 
iiiiiKs  1,1!I2  to  .•507;  sheep  Ki.OOl  to  S.OIO.  Largest  crop  (),840  busii.  in  ls;jl; 
s  ij:il!cst  1,710  in  181)4;  average  .'{,.-)lil,  of  which  'J, olio  wln'at,  yield  7.;i."3;  bar- 
I'V ',»>);!,  yield  .-)..-)4;  corn  -JO'-',' yield  18. 

Stat,  of  17a!)-18:{4:  bapt.  (i,(i:iS,  of  which  3,;!,-)l  Ind.  adults;  2,08.")  Ind. 
iliiid.,  t)()2  chid,  de  ra/.on.  Marriages  l,S7!>,  of  w  liicli  lU'j  de  razon.  Deaths 
■I.  IJ\  of  wnich  •_',.")73  Ind.  adults,  1,.")7")  Ind.  child.,  140  adults  de  razon.  I."i4 
I  Mid.  de  razon;  <lialh  rate  ').'.]2  per  cent  of  pop.  Largest  pop.  1,820  in  ISi'l. 
l''>un  to  about  KSOii  females  exceeded  males  slightly;  but  this  was  reversed 
i  I'l  r.  The  proi)orlion  of  cliildren  under  8  years  varied  from  J  in  earlj'  ycnis 
t'l  ill  later.  l.,argest  no.  of  cattle  !(.2I.')  in  1SJ2;  horses  1,1!).'{  in  \S'M;  mules 
;illlin  1S;»4;  asses";!7  in  1801;  .sheep  l'.),4.")0in  1S22;  goats  80.")  in  1780;  swi.ie 
l-'i)  ill  KSl.');  all  kinds  IIO,:!!'.")  in  I.S2_>.  T.ital  product  of  wheat  i:j-',077  busli., 
Ni'ld  10  fold;  barley  S1,1,S7  bush.,  yield  11  fold;  corn  24,1 12  busli.,  yield  17 
I'M;  frijoles  4,200  l)usii.,  yiehl  0  fold. 

-Miscell.  Stat,  of  18;{l-4,):  .lulv  l.S.'U,  V.  Martin  loans  tiio  presidio  81,. ");!3. 
J'(/''.  ••SI.  I'itj).,  Iir„.  (J.  ,(.-  T.,  .^iS.,  iii.  ;iO.  ls;!.")-8,  distnb.  to  neoiihytes  in 
4  years,  430  shirts,  202  skirts,  07.'!  blankets,  1  Hi  fan.  maize,  2,110  wiieat,  22 
fiijoK's,  140  barley.  St.  /'ajt  .i.'/.s.s-.,  MS.,  vi.  ,'18-0.  See  ground  plan  oi  the 
iiii^sion  buildings  ])eihaps  of  laliO.  JiL,  vii.  o.  Value  of  church  eirects.'*4,S(  12; 
'1  ■■<■  from  inhab.  S.ViO.  JiL,  vii.  2.  Juno  24,  1830,  llarliiell's  report;  S.  Dii  -o 
li  >  2  vineyards  of  8,000  eepas  and  .")17  olive  trees,  fields  for  1  fan.  coin  and  8 
;ii  II.  frijoles;  Sta  Isabel  ■"),S(J0  vines,  lields  for .'!()  fan.  wheat,  and  20  fin.  barky; 
.^1  Monica  8,00()  vines,  lields  bir  2.^  fan.  corn,  2  fan.  frijoles,  /(/.,  xi.  23-.'). 
I  ■  ii.  1830,  admin,  says  the  mission  with  estates  of  Sta  Isabel  and  Sta  .Mmiiea 
i   in  ruins,  people  all  lied  except  oO.  /(/.,  ix.  37.     Miiy.  I*.  Olivu  says  Sta 


620 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SAN  DIEGO  DISTRICT. 


leading  topic  of  mission  annals;  but  at  San  Die^o 
only  (slight  additions  can  be  made  to  what  has  Invn 
given  in  the  general  narrative.  After  a  ceiluiu 
amount  of  theorizing  and  agitation  by  Echeandi'u  in 
1829-33,  followed  by  an  experimental  emancii)iiti(ni 
of  chosen  neophytes  by  Figueroa  in  1833-4,  Alll'ivz 
llamirez  and  Captain  Argliello  being  successively 
comisionados,  the  mission  was  finally  secularized  in 
1835,  and  was  put  in  charge  of  Jose  Joaquin  Ortega, 
who  kc[)t  the  place  of  majordomo  or  aduiiuistnittir 
until  replaced  l)y  Juan  M.  Osuna  in  1840.'*  Alter 
secularization,  aftairs  are  said  to  have  continued  very 
much  as  before.  The  Indians  had  never  been  so 
chxsely  confined  to  the  mission  routine  here  as  farther 

Isabel  has  5G0  souls.  S.  D.  Imhx,  MS.,  135.  1839  (?),  Sta  Isabel  lUJ  iuhal,., 
Sta  Monica  lift,  mission  3"_'(),  total  780,  also  10  do  nizoii.  .S7.  I'uji.  .I//-..-., 
SIS.,  vii,  2.  .June,  1840,  debts  of  the  mission  to  J.  A.  Aguirrc  ^\M\,  \\ .  V,. 
Hartnel!  '2;},")0,  Ant.  Cot  S(it),  Joaq.  Ortega  §1,748,  Rosario  Aguilar  SJ4;  U<vA 
^•2,ri()8.    \'nlkJo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxiii.  12;  I'ko,  Pap.  M'm.,  MS.,  47-.")!. 

'*0u  secidarizatiou  in  general,  see  cliap.  xi.-xii.  this  vol.,  and  chiqi.  ii. 
vol.  iv.  1831,  ace.  to  Echcandia's  decree  of  Jan.  (Jth,  comiaarios,  etc.,  wtic 
to  bo  chosen,  ])ut  no  immediate  cliange  made.  This  vol.,  300.  Bias  Airuilai- 
was  tlie  majordomo  this  year.  1832,  Eclieandia's  eflbrts  in  the  soutii;  \'uwa 
of  1'.  Martin  and  others.  /(/.,  310.  1833,  Echeandia's  rcgl.  of  Jan.,  .lusi'  M. 
Ramirez  appointed  comisionado.  Figueroa's  experimentiil  pUm.  Saiit.  Ar- 
giiello  comisionado  and  his  efforts  in  July-Sept.  /(/.,  320-32.  1834.  I  ml. 
piK'bld.s.  /(/.,  33!(.  No  record  of  progress  tliis  year.  Id.,  340.  Nov.  22d,  .Iikui 
Joso  Rochaacknowl.  rcceij)t  of  the  decree  of  secularization  for  S.  I).  J)i ii!.  Si. 
I'xp.,  Ji.  M.,  MS.,  Ixxwiii.  18.  183."),  actual  secularization,  Joa(iuiii  (Ir- 
te^ja  in  cliaige  trnm  April  as  majordomo  at  S'>0  per  mo.;  iio  details.  Tliis  vol., 
3r)3.  June,  the  alcalde  is  informed  l)y  gov.  that  respecting  puidshnuiit,  of 
Ind.  he  is  to  consult  the  asesor.  S.  I).  Arch.,  MS.,  50.  1830,  Jan.,  ali  iMo 
at  The  town  siinunons  the  nrnjordomo  to  appear  before  him  to  propose  caucli- 
ihiies  for  mis.'-ion  alcalde  ami  regidores — though  the  mission  ayunt.  was  to 
Jiave  control  of  pettj'  local  matters,  not  of  admin,  of  justice.  LI.,  71;  Moiii. 
Air/i.,  !MS.,  ix.  2.  Several  doc.  vaguely  indicating  a  controversy  bcturin 
Alcalde  Argiiello  and  Ortega.  Jfui/fn'  J/m*.  B.,  310-17.  1S37,  Ortega  as 
ma jonlomo,  generally  called  adniinis'trator,  at  a  salary  of  .$000.  Tlie  ^ailio 
takes  0."s  ])lacc  <luring  his  absence.  /(/.,  318.  Jan.,  mission  ayunt.  clinscii. 
iS.  J>.  Arch.,  ^IS.,  107.  Belcher,  A'ctrr.,  i.  327,  describes  the  mission  Iml. 
as  armed  with  bows  and  arrows.  1838,  Rosario  Aguilar  named  a  major<loiiio 
under  Ortega.  iSV.  Pt(p.  j)/(V.«.,  :MS.  v.  55.  1830,  Feb.,  administrator  has 
trouble  in  causing  the  gentile  chiefs  to  respect  his  authority.  LI.,  xi.  3.'), 
May  7th,  P.  Oliva  claini.s  thi\t  Sta  I.saljel  is  not  a  'sitio  valdio'  as  chiimed,  but 
n  nussio'.i  with  580  Ind.  I/tiiji.t'  Minn.  Ii.,  32!).  June,  alcalde  ordered  by 
prefect  to  aid  Inspector  Hartnell  in  restoring  fugitive  ex-ncophytes  to  tlio 
missi'-'us.  HhjicC  MIk.s.  Ii.,  3.32.  Juno  24th,  Hartnell  reports  the  mission  IimI. 
in  a  very  nuked  condition  and  clamorous  for  the  removal  of  the  admiuistratni- 
i).  favor  of  the  ])adre.  tit.  Pap.  Mis.i.,  SIS.,  xi.  24-5.  1840,  under  Alvarados 
regulations  Ortega,  was  removed,  and  .luan  Maria  Oauua  was  made  majordniuo 
in  July  by  Hartnell.  y\rch.  Mitioiicn,  MS.,  ii.  1077;  S.  D.  Inilex,  MS.,  13 VO, 
Ortega  not  permitted  to  go  to  Sta  Isabel, 


SAN  LUIS  REY. 


621 


north,  and  the  change  was  therefore  somewhat  less 
aliiupt.  Of  the  gradual  decadence,  not  much  more 
raiml  than  it  had  been  before  1834,  as  of  the  minor 
ti (tables  and  controversies  and  complaints,  we  have 
but  the  most  fragmentary  record. 

Padre  Antonio  Peyri  at  the  end  of  1831  left  San 
Luis  Key,  an  establishment  which  he  had  foumlcd 
and  in  33  years  of  faithful  service  had  brought  to  the 
front  rank  of  California  missions,  and  quit  the  coun- 
try in  company  with  the  exiled  Governor  Victoria, 
lie  was  one  of  the  most  prominent  Fernandinos, 
tliough  he  chose  to  devote  his  energies  mainly  to 
liis  local  task;  and  he  was  unwilling  to  remain  ajid 
witness  the  overthrow  of  all  his  plans,  beini»'  ij^riev- 
(u^^ly  disappointed  at  Victoria's  failure  to  establish 
what  he  had  foolishly  hoped  would  i)rovc  a  new  ic- 
ginie    for    the   missions.^^     After   Peyri's    departure 

''Antonio  Peyri  was  born  Jan.  10,  1760,  at  Porrera,  Catalonia,  Spain; 
took  tlie  Franciscan  rolie  in  the  convent  at  Reus  Oct.  2'),  1787;  sailed  from 
Cailiz  May  8,  17'J.");  and  left  his  college  in  Mex.  for  Cal.  Marcli  I,  17'.*0,  airiv- 
iii;,' ill  July.  Me  .served  two  years  at  San  Luis  Ohispo,  anu  in  1708  was  a 
fouiiilcr  oj  San  Luis  Rcy,  where,  and  at  the  braiicli  establisluuent  of  S.  Anto- 
iiio  do  I'ala,  he  served  continuously  thereafter.  Hy  his  superiors  he  was 
:ii(Mvdito(l  witli  distinguished  merit  as  a  manager,  but  not  witli  litncss  for 
ln,'h  oliice.  Aii/ohio;i.  Aiiloij.  dc  Ion  Pdihr.s,  ^IS. ;  Surrid,  Inj'onni:  aohrv  lot 
I'riiihs  JS17,  MS.;  Arch.  Sin  J!.,  MS.,  iii.  l'2:J-4.  lie  was  "less  unfriendly 
than  most  Spanish  friars  to  the  republic,  and  took  the  required  oath  in  18"_'(i; 
liut  ill  the  same  year  petitioned  the  ])residi'nt  of  Me.v.  to  relieve  him  of  his 
iiiisfiiou  administration.  Arch.  Arzob.,  ^IS.,  v.  pt  i.  2.S.  In  I<S'20  lie  de- 
iii.nided  his  pa.ssports,  being  as  a  Spaniard  included  in  the  law  of  March  liOth, 
1111(1  though  otl'ered  cx(;mption  by  the  governor,  insisted  in  his  demand,  as- 
serting that  lie  was  an  old  man  no  longer  fit  for  service.  /'/.,  r)G-7.  He  ob- 
tiiiH'(l  from  the  Mex.  authorities  permission  to  retire  with  full  payment  of 
(liist  stipend,  diicrra,  J)o<\,  MS.,  vi.  14."),  MS.  The  padre  sailed  on  the 
J'nnihuiilas  Jan.  17,  ISIVJ,  from  S.  Diego  for  Mazatlan  on  his  way  to  Mexico; 
SIT  ]).  'JIO,  this  vv)l.  The  tradition  is  that  he  had  to  leave  S.  Luis  secretly, 
and  that  his  neophytes,  oOO  strong,  hastened  to  S.  Diego  to  prevent  his  de- 
I'  iilme,  arriving  only  in  time  to  recciive  his  blessing  from  the  receding  shi|i. 
IJiiluill,  Cfil.,  MS.,  18.") -7,  learned  from  one  of  the  Indians  who  aided  his 
ill  iiarture  that  he  kneeli'd  on  the  hill  and  prayed  for  the  mission  as  his  last 
int.  I'eyri  took  with  liini  from  the  mission  funds  about  .Sll,tM>0,  the  amount 
or  stipend  due  him,  as  ho  wrote  to  ''apt.  (Uierra.  He  is  accused  by  the 
It  |Miblican  foes  of  \"ictoiia  of  having  ..'ontriluited  large  sums  to  su]iport  the 
la'  tor's  cause,  and  of  having  carried  away  secretly,  hidden  in  Ijarrels  of  grain 
aiiil  olives,  other  large  amounts  in  gold  ami  silver.  Pio  Pico,  /fill.  I'nL,  MS., 
IV.I  t'lO,  learned  from  .luan  Mariner,  a  Catalan  trusted  by  I'eyri,  that  tlio 
I'adie  took  ,')2  liarrels  of  olives,  each  containing  money.  Vallejo,  //(■:'.  <!(il., 
iiS.,  ii.  15G-0,  makes  it  1*  bbls  of  Hour,  and  aays  the  S.  Bias  customs  oili- 


f  R!'l 


{I  if 

'ill  ■ 

■'  ■■*■ 


I 


l! 


>f. 


m 


G22  LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SAN  DIEGO  DISTRICT. 

Padro  Josu  Antonio  Anzar,  a  now-comer,  sorvcd  in 
1832,  being  accused  of  some  irregularities ;  Buenaven- 
tura Fortuni  was  the  minister  in  1833-G;  in  18;]7-D 
there  is  no  record  except  of  OHva  and  Ahella  as 
visiting  friars;  and  in  1840  Father  Francisco  Gonxa- 
1('Z  de  Ibarra  took  charge.  San  Luis  was  the  onlv 
mission  to  show  a  gain  in  population  for  1831-4,  and 
at  the  end  of  that  period,  with  a  register  of  '2,S-i-[ 
nef)phytes,  it  stood  at  the  head  of  the  list,  not  only  in 
respect  of  population  but  in  the  number  of  its  live- 
stock.    Additional  statistics  are  appended. ^'^     In  1840 


\<i,  '< 


cers  refused  to  land  the  suspicious  cargo.  Lcandro  Serrano,  sometime  iimjor- 
doiiio  of  S.  Luis,  talks  of  10  kegs  of  silver  dollars  passed  of  as  hr.uidy. 
I/a>/es'  Em.  Ao't'x,  205;  /(/.  MltcrlL,  92.  I  suppose  all  this  to  ho  uiifoiinilnl. 
Forbes,  Cal.,  22,  saw  Peyri  on  his  way  to  Mex.,  publishes  his  portrait  as  :i 
frontispiece  of  his  l)ooh — said  bj'  old  Californiaus  to  be  a  good  likem.s.s  -iiii'l 
describes  him  as  the  beau  ideal  of  the  old-time  frailo  with  his  jolly  tiiriiiv, 
bald  head,  and  white  locks.  Nearly  all  epeak  well  of  him.  Fray  AiitM;ii,i 
left  Mex.  in  Feb.  18.'!4,  and  by  way  of  New  York  and  Franco  reaclicd  liar- 
eelona  in  June.  Instead  of  the  tranquillity  he  had  expected  for  his  <ilil  ,il!i', 
ho  found  only  turmoil  and  strife.  It  was  not  even  safe  to  visit  his  iiauvo 
town.  lie  bitterly  regretted  Iiaving  left  Cal.,  and  confessed'his  groat  erinr; 
but  the  doctors  told  him  that  his  ago  and  infirmities  made  a  return  vovaLro 
dangerous,  even  if  his  funds  had  not  been  exhausted.  He  had  brought  tVoiii 
Cnl.  two  young  neophytes,  Pablo  and  Agapito,  whom  he  had  placed  in  tho 
I'ropaganda  college  at  IJome,  where  they  were  contented  and  tiie  objects  uf 
much  interest.  All  this  I  lon'.i  from  the  friar's  original  letter  written  at  an 
inn  at  llarceloiia,  and  mailed  at  Marseilles  in  April  1830,  to  Stephen  Aniler- 
son  in  Edinburgh.  Vnllrjo,  Dor.,  MS.,  iii.  1.  Taylor,  />lHcor.  A  Fonit<l.,  ;;>, 
:>."),  p.  201,  says  he  died  at  Rome  in  1S3."),  drawing  on  his  imagination  for  tlio 
fact.  The  tradition  in  Cal.  is  that  one  of  the  neophj'tos  completed  liis  ( .lii- 
eation  as  a  priest,  but  nothing  definite  is  known  of  his  career.  See  alsM,  ua 
tlie  life  and  character  of  Peyri,  VUch'' r\^  Miiininnx  of  C(i>.,  p.  vii.-viii.;  Iin- 
li'iiil-Cilhj,  r/rtf/f/ri,  ii.  ;?(i;  /fiuihcs^  C(d.  of'  the  Pndre^,  8-';  //«'/''■>'  M'ni- 
oral).,  73;  Sf.  iKip.  Mi^s.,  MS.,V.  l.");  Ikpt'.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  53-4;  /-/.,  xix. 
18;  Lniiiu'ifi^  Criiiai',  1(18;  S.  D'li'io  Un'iou,  Juno  1!),  1873;  Perez,  Re.ni,  rl'i-^, 
?.1S.,  23-7;  OrJ,  Oeurrencim,  MS.,  75;  Vci/lejo,  Uenun.,  MS.,  31-2;  MoUd't, 
J-J.vptor.,  i.  313. 

"■'Statistics  of  San  Luis  Rey  1831-4:  inci'oase  in  pop.  2,77fi  to  2,814;  liap- 
tisnis  385;  mariiages  Hil;  burials  324.  Decrease  in  largo  stock  27.!i7>i  to 
13,0;)0;  horhcs  an.tninlcs  2,4u8  to  <)20;  slieep,  rte.,  2:),05S  to  15,300.  Lar.'r.t 
crop  7,825  bush,  in  1831;  smallest  2,307  in  18.34;  average  4,084,  of  whicIrJ. ;!-'•) 
V,  lieat,  yield  5.74  fold;  1 .030  barlej',  yield 5.5  fold;  1,202  corn,  yiold53  luld; 
beans  102,  yield  0.87  fold. 

(!Liieral  statistics  1708-1834,  the  whole  period  of  mission  oxistcnee:  total 
no.  iiaptisms  5,.')!)1,  of  which  3,,5.'!n adult  Ind.,  l,S!i2Ind.  chihlren,  102chil<!.  'h 
razon;  average  per  year  151.  Total  of  marriages  1,125.  of  which  9  geutci  ilo 
rawm.  Deal;lis  2,85:),  of  which  1,445  Ind.  adults,  1,307  ln<l.  chihl,  12  and  :!"• 
ad.  and  child,  de  razon;  average  death  rate  4.42  per  cent  of  pop.  I.ar_;c-t 
)iop.  2,8()n  in  1820.  Sexes  about  equal  down  to  1800;  then  the  execs-  of 
males  increased  to  about  10  ])cr  cent.  The  proportion  (jf  ehililren  under  S  yis 
was  a i)out  J,  rather  more  before  and  less  after  1812.  There  were  gencially 
from  20  to  50  persons  do  razon  living  at  tho  mission.     Largest  no.  of  caflo 


SECULiVRLZLiTIOX. 


C23 


tlicrc  wore  about  1,000  of  the  cx-ncophytes  at  niis- 
>iMii,  puel>los,  and  raiiclios  inoro  or  less  under  control 
li  local  authorities.  Secularization  bej^an  here  as  at 
Sin  Diego  with  Figucroa's  experimental  emancipation 
ill  J  803,  resulting  in  the  forming  of  an  ex-neophyto 
]!iiiI)lo  at  Las  Flores,  with  but  a  small  population. 
The  tinal  secularization  was  accomplished  in  Novem- 
1m  r  1834  by  Captain  Portilla  as  comisionado,  and  Pio 
rieo  remained  in  charge  as  majordomo  and  adminis- 
trator until  succeeded  by  Jose  A,  Estudillo  in  August 
1.S4().*'     After  the  sccuralization  the  decline  in  pop- 


'.'T.'iOO  in  1S32;  horses 2,226  in  1828;  mules  345 in  1828;  asses  5  in  1827;  sheep 
•J-.:ii;iiul.S2S;  goats  1,3(X)  in  1S32;  swine  S72 in  181'J;  all  kinds 58,707  in  1 828. 
'!■  :;il  ]iiodui;tot  -wheat  11-1,528  biisli.,  yield  9  fold;  barley  1)4, 'iOO  biisli.,  yield 
H;  l.iKI;  corn  101,442  busli.,  yield  182  fold;  beans  10,215  busli.,  yield  23  fold. 

ilisccll.  statistics  of  1831-40.  Accounts  of  1834  as  rendered  by  1'.  For- 
tuiii  to  ('apt.  Portilla:  assets .S4(),013,  debts .^14,42!).  St.  Pap.  Miss.,  MS.,  xi. 
.'),!.  ]h35:  Inventory  Aug.  22d;  valuation  )?203, 737;  debts  393,000;  thuchurcii 
(i!.\10  varas,  of  adobes,  tile-roofed,  lloor  of  cliij',  board  ceiling,  9  doors,  18 
V.  indou  s,  4  adjoining  rooinw,  all  valued  at  .?.')0,000,  included  in  the  total,  as  also 
t!n'  (i  ranchos  valued  rt  §40,4,37,  the  most  valuable  ijoing  I'ala,  8ta  Margarita, 
iimi  S.  Jacinto.  JiL,  vi.  10-11.  Jan.,  ilay,  notliing  but  cattle  for  the  nee<ly 
f;(inps  of  8.  Diego.  St.  Pep.,  Sac,  MS.,  x.  4;  xiv.  44.  1839:  Lists  of  debts 
(uiiouuting  to  ^■515,050  in  May  and  S14,G39  in  Aug.  The  largest  creditors  wero 
.liiaii  Ebbctts,  J.  A.  Mcncndcz,  Thos  Shaw,  1*.  Fortuni,  Thos  Park,  John 
'i'ciiiplc,  r.  Ibarra,  and  I'io  I'ico.  Pico,  Pap.  J\Iiss.,  MS.,  47-51,  57;  Vullejo, 
]>::'•.,  MS.,  xxxiii.  12.  Long  list  of  debtors  owing  from  .S3  to  $173,  or  1  to 
30  beasts,  each.  Pico,  Pap.,  53-5;  Bandiui,  Hid.  Cat.,  MS.,  9-10;  Oslo,  I/i-it. 
'  v.,  MS.,  218-20;  and  Julio  Ctisar,  Cosas  de.  /in/.,  MS.,  1-2,  give  some  par- 
tiialars  about  the  mission  ranchos,  without  definite  dates  or  figures,  agreeing 
in  sul)!jtancc  with  information  given  on  p.  5.")5  of  vol.  ii. 

''(  hron.  summary  of  events  at  S.  Luis  Key  during  tlie  decade:  Echean- 
in:L":i  preliminary  agitations  here  as  at  S.  Diego.  For  gen.  account  of  secu'aii- 
zilion,  see  eliap.  xi.,  xii.,  tliis  vol.,  and  chap,  ii.,  vol.  iv.  1831:  Gov.  Victoria 
i'l  •'■'.  Luis,  departure  of  1'.  Teyri.  Tliis  vol.,  p.  183,  210.  Julio  CJsar,  Cosas  de 
l,:i!.,  .MS.,  4,  says  that  one  of  tlic  neophyte  boys  carried  away  by  I'eyri  canio 
l^ick  to  Cal.  in  later  years.  1832:  Lclieandia  at  S.  Luis,  writings  against 
/.iiiiorauu,  Ind.  ready  to  fight,  meeting  of  tlio  diputacion.  This  vol.,  ji.  2J.")- 
7.  (Japt.  I'ablo  de  la  Portilla  appointed  comisionado  Ity  Fcheandia.  lit..  :)2(j. 
\K''.\:  I'ortilla  continued  in  ollice.  Ilis  eiibrts  at  emancipation  under  Figue- 
y":.':i  instructions.  Small  results.  Id.,  3.30-2.  Feb.,  Com.  PorLilla  needs 
11  I'l'  20  men  to  prevent  disorders  among  the  Ind.  on  account  of  the  di\  ision 
i!  lands.  Dept.  St.  Pup.,  Pre/,  ij  Jir.;/.,  MS.,  v.  70.  Oct.,  Ilosario  Aguilar, 
i.iiiiordonio  at  Pala,  knocked  down  and  left  for  dead  by  Simon,  an  Ind.,  who 
V. :n  arrested.  S.  D.  Arch.,  .MS.,  20. 

I8.'i4:  Great  slaughter  of  mis-sion  cattle;  5,700  liead  killed  on  shares 
tV  '111  .May  to  July,  the  mission  getting  half  the  hides  iind  tallow.  This  vol., 
]■.  .'i4S-9.  In  July,  after  the  slaugiiter  was  well  advanced,  permission  was 
a  kt(l  of  the  dip.  Le[j.  Pec,  MS.,  ii.  148-51,  103.  Estudillo,  Dalos,  MS., 
'!.I  4,  puts  the  nundier  killed  ut  about  20,000.  In  Sept.,  Oct.,  a  part  of  tlio 
1 1  i  jar  and  I'adrcs  colony  were  at  S.  Luis.  This  vol. ,  207-8.  Some  of  them  ac- 
(-i.si'dof  inciting  a  revolt.  /</.,  281,  Actual  secularization  in  Nov.,  I'ortilkk 
it-cuiving  the  property  from  P.  Fortuni.  Id.,  340.     Besides  trouble  caused  by 


!.■!    ::     '\% 


624 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SAN  DIEGO  DISTRICT. 


Illation  was  more  rapid  than  that  in  wealth,  the  Ind- 
ians succeeding  in  retainini^ partial  control  of  the  I'uU 
mission  ranchos  of  Santa  Margarita,  Pala,  Santa  Ism- 

tliu  Ind.  running  away  in  appreciation  of  tlieir  new  liberty,  Portilla  seems  to 
have  liad  sonic  diiliculty  with  the  padre.  Dec.  .SOtli,  Figueroa  advises  liim  to 
'coiitcinporizar'  with  the  frinra,  who  have  the  right  to  select  their  own  resi- 
dence. Arch.  Arzol).,  MS.,  v.  pt  ii.  7. 

183."):  I'io  Pico  in  charge  as  nmjordomo,  or  administrator.  Tliis  Vdl.,  p. 
Vtiili.  liid.  plot,  or  rather  protest  against  the  loss  of  tiio  mission  riindiD  (if 
1'emc'cula.  Iil.,',Hi\.  Oct.,  the  admin,  is  forbidden  to  disturb  Portilla  in  t ho 
possession  of  his  raiicho  S.  Jos(5  <lel  Valle.  .S'.  IJ.  Arch.,  MS.,  G'2.  Nov.,  Iml, 
go  ti)  S.  Diego  to  complain  before  the  alcalde  that  they  are  not  given  t!ie 
promised  liberty,  but  are  .severely  treat.d  by  Pico.  The  alcahle  rt^ports  to 
gov.  that  the  danger  is  serious.  Jlaycs'  Mii<s.  B.,  229;  S.  JJicfjo  Iink.c,  Ms., 
131. 

IS,%:  Pico  still  majordomo  and  encargado  do  justicia.  His  troubles  «itli 
the  Ind.  still  continued.  In  June  he  imprisoned  Pablo  Apis,  a  leader  iinmiig 
the  neophyte  petitioners,  for  redress  of  wrongs;  but  they  forced  him  to  reluii.se 
the  )irisoner,  and  both  parties  went  to  S.  iJiego  to  make  charges  before  t!iu 
alcalde.  The  latter  sent  a  small  guard  to  S.  Luis,  retained  Apis  and  4  dtlic is 
uniler  arrest,  urged  Pico  to  use  great  care  so  as  not  to  lose  the  crop,  iiinl  ix- 
poi'tcd  to  the  gov.  The  corresp.  is  complicated,  but  no  definite  resultn  i:;c 
indicated.  Evidently  Don  Pi )  w-as  not  as  popular  a  manager  .is  had  been  I'. 
Peyri.  -S'.  D.  A.-h.,  MS.,  112;  /(/.  Index,  133;  l)ei>t.  St.  Pap.,  Pnf.  ii-livju, 
MS.,  iii.  32-3;  Savw/c,  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  04-5;  Jhii/c.'i'  Mh.f.  B.,  2!)7  !.•',  ;i(i3-l, 
2!t3.  Sept.,  alcalde  ordered  to  aid  Pico  in  retaking  fugitive  neophytes  finm 
the  gentiles  in  the  interests  of  religion.  /'/.,  308.  Soldiers 'strike  '  fur  |i;iy 
and  rations.  This  vol.,  p.  483-4.  1837:  Arrest  of  Andre's  Pico.  L'astiilcro 
joins  the  scmthern  army  here  in  June.  This  vol.,  p.  olS,  521.  1S38:  Tliis 
year,  like  the  preceding,  sectional  strife  .so  fully  occupied  the  minds  of  all  that, 
the  records  bear  but  slight  trace  of  anything  else.  Campaign  of  l^as  I'lmts 
April,  hi.,  558  et  seq.     Ex-gov.  Carrillo  at  S.  Luis  in  Sept.  Id.,  573. 

183!):  March,  the  mission  must  support  the  fain,  of  soldiers  absent  on 
service.  S.  J).  Iiulr.r,  MS.,  1.34.  !May,  an  Ind.  widow  asks  prefect  to  be  re- 
leased from  the  mission  to  support  herself  and  daugliters.  She  is  overwdikeil 
and  gets  no  clothing.  Los  Aikj.  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  lGO-1.  June  5tli,  Pico  eom- 
plains  to  Visitador  Hartnell  that  tiie  Ind.  are  constantly  running  away  aiul 
taking  refuge  at  Los  Angeles.  Vallejo,  Doc,  vii.  170.  June  14tli,  pret'eet 
instructed  by  Hartnell  to  aid  Pico  in  hiseflbrts  to  recover  all  fugitives.  J)'  jiK 
St.  Dap.,  Anij.,  MS.,  v.  20-7.  June  24th,  H.  says  the  vines  are  much  in- 
jured by  worms.  Mission  debts  and  credits  about  $15,000.  Weavin;,'  in 
progress.  St.  Pap.  Miss.,  MS.,  xi.  25.  July,  in  Pico's  absence  P.  Ibarra  was 
put  in  cliarge  of  the  mission.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  vii.  324;  viii.  12.  P.  elainied 
that  during  an  earlier  absence  much  property  had  disappeared.  Amlris 
Pico  declines  to  tiikc  command.  This  vol.,  p.  591.  Oct. -Nov.,  trouble  be- 
tween Pico  and  admin,  at  S.  Juan  about  some  cattle  at  a  rancho  clainieil  liy 
both.  ILirtnell  after  investigation  decided  that  P.  should  have  4,000  ami  the 
other  2,000.  Pico  at  once  sent  a  man  to  kill  his  4,000,  and  there  wore  nono 
left!  ral/ejo,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  303-8.  Nov.  7th,  com.  of  S.  Luis  to  be 
tried  for  the  crime  of  freeing  a  known  criminal,  Morillo.  De2)t.  St.  Pap.,  Aicj., 
MS.,  xii.  20. 

1840:  Andrds  Pico  in  temporary  charge,  Pio  being  absent  in  the  e:iily 
mouths.  In  July  Hartnell  appointed  Jose  A.  Estudillo  as  majordoniD  lunler 
Alvarado's  new  regulations.  Pio  Pico  made  nuicli  trouble  about  transferring 
theoflice;  but  it  appears  that  tlic  difficulty  was  chiefly  on  matters  of  etiiiuet'.c. 
Don  Pio  felt  .sore  at  the  loss  of  ins  place,  and  deemed  himself  aggrieved  I ly 
.some  informality  in  the  manner  of  demanding  a  transfer.  Moreover  lie  ha  1 
become  porsoually  rcspoDBlblc  for  mission  debts  to  the  amount  of  $J,000,  and 


SAX  JUAN  CAPISTRAXO. 


G2o 


])c],  Tcmt'cula,  and  San  Jaciuto  throughout  this  dec- 
ade, though  not  much  longer. 

Father  Barona  died  in  1831,  and  Zalvidea  con- 
tinued in  charge  of  spiritual  affairs  at  San  Juan  Capis- 
truno  throughout  the  decade,  having,  howevei',  lait 
little  to  do  with  the  management  of  tenjporidities 
even  in  the  early  years.  The  po})ulation  in  1834  liad 
decreased  to  8G1,  and  in  1840  was  probably  less  than 
oDU  with  less  than  100  at  the  pueblo  ])ro})er;  wliile 
in  its  crops  San  Juan  showed  a  larger  deterioration 
than  any  other  establishment.^'*     Here  secularization 

]iu  M  ished  to  get  rid  of  this  responsibility  before  turning  over  the  property. 
()ri:4inal  correspondence  in  ^1 /t/i.  JIitii(>iic.-<,  MS.,  ii.  10(j!»-70,  10S3;  J/drfin.'l, 
Dhtno,  etc.,  MS.,  3.">,  38,  .'iT-OO;  I'al/rjo,  JJoc,  MS.,  xxxii.  .'{.")l;  xxxiii.  !)1, 
'Jl;  St.  I'dp.  MisH.,  MS.,  xi.  5-t).  Finally  HarlncU  ciinio  to  S.  Luis  oti  Aug. 
•llli,  and  from  the  10th  to  IGth  the  transfer  of  property  to  Kstiidillo  was 
fonnally  niude,  it  being  discovered  tiiat  the  number  of  cattle  at  tlio  inissirm 
ranchos  was  much  less  than  the  inventory  of  183!)  called  for,  but  also  that 
tlic  said  inventory  had  been  grossly  inaccurate  by  the  fault  of  Carlos  Castro, 
who  had  not  taken  the  trouble  to  count.  Ilartadl,  JJiario,  MS.,  IS-l'O.  Mean- 
while there  was  some  dilliculty  about  .Joa(iuin  Ortega  taking  charge  at  Sta, 
lyabcl  as  ordered  by  the  gov. ,  the  Indians  protesting.  /(/.,  oS;  Jini/cn'  Mi.i^. 
J{.,  ',]H.  Pico  had  long  been  trying  in  diti'erent  ways  to  get  possession  of 
Tcmccula  rancho  against  tlie  wishes  of  the  Ind.  Feb.  13th,  1'.  Ibarra  to 
Duran,  with  particulars.  Arch.  Misioiic/i,  MS.,  ii.  1021-2.  After  surrender- 
ing the  administratorship  lie  contained  hiseli'orts,  and  seems  to  have  obtained 
a  temporary  grant  or  permission  to  occupy.  Nov.  .'5th,  Capt.  Juan  and  his 
band  arc  resolved  that  the  I'icos  shall  not  puttheirstock  at  Teini'cul.a,  claim- 
ing that  rancho  as  the  best  grain  land  of  the  mission;  but  1*.  resolved  to  suc- 
ceed. St.  Pap.,  Mi.ss.,  ilS.,  X.  3;  xi.  9-11.  Nov.  "i'Jd,  Majordomo  Estudillo 
and  11  Ind.  had  come  to  xXngeles  to  oppose  the  grant,  resolved  to  (juittlio  nns- 
sion  if  it  was  confirmed.  IJ(  /it.  St,  J'ltj'.,  Pre/,  y  Jiiz;/.,  v.  1 1.  Dec.  l.")tii,  ( Jov. 
Jinieuo  to  cncargadocjf  S.  Luis.  Assure  the  Ind.  of  Temecula  that  they  nhall 
not  bo  disturbed.  Dept.  Itvc,  MS.,xi.  51-2.  I'ico  himself,  ///,s/.  C<d.,  MS.,  !)S- 
100,  .says  that  the  ex-mission  was  very  prosperous  under  his  iionest  and  sys- 
tcuuitic  management;  but  not  so  under  his  successor.  .John  Forster,  Ploiiar 
JJiita,  MS.,  21-2,  also  declares  that  I'ico 's  administration  was  exceptionally 
iionest  and  elTicicnt.  Julio  Cesar,  CWis  de.  Ind.,  MS.,  4-5,  .asserts  that  all 
the  adndnistrators  were  cruel  despots,  and  Pico  the  worst  of  all.     - 

"  Joso  Barona  was  born  at  Villa  Nucva,  Spain,  March  22,  1704,  became  a 
Franciscan  at  Velorado,  July  18,  17S3,  left  the  convent  at  Calahorra  Se[)t.  2, 
171)4,  arrived  at  the  college  of  S.  Fernando  Aug.  24,  1705,  and  came  to  Cal. 
.Ian. -May,  1793.  He  served  a^.  S.  Diego  in  179iS-lSl  1,  and  at  S.  ,luau  Ciipis- 
trauo  in  1811-31.  He  was  reganl'd  by  iiis  superiors  as  a  faithful  worker  of 
medium  merit.  Aittobio'j.  Ait/ni/.  dc  lo"  Padrtf,  MS.;  Arrh.  Sin  Ii.,  MS.,  iij. 
\-');  Sarriu,  Inf.  nobre  Frailc'i  1S17,  MS.,  4.'J-4.  As  early  as  1817  he  was  in 
broken  health,  and  desirous  of  retirement.  In  1823  he  was  rudely  treateil  l)y 
Bome  soldiers  at  S.  Juan;  and  after  1827  he  spent  mosc  of  his  time  at  S.  Jjuis 
as  an  invalid.  But  little  appears  about  him  in  mission  or  secular  reconls. 
He  died  at  S.  Juau  Aug.  4th,  and  was  buried  on  tlie  0th  by  1'.  Zalvidea. 
Oiwrrii,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  240.  Statistics  of  San  .Tuan  (!apistrano  1831-4:  de- 
crease iu  pop.  920  to  801 ;  Iriptisnis  140;  deaths  200.  Decrease  iu  large  stock 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  III.    40 


626 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SAN  DIEGO  DISTRICT. 


ns.suined  a  form  slii^'litly  differoiit  from  that  ft  tlio 
otlicr  missions,  .since  nil  tlio  neoi)h3'tos  weru  oiiunici- 
\nited  lindor  Fii^icroa's  oxj)uriniental  system  of  l!-!;;;l 
tlio  lands  being  apportioned  to  tbcm  by  Captain  1* 
tilla  as  comisionado,  and  a  regular  Indian  ))Ueblo  be- 
ing organized  in  November.^'^     It  is  not  quite  eert;iin 

h\V7A  to  S.Orjfl;  liornes  and  imik'H  178  to  59:  shcei),  etc.,  r),01'J  to  4,(;,sO.  (|i, 
]u'.\i  tliiM-u  vcie  41*1  t-itllo,  4-KS  lior.-;c.s  and  0  niulos.)  Lufgcst  crop  l,(jjj 
biiali.  in  ISIil;  unmllcst  .'iO    (?)  in  J«;;4;  avciagc  700. 

Uinii'al  istat.  I77l-1'^!4,  tliu  wliolo  j)'jrio<l  uf  tlio  mission's  cxiatcnco;  total 
of  Lapti-snia  4,4;»4,  of  which  l,(;s;»  Ind.  adiiU;\  'J.Oiiti  ]nd.  child.,  4  and  f;j  ih 
i;i::o:i;  iivoiai.;c' iicr  year  li!);  total  of  marriai^'ci  1,U)S,  of  whiili '24  di^  la/oii; 
t:)l,:;l  of  dcatiiii  ;i,-J-J7,  of  whicii  1,-J.m  lad.  adnlts,  I.K'JS  Jnd.  child.,  -.H  and  ;,0 
dc  lazon;  avcra;,'(!  iier  year  50;  death  I'ato  .'i.SS  per  cent  of  ])oii.  L.-ii'^xst 
p:)|).  l,'M\  in  IM'J.  Fcnudes  slightly  in  excess  of  males  down  to  Isil. 
Children  decreased  from  ;)•  to  ^  of  the  pop.  Largest  no.  cf  cattle  ll,<;);)  iii 
ini',1;  horses  l,;U")in  l.snti;  mules  IS;;  in  ISi;{;asHen  4  in  I'U:!;  .-.liecp  17.0;^ 
in  IHO;);  goats  l,;;."»;{in  17S4;  Bwinc  200  in  1.SI8;  all  kind  i  ;;|,'J70  in  Isr.i. 
Total  ])rodnction  cf  wheat  liO,7UO  bu.'-h.,  yield  I'J  f;)hl;  I;arliy  7.7()0  li;:.'i!i., 
yijld  "Jl  fold;  corn  80,873  bush.,  yield  100  fold;  lieana  ."),;i7')  bush.,  yield  '22 
fold, 

iSopt.  1'2,  1SIV2,  1*.  Zalvidca  sends  a  keg  to  8.  Lni.s  to  be  Idled  with  const- 
ci'atc(l  wine,  that  at  8.  Juan  bavin;,' roared.  Sta  t'niz  Anh.,  .M.S.,  II.  \1\,kk 
Inventory  of  mission  property,  formed  by  tho  jjadro  and  four  coiiiisioiiados. 
'j'.ital  amount  including  buildings  §.")4, 1.")(i;  debt.)  §1.410  (credits  >^-lli,l'J.i; 
buildings  !;i7, '2^)8;  furnituie,  tools,  etc.,  .S14.708;  church  ,^1, '2130;  nacrcd  utea- 
bils  .Sbj,o(J8,  ranclujs  S.  Joacjuin  and  Mi.sion  Vieja  t.^l'2,0H),  library  t^iilO).  SI. 
J'lqi.  Jlin.i.,  M.S.,  V.  48-!).  18;i8:  l.ivo-atock  turned  over  by  Sepiilveda  to  lii.i 
K'.ieecKsor  Argiicllo  as  mentioncil  iibov.!.  lil.,  vi.  .'i;!.  Income  of  the  silorc  house 
^'2,;)72,  e>:penditure  .S|,7I7.  /(/.,  vi.  H7.  18;!!):  S.  Juan  owes  .^bliOO  bcsiilcs 
the  padru'.s  .stipend.  Credits  .':r.">, OX).  /(/.,  xi.  I'O.  1840:  List  of  dcbt:i  aim  Hint- 
ing to  .S|, ;"),")(>.    Vtillcjo,  J)o<:,  MS.,  xxxiii.  12;  Piro.  Pap.  jMin.,  ]MS.,  -(7  ,')l. 

'"Chronological  .'uimmary  for  IS.  Juan  (.'apistrano  18:11-40:  18IV2;  I'aihc 
allowing  the  Ind.  to  manage  their  own  ud'air-s.  His  views  on  Kchcaiulia'i 
r 'glamento.  This  vol.,  ]i.  ;{l,"j-17;  iSV.  Pup.,  Mish.  cO  Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  ()."!;  I'd- 
llrjo,  J>oi;.,  M.S.,  xxxi.  "J,"). 

is;!!}:  A!f.  Kochawas  appointed  comisionado  by  Echcandia,  Dcjit.  Si.  I'" p., 
MS.,  iii.  87,  but  took  no  action,  (.apt.  l'<irti!!a  was  appointed  by  l'igiK';<ia 
later,  and  in  Oct.  eil'eetcd  the  emancipation  of  all  the  neophytes.  See  a  few 
detail.-,  in  this  vol.,  p.  ',V.l± 

]8,'!4-7:  No  delinite  records.  Rocha  mentioned  as  comisionado  in  l.s.'i4. 
111.,  340.  .S.  Juan  to  be  a  parish  of  tho  '2d  elas:;  according  to  the  re;rlaMi.  of 
Nov.  III.,  ;i4S.  J,  A.  I'ico  is  iiamod  by  ]l;i|uer,  Mnn.,  M.S..  ;!-4,  as  comi- 
sionado to  r.ecularizo  the  mission  in  18,'>4,  and  ho  seems  to  have  helil  that  p;i.i- 
tidii  in  Feb.  18;i(i.  J)i'p/.  St.  Pap.,  Amj.  Pnf.  y  Jir;;/.,  MS.,  ii.  21.  Fian- 
Cisco  Sepulvedii  became  administrator  in  bS.'JO  or  18;i7,  apparent!)'. 

18;J8:  Sepiilvcda  succeeded  by  Santiago  Argiiello  in  Jan.  (Occupation  of 
S.  Juan  by  the  army  of  Alvarado  and  Castro  in  April  during  the  Las  Moivs 
er.nipaign.  This  vol.,  p.  558.  June,  Argiiello  promises  to  c;;ert  hiiiuself  to 
prevent  the  sprc.-id  of  smalt-pox.  Va/lcjo,  Doc,  MS.,  v.  100.  A.'s  salary 
was  61,000.  St.  Pap.  J//.s.v.,  .MS.,  vi.  3'2. 

183!):  April,  Delfin,  n  ncojihyte,  in  behalf  of  nil  tlic  neophytes,  charges 
the  administrator  with  wasting  and  misapplying  the  mi^tMon  cll'eets,  .'^o  that 
tiie  ln<l.  are  deserting,  tired  of  working  v.ithout  results.  The  admin,  eal- 
tiv-itcs  lields  for  hinr'clf  with  Ind.  labor;  pnti  his  own  brand  on  the  best 
horses;   and   buys  animals  with  mission  brandy.     Only  GO  Ind.  at  work. 


PUEBLO  OF  SAN  JUAN. 


627 


'.ciifaiKli.i^ 


tlint  all  tho  stoj;s  wcro  coiuplL'tt'cl,  nor  is  aiiytliiii'L;' 
known  ot'})uel)lu  annuls  t'oi;  a  seal'.  It  would  a[)|i<'ai', 
liowevcr,  that  wliatuver  was  act'oini)lislie(l  had  to  l)o 
undone  under  the  rc.i^ulations  of  the  next  year,  aiul 
that  tlie  mission  was  secularized  like  the  I'estin  IS;!4. 
Jose  Antonio  Pico  and  Francisco  Scpt'ilvoda  wrrv 
,-^aceessively  in  charge  during  18;]4-7;  .'  hI  Santiago 
Arguello  i'rom  January  18.j8.  The  Indians,  having 
]i;id  a  foretaste  of  liberty,  becuune  more  and  niort;  <lis- 
ciintented,  and  were  clamorous  for  a  return  to  pueblo 
lii'e  and  seh'-government.  Hartnell  failed  to  satisfy 
thoin  on  his  tour  of  18i31);  and  finally  in  1840  they 
v.oro    left    in    charge    of  Padre    Zalvidea,  aided    by 

Tlicy  ask  for  a  just  ailiiiiiiistvator,  ami  one  vlio  liiis  not  so  lari^'o  a  family. 
,S7.  J'up.  Mi.is.,  Ms,,  vi.  l!4-7.  Gov.  Alvariitlo  iiistniett'(l  ILutuoll  to  invcsti- 
g:;te,  ami  lio  foinul  tl.o  cliarjjCH  u;,'aiust  ArL;iicllo  luilV/undc'd,  t!ionj:li  tin.'  liul. 
Avi-ro  ili^:ci)ntcnti,'(l,  jmd  wishtil  the  padio  to  niaiuu;0  tlRir  aHaiivi.  /</.,  xi,  'JO- 
N.  llai'tncir.s  visit  \\a.s  early  in  June,  and  lie  leiuscd  to  malcc  any  imniodiato 
rliimgc,  tlior.^li  lie  sici.id  to  i'aviir  a  trial  of  tlicii'iilan  of  Kavinu'  tlie  (•.N|ien.-.o 
()!  I'.n  administrator,  lie  found  aa'airs  in  a  l.ad  Mtate,  only  •■•  Ind.  at  tlio 
Mission,  i:n(l  tome  jtiito  do  laxon  disposed  to  make  trouMi'.  'J'lio  prefert 
\,-,.s  instructed  to  aid  in  the  rcsioration  of  fugitives.  Ilnrhirll,  Jjitirli,  MS., 
;i 1 ,  4'2,  (il)-7-.  In  Aur.  Argiiello  says  l;c  eannot  imiirove  the  eondition  of 
i.iiair.4  on  ii'jcount  of  eonslanl  desertions,  rohberits,  and  the  jii'efeel's  reuis.-.l 
ti  allow  tlio  arrest  of  I'unawayfi.   Sf.  J'up.  jy/.sw.,  MS.,  xi.  ■i;!-(i. 

ISli):  llanion  ,\rgltclK)  \va  ■<  left  in  charge  during  his  fathei's  ahsenee:  Imt 
the  Ind.  were  bitterly  oppnsed  to  the  whole  family.  ]Iart!iell  in  .June  wat 
i.uJioriiced  to  set  tho  Ind.  free  if  lie  could  make  satisfaetoiy  arrangeuient^*. 
Ji\h.  J/i.v.(.,  ^IS.,  ii.  1111;  I/arfiic/l,  Duirlo,  MS.,  tiO.  On  arriving  in  July 
t )  put  in  force  the  new  I'.glaniento,  he  first  appointed  I'ainon  Aigiiello  an 
1  ajordomo,  but  tho  Ind.  wimld  not  iiubmit,  showing  great  excitement. 
Tlien  a  proponUon  of  Andrea  I'ico  to  rent  the  mission,  support  the  ]iadro 
Viiui  the  ohl  and  nick,  and  pay  fair  wages  to  all  cx-neophytes  m  ho  would 
v.iirk.  Also  one  of  J.  .'\.  I'^stuiUllo  to  take  the  mission  as  majordoiiio  for  5  or 
(i  ycar.s  for  ont^  ihird  of  the  prodr.ct  of  the  estates  instead  of  a  salary,  binding 
l!!i:ise!f  to  earo  for  tho  pailie  and  Ind.,  to  repair  the  building.^,  and  to  add  hi.i 
ov.  n  o.ven  and  hornes  fjr  v.-orlcin'j  purposes  to  the  mi:isioii  stock.  IJut  ihe  1  iid. 
M'  ;u!d  listen  to  nothing  of  tlie  kinl,  insisting  on  being  formed  into  a  piH'blr>. 
It  v,as  ilnally  agrecl  that  temin'r.-irily,  until  the  gT.t  could  mako-ari'ai'.gc- 
D'-e'iits  about  tlio  pueblo,  I'adrc  Zahidea  should  have  charge  of  t!io  ])ro[ierty, 
t'.jo  Ind.  ]iromif;ing  to  v.oik  faitlil'ully  under  his  administration,  //(.■/•.'/.i//, 
7/c'/r(0,  ^IS.,  ")-().  Ilartneir.-;  report.H  to  govt,  and  lii.^  covresp  indeiico  v.  ith 
I'ico  and  I'^studillo.  /</.,  00-4;  Arrh.  Mlt.,  .MS  ,  ii.  107.J.  Sant.  Aigiiello 
lurch  oQ'endcd  at  his  son's  removal.  .SV.  Pa;!.  MU.<.,  MS.,  xi.  11.  I'.  Zalvid.ea, 
h  ;d  refused  absolutely  to  i-tiui.in  in  pernianent  charge,  or  as  curate  at  tho 
l^.oposcd  pueblo,  unless  families  do  razon  should  al.o  be  allowcil  to  yettlo 
tlure,  and  some  civil  authority  be  established  over  the  Iiul.  alcaldes.  At  thj 
e:id  of  Dee,  ho  appointed  Agustin  Jairtisens  as  acting  innjordomo;  approved 
by  govt  in  Feb.  iSH.  Jati-ssoi'',  Dor.,  M.S.,  ,">-().  Concspiuidcnco  wii.li  a 
ii'Djihytc  who  tilled  land  at  Trabueo.  Id.,  :j-4.  Janssens  had  been  living 
fi'i-  :i  time  at  Trabaco  as  repreaeutativo  of  Capt.  Aiyiiello,  who  was  solieitmg 
a  grant  of  the  raiiclio. 


m 


0-J8 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SAN  DIEfJO  DLSTRICT. 


A{,niNtiii  JaiiasuiiH,  witli  tlio  promise  of  roni|i|(to 
ciiiaiici|tati<)ii  as  .soon  as  arranufoinont.s  could  In-  iinnlt . 
in  these  last  years  a  very  lar^e  pai't  of  tlie  liidiMiis 
were  absent  at  Los  An_i(eles  and  at  the  ranehos, 

Tiiore  were  three  pueblos  of  cx-neopliytes  in  jlic 
district  besides  San  Juan  (*apistrano,  namely,  S;iii 
Diejjfuito,  Las  Flores,  and  San  l?ascual,  about  iill  of 
which  there  is  a  most  unfortunnti'  lack  of  informa- 
tion. They  were  composed  of  Indians  selected  fioiu 
the  different  missions  for  their  intellio-ence,  jifood  l>c. 
havior,  industry,  and  litness  in  all  respects  for  carniii'^^ 
their  own  liviiiLTand  mana<j:in<j:  their  own  affairs.  Thcv 
were  feeble  a])})ro.\imations  to  such  towns  of  civilixrd 
and  chi-istianized  natives  as  all  the  missions  hiid  hrcu 
intended  under  the  original  system  to  become;  hut  in 
every  respect  except  the  choice  of  the  best  rndiaiis, 
the  conditions  were  unfavorable  to  success.  San  Die- 
}4'uito,  Las  Flores,  and  San  Juan  were  perhaps  organ- 
ized in  18"3,  the  two  former  from  the  ex-neo[iliy'f.s 
of  San  Diego  and  San  Luis  respectively;  and  in  ^lay 
1834  they  were  represented  by  the  governor  as  in  a 
nourishing  condition.  San  Dieguito  seems  to  liavc 
had  about  15  families  at  the  start;  and  at  the  time  of 
Hartnell's  visit  in  1839  they  were  complaining  that 
their  best  lands  had  been  taken  away.  Las  Floivs 
had  19G  inhabitants  in  183G,  and  they  were  so  far  ad- 
vanced in  politics  that  the}' presented  chargers  against 
their  Indian  alcaldes,  who  were  replaced  by  otlnrs 
after  investigation  by  Pio  Pico.  In  1839,  llartnrll 
found  49  families  of  143  souls,  and  in  four  years  tiny 
had  rid  themselves  of  half  their  property;  but  the 
rest  of  the  live-stock,  valued  at  88G7,  was  distril)ntid 
with  a  warning  that  unless  they  did  better  they  would 
be  afjain  reduced  to  mission  life.  San  Pascual  was 
organized  in  November  1835,  with  34  famuies  ot  1  i-i 
souls  from  San  Dieijo.  Nothing  more  is  known  of  it 
during  the  decade.''^ 

^^On  the  pueblos,  see  this  vol.,  .TS9;  Sf.  Pap.  J/ki.,MS.,  xi.  25-0;  vl.  ."■:; 
Prpf.  St.  Pep.,  Ami.,  v.  78;  Ildrhii'l!,  Diarlo.  MS.,  42;  llai/ei>' ML^s.  1j.,S60, 
S05,  497;  Id.,  Due.',  00;  .S.  D.  Arch.,  MS.,  114. 


CHAPTER  XXII. 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  LOS  ANGELES  DISTRICT. 
1831-1840. 

A  CrsTRK  OF  Political  Aoitatiov-Ciikonolooio  SirMMAiiY  ani>  Ini-ex  — 
Local  OccnniiKxcES— Indian  Hostilities — Day  and  Steaiixs— Vifii- 
LANCK  Committee— Sectional  Waufaue— Cakrillo's  Capital  -Tr- 
BULT  or  the  Flao— Akrest  of  Foreigners— Increase  of  Popi  i.ation 
— Private  Ranchos — Ayuntamiento  and  Municipal  Affairs— Cisi.m- 
INAL  Record— A  Race— The  Prkfectcre —PeSa,  Tapia,  and  Ar- 
glello — Port  of  San  Pedro— San  CJahriei.— Padres  Boscana  and 
Sanchez— Statistics — Secularization — Events — Bandini's  Reforms 
— San  Fernando  Rey — Father  Cabot — A  Prosperoits  Mission — 
Antonio  del  Valle  as  Comisionado — Chronologic  Record. 


Dup.rMG  this  decade  Los  Angeles  was  a  centre  of 
]iolitical  agitation  and  of  military  achievement.  From 
tlie  expulsion  of  Governor  Victoria  in  1831,  after  a 
battle  fought  not  far  from  town,  there  was  hardly  a 
month  in  which  the  Angelinos  did  not  feel  themselves 
to  be  responsible  in  a  peculiar  manner  for  the  salva- 
tion of  California,  either  from  the  arbitrary  encroach- 
luerits  of  Mexican  despots  or  from  the  mad  folly  of 
^Monterey  patriots,  whose  methods  of  resisting  despot- 
ism did  not  merit  the  approval  of  abajeno  ollice- 
seokers,  and  who  were  blind  to  the  claims  of  the 
angelic  city  as  capital  of  the  province.  Especially 
ill  the  strugjcjle  against  Alvarado  and  in  favor  of 
Ctlrlos  Carrillo  as  governor  did  the  zeal  of  Los 
AniTcles  manifest  itself,  thoufrh  it  was  strongly  rcun- 
forced  by  eloquence  from  San  Diego.  But  in  this 
strusffjle  the  south  was  destined  to  defeat,  for  Santa 
Barbara  when  not  hostile  was  lukewarm,  San  Diego 
if  eloquent  was  not  warlike,  and  the  arribeno  Leaders, 

(029) 


(!'«*' 


030 


LOCAL  AXXALS  OF  LOS  ANGELES  DLSTIliCT. 


II 


'  ii 


jjistead  of  Ijciiij;'  annihilated  l)j  tlic  p.itriotic  jtlaiip; 
and  pronuncianiientos  of  tliuir  opponents,  sliov.cd 
an  alanninfic  toiulency  to  use  actual  force  in  the  i)l;iv 
at  war.  All  the  complicated  and  ludicrous  sequenrc 
of  ])ositif)n.s  assumed — not  to  say  somersaults  acconi- 
l)lished — l)y  the  ill  ustiious  ay  untamiento  and  citizens  ol' 
the  southern  metropolis  has  been  fully  presented  in  tho 
]H>litical  annals  of  the  country,  so  that  the  appended 
summary  ^  assumes  larmdv  the  form  of  an  index  to 

'  Chronologic  summ;iry  of  Los  Angeles  events  during  the  deeailo.  IS,")!, 
Steains  liiinislicd  l)y  Victoria.  This  vol.,  p.  l'J4.  Also  troubles  of  Alcal  !u 
Saneiu'z,  iiii]>risou)iii.'nt  of  I'egidoros  iiud  citizens,  and  ni'i'e.st  of  Jo.ii  A.  (\ir- 
lillo.  /'/.,  l!).")-0.  Dec,  a' rival  of  the  rcvohitionary  forces  ffoni  S.  Dic/n, 
fight  near  Cahuenga,  dcf(, it  of  Victoria.  /'/., '204-10.  Arriv;  1  of  ^Volf.skil^^^ 
]  arty  from  Sea  Fo  in  IVb.  Id.,  :!S(i.  On  Oc;t.  ;"iii,  the  cliapl;  in"s  house  m^is 
ja'cid<Mitally  burned.  ])'j,f.  ,S7.  P'l/i.,  lien.  Prrf.  y  Jirjj.,  MS.,  iii.  IS  11). 

ls;)'2.  Jan.  Ttli,  aynnt.  adhere-  to  tlio  S.  Diego  plan.  Tiii.t  vol.,  p  "Jl-J. 
Jan. -Feb.,  tlie  diputaciuu  in  session.  \'ain  cllbrts  to  niaUe  Vi~>  I'ico  gov, 
Theayunt.  declares  for  ICclieandiii  against  I'ico.  hi,  -JKi-l'O,  lNU -2.  Fcl). - 
Ajiril.  Ibarra's  intrigues,  the  ayunt.  turns  from  I'^clieaiulia  to  Zainoran  i, 
northern  force  retires,  sontiiern  force  under  ISarro.so  at  Fa.'so  de  liarto!  >, 
Angeles,  and  S.  Gabriel,  a  truce.  /'/.,  '22.J-7.  l)ip.  nieels  iii  Dee.  /•/.,  'ID, 
Arrival  of  llwing  Young's  trappei's  in  April.     I<1..  387. 

bs;!;i.  Jan. -Feb.  Angeles  recognizes  and  '  ongiatulates  Gov.  Figuemi. 
/'/.,  'l\'l.  Padre  Duran'.s  views  on  the  condition  anil  treatment  of  Ind.  in  tho 
town.  Id.,  ,'12;)~;!0.  Excitement  arising  fi-oni  acts  of  X.  Mex.  traders  an  I 
horse-thieves.  Id.,  Sll.l.  liotello  speaks  of  a  b(  liool  tliis  year  kept  by  \'iceii.e 
Jloraga  at  Si,")  per  month. 

ls;U.  (';)ntroversy  aljout  the  salt-fields.  n.,T,A.  Lid.  troubles  of  Ocf.- 
I'ec,  cliiell\  in  S.  15eriiai.iino  region.  Id.,  .l.'iri-OO.  Moie  details  as  follows: 
Oct.  '1"A,  rcpoi'tof  Gen.  (Jutierrez  to  gov.  0:i  lOtli  thccliief  Maroua  repo.'a.l 
tiie  advance  of  4  chiefs  and  "-'OO  Lid.  on  S.  Gabriel  at  the  instigation  of  H;j,ir 
;  lid  Araujo.  P.  Ksteiiega  and  Araujo  went  to  meet  thoui  on  the  20th.  Tin; 
jiadre  was  detained  and  pliimlereil,  but  given  up  to  Araujo  at  La  I'uente,  i  ml 
the  <.'liief  testitied  th.^.t  tiu' Irid.  liad  risen  at  A. "s  instigation.  Lieut  J.,  I. 
Pamiivz  was  sent  against  tlie  Ind.  on  tiio  2bst,  and  Araujo  was  ordered  ■  i 
Mont.  D< III.  St.  Pap.,  .MS.,  iii.  17i'-S.'^.  Oct.  2:!d,  Lamirez's  report  of  !n 
eanipaign.  lie  attaclicd  (JO  Ind.  on  'Aw  21st,  killing  4;  and  later  attack  I 
2()0,  f.d-cing  tiu^m  to  retreat.  /('.,  177-8.  Figui^roa's  orders  of  Oct.  .'ilstf'i' 
precautions,  etc.  /(/.,  Ilvj-T.  Further  corresp.  It  appears  that  the  In. 1.  h.;  I 
stolen  the  saci'cd  vessels  and  other  ]iroiicrly  at  S.  Iternardino.  L'.,  li)0  1. 
Dec.  Kith,  Serr.ino  has  been  warned  to  leave  Temased  by  Ind.,  who  .say  I  lie 
Angeles  (lihtrict  is  to  be  attacked  by  Colorado  Piver  bands.  /(/.,  20.").  Fimmi 
Gutierrez'.s  icport  of  I'd),  d,  IS;!"),  it  ajipears  that  in  the  last  days  of  Dee.  V.v 
rancho  of  S.  Jernardiiio  had  be, 'ii  attacked,  plundered,  and  burned.  Pamir./, 
with  a,  force  of  ,")S  nu'ii  luMrched  o;i  Jan.  ."ilh.  .Meanwlule  (i  or  S  w  lUtuI 'd 
refugees  came  in,  rep  irting  tint  lo  persons  ha<l  bciii  kill.':  ,  that  several  fami- 
lies had  escaped  to  other  ranchos,  and  t>thers  had  been  iiade  captives.  Tiicy 
Said  the  leailcrs  were  ex-neo[)hytes  of  S.  G.ibiicl  and  .hat  further  hostiliii  s 
Were  intended.  Id.,  iv.  1-,'?,  Uiif  irtunately  inMiinj,  i.i  knov.'n  of  the  resii.'t 
of  Kiinirez's  campaign,  and  nothing  more  of  tht^  nris.s.iL're.  I  suppose  t'lo 
iiumljer  killed  may  have  been  exagirerated,  and  that  all  were  Indians.  In  S'. 
Pup.,  Sill'.,  MS,,  xii.  (J~S,  is  a  report  showing  that  in  .Ian.- IVb.  ISIC),  rumors 
01  inijiendiiig  attack  were  atiil  current  in  the  district,  and  that  most  rauchc- 


-Hi; 


IXDKX  OF  EVENTS. 


631 


procediiio^  chapters  of  this  vohuiie.  There  are  inter- 
.-persed,  however,  various  otlier  inatters  of  considera- 
ble local  interest,  most  of  which,  ■''■^c  the  political  de- 

ri:is  in  tlic  inoinitains  wore  in  arms  to  repel  invasion  )>'  more  disLaiit  trilu-:?. 
.\nv.  '22d,  AuioriiMM  residfuts  (jicitcst  against  i)ciiig  oUiifcd  tn  I'.o  issi'ltary 
;■  ivici!  c'xc('i)t  in  ease  of  invasion  or  o'lier  great  eiue);/ene^\  .  One  of  V.iv.v 
isinilier  lias  ))een  put  in  jail  for  refusal  lo  serve.  JJc/r,  SI.  J'<iji.  Aih/.,  ,MS., 

i.  i:i4  0. 

1S:!,'>.  March,  A]ial;Uei;ui  ami  I'orres  rcvjU  ii^ainst  I'iguoroa  in  the  .sun- 
IKiscil  interest  of  liijar  an,l  i'aiiri's.  Th's  vol.,  yt.  'JSl-IJ.  (..'liarges  again  fc 
Aliel  Stearns  as  a  .SMiiiggler.  I<1.,  .'iTTi.  Angeles  made  a  city  and  eapiral  Iiy 
Vex.  deerc^o  of  May  'JUd,  news  n.>t  I'cecived  till  late  in  the  year.  Jil.,  'J;!-', 
tl(!.  In  Sept.  Wni  Day  bought  a  barrel  of  wine  of  Abel  Steai'ns,  and  liniling 
it  .sour  wished  the  seller  to  take  it  back.  .'>tcarna  rcfii.  i  1.  ami  a  (jiiarrel 
'  iisued,  (luiiiig  which  8.  attacked  ]).  wiUi  a  stick,  and  was  in  tiu-n  stabl):il 
i:i  four  ph'.ces,  one  cut  nenrly  severing  his  tnngue.  Day  was  arrested  and 
kept  in  jail  for  a  year,  while  complicated  and  intermittent  legal  proceeding:! 
were  carried  on  against  liim.  Day  was  uo'c  only  put  in  jail  but  handeuli.  il, 
:!:iil  certain  Mexicm ,  under  Manuel  A.zag.i,  l)roke  into  liu^  jail  and  reinoviil 
1,!^  ii'on.s,  forwhich  they  arc  saidt  iliavc  been  banislied.  J)ipt.  >/.  Pup.,  Hi.!., 
.M  ■;.,  V.  (>7-7f,  !»;M.">(;;  U:,ti-llo,  Aiia'i-n  ild  Sin;  MS.,  0-1  ^. 

ISjI).  Jan.  4th,  publication  of  the  decree  making  Angeles  the  cajnt.al, 
i.ick  of  zeal  in  furnishing  pnl)lic  buildings.  Tiiis  vdl.,  p.  410  17.  Jan.  i2.S;h, 
ii!;'.nkeu  hid.  to  be  arrested  and  put  to  work  on  the  city  water-works.  /,iw 
.lirj.  Ai/ifiit.  Ii(r.,  MS,,  7l>.  ^lareh  April,  murder  of  Domingo  l"(-lix,  a;;d 
tiic  resulting  vigilance  committee.  This  vol.,  p.  417-1!'.  .Fune,  oath  to  tl:e 
'mscs  eoustitucionales.  L/.,  4:.'.'),  432.  April-.lune,  (Jov,  (.'liico's  visit  a^:d 
iniubles  connected  with  his  invcstigatinn  of  the  vigilance  comniittee.  77., 
!..■)  '2.  Sept.,  treons  .'it  S.  (ialiriel  dceliiio  to  servo  longer  without  cloth;:!:'. 
/''/,/.  .S7,  r,ij,.,  If.  M.,  MS.,  Ixxxl. -J.'M.  Xov.-Dec,  news  of  Alvara.i'.'s 
i.  voluiioii,  meering;!  of  aynnt.  and  citizens,  patriotic  plans  against  tin:  jiian 
'  ;  Monterey.  Tnis  vol.,  p.  4.'il-4.  Dec,  Ang'cles  with  S.  Diego  and  St;i  li. 
t  1  form  a  district  according  to  ^Vlvarado's  plan,  not  carried  out.   A/.,  4',  ">. 

18;i7.  Jan.,  new  ;  lau  against  revolution;  corresponilcneo  <if  leading  incn; 
sciz;irc  of  the  ii.i.ision  ■  inds;  hostile  (ireparations;  campaign  of  S.  Fernandi; 
trjatics  and  protest?-;  Alvai'.ido  andCastro  at  Angeles;  ])(;ace  audeongrati'a- 
ti  i.:a.  Id.,  iyi-'tO'i.  Arrest  of  1)  or  10  Angelinos  by  Castro.  A/..."it)t.  Ap.il- 
?.l:iy.  the  cu:;  again  asserts  its  opposition  to  tlio  new  govt,  but  liiially  clci  i;:i 
i:  best  to  submit.  /(/.,  .l()7-l>.  May-.)uiie,  a  new  pronunciamiento;  S.  "i  ■■.() 
j  I  in:  Ijandiiii  ciptures  tlio  t  iwn:  I'ortiila  ad/ances  in  warlike  arrav,  1  ■  t 
!  'litillo  arrivcL  with  the  w^w  consritution,  and  Alvaiad;iends  the  war  by  -i.ii- 
uiittii'g  to  Me:;ico.  /'/.,  ')1S-'JI,  oJii  et  :'('■.{.  Oct.-No\.,  news  of  Carlos  C  i;- 
I  i;lo"s  appointjucut  as  gov. .  and  great  joy  of  the  An;,'i  linos.  />/.,  .■i;i4-8.  iK^'., 
\y>n  Carlos  sworn  in  bcfo;e  tiie  ayuiKanuenti>.   /</.,  r)li!)-4'). 

bSIJS.  Jan.  Feb.,  Carrillo  at  .Vugoles  as  '\m  capital.  II..  'A't  et  seip 
Marcii,  a  military  force  sent  nerth  oiily  to  be  defeated;  .sc\er.d  ])romine:it 
'  iu.a'iis  made  prisoners  of  wav.  /<!.,  ."))')  et  se<j.  April,  (.'r.stro  again  in  )Hirt- 
s-ion  of  the  tov.n,  but  many  eitiztns  esc:ipe  ti)  the  south.  I  L,  .").")().  ^lay, 
< ':  riiUo  returns  witii  Alvarado  after  the  iiiisucecHsful  campaign  of  Las  Floi'e.;; 
I  volt  of  eiti:-;eiis  in  favor  c>f  Alvar:ulo;  ayunt.  and  ci li/.t'us decide  against  Car- 
I  iiki;  but  after  turtlier  plots  (Jarrilio  and  nther  prominent  eitizen:^  are  sent  to 
:  ;■■  north  as  prisoners,  all  is  peaces  again,  and  .'Vlvarado  is  ciitert:iined  by  the 
\.i;j'elinoN.  A/.,  .")!!!  0.  Aliout  this  year,  according  to  l!otell(i.  Jans-:ens,  and 
'  irs  Oi'^l,  Ignacio  Coronel,  aiilcd  i>y  his  daughter  and  ^\  ife,  opcneil  a  primary 
n'iiool  in  town. 

ls:!',>,  Jan.,  the  <piota  of  Lo.s  Angeles  in  the  call  for  recruits  fur  the  army 
i)  40  men.     This  vol.,  p,  i,S',i.     May,  tumult  of  tlie  llag,  or  trouljlea  of  I'rc- 


II 


;H- 


i 


632 


LOCAL  AXXALS  OF  LOS  ANGELES  DISTRICT. 


vclopments  tilluded  to,  have  received  elsewhere  all  tlio 
attention  thev  merit.  Such  matters  were  the  meetinos 
of  the  diputacion  in  1831-2;  the  depredations  of  Xcw 
JMexican  'traders'  in  1833;  Indian  hostilities  involvin  »• 
the  destruction  of  San  Bernardino  in  1834;  the  Apa- 
lategui  revolt,  wounding  of  Abel  Stearns,  and  the 
promotion  of  Angeles  to  be  acity  and  capital  in  is;;;); 
vigilance  committee's  operations  in  183G;  the  prefect's 
troubles  and  ilai;  tumult  of  1839;  arrest  of  foreio-niis, 
acts  of  the  Chaguanosos,  Stearns'  contraband  ojx'i'a- 
tions,  and  the  Cari'illo  cons})iracy  in  1840. 

Both  town  and  district  nmst  be  regarded  as  reason- 
ably prosperous  during  the  decade.  The  populat  ion  in 
1830  has  been  given  as  1,1G0,  or  770  for  the  town,  and 
390  at  the  ranches  and  missions.  The  chief  autlioii- 
ties  for  the  following  period  are  a  padron  of  1836  and 
a  voting  list  of  1839,  as  given  with  a  few  other  details 
in  a  note.^     While  the  statistical  basis  is  not  entirelv 


iji 


foct  Cosmo  Pcna.  Id. ,  5S8-9.  Supt.,  news  of  Alvaraclo's  confirmation  in  Mcx- 
icf)  as  govci-nor  of  Cal. ;  popnlar  icjoicinrr  at  Los  Angdcs.  /(/.,  ."iW-,").  June 
.5111,  precautions  ordered  against  the  smallpox.  Dfjit.  St.  Pup.,  Aiiij.,  MS.,  v. 
2\~'2,  '2't.  Aug.  lOtli,  21  citizens  send  a  petition  to  the  ayiint.  on  tlie  state  of 
the  town  ceiuctcry,  which  has  been  used  since  )S'_'i2,  aii<l  is  totally  i'i;Lil(i|ii;ilo 
to  present  needs,  endangering  the  health  of  the  comnuuiity.  Tlicy  ask  th.it 
a  .suitable  site  for  a  new  Vmrial  place  ho  selected,  and  that  the  ayuiit.  iiinl 
priest  consider  the  matter  of  removing  all  remains  from  the  old  campo  siuit  i. 
'llic  ayuiit.  referred  the  matter  to  a  committee,  and  approved  its  repm  t  in 
Oct.  in  favor  of  a  new  cemetery  to  be  established  at  the  cost  of  the  petitiiu- 
crs  with  coi'tperation  of  other  citizens.  Coroitcl,  Doc,  MS.,  92-4.  But  nothing 
was  accomplished  for  5  years. 

1840.  April,  arrest  of  some  14  foreign  residents,  who  were  sent  to  S.  I'las 
with  Graham  and  ids  companions.  \'ol.  iv.,p.  14.  M.'iy -June,  pursuit  of  t!io 
ClKiguanosos  and  N.  Mexican  hori-e-thievea.  /(/.,  77.  Oct.,  more  of  Stcinns' 
smuggling  operations.  Id.,  !).").  l,'onspiiacy  of  .Tos(5  Antonio Carrillo,  wIiowms 
carried  to  Monterey  as  a  prisoner,  an  ati'air  which  caused  much  correspninl- 
eneo  with  but  little  foundation.    Tiiis  vol.,  p.  (iOO -7. 

•^  Population  of  Los  Angeles:  1S;?,'J,  .lohn  Forstcr  thinks  there  were  almnt 
200  families  in  the  town.  ISdiirrojT^  Pn-.'f.  (>/«.,  MS.,  (U).  1834,  21  Anini 
cans  sign  a  petition.  J'i/if.  Sf.  Pap.,  Aiifi.,  i.  l.")(i.  IS.SO,  padron  of  Anjilr:) 
jurisdiction  showing  of  gento  de  razon,  CtO'A  men,  421  women,  and  (mI  chil- 
dren; total,  l,t)7r);  Indians,  ')'hi.  Lm  Ah;/.,  Aipnif.  I'lC,  l.'J.  List  of  ;!."iS 
men  available  for  the  protection  of  the  city,  iiuluding  8  at  S.  Josi5,  4  at  Al.i- 
initos,  3  at  Lugo's,  17  atSta  Ana,  5  at  Las  llolsas,  5  at  S.  Antonio.  48  at  St;i 
Gertrndis,  21  at  S.  Gabriel,  and  a  few  at  other  ranchos.  /</.,  !>.  The  ceiisiis 
of  18;{()  is  also  mentioned  as  aliovo  in  Los  Ainj.  Co.  /lisf.,  3.1-4,  and  thj 
names  of  foreigners,  40  in  inimbei-,  are  given;  also  in  Lo.'i  Ainj.  Airlt.,  i.  121 
-4.  1837,  from  the  i)adroii  of  the  preceding  year  274  (or  2(i4)  men  were  .m- 
Icetcd  as  lit  for  military  service.  Id.,  i.  137;  iv.  279.  1838.  names  of  nhuit: 
00  citizens  in  petitions,  etc.  /(/.,  v.  8-23.     1839,  original  liat  of  voters,  with 


'o  all  tliG 
iiicotings 

s  of  X(\V 
nvolviii  !• 
tho  A  Inl- 
and tlie 
ill  IS;;:); 

d   opc-ra- 

,s  reasoH- 
ilatioii  ill 
own,  and 
autliuii- 
183G  and 
er  details 
:  eiitiixly 

itionin  ^[^'x- 

f!)4-:).     Juno 

7..  MS.,  V. 

tho  state  of 

Kiili;'i|uatc 

y  ask  th;it 

lyiiiit.  aiiil 

annio  Kaiit']. 

I'ciioi  t  ill 

,0  petitii'ii- 

ut  nothing,' 

to  S.  lUa3 
I'siiit  of  tho 

if  Steams' 
Id,  who  was 
cori'cspoinl- 


wcrc  alinut 

■Jl  AllKTi 

if  Aii'.vlt'.s 

I  (mI  Vliil- 
,ist  of  3.')3 
,  4  at  Ala- 
.  48  at  Sta 

'ho   COllSll!! 

1-,  and  tlio 
v/,.,  i.  121 

II  WCl'i'  su- 
s  of  ail: lilt 

oturs,  with 


rOPULATIOX  AND  RAXCIOS. 


633 


satisfactory,  I  think  the  population  of  gcntc  do  razon 
ill  1840,  including  40  or  50  foreigners,  some  of  them 
with  i'ainilics,  may  be  safely  ])ut  at  1,800,  or  1,100  in 
tlie  city  and  suburbs  with  700  at  the  ranches  and 
missions,  a  <>ain  of  G40  during  the  decade.  The  Ind- 
iaii  population,  exclusive  of  gentiles  and  refugees  in 
distant  rancherias,  may  be  regarded  as  about  1,500.  I 
aj)pcnd  a  list  of  some  30  ranches,^  more  than  half  of 

aj,'o,  occupation,  and  rcsidonco.  Tho  whole  ninnher  in  1  "iS,  living  in  town  S7, 
on  tlie  lanchos  .■).■?,  at  the  missions  1,'}.  There  were  !H)  laborers,  24  ran<;luids, 
]•_' merchants,  15  men  of  ditiercnt  trade?  besides  a  clerk,  school-master,  aiid 
an  administrator;  04  could  write.  Abel  Si  :iarn8  is  the  only  foreigner  named. 
Curonil,  Doc,  MS.,  .51-04. 

"llanchos  of  the  Los  Angeles  districc  18.^1-40.  Those  marked  witli  a  * 
were  rejected  by  the  Lan<l  Conimission  or  U.  S.  courts.  Ahimitos,  fl  leagues, 
conlirmed  in  IS.'U  to  Juan  J.  Xioto,  heir  of  Manuel  Nicto;  Abel  Stearns, 
claimant  before  L.  C.  Francisco  Figucroa  lired  here  in  18.'i[),  it  having  been 
bought  by  Gov.  Figueroa  for  §J00  in  1835.  A.zuza,  4  leagues,  granted  to 
lirnacio  Palomarcs  and  Kieardo  Vejar  in  1837,  1840,  and  to  Luis  Arenas  in 
IS4i,  including  S.  Joscs  Henry  D.il ton  cl.  Ballona,  1  league,  granted  in  1S39 
to  Agustia  Machado,  who  was  the  claimant.  The  Talamantcs  and  5  votci'.s 
ill  all  lived  hero  in  1839.  lioe.i  dc  Sta  Monica,  1^  leagues,  granted  in  183!) 
to  l'"raii.  Mar((uez  ct  al.,  Lsidor  Reyes  et  al.  claimants,  liolsas,  7  leagues, 
I  niilirnuHl  in  1834  to  widow  of  Manuel  Xieto,  Jost^  J.  Morillo  claimant.  Tho 
Jliiiz,  3  voters,  lived  here  in  18.3!);  o  men  in  183G.  For  half  of  Las  ]>olsas, 
Ramon  Yorbaetal.  were  claimants,  lirca,  1  league,  granted  in  1828  to  Ant.  J. 
Jloeha,  wlio  was  claimant;  nothing  in  tho  records  of  1831-40.  Cahucnga  still 
i!n;,ranted.  In  Feb.  1833,  though  occujiied  by  the  mission,  it  was  claimed  by 
tlir  ayunt.  as  ejidos  of  the  town.  *Cajon  de  Muscupiabc,  granted  in  183!)  to 
•I  i.au  Baudini,  who  was  claimant.  *Canada  de  los  Pinacates,  J  league,  granted 
ill  ls35  to  Jos;''  and  J.  M.  Cruz;  M.  Antonio  Cruz  claimant.  Canada  de  Sta 
Ana,  3  leagues,  granted  in  1834  to  Bernardo  Yorba,  who  was  claimant.  17  men 
ill  I83(i;  12  voters  in  IS.'SO.  Ccrritos,  o  leagues,  granted  in  1834  to  Manuela 
\ieto,  John  Temple  claimant.  Said  by  Requena  to  have  been  sold  forS4,0U0. 
Ciriiegji  dc  las  Ranas,  see  S.  Joa(iuiu.  Cienegas,  1  league,  granted  in  1823  to 
Iran.  Avila;  no  record  in  tliis  ilecade;  claimant,  Jannnrio  Avila.  Coyotes,  10 
liMgues,  conlirmed  in  1834  to  J.  .1.  Xieto;  A.  Pico  et  al.  claimants.  4  voters 
li\od  hero  in  18.39.  Li  1840  this  rancho  was  decided  to  behmg  to  J.  B.  l^ean- 
ihy.  though  Tomds  Sanchez  claimed  it,  having  lived  there  8  years  as  renter 
nf'a  part.  Dcjd.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  v.  1,")-1().  Cuati  (Huerta),  granted  in  1830 
to  \'ietoria  Keid,  who  \\as  claimant.  Cucamonga,  3  1.,  granted  in  18.3!)  to 
'riiiurcio  Tapia;  L.  V.  Priidiiointno  claimant.  Habra,  lA  1.,  granted  in  1S39 
t  I  Mariano  Roldau;  A.  Pico  ct  al.  claimants.  Jurupa,  7  (or  14)  1.,  granted  in 
1^38  to  Juan  Banilini;  clainumts,  Bandini  and  L(juis  Robidoux.  Nogaks,  1 
I.,  granted  in  1840  to  Jose  de  la  Cruz  Linares;  M.  do  Jesus  Garcia  et  al. 
riaimants.  Ojo  de  Agua,  granted  to  Kncarn.acion  Sepi'ilveda  in  1840.  Xot 
hi  fore  tho  L.  C.  Paso  de  Baitolo  Vicjo  (sometimes  called  S.  Rafaell,  2  1., 
j-'iantcd  in  1835  to  Juan  Crispin  Perez;  Pio  Pico  et  al.  claimants.  Riucon, 
I  1.,  gianted  in  1839  to  .luan  Bandini;  B.  Yorba  cl.  *Rosa  de  Castillo,  granted 
in  1831  to  Juan  Ballcstcros;  A.  Lcstrade  cl  San  Antonio,  conlirmed  in  |s;!8 
to  Ant.  M.  Lugo,  who  was  claimant.  5  men  hero  in  1830.  San  Francisco, 
Lvanted  in  183!)  to  Antoui.)  del  Valle,  much  against  tho  wishes  of  tho  S.  Fer- 
nando Lul. ;  Jacoba  Felix  cl,  San  .loacpiiii,  11  1.,  granted  in  1837,  1842  to 
.losi5  Sepiilveda,  who  was  the  cl.,  including  Ciencga  do  las  Ranas.  San  .lose, 
giantcil  in   1837,  ISIO  to  R.  Vcjar  and  Igu.   Palomaros,  who  were  cl.  (seo 


)r  .' 


;i  . ! 


f  M  ■■  ■> 


r  ■ 


C34 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  LOS  ANGELES  DISTRICT. 


tlio  mmibor  newly  gTaiitod,  which  wore  oeciifiii'd  l.v 
pi'ivato  ownoi's  chiriny  tho  deciulc,  iiit'oriiiati(»ii  boin^- 
iiuiiiilv  drawn  from  the  later  records  of  the  Land 
Connnission.  Municipal  affairs  were  managed  hv  an 
ayuntamiento  elected  each  December  for  the  follow- 
ing year,  until  late  in  1839,  when  justices  of  the  peace 
took  the  ])lace  of  alcaldes  and  regidores.  Jueces  (!■ 
campo  for  tlie  environs  of  the  town  and  auxiliai  •,- 
alcaldes  at  the  ranches  w^ere  subordinate  to  tlie  ay  iniia- 
miento.     A  full  official  list  is  appended,*  ^vith  hw.'a 

Ay.wxii).  Tliu  Folix,  4  voters  in  all  1839;  8  men  in  183G.  S.  Jos(5  do  Bi:;::.i3 
Aires,  belonged  to  Ahiiiis  ;uid  i'olunco  in  1810.  Ncur  8ta  Moniea.  7.i  /. 
L'cc,  -MS.,  iii.  5!!,  S-J-.'i.  *San  I'ascual,  H  1.,  granted  in  1840  to  Knri.jiie 
iSeiadvcda  and  Jot;('!  I'erez;  M.  M.  Lugo  de  Foster  ctal.  cl.  Saa  Peilro,  li)  i.. 
f;ranted  in  l.S'J'2  to  .luan  J.  Domingnez;  M.  Doniinguez  et  al.  cl.  4  voter-!  a 
JSIiO.  San  Itafael,  8  1.,  gi\iutc(l  in  1784,  1708  to  J.  M.  Verdugo,  wlmso  inii.s 
^^•ere  el.  Two  N'erdngoH  and  another  voter  in  l.SoO.  San  Vicente,  4  1.,  giantcd  iu 
].So7  to  l''rancisco  Sepulveda,  who  was  cl.  Included  Sta  Monica,  /.c/.  /.'«  ■., 
jNlS.,  iii.  51),  8-J-;{;  Cunilh  (JJ.J,  Doc,  IIH.,  7t)  SO.  Santa  Ana,  see  Canada  .h; 
Sta  A.  and  Santiago  do  Sta  A.,  Santa  Catalina  Isl.,  solicited  in  1840  bj-i,<r..i:i 
"V'ignes  and  J.  ,M.  lianiirez  for  slieep-raisiiig,  hut  not  granted.  J)('pf.  S'.  I'l  ,,., 
I'nf.  yJiiz<i..  MS.,  vi.  77;  Id-,  An;/.,  xii.  40-1,  07.  Santa  (Jertrudis,  o  1., 
conf.  in  1S;>4  to  widow  of  ^Manuel  Nicto,  S.  Carpenter  cl.  48  (?)  nicu  ia 
lS;)(i;  10  voters  in  18:!!).  Keport  on  this  raneho  in  1S.S;1  in  C'otri,  J)oc.,  .Ms., 
1.  Santa  ^Mi'mica,  see  Boca  ile  Sta  M.  In  1840  it  was  decided  that  neitlir 
Manpie'!  nor  Iveyes  had  any  title  to  the  lands  which  had  been  held  by  AW:  - 
rado  and  Maehi.do.  J.iy.  lie-.,  MS.,  iii.  o9,  Si'-I^.  Santiago  dc  Santa  Aii.i, 
II  1.,  granted  in  ISIO  to  Antonio  Yorlia,  whose  heirs  ^\ ere;  tlie  el.  In  iNiKi 
thre(nnen;  in  IS,'!!)  three  Lugos  iind  another  voter.  Sauzal  Ri'dondo,  .">  1., 
c(jnf.  in  1<S37  to  .Antonio  Ign.  Avila,  who  was  the  cl.  *Ti>panga  Maliba,  ,'< 
1.,  granted  in  lS()t  to  J.  ]$.  Tapia;  L.  V.  Prudiionnnc  cl.  No  reccjrd  in  IMII  - 
40.  Tujnnga,  1^  1.,  granted  in  1840  to  Pedro  Lopez  etal.;  cl,  D.  W.  Alex- 
ander et  al.  Virgenes,  '2  1.,  granted  in  ]8."i7  to  J.  M.  Doniinguez;  cl.,  M, 
Ant.  Maehado.  Two  voters  in  ISoO.  *Las  Virgenes,  gr.  in  ls:i4t()  DoiuiMun 
Carrillo,  whoso  heirs  were  the  cl.  >Sec  record  of  cases  in  Ili'ffiaaii'ri  /iVyw/'v, 
also  /Av(/<.s'  Ml.-iC'll.,  'iO-.ll ;  LI.,  Doc,  MS.,  VI.  On  pueblo  lots,  see  eases  ii.s 
■Ml,  477,  0S8  before  the  L.  C.  In  IS.'SUtlie  matter  of  titles  to  town  hui'!< 
was  agitated,  and  it  ap])cared  that  no  one  had  a  written  titks  grants  having 
been  made  verbally  at  lirst  by  military  eomisionados  and  later  by  the  ayuii- 
t,;miento.  Owners  were  ordered  to  petition  for  regular  titles  to  stop  boun- 
dary dispute's.  7/O.f.  Anij.  Arch.,  ^IS.,  i.  70-8;  ii.  7-;  /'/.,  Ayiint.  Uec,  \\ 
L('<j.  Iter.,  MS.,  iii.  3. 

'  Municipal  government  at  Los  Angeles,  a\  ith  list  of  ollicials.  Clii-f 
authorities:  Los  Amj.  Anh.,  ]MS.,  i.,  iv.,  v.;  /'/.,  A;/iuil.  Jicc,  MS.,  y>  ,'. 
»S7.  I'tip.,  AIS.,  xviii.;  /(/.,  Av;/.,  i.-v.,  xi.;  Jd.,  Jicii.  I'trf.  y  Jhz(J.,  iii.,  v.,  vi.; 
Id..  I'lin.,  iv.-v.;  />','/.  /.Vc,  MS.,  i.,  ii.;  V(dl('.  Doc,  MS.,  besides  huudiv(h 
of  scattered  refeieneos. 

IS.'ll.  Alcalde  Vicente  Sanchez;  1st  regidor  Juan  B.  Alvarailo;  simliij 
Oil  Ibarra.  Sanchez  was  always  in  tnuible.  His  election  was  declared  void 
because  he  ^\as  a  niendicr  of  the  assembly,  and  the  1st  regi<lor  took  his  p!:i  c. 
He  was  suspended  ia  April,  but  reinstated  by  Victoria,  to  be  again  susptiuUd 
and  impri  ■lined  by  V.'s  opponents  in  Dec.  Tilmrcio  Tapia  is  named  as  al- 
calde in  .Alay.  Ij'pl.  St.  I'np.,  Um.  l'r</.  y  Jtr.j.,  ilS.,  iii.  oG.     Tiio  au.\ili;ay 


MU>;iCIPAL  AFFxVIRS. 


635 


lipii'd  ]>y 
I'll    boiii;^' 

le  Land 
ed  by  ;iii 

0    f(jll()V,- 

he  pcaco 
ueces  (!" 
auxiliarv 
i  Jiyuiiia- 
itli  sura 


6  do  Buo::o3 
louica.  I.<;/. 
I  to  Kuril, ■!io 
Pcdio,  Mi., 
4  votcn  ill 
whose  !i(  i:-.s 
I.,  giaiitf'i  ill 
I.  Lnj.  /.'(  ■., 
-^o  Cafiudu  i1g 
8K)l)yh.).:b 
1>>.S>.I',,,, 
rtrudis,  "i  i., 

i     (?)     IIK'U    1,1 

,  J>or.,  XiS., 
tliat  iicitlu'f 
Id  hy  Alv.'i- 
anta  Aiki, 
111  ls:;i) 
mdo,  .")  I., 
.Malilju,  ;f 
il  in  iVil  - 
W.  AK.-c- 
■z;  cl.,  M. 
)  l)oini:ii;o 

:owii  laiiil:i 
iit3  liavia;,' 
the  ayiiii- 
stitp  lin;;il- 
1^  AVc.    1; 

lis.  Chid 
MS.,  D'rt. 
iii.,  v.,  vi. ; 
■s  iuiiuli'iils 

do;  siiulic'o 
■hired  void 
his  pla  ■('. 
.suspnidi'd 
iiR'd  as  ,d- 
0  auxiliary 


items  as  are  extant  I'e.spectiiig  routine  linppcning.s  in 
connection  witli  [Hieblo  government.  As  has  been 
uniarked,  this  vci.satile  town  council  assumed  an  in- 

id,  aides  wore  Juan  Perez  at  Sta  Oertrudis,  Manuel  Gutier.-ez  nt  S.  Pedvo, 
ih'.lio  \'eidug()  at  S.  llafael,  liat'acl  Pico  at  Jiiiiii,  and  Yorha  at  Sta  Ana. 

IS.'iJ.  Alca'dc  ilamx'l  l''iiiiiingUL'z;  ref.'idcr:s  Jiiaii  N.  Alv.-vi-adu,  Jiir.:.! 
Man.  Cota,  J'clipo  J.ngo,  Lrnacio  Maria  Alvar;ido,  Juan  ]\illcstci'.)s;  sec. 
\  iin'cnte  de  la  (J.s.sa;  alcalde  aiix.  at  Stii,  Ana  I'oiiuis  A.  Yorha.  Jan.  'JTtli, 
]':;y  of  .sec.  raised  to  .?J0.  Lrtj.  II' c,  !M.'l.,  ii.  '.Wl.  I'ho  election  for  tlio 
iiynnt.  of  the  next  year  in  Dec.  had  to  be  postponed  gn  account  of  an  epidemic 
V.  iiich  prostrated  all  the  ollicers  and  most  of  ihc  people. 

\K\,i.  Alcalde  Josi5  Ant.  Carrillo;  regidores  Felipe  Lnfjo,  Ignacio  !M.  Al- 
Tnnido,  Antonio  Machado,  Jose  Sepulveda;  .sindico  'J  ibuici;  Tapia;  .'•■cc.  Ossa, 
iiiid  Vicente  .Moraga  temporarily  in  Fel).  ami  May;  jueces  de  eatnpo  Antonio 
?!.  Lugo  and  Kicar<lo  \'eJMr;  aax.  alcaldes  Perez  at  Sta  ( icrtrndis,  Wv- 
iliigo  at  S.  Ijafael,  Pernnrdino  \'orba  at  Sta  Ana,  and  ^lan.  l)omingnez  at  S, 
i'cdro;  A.  M.  Osio  receptor.  Jan.  4tli,  t!ie  aux.  alcaldes  chosen.  Jan.  otli, 
Mssions  of  the  ayunt.  to  he  Tuesday  and  \\'ed.  at  10  A.  M.  Jan.  Olli,  Maeha- 
il'Ts  oiler  to  repair  the  i)iiest's  house  gi-ituitously  accepti;d.  Fel).  7tli,  see. 
ivnioved  for  neglect  of  duty,  suhjcet  to  action  of  dip.  J^'eb.  iSth,  com.  ap- 
jiiiiuted  for  state  clpctinn.  April,  ayunt.  refuses  to  remit  tincif  T.  A.  Vorba, 
v.lioiii  IS.'i'J  had  failed  to  attend  election  on  excuse  of  ill  liealth.  I'lie  dip. 
in  is;;  t  approveil  the  refusal.  July,  the  election,  of  a  second  alcalde  recom- 
iiii'iided  1o  gov.  Aug.  2!ltii,  ayunt.  refuses  to  obey  gov. 's  requisition  for  !.'() 
iiicu  to  fdl  the  ranks  of  the  S.  Diego  coinp.  Carrillo  being  chosen  nienibcr  <jf 
ti.c  ilip.,  the  1st  reg.  was  to  take  his  place  aa  alcalde,  either  peniianeiitly  or 
Iciiip.,  as  the  gov.  should  decide,  and  the  decision  was  in  favor  of  (lie  former. 
:  I'pt.  7th,  the  gov.  Avants  more  reasons,  etc.,  respecting  a '2il  alcalde.  Sept. 
L';;ili,  complaints  of  Cairillo's  absence,  but  ayunt.  could  not  excuse  hiin  from 
(.licndance  at  Monterey.  Munic.  receipts.  Jan. -Sept.,  §t)77,  including  §417 
U\\  on  Vi'ines  and  lijnor.':,  SlkS  fines,  expend.  S'J-S. 

l;-.;!!.  Alcalde  Josi;  Perez,  regidores  Jose  Sepulveda,  Vicente  de  la  Ossa, 
Jiur.an'io  Avila,  .smdico  Vicenti;  Moraga,  s^v.  Moraga  till  May,  Manuel  Ar- 
v.vw  Irom  Juno.  l'erliay>s  also  IMoraua  ceased  to  be  sindico  in  the  inid(llc  of 
llie  Year,  for  his  resignation  seems  to  have  been  accepted  in  •hil\',  tiiougli  ho 
M.r.H  to  have  acted  in 'Nov.  ]!olello,  Aimli'",  MS.,  10,  says  M.  was  removed 
li  ;■  carelessness  and  iu.ability.  Jueces  de  campo  Lugo  ami  lucnacio  I'aldinarcs. 
Muuie.  receipts,  .Sf*Hi.  ini  iud.  liipuir.s  S.'!-!,  tines  .*!.")(•,  gambling  I  ice  uses  ."<•_' 1 4, 
dry  goods  ."hops  .S.'JO,  t  xneiid.  .S!)S(),  inchid.  ayunt.,  scliofd,  ami  couslabio 
'■'I;),"),  church  .S'O,  sec.  SCli.  Ju  Sept.  .S-4.r)0  sent  to  dip.  at  .Mont,  for  powder 
riid  Hints.  Dec.,  niunie.  treasurer  to  have  Spcr  cent.  May  .'SOth,  .'rindico  can- 
not act  as  secretary.  There  were  coin]ilaints  that  I'erez  was  a  t'lol  of  ,). 
.\.  Canillo,  through  whom  judicial  decisions  could  be  bought.  It  was  charm  il 
tlii.t  an  assassin  was  let  oil'  for  !i<_'00.  Not  too  much  credit  shod  I  be  given  to 
til' <e  charges  as  they  may  have  originated  from  personal  and  political  con- 
ti'iiV.'rsies,  th.c  meritsof  t*  'lich  cannot  be  knov  u. 

18.'i.">.  l.'t  alcalde  I'lancisco.lavier  Alvarailo,  '2(1  alcalde  Domingo  Romero; 
i-'niilores  Jaiiuario  Avila,  N'i'cute  do  la  O.-sa,  Ignacio  Palomnres,  Pafa.  I 
C;ii;ado,  ,Tuan  \.  Alvarad.o,  Juan  de  D'um  P<favo;  sindico  Xarciso  Potello,  sec. 
.^Januel  Arzaga;  jueces  ih'  campo  Antonio  I.  Avila,  .Tosi'"  Serrano,  Ignacio  M. 
.Alvarailci;  aux.  alcaldes  Perez  at  Sta  (Jei'trudis,  T(.:n:i.s  Vorba  at  Sta  Aiia,  Do- 
1  ;ii;ro  Carrillo  at  Los  Perros  ("'),  en(arga<lo  de  inilios  Tib.  Tapia.  .Munie.  re- 
I  ■  ipts  S."iSO,  e\-]ieiid.  S."),S,'}.  Potello,  Aiiali^n,  MS.,  ]'2,  says  Arzaga  was removnl 
"'"lilt  June  nnil  he,  P.,  acted  ns  pee.  .Tan.,  business  hours  at  the  ale;dde\s 
lilice  fixecl  at  10  a.  m.  to  noon,  and  .'$  to  o  p.  ^i.  I'eb.,  gov.  orders  alcalde  io 
tnllov.-  inipliiitly  the  orders  "f  the  district  judge,  his  su]ierior.     March  UOtii, 

ting  presided  l.>y  the  gov.     Apri',  gov,  urges  the  speedy  installation  of  the 


:«    I    i 


la 


G3G 


LOCAL  ANXALS  OF  LOS  ANGELES  DISTKICT. 


tercsting  variety  of  attitudes  in  the  political  coniio- 
^'ol■.sies  growing  out  of  the  struggle  between  nortli 
and  south,  and  as  a  consequence  town  officials  liad 

tiiliuniil  (1c  vagos  ace.  to  law  of  March  3,  1828.  Aug.  28th,  com.  gon.  sciula 
alcalde  4  men  to  force  the  Sonorans  and  citizens  to  respect  his  authority. 

IS.'UJ.  Jst  alcalde  Manuel  lletiuena,  2d  alcalde  Tiburcio  Tapia;  rcgidores 
Bafaol  Ouirado,  Juan  M.  Alvarado  (.3d  not  named,  but  probably  Bravo),  l!ii- 
silio  Valdes,  Felipe  Lugo,  Jos6  Maria  Herrera;  siudico  Abel  Stearns  to  .luni', 
Antonio  M.  Osio  from  Julj";  sec.  Narciso  Botello;  jueces  de  campo  Anf.  1. 
Avila,  Jo,s(r'  M.  r^ugo,  Juan  Kaniircz;  cncargados  do  justicia,  or  aux.  alcildo^, 
I'd'cz  at  Sta  (iertrudis,  Julio  Verdugo  at  S.  Ixafacl,  Manuel  Domingui/,  :it  S, 
Pc(lro,  Josi;  Ant.  Yorba  at  Sta  Ana  Abajo  or  S.  .Tos6  (Jesus  FOlix  also  ut  S. 
Josr),  Teodosio  Yorba  at  Sta  Ana,  Bernardo  Yorba  at  Cajon  do  Sta  Ana,  .Ma- 
riano li.  lloldan  at  Alaniitos.  Munic.  receipts,  S()G4,  expend.  $7)18.  Botillo 
as  collector  and  treasurer  claimed  8  jier  cent,  but  was  allowed  only  tlirei;  [n  r 
cent  for  commission.  Jan.,  ayunt.  resolves  that  troops  which  had  been  a.-ki-,l 
for  and  arrived,  as  there  was  !io  food  for  them,  should  go  to  S.  Gabriel,  aii.l 
the  com.  gen.  should  bo  requested  to  send  troops  to  j>c  supported  on  their 
pay.  (iov.  orders  a  plan  to  bo  made  of  lands  for  fondo  legal  y  ejidos.  Also 
cost  of  a  govt  building  to  be  estimated.  Feb.  4th,  tribunal  do  vagos  estab- 
lished consisting  of  Rcquena  and  tlic  1st  and  2d  regidores  Guirado  and  Alva- 
rado. March,  the  diputacion  to  occupy  two  rooms  offered  by  Sancluz  mid 
Stearns.  May,  gov.  approves  alcalde's  proposal  to  permit  certain  persons  t) 
carry  arms.  Doc.  I3th,  appeal  of  comandantc  at  S.  Gabriel,  that  ho  lias  no 
means  of  supporting  his  troops,  who  wish  leave  to  earn  a  living  for  theiuselvts. 
Ayunt.  decides  tiiat  the  admin,  of  S.  Fernando  must  be  asked  for  aid. 

1837.  1st  alcalde  Gil  Ibarra,  2d  alcalde  Jos6  Sepiilveda;  regidores  Val- 
dcs,  Liigo,  Herrera,  Francisco  I'antoja,  Bernardino  Lopez;  sindico  Ignacio  M 
Alvarado,  sec.  Marciso  Botclo,  anx.  alcalde  Manuel  Duarte  at  Sta  Gertrmlis, 
Xo  record  of  the  others.  Munic.  receipts  .?3S1,  expend.  §400.  Feb.,  the  two 
permanent  committees  on  police  and  on  lands  not  yet  chosen  on  account  of 
political  convulsions.  Sept.  21st,  order  of  gov.  received  to  suspend  1st  al- 
calde, who  is  to  report  for  trial  to  the  Sta  Barbara  alcalde.  Ayunt.  resolvi.s 
to  petition  gov.  for  a  suspension  of  the  order  until  the  accusations  UL'aiiist 
Ilianacan  be  investigated.  Dec.  22d,  Gov.  Carrillo  gives  order  for  election 
>  t'  substitutes  for  those  members  of  the  ayunt.  whose  resignation  has  been  ac- 
cepted. 

1.'38.  1st  alcalde  Luis  Arenas,  2d  alcalde  Jost5  Perez;  regidores  Tu'iuicio 
Taloni.'res,  Bernardino  Lopez,  Juan  Ballestcros,  Antonio  Macliado,  J.iniiaiio 
Avila,  ..'oS(5  del  Ciirmcn  Lugo;  sindico  Vicente  do  la  Ossa,  sec.  Narciso  liotclli; 
jueces  d '.  campo  Jos(5  M.  Lugo,  Agustin  Machado,  Kmigdio  Vc'jar,  Miixinio 
Valenzueia;  couii.sarios  do  policia,  or  aux.  alcaldes,  Antonio  M.  Lugo,  Tii). 
Tapia,  l!al'  Guirado,  Fran.  ^L  Alvarado,  id.  suplcntos  Julian  Chavez,  Ciisti'i- 
V«l  Aguilai  Isidro  Alvarado,  Isidro  Reyes.  The  services  of  the  ayunt.  wcro 
more  or  less  interrupted  by  the  arrest  and  enforcd  absence  of  its  members, 
esj)ecially  Alcalde  Arenas  and  Sec.  Botello.  Munic.  receipts  8S37,  expend. 
.^S.'ii.  Aug.  Perez  and  JkiUestcros  appointed  to  revise  the  policia  dc  los 
campos. 

1S39.  1st  alcalde  Tiburcio  Tapia  (until  May),  2d  alcalde  Manuel  Domiii- 
gucz;  regidores  Antonio  Machado  (acting  sindico  and  acting  1st  alcalde  aK'i' 
.May),  .Januario  Avila,  Jose  del  C.  Lugo,  Fran.  M.  Alvarado,  Jose  Sepulvcihi, 
Juan  Grisostomo  Vejar;  sindico  Vicente  Sanchez  (elected  but  not  sworn  ini, 
sec.  Botello,  and  later  Ignacio  Coroncl.  At  the  election  of  this  ayunt.  in 
Dec.  IS^JS,  the  law  of  July  12,  1830,  was  followed,  the  new  law  not  lia\  in.; 
been  revH'ived.  In  Xov.  the  .ayunt,  was  abolished,  and  the  two  alciildes.  I 'o- 
minguez  and  ]Macha<lo,  were  ordered  to  act  as  jueces  de  paz  pending  the  lejn- 
lar  appointment.     It  is  notable  that  on  the  Ist  alcalde  bccouiing  pretcel  it 


CRIMINAL  RECORD. 


637 


f;ome  exciting  adventures  to  relievo  the  monotony  of 
their  regular  duties;  but  these  experiences  growing 
out  of  national  and  territorial  patriotism  were  per- 
mitted to  absorb  the  surplus  of  zeal  that  might  other- 
wise have  been  devoted  tolocid  controversies;  so  that 
tlie  record  of  town  aftairs  is  somewhat  tame,  even 
when  supplemented  by  the  criminal  record  and  items 
connected  with  the  administration  of  justice."     These 

V as  not  tlic  2cl  alcalde  but  the  senior  rcgidor  that  took  his  place.  Munio. 
i(  (.'cipts  §739.  July  17th,  proposition  to  rent  the  salt-iielila  auil  tux  nsj.hal- 
tniii  for  municipal  revenues.  Feb.,  Capt.  Juan  do  I,)i(<s  Padilla  refuses  to 
(il)ey  a  ;uinnions  from  the  alcalde.  Also  ropriniaiided  for  not  renioviiu,'  liii» 
hat  in  the  juzf^'ado.  May,  prefcet  proposes  "J  jueces  <lo  paz  at  tlie  capital  and 
OIK-  at  caeli  n'.ission,  also  at  S.  Pedro  and  Sta  Ana.  Ayunt.  expresses  regret 
at  prefect's  illness.  July,  '2d  regiduriincd  SIO  for  iiii^diiiicanor  in  the  eas^^  oi 
'IVniplc.  Nov.  7th,  f^overnor's  order  to  dissolve  the  ayunt;  order  rec'd  Nov. 
illst.  Dec,  nosindieo  required  under  the  new  system,  l)ut  a  depositario  nnist 
lie  appointed  to  dispose  of  funds  only  on  prefect's  oiiler. 

I>i4().  Jueces  de  paz  Felipe  Lugo  and  Juan  B.  l.eandry;  jneces  d(!  campo 
l^amon  Ibarra,  Juan  Ramirez,  Enriipic  Vejar,  Antonio  Ignacio  y\vila  for 
the  environs  of  the  town;  for  the  ranehos  Jguacio  I'alomares  at  S.  Jose, 
Mariano  Itoldaii  at  Los  Coyotes,  Ijcrnardo  Yorba  at  Cajon  de  Sta  Ana, 
'I'onias  Yorba  at  Sta  Ana,  Jose  Yorba  at  Sta  Ana  Aluijo,  Francisco  l"i- 
gueroa  at  Alamitos,  P.  Dominguez  at  S.  Pedro,  Juan  Sepiilveda  at  Palos 
\erdes,  Felipo  Talamantes  at  La  I'allena,  Julio  Verdugo  at  Los  Verdu- 
gos.  Pio  Pico  collector  of  titucs  appointed  July  IGth,  to  receive  5  per 
cent  for  commission.  Ranchos  established  for  less  than  5  years  were  ex- 
empt. Tithes  might  be  paid  in  cattle  and  horses.  JNInnic.  receipts  8"'''7, 
expend.  §017.  Proceeds  of  stamped  paper  1st  (juarttr  §'7,  Sil  (juai-ter 
si'J.  Complaints  in  Feb.  that  ao(  ounts  have  not  been  i-endered,  ami  that 
iiiither  schoolmastLV  nor  sec.  of  ayunt.  has  l>een  paid.  Feb.,  Luuo  and 
Leandry  con)[dain  to  prefect  that  curtain  men  oppose  them  .and  criticise  their 
conduct.  They  are  willing  til  resign  or  to  answer  any  charges.  Se[)t.,  sul)- 
alterii  jueces  are  informed  that  they  have  but  'A  day.s  in  which  to  return  an- 
swers to  their  superiors. 

^Administration  of  justice  at  Los  Angeles.  IS.Sl.  A  man  lined  ?.")  for 
'oranding  cattle  out  of  season.  Dcjjt.  S'.  P(t}K,  MS.,  iii.  S.  ISUS,  Jan.-]'"''.'!)., 
'irdinanets  of  ayunt.  against  carrying  forbiiUleu  weapons,  playing  forbiditeii 
g.anes,  aiul  selling  liipior  after  S  r.  M.  Los  Aiiij.  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  7L  SI-."), 
«!>-90;  Jh'pf.  SI.  Pdji.  Ah:/.,  MS.,  i.  99,  110.  Also  similar  reguhitions  in 
other  months.  Nov.,  owners  of  ranchos  Muist  be  made  to  burn  the  carcasses 
of  cattle  slaughtereil.  //O.v  A ii'i.  Arrh.,  MS.,  iv.  7.").  IS.'U.  ]5y  eomplaii.t  c)f 
J.  A.  Carrillo  alcalde  Perez  seized  some  silver  <in  the  Pmin'ro.  J.  A.  Aguii  re, 
the  owner,  succeeded  in  ]iroving  the  seizure  illegal,  aud  that  the  wlioh;  all'air 
was  a  ]ilot  of  (Jarrillo  and  Pen  /,  Mho  were  to  share  the  prufits,  and  who  were 
accused  of  other  conspir.acies  against  the  wealthy  Spaniard.  They  were 
condemned  to  pay  damages  for  the  ship's  detention,  and  the  alcahies 
Mere  reprimanded  for  neglect  of  «luty.  1J>  j,f.  Sf.  Paji.  Ben.,  MS  ,  v.  1-1.'), 
•U-7.  18,3,").  April  .Sth,  bandoof  Alcalde  Alvarado  containing  uuuiieipal  ordi- 
nances in  19  articles.  /(/.,  .!«;/.,  i.  l.")7-tiO.  May.  Yorba  writes  to  Capt. 
< 'uerrera  tliat  thefts  of  horsi .-  and  cattle  at  the  ranchos  nie  of  fiei|nent  oc- 
currence, aud  the  alcaldes  take  no  energetic  steps  to  prevent  siieli  outrages 
(I'licrvn,  I>oi\,  ^IS.,  vi.  1,")1.  July,  jirisoners  have  to  be?  traTisfened  to  S. 
(labriel  for  want  of  guiirds  and  !usecurity  of  prison  in  tow;  Ao.s  Aii'j.  Arcli., 
^LS.,  i.  GO-1.     Oct.,  a  military  court  to  sit  at  S.  Gabriel  to  try  men  who 


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638 


LOCAL  ANXALS  OF  LOS  ANfiELES  DiSTRICT. 


l)'jity  items  as  appended  liavo  a  certain  interest  inid 
^alue  as  an  clement  in  i)neljk)  annals,  even  it'  in  Ihu 
a1).scnce  of*  caiisas  celebrcs  tlicy  call  for  uo  special  ie- 
inarks  in  my  texL 

killfil  cattle  at  Los  Nictos  for  tlicir  hides,  [d.,  iv.  2S3.  Xov.  no  funil  fur. 
iiislictl  to  prisoiiur.s;  but  fur  cliaiiLy  they  wouhl  starve.  Dtjil.  St.  I'u/i.  Uin., 
?.:;■>.,  V.  (17.  Dana,  Ta-d  Yrarit  hij\,rc  the  Mdst,  ]!)tJ-7,  tells  how  a  .Mrxiivm 
chtcreil  a  naturalized  YanUee'.s  houte  and  stahhed  him  to  the  heart.  Aiiicv 
i.'.iii.i  ?cii;ed  the  iiiurderer,  and  as  the  gov.  and  gen.  deelined  in  interfere,  v.itli 
ll;o  aid  of  .'tO  or  40  trapper;?  they  took  possest:iou  of  the  town,  apjiointiil  a 
judge  and  jury,  and  filiob  the  man  after  his  conviction  in  .sjiite  of  a  proelmiiii- 
iiiia  f rum  ii  ^;cneral  'with  title;3  iii()u;.;li  for  an  hidali,'o.'  Thi.-i  in  a  story  uf 
some  interest,  hut  I  think  it  hr.s  no  foundation  in  fact. 

V6'M.  iSec  reference  to  murder  (,f  Icli.x  and  acts  of  vigihinec  eonuniLlco 
clsowhere.  Jan 'Jd,  new  Kcvies  of  inunic.  I'egulaticns.  /V;7.  ,S7.  I'ap.,  Aii'j., 
?dS.,  ii.  7-.  Jan.  Mth,  ayunt.  coniplainsof  an  'epideniiu  of  crows'  1  and  calk 
fur  a  contribution  fur  the  blaughter  of  the  birds;  else  a  bando  will  be  ici.siKil. 
Lii.i  A/^il.  Ai//nit.  lire.,  ^bS.,  (14.  Jan.  iJSth,  danger  of  hydropholjia.  Xo 
man  must  keep  more  than  two  dog.f,  ami  those  S(!eurely  tied.  All  the  rest 
xwaSc  1)0  killed,  and  the  "id  alcahh;  ollVi'ed  to  furnish  poison  on  credit  as  the 
treasury  was  tmply.  Id.,  OS.  Feb.,  inhab.  \\  illing  to  build  a  prison;  iiicaii- 
v.iiilo  the  curate's  house  to  be  used.  Dcpt.  Si.  I'up.,  Aihj.,  MS.,  x.  41,  .">4. 
r.larch,  \'2  ]iri-ionii's,  7  of  them  out  on  bail,  1  ftir  murder,  1  assault  with 
vounds,  (i  for  larceny,  '2  for  .stealing  cattle.  /(/.,  J].  M.,  Ixxxii.  'JS.  Six  sus- 
picious persons  found  sleeping  iu  ilio  iielda  at  S.  Francisco  I'aucho,  wiili  '.\ 
Jliigli.di  muskets  and  a  pistol.  Id.,  Any.,  ii.  48.  Aug.,  still  12  prisoners,  in- 
cluding ii  assassins.  /(/.,  vi.  !). 

IrQ'.ii.  Feb.,  tiie  junta  dc  gucrra  mentioned  above  (Oct.  IS.^)  had  con- 
demned to  death  the  men  convicted  of  riicrcando.  The  ayunt.  asks  fur  a 
conr.uutatioa  to  exile  or  .some  milder  punishment;  but  the  cul[irit3  were  to  ho 
ni;'.rcl;ed  through  the  streets  with  a  crier  proclainung  their  crimes  on  the 
v.;;y  to  their  destination.  Los  An;).  Avi'h.,  M.S.,  iv.  'J.S.'J-4.  Jesus  Pico,  .I.'uh- 
tc'iiuivitto.'',  M.S.,  41},  says  he  was  charged  with  conducting  the  men,  S  in 
number,  to  Monterey,  en  route  for  Sonoma.  lie  remcndjers  the  naiin.ii  of 
Ilcr.icro,  2  Va'des,  Jose'  tiareia,  and  Antonio  Valencia.  ^Manuel  Ar;:ag:'.  was 
living  v.itli  the  wife  of  ar.ian  aboent  at  (iuaymas.  By  advice  of  I'adrc  Ihu'un, 
tl:e  alcahle  ordered  the  guiUy  couple  to  be  parted,  the  woman  tobo  delivert.l 
t)  1'.  E.steiiega  at  tlie  mission,  until  her  husband  should  come,  ami  Arzai:ato 
b.:  i-out  to  y.  Di'-'go  and  closely  watched.  The  two  managed  to  meet  aijain, 
n'.;d  at  the  padre's  complaint  new  orders  were  issued  in  Nov.  S.  Diejo,  Airh., 
M.S.,  188. 

1S:>8.  German,  Snccws,  ^IS.,  2-3,  says  that  Ritillo  Valencia,  for  firing  a 
pi.-:tol  at  Donungo  AUamirano,  was  scut  to  !Mont.  iu  irons.  July  7th,  police 
I'egidations  in  22  articles,  /.on  Aiiij.  Arch.,  ]\IS.,  v.  29-37.  Oct.,  Autoaio 
Valencia  being  tried  for  murder  of  Ant.  Aguila.  Dt'pt.  St.  Pup.,  ilS.,  xvlii, 
1).  Xov.,  nine  keepers  of  shop.i  petition  for  the  privilege  of  selling  liquor  vn 
feast  days  after  tho'to(pic  de  las  animas,' as  the  only  means  of  gaining  a 
living,  so  dull  was  trade,  llelerrcd  to  the  gov.  Loi  Aiirj.  Ayunt.  h'lr.,  M.S., 
52. 

ISIjO.  Jan.,  police  rcgul.  in  10  articles  for  the  year.  Los  Amj.  Arch.,  ?dS., 
V.  43-51.  Feb.,  Jose  ]\L  Cota,  sou  of  the  owner  of  Los  Cerritos,  scut  to  the 
gov.  as  a  cattle  thief.  Dept.  Sf.  Pap.,  .M.S.,  xviii.  H)-20.  May,  decree  against 
vagrantf,  who  must  be  made  to  work.  iJcjit.  Ilrr.,  JIS.,  x.  2.');  Vcdh'jo,  JJoc, 
MS.,  vii.  ]();  Mont,  .\rili,,  MS.,  ix.  9.  Criminal  proceedings  against  Fran- 
cisco Linion  for  outrag<>  on  a  littii^  Indian  giil  at  .S.  Fernando,  resulting  iu 
her  death.  Sentenced  to  2  yeai's  in  pr(>sidio.  Sentence  sent  to  JIcx.  for 
approval.  Dept.  Ht  Pup.,  Ben.,  ilS.,  iv.  1-4.     Decree  against  sale  of  liiiiiora 


M- 


AN  OUSTED  PREFECT. 


C3D 


■st     III  III 

ill  I  ho 


In  February  1839,  in  accordance  with  a  ^NFexican 
law  of  I80G,  Governor  Alvarado  divided  U[)|ter 
Calirornia  into  two  districts  and  appointt'd  Cosmo 
I'ciia  prefect  of  the  second,  or  Los  ^Vngeles  district, 
^■anta  Barbara  beinjj;'  a  ])artido  under  a  sult-jjrefeet. 
The  licenciado  Cosnie  Pefia  was  appointed  prefect 
and  took  possession  of  the  office  on  April  lltli,  prom- 
ising great  things  in  his  installation  speech;  but  ho 
soon  became  involved  in  troubles  with  the  peo[(le,  not 
Icing  cither  personally  or  p(jlitically  })oj)ular,  and  after 
ilie  Hag  tumult  recorded  elsewhere,  on  ^lay  25th 
under  the  pretext  of  illness  he  turned  over  the  office 


(k 


liiid  n:n- 

isks  I'ur  ,-i 

W€re  to  111; 

lies  ou  1!m' 

CD,    A   'I'll- 

men,  S  ill 
iuiiiu;-:i  of 

c  i)uraii, 
clivLMcl 

\rz;ij:iilo 
I  ii';:iiii, 
,  vl /•(■/,., 

Iniii;-;  a 
J'tli,  poilCJ 
Aiito:iio 
IS.,  xviii. 

lillUOl'  I'll 

Kiiiniir;  a 
Tr.,  MS., 

-•/,.,  ^,1S., 
3nt  to  ilu! 
cuagiiiii-t 
"Jo,  J->o':, 
ii.st  l'"r;;u- 
r.nltiiu;  in 

Mcx.'f.a- 
A  liciuurd 


(.11  feast  days.  /(/.,  Aw/.,  :MS.,  v.  9,  G.VO;  S.  D.  Arrk.,  MS.,  2'24.  Aug.,  5 
jiiiioncrs  escape  from  jiiil.  AJciiMc  complains  that  citizoiifi  ivfiiMc  to  do  yiiartl 
(!;!ty.  Loi  AiKj.  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  1()7-S.  A  soldier  at  S.  Liiin  claimed  l>y  ul- 
raide  for  criminal  trial.  (/Oin.  J.  A.  Pico  declines  to  give  him  up;  hut  ia 
(•■•ilcrcd  l)y  Valh^jo  to  do  so  if  tlie  crime  was  committed  before  enlistment. 
VitHiJo,  JJoc,  MS.,  viii.  fio.  Nov.,  alcalde  fined  liy  prefect  !?20  for  perniittiii.cj 
i':ii'd-p!aying  in  a  tavern  on  Sunday.  Dc/it.  St.  Pup.,  An;;.,  MH.,  v,  l()'J-;{. 
l)v'o.,  Joaijuin  Ituiz  on  trial  for  being  ringleader  in  aii  attempt  to  release  Ant. 
/\vila  from  prison.  Tlie  fiscal,  in  consideration  of  11. 's  talent  and  po\'erty, 
.'111  1  his  father's  large  family,  and  intemperance,  recoinmeuds  a  penalty  of 
(iiily  2  years  i)residio.  Id.,  Um.,  v.  SSii-.*). 

1810.  A  horsc-raco  between  animals  owned  by  Andrews  Pico  and  Fernando 
Srpiilveda,  a  minor,  led  to  a  dispute  and  a  suit  against  S.  for  the  stakes,  which 
1'  ineisco  Scpiilvcda,  Feruanilo's  father,  was  forced  to  pay  by  alcalile  Lugo. 
T!iv3  matter  was  sent  to  the  gov.,  who  on  the  advice  of  the  judge  of  the  1st 
(!:  trict  decided  that  Lugo  must  pay  back  the  stakes,  and  bo  suspended  until 
I  should  do  so,  but  retaining  tlie  right  to  sue  for  a  recovery  from  the  parlies 
i  >  whom  they  had  been  paid.  Lugo  replied  in  a  long  and  somewhat  skilful 
d  .'.:nco,  refusing  to  be  suspended  except  by  tiio  junta  after  legal  proceedings 
e:'  to  pay  the  stakes,  lie  claimed  that  the  gov.  ami  Mont,  judge  had  argued 
i:  partisan  attorneys  and  not  as  judges;  that  they  had  made  many  blunders; 
(..;  t  the  all'air  was  none  of  their  business,  but  belonged  to  tlie  superior  tri- 
I'.iial,  and  if  there  was  no  such  body  it  was  tlitir  fault,  lie  says  that  tho 
(Idcr  Scpiilvcda  was  present  at  the  I'ace,  and  had  in  other  races  paid  his  son's 
lii.;c3  without  objection.  The  liual  decision  is  not  uivcn.  .S'.  JJk'io  Arch., 
MS., 'JG5.  Very  lew  public  women  at  Angeles  at  this  pi;riod.  Arna:,  lie- 
c::'rdoti,  ^IS.,  l4-ir>.  Jan. -March,  b.uidos  with  police  regulations  in  It  art. 
J)  jit.  St.  I'a/t.,  Aiii/.,  MS.,  iv.  '2,  1.'!  (i.  March,  many  Angeles  prisoners  cou- 
liii'jd  at  Sta  P).,  claim  for  $l';)  a  month  for  their  support.  Id.,  oO.  ^lay,  tlireo 
] '.  Isoners  allowed  to  serve  in  an  exped.  against  horse-thieves  under  bonds. 
/./.,  lO'J.  June,  edict  to  prevent  careless  management  of  tho  salt  works.  /'/., 
Il2-I.'i.  A  woman  exiled  for  pursuing  an  innocent  Irishman,  Jas  Poxe,  ami 
keeping  him  from  his  wife.  Lo.-<  .linj.  Arrh.,  MS.,  i.  l'Jl-5.  July,  'JJ  prison- 
ers; 10  cattle-thieves,  :!  homicides,  (!  thieves,  '1  assassins,  1  ciiarged  with 
rape.  4  were  sent  to  Sta  P.,  4  kept  in  jail,  and  the  rest  released  on  bail  for 
Viiint  of  room  and  food.  J)(j't.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii.  'IX.  Aug.,  prefect  orders 
that  Ant.  Valcnzucla  must  not  molest  Domingo  llomero,  accused  of  incest, 
vliich  will  bo  investigated  by  the  prefcctura.  Lo-i  Aii;/.  A>/init.  Ju<:.,  Mri., 
4t.  Nov.,  a  man  sentenced  to  ;t  months  pid^lic  work.)  for  drawing  a  kiiil'e  to 
kill  a  citizen  iu  the  court-room.  .5.  JJici/o  Arch.,.'}>lii.,  2o,). 


1  i 


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I  IK 


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040 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  LOS  ANGELES  DISTRICT. 


to  Alcalde  Taiiia,  and  went  to  ]\Ionterey.  Tapia  was 
actinj^  prefect  till  August,  tliougli  Machado  took  liis 
place  in  June  and  July;  and  on  the  10th  of  Au:^u.>t 
lie  was  formally  appointed  by  the  governor,  l*(!;a 
liaving  resigned.  In  September  came  the  news  llmt 
the  hitter's  appointment  had  not  been  ap[)rov*(l  in 
JNIexico.  It  does  not  ajipear  that  any  action  was 
taken  in  Mexico  on  Tapia's  appointment,  and  perhaj's 
it  was  never  intended  to  be  ])ermanent;  at  any  raie 
in  May  1840  he  asked  to  be  relieved  on  account  nf 
illness,  and  Santiago  Argiiello  was  appointed  to  tin; 
ollice.  The  prefect's  salary  was  $2,000  and  that  of 
his  secretary— Francisco  Castillo,  succeeded  bel'iio 
the  end  of  18.']'.)  by  Narciso  Botello— was  $700.  Tlir 
piefect  as  an  executive  officer  exercised  a  general  au- 
thority over  the  a3'untamiento  and  over  all  local 
officials  in  the  district;  but  there  is  nothing  in  his 
routine  acts  of  1839-40  that  demands  .special  notlci." 

"On  the  iirefccturc  and  tumult  of  the  flag  see  this  vol.  p.  r)Sr)-9.  I'liKra 
ftppointnient  announced  Marcli  7,  18.'}9.  Dcpf.  fit.  Pap.  Anij.,  MS.,  x.  IIJ  II. 
I  omit  ini.scullivncous  references  to  authorities  for  this  and  the  follow  ;;i,' 
jiiiints.  April  11th,  Pena  installed,  and  makes  a  long  speech.  Id,  ii.  Kit; 
J(l.,  I'n'f.  yJiizij.,  iv.  5,3;  v.  7'.);  thou,!,'!i  there  are  other  doeunient.s  imlirat- 
iny  the  lljth  or  l.")th  as  the  date.  iJcpl.  St.  I'ap.,  MS.,  xviii.  17-18;  /■'., 
Jiin.  V.  it  T.,  W.  '2(5.  April  ItJth,  P.  to  Vallcjo  on  the  good  dispo.sition  cf 
the  people.  Vallcjo,  Doc,  MS.,  vi.  410,  4.')i).  April  Kith,' J.  !M.  Covarnihim 
named  as  sec.,  and  he  may  have  ludd  the  place  for  a  time  before  Castil'/s 
appointment.  Dcjit.  St.  I'ap.,  Bni.  C.  A  T.,  MS.,  iv.  28.  April  '22d,  Viv- 
feet  I'efia  directs  alcalde  not  to  allow  administrators  of  missions  to  reiiiijve 
fugitive  Ind.  from  town  without  consent  of  alcalde  and  jirefeet.  Id.,  Ai'j., 
ii.  IGr».  ilay  2,')th,  Peiia  directs  Tapia  to  take  charge  ad  int.  SaviKjo,  J)f.\, 
!MS.,  iii.  48;  Hayes'  JJoc.,  MS.,  92-3.  Same  date,  notifii!S  govt,  and  adii.iii- 
istrator,'?  to  same  elTcct.  Dcpl.  Sf.  Pup.,  Pre/,  y  Juz'j.,  MS.,  v.  5;  S.  I->i':/>, 
Arch.,  MS.,  2'2o.  May  20th,  Tapia  assumes  the  ollice.  Uept.  St.  Pap.  yl  .;/., 
^IS.,  V.  10.  June  12th,  prefect  orders  that  Ind.  shall  lie  collected  at  the 
missions.  S.  Dli'i/o  Index.,  MH.,  134.  June  2!-.'?.  ^laehado  takes  the  oliiio 
ad  int.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Pre/,  y  Jiiz;/.,  MS.,  v.  7;  Id.,  An;/.,  v.  20.  IVaa'.^ 
resignation  July  .'Hst,  accepted  Aug.  10th,  and  Tapia  appointed  s.ame  iIilv. 
Id.,  Pre/,  y  Jiir.g.,  v.  24.  29;  Id.,  Mont.,  iv.  12.  Castillo  reigns  as  sec.  A;;,'. 
21st,  and  IJotello  acts  ad  int.  /(/.,  Pre/,  y  Jiiz'j.,  MS.,  ^.  27);  Coroiicl,  J)'^':, 
j\lS.,  9t.  Nov.  5th,  prefect  tines  alcalde  $20.  Nov.  29th,  orders  alcald'  t  j 
convoke  ayuut.  for  an  extra  session.  Botello  appointed  sec.  Oct.  5th-7:li. 
Lof  An;/.  Arch.,  MS.,  v.  100;  Uept.  St.  Pap.  Ami.,  iMS.,  v.  86,  90.  -May 
2tth,  Tapia  asks  to  he  relieved  on  account  of  illness.  Id.,  Pref.  y  Jnzij..  vi. 
09.  May  SOtii,  Argiiello  appointed.  Id.,  Amj.,  iv.  Ill;  xii.  31;  Ihpt.  /.'"■, 
MS.,  xi.  15-10;  .S'.  />.  Arch.,  MS.,  255.  June  2d,  Argiiello  acccjits,  June 
17tli,  installed,  making  a  speech.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.,  MS.,  ii.  32-3;  II-, 
Pre/.  yJirjj.,  vi.  72;  llayra''  Em.  Koten,  511-14;  ///.,  Doc.,  127.  Sept.  '.i;!i, 
prefect  lias  released  tlie  sub-prefect,  whom  he  believes  innocent.  Dipt.  St, 


SAN  TEDr.O  AND  SAN  CAIiKlI.L. 


G41 


The  port  of  Sun  IVlro,  tliougli  a  lar<^o  ([uantlty  of 
cniiutry  jti'otliU'c  \va.s  .slii|)j)f(l  there,  and  li'sv  tratl- 
ill^•  vessels  I'ailetl  to  visit  it,  liad  as  yet  neither  loeal 
authorities  nor  other  residents.  There  was,  however, 
ii  siih-alealde  at  the  Domiiiguez  rancho  a  lew  miles 
iiiliind.  In  l8ol-2  there  were  some  sli,L;ht  altL-mpts 
ut  slii[)-l)uilding.  From  IH.'j;}  Antonio  ^I.  Osio  as  re- 
ceptor at  Los  Ani^elus  Jiad  ehari^e  of  the  port  trade 
as  well  as  of  the  inland  commerc.'e  with  New  Mexico. 
A  part  of  the  colony  landed  here  in  18'{4.  Osio 
states  that  5,000  hides  from  the  mission  cattle  were 
sliipjied  here  in  that  year,  while  ]\Iofras  writes  of  an 
uunual  shipment  about  that  time  of  100,000  hides, 
2,500  centals  of  tallow,  and  several  cargoes  of  soap. 
Abel  Stearns  had  a  warehouse,  and  in  1835  and  other 
years  was  accused  of  doing  a  profitable  contraband 
trade.  The  fugitive  governor,  (Jhico,  is  said  to  have 
touched  at  San  Pedro  in  his  ilight,  in  ISoG,  to  take 
111  board  a  quantity  of  stolen  tallbw.  Dana's  expt> 
I'iiiiee  of  several  weeks  in  loading  hides  here  is  de- 
scribed in  his  famous  narrative;  and  IJelcher  gives  a 
slight  description  of  the  place  as  it  appeared  in  183i>.'^ 


1 1'     { 


At  San  Gabriel  in  1831-2  the  names  of  padres 
Jesus  Maria  Martinez,  Francisco  Gonzalez  de  Ibarra, 
Vicente  Pascual  01iva,and  the  Dominicans  Francisco 
Cucullu  and  Mariano  Sosa  appear  occasionally  on  the 
mission  registers;  but  the  regular  ministers  were 
lathers  Boscana  and  Sanchez,  until  their  deaths  whi'-h 
liccurred  respectively  in  July  1831  and  January  1833."^ 

/''»;>.,  P.  y  J.,  ;MS.,  vi.  77.  Expeuses  of  office  in  Oct.  §52;  in  Nov.  .f^j. 
/■/.,  iii.  52,  50. 

'Sec  this  vol.  pp.  267-0,  2S8,  340,  .30.3,  .306,  .%0,  .375,  384,  .303,  442;  v.il. 

'.   80,   05,    140;  Mnfras,   Ex'/hr.,  i.   .302;  J)'!)/,}'^   Tiro    Ymiv,  107  et  scj.; 

liilr/ier'ii  Voy,,  i.  .322;  JJowjki-i'  Jour.,  MS.,  87-8.     And  on  Osio'n  iiiipoint- 

iiniit  as  receptor,  J)i!pt.  Sf.  I'ap.,  MS.,  iii.  100;  Id.,  CuM.-ll.,  ii.   10-25;  vii. 

1-.M.3;  /(/.,  AiKj.,  xi.  8;  1,1.,  Pnf.  y  Jnt>j.,  ii.  150. 

'■(-ieronimo  Boscana  vas  born  on  May  23,  1770,  at  Llumayor,  island  of 
Mallorca,  and  look  tlic  Franciscan  luibit  in  the  convent  of  .lesus  extra  niuros 
at  I'alnia  on  Aug.  4,  1702.  After  acting  for  nearly  four  years  as  profcs.sor  of 
I'llcs  Icttres,  he  started  for  America  June  5,  180.3;  arrived  at  ^Icxico  (Jet. 
■-Uli;  .started  for  C'al.  Feb.  17,  1800,  and  lunded  at  Monterey  June  Otli.  IJia 
mi.'jsiouary  service  wiis  at  Soledad  in  I'JOO;  at  Puriisinia  in  1806-11,  at  Sau 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  III.    41 


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LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  LOS  ANGELES  DISTRICT. 


Sancliez  was  succeeded  by  padre  Tcnnas  Eleuterio 
E-itenej^a,  who  came    down  from  the  iiortli   on  llio 

L'.iis  Key  in  181^-13,  at  Sun  Juan  Capistrano  in  1814-20,  and  at  San  (Jalniel 
iu  IS2(i-81.  Tliungh accredited  by  his  superiors  in  1817  and  1820  witli  'rcM- 
lar'  merit  and  ability  soniewliut  more  tiian  medium,  yet  Home  doubt  \v.:.'j 
felt  ah^)Ut  his  (juulificutions  as  u  spiritual  guide,  autl  lie  was  spoken  of  a»i  oiic 
whom  for  reasons  known  to  the  guardian  it  would  not  be  M'ell  to  leave  alone  nt 
u  mis.  ion.  Autobioij.  Autoij.  dc  km  I'udrfs,  MS.;  Sarrlii,  I iij'oriiifnof're  Fniili  >-, 
J  :n,  p.  41;  Jd.,  liij'urme  de  Mix.  ISl'J,  p.  115.  His  chief  ministry  was  ai  S. 
J  nan  Capistrano,  where  he  devoted  nnich  study  to  tiie  manners  and  customs 
of  t  lie  natives,  especially  their  religious  traditions.  His  writings,  on  this  s\il)- 
joct,  fouuil  among  ids  papers  and  long  in  pos-sessiou  of  Capt.  (luerra  y  Xoi-icua, 
v.ere  published  by  Kobinson  iu  1840  under  the  title  of  Vlihiiijchiiiii-h.  He  is 
described  by  Eulalia  Perez,  ItecmrdoK.  MS.,  2(5,  and  otiiers  as  of  less  tiiaa 
medium  stature,  fair  complexion,  considerably  btnt  in  his  old  age;  an  iiiV(  )- 
crate  snuil'-tuker;  kind-hearted  and  well  liked  generally,  but  subject  to  tuia- 
sionul  spells  of  ajjparent  lunacy  when  he  seemed  to  be  angry  with  himself  an  I 
every  one  about  him.  The  portrait  published  with  his  book  is  sjiid  to  lo  ik 
like  him.  His  sudden  removal  from  S.  Juan  in  182U  and  the  disparagin;.' 
hints  iu  reports  of  superiors  as  noted  above  give  some  weight  to  the  cliaryi  s 
of  Vallejo  and  others  that  the  padre  was  guilty  of  immoral  relations  with  liis 
neoiitas.  Ho  tried  unsuccessfully  to  get  his  passport  and  quit  the  counliy  i.i 
IS'iO  under  the  law  expelling  Spaniards.  Arch.  Arzoh,,  MS.,  v.  pt  i.  o.").  llis 
death  occurred  on  July  5,  1831;  and  he  was  buried  next  day  in  the  San  ( la- 
bricl  church  on  the  San  Jos  J  side  of  the  presbytery  near  the  remains  of  I'aihu 
iCuez.  a.  (I'nhrid,  Lit.  J/m.,  MS.,  40;  Oiierra,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  243  4. 

Jos.'^  Bernardo  Sanchez  was  boru  Sept.  7,  1778,  at  Kobledillo,  Spain,  and 
became  a  Franciscan  iu  the  convent  of  X.  Sra  Sta  Maria  de  (^racia  at  S. 
Miguel  xHjira  Tcti/iim,  Oct.  0,  17'J4.  Leaving  S[)aiu  in  Feb.  1803,  he  reaflud 
his  college  iu  Mexico  iu  Aug.,  and  came  to  Cal.  iu  1804.  He  served  at  S. 
Diego  in  1804-20,  at  I'urisiina  in  !'<  '  '  1,  and  at  S.  tiabiiel  iu  1H21-.33,  uu.il 
his  death  on  July  15th.     In  I  he  was  regarded  by  his  superiors  as  i.f 

distinguished  merit  and  abilit  il>ove  the  average,  but  was  suHeriug.  ami 

iu  hopes  of  early  reiirciuent.  ..  i>ljio<i.  Aiiloij.  ile  hi  I'adii'H,  MS.;  Surni, 
li>/.  nohri'.Fradi'H,  lSI7,Uii.,  30-40;  Arrh.  StaJi.,MS.,  iii.  130.  In  iSi.ii 
Sanchez  accompanied  Sergt  Pico  on  an  expedition  against  the  Ind.;  iu  ISis, 
he  took  an  active  part  in  preparations  to  resist  Bouchard's  insurgents;  in 
1821  ho  went  with  Payeras  on  an  exploring  and  l>aptizing  to\u'  among  gentiri 
rauciierias;  in  1828  ho  was  greatly  aggrieved  by  a  charge  of  smuggling,  an  I 
asked  for  a  pass  to  retire;  in  1821),  he  again  desired  a  passport  as  a  Spaniaid 
who  had  not  taken  the  oath;  and  in  1831-2  he  was  active  in  opposing  (iov, 
Ik'heandia's  project  of  secularization.  From  1827  to  1831  he  held  the  higli 
position  of  president,  performing  its  difficult  duties  with  great  credit.  H<;  is 
<lL'scribe<l  as  fair  and  fat,  of  lively  disposition,  generous  and  hospitable,  witli 
a  multitude  of  friends  of  all  classes.  He  was  an  able  manager  of  temporal 
aliairs,  and  took  great  pilde  iu  the  prosperity  of  his  mission,  being  gru:itly 
disappointed  and  ])erhaps  soured  by  the  disastrous  results  of  secularizatioti. 
against  which  he  had  struggled  in  vain,  even  to  the  extent  of  slaughteiiii,' 
the  iiiissiou  cattle  at  the  last  as  recorded  iu  this  chapter.  Mofras,  Kxylm-., 
i.  272-3,  says  that  Father  Sanchez  died  of  grief;  and  Eulalia  Perez,  llcciurila-, 
.MS.,  14-15,  adds  that  about  a  month  before  his  death  he  was  insulted,  jostloil, 
and  struck  l)y  his  neophytes,  which  had  a  deplorable  effect  both  on  Ins  miii(l 
and  body.  It  is  possible  that  this  story  has  soino  slight  foundation  iu  fact, 
though,  if  so,  it  is  strauge  that  no  more  dclinito  ret.<rd  appears.  His  body 
was  buried  on  Jan.  10,  1833,  by  Padro  Oiiva  at  the  foot  of  the  altar  in  tlu; 
))resl)ytery  of  the  mission  church.  Uiwrra,  Doc,  MS.,  244;  iS'.  (laJbricl,  L'lh. 
M'tn.,  MS.,  40;  cited  also  in  boi  Ami.  Exprei.i,  Sept.  Id,  1874,  by  J.  J. 
Warner.  The  lemaius  v.ore  disturbed  .iUt  iiu„  rt.ii j\ ud  ia  Dec.  I;j50,  at  tlio 
burial  of  P.  Ordaz. 


SAN  GABRIEL. 


643 


arrival  of  the  Zacatecanos  and  rcmaiiiod  in  charge  of 
►Sun  Gabriel  during  the  rest  of  the  decade.  Father 
Alexis  Bachelot  from  the  Sandwich  Islands  also  lived 
liere  most  of  the  time  in  1832-6.  The  neophyte 
poj)ulation  decreased  only  about  30  down  to  1834; 
but  by  the  end  of  the  decade  nearly  1,000  had  left  the 
cinnmunity,  leaving  about  400,  though  I  suppose  there 
were  still  about  1,000  ex-neophytes  whose  wlieie- 
a!)Outs  was  soninvhat  definitely  known.  A  consid^-r- 
{il)]e  increase  in  cattle  down  to  1834,  but  not  probably 
making  allowance  for  the  slaughter  of  that  year,  is 
.shown  by  the  regular  reports;  but  by  1840  the  live- 
stock had  almost  entirely  disappeared."  The  record 
of  secularization  at  this  establishment  is  very  meagre 
even  in  comparison  with  the  others.  Colonel  Gutier- 
rez was  the  comisionado  to  effect  the  change  in  1834, 


'Statistics  of  1831-4.  Decrease  in  pop.  135*2  to  1320.  Baptisms,  17");  hiij,'- 
cst  no.  ti4  in  183*2;  smallest,  30  in  1831.  Deaths,  144;  largest  no.  85  in  li'>V2; 
bruallcst  8  in  1834.  Increase  in  large  stock  '25,7'25  to  *2(>,'2*20;  dccrcaso  in 
imrses  ami  mules  '2,2'2'i  to  '2*20;  sheep,  14,050  to  0,GGO.  Largest  crop,  4.315 
bush,  in  1834;  smallest,  407  in  1832;  average  crop,  2,440,  of  which  wheat 
l,7.-)5,  yield  7..33  fold;  Urlcy  157,  yield  9.8  fold;  corn  432,  yield  01  fold. 

ticncral  statistics  of  1771-18.34,  the  whole  pcrioil  of  the  mission's  existence. 
Total  no.  baptisms,  7,854,  of  which  4,355  Ind.  adults,  2.4."i'J  Ind.  children,  I 
.iihilt  and  1,039  children  of  gente  do  razon;  average  per  year,  1*23.  Total  u{ 
iiinrriages,  1,955,  of  which  '241  de  razon.  Deaths,  5,0,")0,  of  which  2,910  hid. 
adults,  *2,303  Ind.  children;  211  and  180  dc  razon;  annual  average,  88;  uvcr- 
au'e  death  rate,  7.01  per  cent  of  pop.  Largest  pop.,  1,701  in  1817.  Tiicro 
was  a  slight  excess  of  males  down  to  1803,  and  a  greater  excess  later.  The 
innitortion  of  chihlren  varied  from  J  at  iirst  to  ,»  at  the  last.  Largest  no. 
m  cattle,  20,300  in  1828;  horses,  *2,400  in  1S27;  mules,  '205  in  1814;  asscH,  (> 
ill  1794;  sheep,  15,000  in  1829;  goats,  1,:W0  in  1785;  swine,  .*{00  in  1802,  1.S03, 
and  1822;  all  kinds,  40,300  animals  in  18.*10.  Total  product  of  wheat, 
•J-'i.942lmsli.,  yield  10  fold;  bjuley  (for  only  11  years),  l.*250  hush.,  yield  10 
told;  maize,  1.54,8*20  hush.,  yield  145  fold;  lieans,'  I4,4!i7  hush.,  yield  *28  fold. 

Miscell.  stat.  of  the  decade,  lab.  1S3.'J.  .1.  M.  M;irron  borrows '200  i-at- 
tU' for  5year8  from  P.  Kst(?nega.  .l/nrr'>/(, /V(/*.,  MS.,  10.  1S34.  There  were 
4.413  head  of  cattle  thus  lent  out.  The  mission  deljta  were  §S,*271,  iiiid 
I  ivilits  !?ll,l."i3.  There  were  103,.")79  vines  in  4  vineyards,  and  *2,.'t;t3  fruit 
tnea.  Artillery,  4  small  cannon,  one  of  them  lent  -to  the  ayunt.,  and  3 
|ii(lreros.  .S'^  Pu/k,  Mii.,  MS.,  vi.  12-14.  Nov.  '20th,  amount  of  supplies  to 
N.  Diego  presidio  ;?-l9,(i05,  to  Sta  Barbara  .S(I,S95,  no  period  specified,  perhaps 
Mine  the  foundation.  jMjit.  Si.  l'ii/>.,  li.  M.,  MS.,  Ixxix.  52-3.  1839.  Hart- 
11 'irs  report  of  Jnnc  '24th,  .309  souls  all  contented.  Debts  .S4.000  (or  30,(M)()), 
ni<lits«!lO,.")00;  1,100  cattle,  1,700  horses.  1,040  sheep.  St.  Pa/..,  Mia.,  MS., 
.\i.  -28-9;  llarliK'll,  Dlarlo,  MS.,  72-4.  Dee.  Slst,  Bandini  distributes  ;?1. 015 
111  elothiiig  among  *233  Ind.  Id.,  vi.  42  3.  1840.  April.  In  the  list  of  etiects 
to  bo  surrcndcretl  by  the  administrator  were  72  cattle,  715  sheep,  and  3 
\nyjn.  Sf.  Paj).  .1//,h., '.MS.,  41.  Debtut  the  same  date  S:t,'230,  of  which  §1,944 
was  due  to  P.  Eateuega.  Pico,  Pap.,  Mis.,  MS.,  47-51. 


J' 


C44 


LOCAL  AXXALS  OF  LOS  ANGELES  DISTRICT. 


a  3^ear  marked  also  l)y  tlio  wliolosalo  slaughter  of  tlio 
mission  cattle  by  order  of  the  padres,  and  by  the  do 
struction  of  the  San  Bernardino  branch  by  hostilo 
Gutierrez  turned  over  the  control  to  Juau 


.savages 


'"  Clironologic  snntmary  of  S,  Gabriel  events.  1831.  Gov.  Victoria 
■wouiulcil,  cared  for  at  the  mission  in  Dec.  This  vol.,  p.  206,  210.  To  liu 
M'LUilurizcd  iind  n  school  cstal>li8licd  under  Echcandia's  plan.  7(/.,  80.>-(i.  A 
hcliooner  fiunied  hero  to  be  launclied  at  S.  Pedro.  Lt.,  3G.'l.  Death  of  P.  Won- 
tana,  tliis  clmpter.  1832.  Echeaiidia'a  forces  encamped  here  in  April.  This 
viil.,  22".  P.  JJaehclot  begins  his  Bervico  as  assistant  minister.  Id.,  317. 
Ih33.  Alf.  Ignacio  del  Vulle  appointed  as  comisionado  for  Becularization  in 
.bin.,  but  nothing  accomplished.  /'/.,  320.  J.  A.  Carrillo  goes  in  Fib.  U) 
biiranguc  and  tranijuilli/o  the  Ind.  Id.,  327.  Death  of  P.  Sanchez  and  arrival 
(if  P.  Kstcncga.  This  chap.  This  year  a  controversy  between  the  *.ni8."ioii  and 
.1.  .J.  Nieto  at  .Sta  Gertrudis  v .as  settled  by  arbitration.  N.  had  borrowid 
.s.CKJO  (?)  misHion  cattle  on  shares  8  or  0  years  before.  It  was  decided  tliat 
N.  should  liavc  all  the  cattle  at  Los  (/Crrit('i8  and  the  mission  jj  of  all  the  rest; 
and  in  Oct.  that  N.  should  give  up  3,000  head.  There  was  more  trouble  thai 
Jiad  not  been  nettled  3  years  later.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  lien..,  MS.,  v.  107-84. 

18.34.  Part  of  the  Mcx.  colony  hero  from  Sept.  This  vol. ,  207.  Beginning 
(<{  secularization.  Col  Nicoltis  Gutierrez  made  comisionado  and  an  inventdvy 
prepared  in  Nov.  /</.,  .340-8.  Slaughter  of  the  mission  cattle,  private  ind i- 
\  iduals  taking  contracts  from  the  padro  to  kill  cattle  on  shares  for  their  liidrs 
.•\!id  tallow.  /'/.,  .348-0.  IndiandcpredationsatS.  Bernardino  Oct.-Dec.  /•/., 
S')!),  and  annals  of  Los  Angeles  in  this  chap.  Controversy  alx)ut  right  of  tiic. 
niLssion  to  use  the  Salinas.  /(/.,  374.  Lugo,  Vida,  MS.,  107,  represents  S, 
Bernardino  as  a  very  prosperous  establishment,  and  says  that  cxteiisi\ii 
ii.iprovemcnts  in  the  buildings  were  in  progress  when  the  destruction  m-- 
iiH  red.  Tliis  year  a  garrison  was  organized  at  S.  Gabriel,  to  consist  of  a  m  r- 
gcant  and  8  men  from  Portilla's  Mazatlau  company.  JJept.  St,  I'np.,  li.  M., 
M.S.,  Ixxxviii.  20. 

lS3."i.  Col  Gutierrez  still  in  charge,  but  no  records  of  progress  in  pcdi- 
larization.  The  insurgents  Ajmliitegui  and  Torres  imprisoned  here  in  Man  li. 
'lias  vol.,  284.  A  painting  of  S.  Gabriel  is  mentioned  as  having  been  ni:;'l  • 
1  y  Ferdinand  Depjie  this  year  from  a  drawing  mado  on  the  spot.  Latci'  i  i 
possession  of  Daniel  Hill  at  Sta  Barbara,  and  photographed  for  Vi.sclici'.s 
\.  urk.  Taylor's  Discov.  and  Found.,  ii.  no.  42,  p.  210;  Hayes"  Scraps,  Amji  '<  ■<, 
iv.  84. 

1836.  No  record  of  mission  affairs  except  that  Juan  Josci  Bocha  was  in 
charge  as  majordomo,  being  appointed  in  Feb.  Juno  1st,  oath  taken  to  ilic 
iM'w  'bases'  or  centralism.  Tins  vol.,  p.  423.  Sept.,  soldiers  refuse  to  servo 
V  ithout  pay.  /(?.,  440.  The  governor's  alleged  innnoral  conduct.  Id.,\i^. 
l;-.')7.  Josi5  Perez  succeeded  Jlocha  03  majordomo  early  in  this  year.  Nutlii  ,' 
known  of  events  at  the  mission  except  occasional  mention  of  tho  prcsene  ■  ■  t 
pi  irtions  of  the  northern  or  southern  forces  during  tho  sectional  wars.  Tills  \  "1. , 
pp.  40."),  501, , "503,  .'ilO,  528.  Of  1S33  still  less  is  known,  not  even  the  iidnii::i 
trator'snamo  appearing.  Coionel.  Comsde  Cal.,  MS.,  210,  represents  the  i. 
.sinn  as  still  rich  and  in  good  order  in  18.38,  but  his  view  would  seem  tn  Id 
CNaggcrated. 

1839.  Juan  Bandini  was  administrator,  having  probably  been  appointi  d 
tho  year  before.  In  March  ho  claims  that  he  found  tho  mission  proi)crty  in 
a  very  bad  condition,  but  has  restored  it  to  prosperity.  But  ho  ollcr^  1  N 
I'csignation,  and  asks  that  the  8.")00  duo  him  for  salary  be  paid  in  mare';  a:  1 
other  mission  effects,  as  there  is  plenty  of  everything  but  cattle.  Ho  i 
forms  the  govt  in  a  private  letter  that  he  has  already  taken  40  young  ImK  , 
but  will  return  tlicm  if  tho  gov.  thinks  it  best..  The  rcsign.ation  i>ecins  .) 
have  been  ucreptcd,  but  rccouaiderod,  as  B.  continued  to  serve  tlirou;^Ii  tat) 


SAX  FERNANDO  KEY. 


C45 


Josd  Roclia  in  1830;  the  latter  was  succeedod  in  1837 
liy  Joh6  C.  Perez;  and  he  by  Juan  Banclini  probably 
iii  1838.  Nothing  is  known  in  detail  of  the  adminis- 
tration of  these  men,  but  in  the  middle  of  1839  the 
mission  had  still  1,700  horses,  1,100  cattle,  and  1,000 
sheep.  Local  events  in  these  years  are  swallowed  up 
in  the  maelstrom  of  political  doings  at  Los  Angeles. 
Ill  1839-40  we  have  the  visit.-  of  Visitador  Hartnell, 
iind  the  transfer  of  the  estate  from  Bandini  to  Father 
l^stenega.  Live-stock  now  included  72  cattle  and  700 
sheep,  yet  Don  Juan  claimed  to  have  done  much  for 
the  welfare  of  the  ex-raission. 

At  San  Fernando  Father  Ibarra  continued  his 
ministry  alone  until  the  middle  of  1835,  when  he  re- 
tired temporarily  to  Mexico.  His  successor  was 
Pedro  Cabot  from  San  Antonio,  who  served  until  liis 
death  in  October,  183G."     From  this  time  till  August, 

year.  March 20-2.  Si.  Pap.,  Mh.,  MS.,  x.  1-2;  Vnlbjo,  Doc.,  MS.,  xxxii.  IS,'., 
Ill  Juiio  Hartiicll  inadu iii.s  lirst  vUit,  reporting  JiaudiDi's  account!)  all  riglit,  tliu 
1  loperty  in  good  condition,  and  tiic  Indiana  coutont.  lie  authorized  15.  to 
Kill  100  cattlo  and  to  buy  S-.OOO  worth  of  clothing  to  bo  paid  for  in  l)randy 
ii nil  other  produco  of  the  next  year.  In  July  B.  appointed  Rafael  (Uiirado 
in  clerk  at  81.")  per  month,  llarliidl,  JJiurio,  MS.,  i.  53-4,  "2-4;  Arch.  Mam., 
MS.,  ii.  887-U. 

1840.  In  a  letter  of  Feb.  P.  Duran  quotes  P.  Estiiuega  to  the  effect  that 
the  mission  haa  to  support  3S  geuto  do  razon,  that  there  ia  not  .a  candle,  no 
tallow  to  make  a  candle,  and  no  cattle  fat  enough  to  supply  the  tallow. 
'  What  a  scandal !  and  what  a  commc^nt  on  secularization! '  says  Duran.  Arch. 
Miiloiies,  M.S.,  ii.  1017.  March,  B;indiui  speaks  of  tlioorange  orchanl  as  thu 
ii;i!y  one  in  Cal.,  ami  he  has  given  it  special  aire,  having  restored  it  with  over 
loo  trees.  Si.  Pap.  Mis.,  MS.,  vi.  42.  At  tho  cud  of  April  Haadini  turned 
o\cr  the  property  by  inventory  to  P.  Estcncga,  /'/.,  41,  but  did  not  leave  tho 
i.;i,s:iion  or  entirely  give  up  the  nmnagcment.  In  May  three  droves  of  luan-t 
v.crc  stolen  by  Indians,  i-'roni  July  "JHli  to  Aug.  1st.  Visitador  Hartnell  v.as 
lure  on  his  second  tour,  llandini  was  absent  at  iirst,  Ijut  came  on  the  2Sili. 
The  Ind.  complained  bitterly  that  1).  had  carried  olF  luission  property,  chiniy 
lioi-,ses  and  carts  (prol)ably  as  per  letter  to  gov.  in  18;1'J,  as  above);  also  that 
li '  had  opened  a  dram-shop,  .sold  uiis.sion  brandy  to  the  Ind.,  and  then  pun- 
i>lied  them  for  getting  drunk  !  Hartnell  declined  to  comply  with  the  pic- 
fcL't's  request  that  tho  administrator  be  ortlered  to  supply  his  house  witli 
grain,  soap,  lard,  etc.  Ou  Aug.  1st  Jo.S(5  Crispin  I'erciS  was  appointeil  as 
iiiajordomo  to  manage  atl'airs  under  tho  supervision  of  P.  Esteuega.  Hiirhi'lf, 
Di'trio,  MS.,  21,  37,  04,  01-2,  09-100.  H.  was  also  at  S.  (hibriel  on  .\u/. 
1  ith-l9tli.  Also  in  July  and  Aug.  there  were  reports  that  the  savages  were 
on  the  point  of  renewing  their  hostilities  at  San  Bernardino. 

"  Pedro  Cabot,  a  brother  of  Padro  Juan  Cabot,  was  born  at  Bufiola,  Mai- 
liiiva,  on  Sept.  9,  1777.  He  became  a  Franciscan  at  Palma,  I'cc.  22,  17iH(; 
camo  to  Me."dco,  Junc-Sept.   1603;  and  to  Cal.  Feb. -Aug.  1804.     Ilia  niii- 


Wt& 


G4G 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  LOS  ANGELES  DLSTRICT. 


1 838,  I  find  no  mention  of  any  minister,  but  Ihai  ra 
may  possibly  have  served.  Then  came  Bias  On  la/,, 
who  remained  during  the  rest  of  the  decade.  JJow  n 
to  1834  the  decrease  in  neophyte  population  was  Irss 
than  100;  in  live-stock  there  was  no  faliing-oft'  wliaf- 
ever  if  the  registers  may  be  trusted;  tiud  the  <'i(t|is 
were  still  good.  Thus  this  mission  was  exceptioiuillv 
prosperous  at  this  period ;  and  at  the  end  of  the  (ko- 
ade  there  were  still  about  400  Indians  in  the  ( x- 
mission  comnmnity,  statistics  being  more  voluniiiious 
than  at  the  missions  further  south.^^  Lieutenant 
Antonio  del  Valle  was  commissioned  to  secularize  thf 
establishment  in    1834,  and   the    next   year  beeaino 

fiiouary  service  was  at  8.  Antonio  in  1804-28,  anil  again  in  1829-.34;  at  Suli- 
ilml  in  1828-1(;  anil  at  San  Fernando  in  183.'j-0.  He  M'as  ratcil  by  his  sii]i(ii- 
orsasof  distinguished  merit  and  scholarship,  well  qualified  for  any  positiiii 
in  Cal.,  even  the  pn^Iacy.  Autobioff.  Aufoif.  de  Ion  Padres,  MS.;  Serrid,  In- 
jormc  Mobre  Fraihx,  1SI7,  MS.,  o!)-(l0;  Payeraa  in  Arch.  Sta  Ji.,  MS.,  iii.  i:;.!. 
I'ray  Pedro  was  known  as  a  <lignitied,  scholarly,  courteous  man,  nickn.nui  1 
El  Cahallero  in  contradistinction  to  his  rougher  brother  Juan,  nicknann'l  111 
Marinuro,  than  whom,  however,  ho  was  iiardly  less  popular.  Uotli  \m  ic 
noted  for  their  hospitality  at  S.  Antonio  and  S.  Miguel,  their  adjoining;  lai-  - 
sious,  and  were  beloved  by  all  claaacs,  notwithstanding  Peilro's  polished 
niunnefs,  retiring  disposition,  and  tendency  to  asceticism.  Ho  gave  iiui'li 
attention  to  tijo  language  of  his  neophytes,  and  ho  was  an  uncompnuiii-inL; 
royalist,  declining  to  take  the  oath  to  republicanism  in  18*2i)-9.  In  .liny 
ls:{(i  he  was  determined  to  (piit  the  country  and  to  persevere  in  his  dciaainls 
fir  a  passport;  and  declined  most  positively  Duran's  request  to  serve  as  \iir<- 
idcnt  in  case  of  his  (D.'s)  deiuirture.  In  Aug.  he  was  called  to  shrive  thr 
victims  of  the  vigilantes  at  Angeles,  but  declined  to  come.  His  rininiiis 
wt!re  interred  in  the  mission  cemetery  on  Oct.  I'ith,  by  Padre  Ibarra.  Ci'i'V 
of  tlio  burial  register  by  Taylor  in  .S'.  F.  Didktin,  Apr.  2.'>,  18G4.  Momy  iliio 
liiin  is  said  to  liavo  been  paid  to  a  nephew  who  came  from  Spain. 

■' Stivtistics  of  S.  Fernando  1831-4.  Decrease  in  pop.  827  to  702.  ]!:i|i- 
tisnis  89;  largest  no.  30  in  18.34;  stnallest  10  in  1832.  Deatiis  124;  l:iiLr( st 
no.  4.»  in  1832;  smallest  19  in  1834.  ('attle  remained  at  0,000  while  Ikh  n 
and  mules  decreiised  from  500  to  520  by  the  loss  of  40  mules;  sheep  rein:iiii 
ing  at  3,000.  Largest  crop  2,370  bush,  in  1834;  smallest  830  in  1831 ;  avtnus 
l,.">;JO  bush.,  of  which  940  wheat,  yield  12  fold;  470  com,  yield  80  fold;  beam 
4.'),  yield  9  fohl. 

Stat,  for  1797-1834.  Total  of  baptisms  2,839,  of  which  1,415  adult  Iii.l., 
1,307  Ind.  children,  57  child,  do  razcm;  average  per  year  74.  Total  of  iiiai- 
riagea  849,  of  wliich  15  gente  de  razon.  Deaths  2,028,  of  which  1,03(!  Iml. 
iulults,  9G5  lud.  children,  12  and  15  de  razon.  Annual  average  54;  doatli 
rate  0.01  per  cent,  of  pop.  Largest  pop.  1,080  in  1819  (or  1,100  in  iSO'i, 
V  hich  may  1)0  an  error).  Sexes  nearly  equal;  children  from  \  to  J.  I^ifjtst 
W).  of  cattle  12,800  in  1819;  horses  1,320  in  1822;  mules  .340  in  1812;  asses  1 
t  J  3  every  year  till  1819;  sheep  7,800  in  1819;  goats  000  in  1810;  swine  "J.V) 
i;i  1814;  all  kinds  21,745  animals  in  1819.  Total  product  of  wiieat  ll».(K)!l 
Jmsii.,  yield  19  fold;  Iwrley,  only  raised  in  0  years,  .3,070  bush.,  14  folil: 
maize  27,750  bush.,  83  fold;  beans  3,024  bush.,  14  fold. 

Miscell.  Btat.  of  1834-40.  1834,  P.  Ibarra  delivered  to  comi8ionadu$20,U<  10 


SAN  FERNANDO. 


047 


iiiajordomo,  retaining  the  position,  appaivntly  to  the 
satisfaction  of  all  concerned,  nntil  18;{7,  when  lie  wa.s 
^^ucceodcd  by  Anastasio  Carrillcx  From  the  middle 
of  J  838,  Captain  Jose  M.  Villavicencio  served  as  ad- 
ministrator, though  often  called  away  by  sui)j)osod 
military  duties,  and  leaving  tiie  management  of  the 
e,-,tato    to  Carrillo,  Castillo,   and   Perez.'^     Hartnell 


ill  liiilcs,  tallow,  etc.,  and  33,000  in  coin.  Ottcfra,  Doc,  MS.,  vi.  1.10.  D^c, 
mission  furnishes  ^1,000  for  lii'jur's  colony.  St.  /'«j>..  Mi".,  MS.,  vii.  77  H. 
!;>;!.■>,  July,  inventory  uppareutly  inconiiiletc,  total  valuo  .*JI,714.  'ilw. 
cliiircli  is  40  .\  0  varas,  tile-rwjfed,  board  ceilinj^,  bricU  iloor,  adoliu  wall;,  .1 
doors,  7  windows  with  wooilen  ham;  sacristy,  8  varas  s(|.  witli  one  door  iiud 
window,  worth  $1,G50;  credits §.'), 730;  liuildings,  i#l.'>,5l  I ;  ;>2,0(M)  vines  wor^li 
il^Ki.oaj;  1,000  fruit-trees,  §2,400;  library  of  101  vol.,  §417.  /<!.,  vi.  'JJ-ri. 
IS;iO,  amounts  paid.  V-,--0  to  Ignacio  del  Valle,  1'.  Cabot  fe<l,00.'l,  P.  Duraii 
.^^1,018,  r.  Ibarra  $.»00.  Id.,  vii.  08-71.  Supplies  for  troopa,  §2,1.")!).  A/.,  vi. 
71-8.  18.S7,  Marcli,  inventory  of  §l.">.'1.01<!).  /»/.,  vii.  07.  IS.'IS,  .June,  inven- 
tory of  ^l*)0,!lltj;  credits  §14,2i).'l,  buildings,  §.")0,78,">,  house  utensils,  $ii'\)\, 
^'oods  in  storehouse,  §,"),214,  liijuors,  etc.,  .*!7,17."),  live-stock,  §.'>:i,8.14;  S. 
Francisco  ranelio,  §1,025,  grain,  .^!il8,  tannery,  S.")44,  carpenter  sliop,  .^127, 
l)lacksniitli,  §780,  soap  Avorks,  §J12,  mills,  iJJtiO,  tools,  §:{G8,  tallow  works, 

t'2,.")40,  churcli,  §1,500,  ornaments,  etc.,  §4,318,  library,  50  works, ; 

ilol)ts,  JiJI.OS!).  /(/.,  viii.  13-14.  18.30,  Juno  23,  Hartnell's  statenientof  prop- 
erty on  hand  'for  distril).  ai.iong  Ind.  or  trade'?  8,547  head  of  live-stock 
(Iiy  another  rejwrt  of  tins  date  the  live-stock  on  the  ditfercnt  niissiim  ranclios 
was  3,.")00  cattle,  2,044  hor.ses.  2,887  sheep,  25  asses,  57  mules,  and  47  hogs), 
•JSi)  hides,  50  arrobas  wool,  314  arr.  iron  and  steel,  13  bbls.  li(iuor.  /(/.,  vii. 
.'i.  Accounts;  Sept.  income  §l,4.>0,  expend.  §822;  Nov.,  §2,087  and  §1,780; 
Doc.  §1 1,2S2  and  §4,800,  laid  to  P.  Ordaz  this  year  §001.  Hide  and  tallow 
ftcct  income  §48,  expend.  §290.  Stock  deliv.  to  Bauilini  Nov.  1st,  §303. 
Diie  tho  mission  Nov.  1st,  §271;  Dec.  11th,  §805;  supplies  to  govt  from.luno 
ISIiH  to  Dec.  11,  1830,  §0,775;  supplies  to  Sta  \i.  company,  §510;  to  others, 
!^J!7.  Mission  debts  Nov.  30th,  §4,344.  /</.,  vii.  8-15.  1840,  inventory  of 
property  Juno  10th,  4,130  cattle,  2,(»37  horses,  2,500  sheep,  00  mules,  33 
i'.o.-x's,  3J  hogs;  Dec.  31st,  2,270  cattle,  GO  hogs,  all  the  rest  about  the  samu 
i  '•  in  June.  Grain  in  June,  230fauegas;  in  Dec,  1,157  fanegas,  worth .§2, 295. 
Hides  and  leather  in  June,  121;  in  Dec,  5'J,  worth §88.  Wool,  June,  140 arr.; 
iJec,  15  arr.,  worth  .§22.  Soap,  June,  §1.30;  Dec,  §190.  Bnuuly  and  wine  i;i 
D^x.  58  bbls.,  §2,300.  Tallow  and  lard,  Dec,  81  arr.,  §119.  Oil,  9  bids., 
§504.  Iron,  180  arr.,  §720.  Tot;il  value  in  Dec,  not  including  live-stoc':, 
land,  or  buildings,  §0,300.  lleceipts  for  9  months  of  tlio  year  (June-Au^'. 
lacking),  §9,874;  expend.,  §11,009.  I>1.,  8-15,  13-14;  ix.  19-21. 

"Clironologic  summary  of  S.  Fernando  events.  IS.Sl.  Oov.  Victoria  hc'c 
on  his  inarch  South  against  tlie  rebels;  also  the  hearing  of  Echeamlia's  si'cii- 
larizatiou  j)lan,  never  put  in  oiuiration,  on  this  mission.  Tliis  vol.  p.  205, 
300.  18.32-3.  Nothing  in  tho  records.  1834.  Antonio  del  Valle  as  coini.iio- 
n:ido  takes  charge  of  tho  mission  estates  by  inventory  from  1'.  Ibarra  in  Oct. 
Tills  vol.  p.  340.  S.  Fernando  to  be  a  pari^li  of  2il  cla.s.s  with  salary  of  §1.003 
under  tho  rcglamento  of  Nov.  /</.,  348.  Slight  controversy  aljout  the  use  of 
tlio  sak  fields.  /(/.,  374.  183.5.  Valie  was  on  May  2.>tli  appointed  to  bo 
majordomo,  or  administrator,  at  §800  salary  from  June  1st.  In  July,  Ind- 
coniptuiti  that  last  year  two  boxes  of  money  had  been  shipped  away;  there 
was  now  u  box  of  silx  er,  and  they  demanded  that  strict  accounts  should  1)0 
required  from  I'.  Ibarra  before  his  deiiarjarc.  /(/.,  .353;  <SV.  Pup.,  Mis.,  MS., 
xi.  3.    Kecoinmeudatioii  that  a  guard  be  placed  at  S.  Francisco  rauclio  to 


G4S 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OP  LOS  ANGELES  DISTRICT. 


found  all  except  the  accounts  in  comparatively  exfcl- 
lent  condition  on  the  occasion  of  his  official  visit  in 
1839;  but  matters  were  less  satisfactory  in  the  next 
year. 

prevent  cattlo-stealing.  Id.,  2.  In  July  tlio  admin,  reports  that  horses  mo 
iicing  cunatantly  stolen,  and  that  Ind.  who  have  taken  refuge  at  the  iniHaiuii 
u;u  tlio  thievta,  JJept.  St.  Pap.,  Amj.,  MS.,  i,  172. 

I ;!:!(!.  The  <le.ath  of  I'atlro  Cal)ot  and  the  prolmblo  return  of  P.  Ibarra  .iic; 
UMiitioned  eiscwhcro  in  this  chap.  Vallo  remained  in  charge  of  the  estuli- 
li  hment.  In  Deiit.  St.  Pap.,  Aug.,  MS.,  ii.  23-0,  is  a  records  of  the  expluiis 
of  lliifacl,  or  El  Cuyuya,  a  locally  famous  robber,  who  was  often  arrested  an  1 
a:i  (jftcn  escaped  from  the  jail  hero  and  at  Los  Angeles  and  Stu  BdrLara.  Ail 
tlio  power  of  the  district  8cemcd  insuliicient  to  keep  him  confuied  or  to  kvtp 
him  separated  from  two  of  his  favorite  women,  whom  ho  always  rescued  (i\>\,\ 
tiieir  imprisonment.  J837.  In  March  Vallo,  who  is  highly  praised  by  Duniii 
and  others,  was  succeeded  by  Anastosio  Carrillo  as  majordomo.  St.  Pk/i.. 
JPia.,  MS.,  vii.  G7-8.  In  Jan.  strange  Ind.,  said  to  be  aide<l  by  gento  d' 
raxon,  made  a  raid  on  the  mission  horses,  some  of  which  wero  recovered  alter 
two  lights,  in  which  several  Ind.  wore  killed  and  wounded.  Ui-pt.  St.  J'a/i., 
A  III/.,  MS.,  ii.  97-8.  Mission  funds,  $2,000,  taken  for  'wife  keeping'  l>y  tlic 
iVngcles  authorities  in  their  efforts  to  resist  Alvaratlo  in  Jan.  This  vol.  p. 
4'.)4.  Suuthcrn  garrison  under  Rocha  stationed  here,  but  the  mission  is  lii)i- 
tured  l)y  the  northerners.  /(/.,  495-501.  In  Juno  Castro  retires  and  Porliila 
fur  the  south  takes  possession.  />/.,  521.  1838.  The  administration  is  given 
up  ill  Juno  by  Carrillo  to  Capt.  Jos6  M.  Villavicencio.  St.  Pap.,  Minn.,  .MS., 
viii.  13.  Mission  mares  pledged  to  N.  Mcx.  allies  of  the  south  for  their  aiil. 
This  vol.,  p.  555.  (.'astro's  force  here  in  April.  Id.,  556.  Alvarado  anil 
Carlos  Carrillo  at  S.  Fernando  after  the  campaign  of  Las  Florcs.  Id.,  502 -4. 
A  pennancnt  force  to  be  stationed  by  Alvarado.  /(/.,  509. 

1S39.  Villavicencio  still  administrator  and  military  commandant;  but 
Francisco  del  Castillo  seems  to  have  been  in  charge  temporarily  during  a  ]).'ii't 
t)f  this  year  or  the  preceding.  On  the  division  into  prefectures,  etc.,  S.  l:\-i- 
naudo  was  attached  to  the  Sta  Udrlmra  parti<lo,  the  boundary  being  bctw  u.u 
the  mission  and  Cahucnga.  Id.,  585.  From  June  IGth  to  the  24th,  Vi.'iitadnr 
llartuell  was  at  this  mission,  where  he  found  410  Ird.,  well  contented  excciit 
with  the  granting  to  Valle  of  the  mission  rancho  of  S.  Francisco,  which  tin  y 
claimed  to  need.  The  crops  wero  good  and  there  were  no  crasshoppurH  nr 
rust.  Vallo  had  not  yet  moved  his  family  to  the  r.incho.  The  clerk,  Mai l:i- 
riaga,  was  discharged  as  untit  for  the  ])lace.  Villavicencio's  and  Castillo'.s 
accounts  wero  found  in  a  confused  and  unintelligible  condition,  llartiidl, 
Jjiarh,  MS.,  1,  2,  13,  74-7;  St.  Pap.,  Miss.,  MS.,  xi.  29-30.  1840.  Villavi- 
cencio sccnis  still  to  have  held  the  ollice,  but  to  have  been  absent  mucli  <>i 
the  time,  leaving  affairs  in  charge  of  Juan  Perez,  and  later  Auastasio  Carrillo. 
IlartnuU  mado  his  visit  Aug.  20th,  22d,  but  nothing  is  recorded  of  his  acts 
and  the  results,  except  that  it  was  tho  governor's  interference  with  his  ordiiis 
removing  Perez  in  favor  of  Carrillo  that  caused  tho  visitador  to  resign  his 
position  on  Sept.  7th  at  Sta  lidrbara.  llartndl,  Diario,  MS.,  15-10,  21,  (>.">. 
Nothing  known  of  mission  affairs  this  year  except  the  statistics  gi^'eu  in  Lhu 
prcceiUug  note. 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 

LOCAL  ANNjVLS  OF  SANTA  BARBARA  DISTRICT. 
1831-1840. 

(i.VLS    IN    POPPLATION — PrESIDIAL    ORGANIZATION — MILITARY   ItEMS — SUM- 
5IARY   OF  EVKNTS — SaNTA  BARBARA  IN  THE  POLITICAL  C0NTROVER.SIK.S — 

Ciiico  ANU  DtTRAi^ — Municipal  Affairs — Official  List — Sub-pkkkec- 
TURE — Grants  of  Private  Ranchos — Santa  Barbara  Mission  — 
Statistical  View— Annals  of  Secplarization — San  BuENAVENTniA 
—Fathers  SrStER,  UuiA,  and  Fortcni — Population,  AoRicuLinRE, 
AND  Live-stock — Majordomos  and  Administrators— Santa  iN^d — 
Father  Arrovj  de  la  Cuesta — Statistics  of  Decadence — A  Gain  in 
Cattle — Moderate  Prosperity — Local  Happenings — La  Pitrisima 
CONCEPCION  — Seculari  zation— In  vbntori  es. 

The  population  of  Santa  Bdrbara  district,  not  in- 
cluding San  Fernando,  which  was  legally  within  its 
jurisdiction,  increased  from  630  in  1830  to  about  900 
ill  1840,  so  far  as  the  meagre  and  contradictory  records 
ntford  a  basis  for  estimate.^  During  the  same  period 
the  ex-neophyte  Indian  population  decreased  from 
4,400  to  1,550,  the  latter  number  including  750  in 
town  and  on  the  ranches,  in  addition  to  800  still  liv- 
ing in  the  ex-mission  communities.  Adding  the  totals 
oC  population  for  the  three  districts  of  San  Diego, 
Los  Angeles,  and   Santa  Barbara,  we   find  that  in 

'July  1834,  a  pop.  of  over  1,000  is  claimed  for  Sta  Barbara;  and  the  April 
ivulron  is  said  to  have  hIiowii  940,  probably  including  lud.  except  neophytes, 
aud  perhaps  exaggerated  to  secure  an  aj-untainiento.  Le<j.  liec,  MS.,  ii.  .">8, 
'_'41,  243.  The  i)adrou  referred  to  is  in  8t.  I'<ip.,  Mis.,  MS.,  v.  45.  Dec.  31, 
1s;j4,  a  padrou  which  makes  the  pop.  79-,  including  414  adults,  378  cliildren, 
ft!  Ind.,  and  64  foreigners.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  P.  y  J.,  MS.,  vi.  1.  An 
undated  padron,  possibly  incomplete,  shows  a  pop.  of  614  souls  iu  '  the  port 
iiud  inmcdiaciones.'  Guerra,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  135.  In  Juno  1841  there  M'cre  '202 
men  between  the  ages  of  18  and  GO  years.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  P.  y  J.,  MS., 
iv.  13.  In  July  1834  tiiere  were  9  Amer.  married  to  natives,  but  not  natural- 
ized. M,  Ben.  Mil.,  Ixxix.  112-13. 

(649) 


'f  f 


i: 


6B0 


LOCAL  ANXALS  OF  SAXTA  BAKBARA  DISTKKT. 


Southern  (  alifornia  tlio  {jfciitc  do  inzoii  liail  incrca-.d 
during  the  de(,'ade  f'lonj  2,'MO  to  2,HoO;  while  tin- 
christianized  Inchany  had  decreased  from  9, GOO  tu 
5,100,  of  wliieh  hitter  nunioer  oidy  2,250  were  still 
living  at  the  missions. 

Here  the  military  or  presidial  organization  of  euily 
times  was  still  kept  up,  and  fragmentary  ivcoids 
ap[»ear  from  time  to  tin)o  to  remind  us  of  the  old 
Spanish  forms,  though  never  suffieiently  complete  to 
alfnrd  satisfaet»)ry  information  on  any  })hase  of  tlic 
suhject.     1  apj)end  the  items  such  as  they  are."*     Jose 

'^>Sta  Biii'bara  niilitury  itviiis.  18.')L  Lieut  Romiialilo  Pachcco,  cuiiiiii.in 
ilaiit;  AlfOre/.  Rod.  dul  I'liugn;  but  tlio  furiiier  m'us  killed  uiid  the  iutter  l\l 
Cal.  tliis  year.  ruv-roU  for  tlio  year  ^JJ.O-Jlt;  44  mnii,  22  iuviilidos,  8  urtiU.i  y 
S'V)0  for  relief  of  the  troops  from  tho  Ayucucho,  and  loan  from  James  llnil.o 
in  OLt.  and  Dec.  Dipt.  Jlec,  MS.,  i.\.  r.O;  riiito,  U'C.,  MS.  i.  1832.  Cuit. 
Jose  du  la  (juerra  y  Noriega,  and  also  Lieut  Juan  M.  Ibarra  named  as  cnwi- 
niandant.  Dom.  and  Auust.  C'arrillo  alft'recea;  10  soldiers  named;  3  otliiM  is, 
3.")  men,  1!)  invalidos.  I'ay-roll  for  5  montliH  §4,99!).  1833.  Ibarra,  eonwui- 
duutc;  capt.,  (Juerra  y  Noriega;  alferez,  Domingo  C'arrillo;  sub-comisario  siili- 
nlterno,  Anastasiu  C'arrillo.  I'ay-roll  for  tho  year  $1 1 ,015;  3  ofHuers,  32  iiicn, 
ti  ai'till.,  Ti  Mazatceos.  In  his  account  of  Dec.  Slst  A.  Carrillo  ehargcs  liiiu- 
self  ^(i,71<);  credits  §0,725.  Net  yield  of  post-office  $51;  stamped  paper  .'-JT. 
Mission  supplies  for  tho  year  §2,270.  The  comisario  at  Mont,  onleivil  m 
Jan.  to  send  $2,000  for  >Sta  ]}.  Complaints  of  destitution.  Sales  of  livi- 
stock  from  ranclio  nacional  §075.  Some  orders  wero  issued  by  fiov.  Figucrcni 
at  liuerra's  recjuest  on  the  restocking  of  tho  raucho;  tithe  cattle  to  be  used  Ini' 
this  purpose.  (Imrra,  Dor.,  MS.,  v.  177;  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxi.  53;  /-'(/'. 
HI.  I'lijK,  MS.,  iii.  01-2;  /</.,  It.  M.,  Ixxvi.  12. 

lS.'i4.  II)arracomandante;  Anast.  Carrillo  habilitado.  2  officers,  .33  men, 
18  invalidos,  5  artillery,  5  Mazatecos.  Pay-roll  for  the  year,  §10,071.  M;iy, 
3(»  emits,  hats,  etc.,  antl  72  shirts — proljably  showing  the  company  to  nuiiiln.1' 
.'5(1  men — ordered  to  bo  distributed.  Dc]>f.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  C,  A  J'.,  MS.,  iii. 
32-;>.  April,  com.  calls  on  gov.  for  materials  to  repair  soldiers'  quarters,  in 
a  ruinous  condition.  Id.,  D.  M.,  Ixxix.  54.  Efforts  to  obtiiin  a  loan  of  cittlc 
from  the  missions  for  tho  rancho  nacional.  Arrh.  Arzob.,  MS.,  v.  ptii.  2.  M'l- 
iine;ui,  Aolirc,  148,  speaks  of  a  Held  cultivated  for  the  soldiers'  support,  bs.'i'i. 
Ilnirra  and  Carrillo  as  before,  tho  latter  sometimes  as  acting  comandante.  - 
oil'.,  31-4  men,  IGinval.,  sergeants  Tomils  Komero.  Juan  P.  Ayala,  and  Lsiilmi 
Cuillcn.  Pay-roll  for  11  months  §{),474.  Deducted  from  pay  for  montc;.ii) 
and  inviilidos§318.  Oct.,  aid  asked  for  a  capt,  of  artillery  with  a  corpuril 
and  4  men  who  go  to  8ta  B.  Dcpt.  St.  Pup.,  Bin.  C.  cfc  T.,  MS.,  iii.  92.  .\  ■ 
tuul  ]iaynicnts  for  year  ending  July  1st,  §1,912,  leaving  duo  the  comp.  .S7,37-!. 
III.,  Ben.  M.,  Ixxxi.  2.  Supplies  from  pueblo  de  los  Berros,  §1,038.  /(/.,  A'  ". 
/•".  y  J.,  vi.  17.  1830.  Iluirra  com.  of  post;  Lieut  Domingo  Carrillo  com.  nf 
the  comp.;  A.  Carrillo  habilitado.  3  olf.,  29  .32  men,  10  inval.,  0  artill..  '.» 
Mazatecos,  2d  alferez  Pablo  Pacheco.  Pay-roll  for  0  months  §5,103;  invaa- 
doa  for  the  year,  §1,560;  deduction  per  month  for  montcpio  and  inviilitlos 
§29. 

1837.  Jos<5  do  la  Cuerra  y  Noriega,  comandante.  In  Giifrra,  Doc,  MS., 
i.  131-4,  is  a  list  of  1 10  men,  among  whom  the  025  head  of  live-stock  at  S. 
Julian  rancho  should  be  distributed;  but  the  list  contains  many  names  of  iiau 
no  longer  in  the  company  or  at  Sta  B.    The  raucho  had  been  granted  by  Alva- 


MILITAHY  ITEMS. 


«51 


do  la  Giiorro  y  Noiloifa  was  noiniimlly  oaptnin  of  tl'c 
presidial  coinpany,  souiotiinos  aotiii<jf  as  coiiiandantc, 
and  continuously  at'tor  1837.  Liout  Juan  ^1.  U)a.»ta 
(if  the  Mazatlau  t'oni|>any  acted  as  ciunandante  in 
1833-0.  Domingo  and  Anastasio  Canillo  were  tlie 
c()nn)aiiy  alfeieces  down  to  1830,  when  the  former  he- 
came  lieutenant,  and  Pahlo  Pacheco  se^-ond  alfercz. 
Ijuter  Koberto  Pardo  and  Joso  Lugo  held  these 
]>laces,  and  Ignairio  del  Valle  appears  as  hahilitado. 
J)own  to  1830  the  cavalry  company  numbered  from 
40  to  30  rank  and  file,  with  20  to  15  inviilidos,  the 
j)ay-rolls  varying  from  .i!5 1,000  to  ^000  per  month,  and 
there  being  generally  half  a  dozen  artiller_)  men  and  as 
many  ]\[iizatecos  in  the  force.  In  later  years  tlie 
nominal  force  was  about  half  as  large,  but  in  both 
periods  more  than  half  the  men  were  not  actually 
serving  as  soldiers;  and  rarely  was  there  any  need 
of  their  services.  The  district  was  cpiieth'  prosperous, 
Ijut  the  appended  resume  of  events  is  .'lardly  more 
than  an  index  of  what  has  been  recorded  in  other 


,  MS., 
■ck  at  S. 

of  llRll 

y  Alvu- 


ruilo  to  Guerra  y  Noriega.  Ingress  for  tlio  year,  83.i>-0;  paid  out  to  troops 
§:{,-.18;  effects  m  store  May,  $308.  .June  10th,  .fosi'  Igii.  Lugo  represents 
that  ho  was  retired  from  mil.  service  .30  years  ago  at  §8  per  month;  l)nt  has 
never  received  a  cent.  Owes  §I{.'50  and  wuuts  it  paid  on  aect.  <tov.  reiili(;8 
that  he  must  present  his  acct  to  the  coniisariu  '  when  establisiied ' !  Dciil.  St. 
rap.,  Ikii.  Mil.,  Ixxx.  81  '2. 

1838.  Antonio  de  la  (jruerra  named  as  conuuidante;  also.!.  M.  Villaviccn- 
L-io.  List  of  oiliecrs  and  men  in  the  company  of  civic  militia.  Capt.  Valentin 
Cota,  lieut  Juan  1'.  Ayala,  and  IJobertc)  I'.irdo,  Alf.  Jos<5  Ant.  Olivera,  rank 
and  (ile  38  men.  Cola,  Dot:  M.S.,  13.  IS.'JD.  Com.  Josi5  de  la  Guerra  y  Nori- 
ega; also  Alf.  Koberto  I'ardu.  Hahilitado,  Alf.  Ignucioilel  Valle,  also  acting 
com.  Sergt  JosiS  Lugo  was  promoted  to  be  '2d  alferez.  Anast.  Carrillo 
named  as  comisario  subalterno.  In  Sohernm-i,  Doc,  MS.,  140,  is  mention-'d 
a  cavalry  comp.  of  capt.,  alft'rez,  and  l.i  men,  mIiosd  pay  amounts  to  S^iCt'l  ]>  -r 
month.  Other  reports  sliow  17-10  nien  and  11-12  invdlidos.  Payroll  fur 
the  year,  .§7,0.30.  Jan.,  Lieut.  Octaviano  (Jutierrez  report-s  the  artillery  In 
lie  7  guns,  "2  of  them  (i  pounders,  tlie  rest  4;  4  of  them  brass  and  3  iron;  4  of 
the  7  dismounted  or  useless.  \'a!hjo,  Dor.,  MS,,  xxv.  II.  There  was  much 
ilisctmtcnt  respecting  the  distribution  of  mil.  funds  by  the  Mont,  authorities. 
In  Aug.  Guerra  saj's  the  artill.  comp.  has  received  nothing  since  he  was  in 
command,  hi.,  viii.  '22,  17,  170,  '20.").  Five  recruits  called  for  from  Sta  H. 
Jhjit.  St.  l\ip.,  MS.,  xviii.  50-7.  1840.  Guerra  y  Noriega  com.,  Iguacio  del 
Valle  habilitado.  10  men  (one  reiwrt  says  32-3,  perhaps  inclutlingiuviilidos). 
'2d  alf.  Joae  Lugo.  In  Aug.  (1.  complains  that  the  comp.  is  reduced  to  8  or 
10  available  men,  and  there  are  no  supplies  for  more.  Sub-lieut  Pardo  hiis 
been  long  away,  and  (J.  is  incaimcitated  by  age  and  infirmities.  I'allrjo,  ])o-., 
MS.,  ix.  '2'24.  Complains  of  unjust  discrimination,  since  the  sub-prefect  guta 
liis  salary  regularly.  Id.,  11'2.     Pay-roll  for  the  year  §8,457. 


<U 


m 


5    '( 


..1 


603 


LOCAL  ANXALS  OF  SANTA  Il.UlBAUA  DISTRICT. 


cliJipters."  Satita  Rdrbara  was  always  conservative  in 
j«)liticH,  takiiijjf  no  part  in  tho  movement  of  Is.'! I 
against  Victoria,  but  supi)orting  in  the   interest  of 


' Chronologic  Buinmory  of  Santa  1idrl)ar\  events.  18.11.  .Tan.,  Dov.  Vir. 
tori.'i  hurt)  on  hia  way  nortii.  TliiM  V(jl.,  p.  I8'J.  Mivrcli,  inipiiHonuiLiit  of  ,1. 
A.  (.'arrillo  from  Los  Angelfu.  A/.,  19t).  Victoria'M  last  visit  in  Nov,,  joined 
l>.v  Cftjit.  I'aolieco.  Id., 'M'k  A  forest firo  on  the  hills  cndnnnerinK  tiu' tnwri, 
tliiviug  tlio  people  to  the  lieueh,  covering  tho  decks  of  vessels  with  cindi  ix, 
hut  ttinK'<l  aside  hy  the  green  vineyards  of  tho  mission,  is  descril>ed  by  Hole 
iiison,  Li/e  in  Vol.,  08. 

iSItJ.  .Jun.  1  at,  adherence  to  the  S.  Diego  revolutionary  plan.  This  vol., 
p.  '2\'2.  Fel).-May,  action  of  Sta  IJ.  in  support  of  Zamorano  against  Kdioan- 
di'a.  Ibarra 'h  forces  in  possession.  7(^,2*23-8.  Arriv:.!  and  arrest  of  Cupt. 
Sumner  of  the  ]Vanrly.  /</.,  .104. 

I8;i.'l.  .Marriage  of  Thos.  O.  Larkin  on  a  vessel  in  tho  port.  Id.,  30.'),  4(W. 
lluntlini's  efforts  in  congress  to  make  Sta  IJ.  apucrto  menor.  Tho  port  is  dc- 
scribed  as  a  hot-bed  of  smuggling.  Id.,  30!).  April,  pacification  of  Mcx. 
ecli'brated  with  gfcat  festivities.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  II.  M.,  MS.,  Ixxix.  .'tl. 
May,  an  Ind.,  attempting  to  climb  the  'lagstatf  to  atrange  tho  halyards,  fell 
ami  was  killed.   Id.,  28. 

1834.  Nothing  in  the  records.  ISIW.  Career  of  tho  convict  Badillo,  ro- 
leased  this  yeirr.  This  vol.,  p.  10.  Foreigners  said  to  have  known  ui  tlie 
ApaliUegui  revolt  at  Angeles  in  advance.  /(/.,  SS-j.  April,  sailing  of  lli'j.ir. 
l'adr(''a,  and  the  other  pri.soners.  Id,,  288.  Oct.,  remains  of  (iov.  Fij,'iiei-(>a 
deijosited  in  the  mission  church.  Id.,  29."».  Kemoval  of  tho  Ind.  from  S.  Xi- 
cohis  Isl.  by  Sparks,  Williams,  ond  others.  Nidiver'n  Life  and  Adcen.,  MS., 
OH-72;  and  many  newspaper  sketches  in  connection  with  accounts  of  tin; 
rescue  of  an  Ind.  woman  15  years  later.  R.  H.  Danaarrived  hero  in  Jan.,  and 
often  visited  tho  place  during  this  year  and  tho  next,  his  adventures  beiie.; 
described  in  liis  Two  Yearn  hrfore  the  Ma^t,  03,  and  passim.  He  descrilies 
Sta  B.  as  'composed  of  ouo-storv  houses  built  of  sun-baked  clay,  o.*  adohe, 
Some  of  them  whitewashed,  wit!  'ed  tiles  on  tho  roofs.  I  should  jtid;,'o  that 
there  were  about  a  hundred  of  {  om;  and  in  tho  midst  of  them  stands  tlio 
presidio,  or  fort,  built  of  tho  same  materials  and  apparently  but  little  stronger. ' 
See  also  IiohiH'<i)n''i  Life  in  Cal.,  40  ct  seq.,  for  descriptions  and  views  wliirli 
may  apply  to  St.a  B.  in  this — or  any  other  early  decade. 

IS.'Ui.  Apiil,  arrival  of  Gov.  Chico  frnni  Mex.  This  vol.,  p,  421.  June, 
oath  to  federjilisin.  Gov.  Chico's  visit  and  troubles  with  P.  Duran.  /'/.,  4'J;(, 
432-C.  Nov. -Dec,  news  of  Alvarado's  revolution.  Sta  B,  declines  to  join 
Los  Angeles  against  the  north.  Id.,  481-4, 491. 

1837.  Jan.,  Gov.  Alvarado  and  his  army  received  and  supported  by  lln' 
BarbareQos.  Id.,  491-3.  Garrison  from  Sta  B.  at  S.  Fernando.  /'/.,  'lOI. 
Feb.,  Alvarado's  return  from  the  south.  /</.,  503.  April,  session  of  the  dipii- 
tjicion,  approving  Alvarado's  movement.  /(/.,  500-7.  Pico  and  Oslo  present 
themselves  with  a  new  plan.  Id.,  508.  Castro  and  his  force  como  hero  frmn 
S.  Gabriel.  Id.,  510.  June-.July,  return  of  tho  gov.  from  the  north  in  cmi- 
sc(pien<?e  of  new  opposition  at  Angeles;  ho  accepts  centralism,  which  is  ap- 

Iiroved  by  Sta  B. :  meeting  of  the  dipntacion.   In.,  ,')22-3,  .'i2G-.32.     Dec,  tint 
Jarbarenos  refuse  to  support  CdrlosCarrillo;  Castro  in  command;  threatened 
attack  from  tho  south.  /(/.,  540-1, 549-50. 

1838.  Jan.,  new  and  vain  attempts  of  Carrillo  to  obtain  support.  A/., 
545-0.  March,  approach  of  Castaueila  and  southern  army;  Castro  and  Alva- 
rado come  from  the  north;  campaign  of  S.  liuenaventura;  southern  prisoueis 
at  Sta.  B.  Id.,  .')51-5.  May,  a  force  is  sent  to  Angeles,  and  Carrillo  with 
others  is  brought  back  as  a  prisoner.  /<f.,  504-0.  Carrillo  escai>es  in  Aug.  A/., 
509.  Nov..  arrival  of  Castillero  with  news  of  Alvarado's  confirmation  in  Me\. 
Id.,  574.    Dec,  S.  Diego  prisoners  brought  by  Castro.  /(/.,  578.    Murder  of 


RFXORD  OF  EVENTS. 


033 


tranqiiilHtv  Zainorano's  cause  in  18.32.  Political  and 
oilier  annaln  of  1833-5  cuiitaiii  iiotliifi^  iiotahlo;  Imt 
ill  183G  tho  policy  of  Governor  Cliico  and  his  eontro- 
v(!rsy  with  Paclro  Duran  created  an  exeit«Mnent  amonLf 
tliu  Jiarbareilos  that  had  much  effect  on  later  events. 
])uring  the  sectional  troubles  of  1837-8  this  town 
exercised  a  great  and  probably  controlling  inlluence. 
Through  the  efforts  of  Guerra  y  Noriega  and  ])uran 
its  support  was  given  from  the  first  to  Alvurado;  and 
though  naturally  loyal  to  Mexico  and  avc  »  to  revo- 
lution, the  citizens  refused  to  aid  Los  Angeles  and 
San  Diego  in  their  factious  opposition  to  the  [)lan  "f* 
Monterey.  Nor  did  they  waver  in  Itu'ir  support  of 
Alvarido,  even  when  Cilrlos  Carrillo,  (Uto  of  tlie 
]\\Of^\,  popular  of  their  number,  urged  ^is  eluiin  as 
governor.  When  these  trouldes  were  at  un  end  the 
course  of  local  happenings  again  became  moiiotonoiis 
in  1839-40.  Captain  Guerra  y  Noriega,  like  Vallejo 
in  the  north,  had  hoped  for  a  restoration  of  the  old 
presidial  organizations,  but  the  hope  was  a  vain  one, 
and  the  aged  captain's  efforts  barely  kept  in  existence 
the  skeleton  of  his  garrison. 

The  municipal  records  of  Santa  Biirbara  have  been 
for  the  most  part  lost,  so  that  respecting  the  puc^blo 
government,  administration  of  justice,  criminal  cases, 
and  even  list  of  officers,  only  a  slight  record  can  bo 
formed    from    miscellaneous    scattered    documents.* 

(^apt.  Bancroft  by  Iiid.  at  Sta  Ro8a  Isl.  Vol.  iv.,  p.  90-1.  Views  of  Sta  B. ,  ia 
Foiltrs'  Cat. 

1S.19.  Jan.,  Alvarado,  Vallejo,  and  tho  southern  prisoners;  the  general's 
attempts  to  enforce  military  discipline.  Id.,  .'iSO-.l.  Alay,  Lieut  Prad<i  und 
10  men  sent  to  maintain  order  at  Angeles.  Id.,  589.  Election;  Covaniiliias 
el('ctor  for  Sta  B.  A/.,  590.  Complaints  respecting  tho  distrilnitioa  of  reve- 
nues. Id.,  591-2.  June,  sub-prefect  can  find  no  piia  vacnno  to  vaccinate  Iiid. 
/'(/it.  S/.  Pap.,  Atig.,  }>lii.,\\'S3.  Visit  of  a  British  explorer.  Jiclcher's  Voy., 
i.  .•{•_'0-2. 

1840.  Revelation  of  the  Carrillo  cons,, 'racy.  This  vol.,  p.  606.  Arrest 
and  imprisonment  of  foreigners  iu  connection  witli  tho  Graham  afTair.  Vol. 
iv.,p.  14-17,28. 

*  Sta  Barbara  municipal  government  and  official  list.  1 8,. '  -2.  Alcaldes  Ri- 
fael  Gonzalez,  Miguel  Valencia;  regidor  or  sindico  Jos<5  Maria  Garcia.  Ouerra, 
hoc,  MS.,  ii.  197;  Ltg.  Rec,  MS.,  i.  348;  Gonzalez,  Experienciag,  MS.  Gov. 
Victoria  was  accused  of  having  suppressed  tlie  ayuntaniiento.  Tills  vol.  p. 
202.     In  1832  the  diputaciuu  left  Sta  B.  under  the  jurisdiction  of  tho  com. 


ri 


^1 

:■  ill 
'ill' 

:  -it* 
,,, . 

l!i 

i; 


1-1 


M  1 


654 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SANTA  BARBARA  DISTRICT. 


The  successive  alcaldes,  or  justices  of  the  peace  from 
1839,  were  Rafael  Gonzalez,  Josd  Antonio  de  la 
Gucrra,  Jose  Maria  Garcia,  Josd  Maria  Valenzuela, 


I 


gen.  as  a  place  where  the  civil  govt  was  not  fully  organized — that  is,  was  dis- 
p.wed  to  favor  Zaniorano.  Id.,  218.  1833.  Alcalde,  or  judge  of  Ist  iustaiico, 
J  1)36  Antonio  de  la  Gucrra.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  9i);  Id.,  lien.,  P.  ij  ./. , 
iii.  77.  Valentin  Cota  juez  auxiliar.  Carrillo,  Dor.,  MS.,  ll'i.  In  Ainil, 
Gov.  Figueroa  states  that  Sta  B.  has  no  ayunt.  or  constitutional  alcalde.  Tiio 
•so-called  alcalde,  or  his  place,  was  created  by  the  dip.  witiiout  fonnalities  of 
law,  and  he  is  merely  a  juez  conciliador.  He  asks  the  opinion  of  Asosor 
i.io\\wi.,  who  replies  tliat  to  decide  the  appointment  ille:{al  under  tlic  .Span, 
laws  and  to  put  the  citizens  under  military  rule  would  open  political  woiimh 
not  yet  healed.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  B.  M.,  MS.,  Ixxvi.  6-1).  Josii  M.  Maldonmlo 
was  receptor  in  charge  of  the  revenues  from  this  year.  This  vol.  p.  377. 

1834.  Alcahle  Jos(5  M.  Garcia  (several  references  for  dilFcrent  months). 
In  Aug.  the  dip.  voted  to  create  an  ayunt.  witli  alcalde,  4  rcgidores,  and  si'ii- 
dico,  after  discussion  and  the  receipt  of  petitions.  A<v/.  Ilec,  MS.,  ii.  18S-'j; 
this  vol.  p.  '249-50.  In  July  the  extent  of  the  alcaldia  was  given  as  from  S. 
Fernando  to  I'urisima,  55  1.  from  east  to  west,  and  25  1.  north  to  south.  Jjciit. 
St.  Pap.,  Ii.  M.,  MS.,  Ixxix.  87.  1835.  Alcalde  Jos(5  Maria  Valenzuela. 
Oct.  12th,  election  of  Rafael  Gonzalez  declared  null  by  Jos(5  Castro.  IJ<  jif. 
St.  Pap.,  Ben.,  MS.,  ii.  31.  Cdrmen  Dominguez  juez  de  campo.  No  trace  of 
the  ayunt.  as  provided  by  the  dip.  Wm  G.  Dana  was  perhaps  captain  of  t!iu 
port  in  these  years.  Benito  Diaz  succeeded  Maldonadoas  receptor  by  ui>p!iiiit- 
ment  of  July  3d,  salary  §400.  Id.,  Ben.,  Cast.-If.,  vii.  10,  14;  viii.  14.  ls;W. 
Alcalde  Wm.  G.  Dana.  James  Burko  in  July  wished  to  be  excused  from  serv- 
ing as  regidor.  Lri/.  liec,  MS.,  iii.  27.  Diaz  suspended  in  Dec.  as  receptor. 
iJept.  St.  Pnp.,  Ben.,  Ciist.-U.,  MS.,  iv.  1.  1837.  Alcalde  Diego  Olivera; 
regidor  Santiago  Lugo.  Jost5  Ant.  de  la  Guerra  was  capt.  of  tlio  port;  fiiid 
Diaz,  notwitlistanding  his  suspension,  still  served  as  receptor.  1838.  Alcalle 
Diego  Olivera;  simlico  Ramon  Valdes.  Munic.  receipts,  taverns  at  4  reals  p^T 
month,  stores,  §1,  billiards,  otter-skins,  .?153,  liijuors,  §04,  lines,  .S4,  lots  and 
brands,  §4,  total,  $232;  expend.,  secretary's  pay  at  §15  per  montii,  s^P.M, 
sacristan,  $87,  church  and  olfico  expenses,  822,  total,  §232.  Dej/t.  St.  I'cii., 
Ben.,  P.  yJ.,  MS.,  ii.  2(i-30. 

183!).  Sta  B.  made  cal)ecera  o^  2d  partido  of  2d  district.  Tliis  vol.  ]i.  .")S'i. 
Sub-prefect,  appointed  in  April,  Raimundo  Carrillo,  salary,  .§305;  Sec.  Fran- 
cisco Castillo,  who  resigned  in  Aug.  Alcalde  Antonio  Rodriguez,  sindii.o 
Vicente  Valencia.  These  were  elected  for  tiic  year;  but  under  the  prefecture 
system  from  April  there  were  appointed  as  jucces  do  paz,  .Tos6  Maria  l!o|  j 
and  Antonio  Rodriguez,  the  latter  becoming  1st  juez  on  Rojo's  removal  in 
.July.  Pedro  Cordcro  w.is  appointed,  probably  at  the  same  time,  as  2d  juc;:, 
or  snpleute.  Manuel  Lorenzana  served  as  alguacil  at  $5  per  month.  Jose  Ant. 
du  la  Guerra  was  still  cajit.  of  tlio  port  at  .§30  (or  .§50).  Diego  Olivera  ^^•as 
nrule  tit'.ie-citlleetor  in  Dec.  Munic.  receipts  and  expend.,  .§330.  Deiit.  S'. 
Pcip.,  lii'ii.,  MS.,  ii.  31-2.  May  Slst,  sub-prefect's  decree  with  munic.  rega- 
lations  in  23  articles.  /(/.,  Brn.,  P.  y  ./.,  v.  9-10.  June,  juez  orders  coniau- 
dantc  to  remove  the  slaughter- pen  from  the  Arroyo  do  la  Vifla,  us  a  nuisance. 
lie  may  put  it  on  the  be.ich  toward  the  ca.stillo,  or  north  of  the  town.  Sta. 
B.  Areh.,  M.S.,  5-7.  This  order  caused  a  controversy,  and  after  reference  to 
t!ie  govt,  Capt.  Guerra  seems  to  have  had  his  own  way.  Dept.  St.  Pnp.,  "M^., 
iv.  258-^71.  July,  a  2d  smdico  appointed.  Dfl]>f.  St.  Pap.,  A/kj.,  MS.,  xi.  ;i. 
Judicial  cases  nuist  be  referred  to  Los  Angeles.  Id.,  v.  93.  Business  is 
stopped  because  the  juez  can  find  no  competent  secretary.  Sta  B.  Areh..  MS., 
11,  13.  In  July  there  was  a  controversy  between  the  civil  and  military  aii- 
tlujritics.  Jose  Andraile  was  arrested  for  debt,  and  brought  before  tlie  juc/.do 
paz;  but  Capt.  Guerra  claimed  that  the  man  was  his  servant,  and  as  such 


MUNICIPAL  AFFAIRS. 


655 


William  G.  Dana,  Diego  Olivera,  Antonio  Rodriguez, 
Joh6  Maria  Rojo,  and  Jo«6  Antonio  Olivera.  In  the 
early  years  of  the  decade  there  seems  to  have  been 
much  doubt  respecting  the  legality  of  the  civil  gov- 
ernment and  the  exact  extent  of  military  jurisdiction. 
In  1834,  on  petition  of  the  citizens,  the  diputacion 
voted  to  give  the  town  a  regular  ayuntaniiento;  but 
tlie  onl}'^  evidence  that  such  a  body  existed  in  1835-8 
is  the  occasional  mention  of  a  regidor  or  sindico.  In 
1839  Santa  Bilrbara  was  made  a  partido  of  the  second 
j)refectura,  and  Raimundo  Carrillo  served  as  sub-pre- 
i'ect  this  year  and  the  next.  About  twenty  ranchos 
were  granted  to  private  ownership  during  the  dec- 
ade,^ but  beyond  the  dates  of  concession  and  names 

entitled  to  the  military  fuero,  and  finally  took  him  by  force  from  the  civil 
custody.  After  nincli  trouble  at  home  the  matter  was  referred  to  Monterey 
and  Sonoma,  where  the  final  decision  was  renilered  in  favor  of  the  captain, 
and  Justice  Rojo  lost  his  place.  The  justice  of  tlie  decision  may  he  (questioned, 
since  Andra<le  seems  to  have  been  oidy  nominally,  and  to  a  very  slight  ex- 
tent a  servant.  Vallfjo,  Doc,  MS.,  vii.  301,  305-0,  400,  410;  viii.  .'$2;  Sla  B. 
Arch.,  MS.,  7-9;  D^-pt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  273-4;  Doc.  Hint.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv. 
1020-31. 

1840.  Sub-prefect  Raimundo  CaiTillo.  Jueces  do  paz,  Antonio  Rodriguez 
and  Pedro  Cordero,  resigning  in  Feb.  Depf.  »S7.  P<i)>.,  lien.  I',  y  J.,  MS.,  vi. 
00;  but  Joaquin  Carrillo  is  also  named  in  Jan.  Id.,  Amj.,  iv.  17,  19.  JosiS 
Ant.  Olivera  and  Ramon  Valdca  apiwinted  in  April  or  May.  /(/.,  xii.  2S,  ',\\ ; 
/'/.,  Ben.,  P.  y  J.,  vi.  09;  and  served  for  rest  of  year.  Si'ndioo  (?),  treasurer, 
or  depositario,  Juan  (Jamarillo,  succeeded  by  Jacinto  Lorenzana;  sec,  Fran. 
Castillo,  and  later  Manuel  Ponce  de  Leon.  Muuic.  receipts  for  the  your 
i?l>02.7."),  expend.  SOfiO.oO.  Id.,  Amj.,  .a.  03,  with  monthly  accts  in  Id.,  iv. 
passim.  Jan.,  .a  woman  for  abandoning  i'-r  husbnnd  was  oi-derod  put  in  irons 
or  a  coroiin,  pending  investigation,  tiiere  being  no  .secure  place  of  couliucmciit. 
SOi  B.  Arch.,  MS.,  13.  Feb. -April,  iV-'.rci.so  Fabi '•(;at  and  other  tnwlers  a.sk 
that  eitlier  the  order  closing  shops  on  fea.-t-days  b.  .juforced  or  repealed,  sinuo 
many  open  their  shops  on  pretence  of  living  thero.  Deiit.  St..  Pa/>.,  MS.,  v. 

I,  54.  June,  sub-prefect  ordered  to  exile  a  woman  living  in  concubinage.  Id., 
An;/.,  i.  1.  Oct.,  the  Sonoran  Jesus  ValdC's,  or  El  Tuerto,  killed  by  Josi-  M. 
Losu^a.  Los  Aug.  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  221-2. 

*  I'rivate  rancho.s  of  Sta  Biirl>ara  district  (included  with  those  of  Los  An- 
geles in  earlier  decades).  See  IloffmaiCii  Reports.  Tliose  marked  M'ith  a  * 
were  rejected  by  tho  land  com.  or  U.  S.  courts.  Alamos,  gnintcd  in  l.s;iO  to 
Jos^^  de  la  Guerra,  m  ho  was  the  claimant.     Calleguas,  llS.'17,  Jose  Pedro  Ruiz; 

I I.  Ruiz  et  al.  cl.  Casmalia,  2 1. ,  1840,  Antonio  Oliver.a,  who  was  el.  Cone  jo, 
still  in  possession  of  Capt.  Uucrra  y  Noriega.  Guadalasca,  1S3<!,  Isabel  Voiba, 
who  was  cl.  Jesus  ..Muria,  1837,  Liicas  Olvera  et  al. ;  L.  T.  Burton  et  ul.  cl. 
Lompoc,  38,000  acres,  1837,  Joaquin  and  Jose  A.  Carrillo,  wlio  wci'e  cl.  Xipo- 
iiio,  15  1.,  1837,  Wm  G.  Dana,  who  was  cl.  Ojai,  1837,  Fernando  Tien,  v  ho 
was  cl.  Pozas,  0  1.,  1834,  J.  Carrillo;  Jos(5  de  la  Guerra  y  Noriega  cl.  Punta 
tic  Concepcion,  1837,  A.  Carrillo,  who  was  cl.  Refugio,  0  1.,  Ant.  M.  Ortega 
ft  al.,  who  were  cl.  Rincon,  1 1. ,  1835,  Teodoro  Arellanes,  who  was  cl.  Saca, 
1 S3H,  Antonio;  Antonia  do  la  Guerra  do  Lataillado  cl.  Rio  tie  Sta  Clara,  1837, 
Valciitin   Jota,  who  was  cl.    San  Julian,  0  I.,   1837,  Geo.    Rock,  only  a 


1 


* 

s 


■I.  ! 


'li 


;; 


X 


■■II 


ese 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SANTA  BARBARA  DISTRICT. 


of  owners,  we  have  no  details  of  what  the  occupants 
were  doing.  It  is  noticeable  that  none  of  the  titles 
were  rejected  in  the  litigation  of  later  times.  Sir 
James  Douglas  in  1840  wrote  of  Santa  Bdrbara  as  a 
larger  town  than  Monterey,  estimating  the  annuul 
exports  of  hides  and  tallow  at  $25,000. 


Santa  Barbara  mission,  remained  in  charge  of  Padro 
Antonio  Jimeno  until  late  in  1840,  with  Padre 
Narciso  Duran  as  associate  from  the  end  of  183;], 
Antonio  Menendez,  the  Dominican  chaplain  of  tlio 
presidio,  was  buried  at  the  mission  in  April  18:32. 
The  neophyte  population,  711  in  1830,  decreased  tt 
55G  in  1834,  the  year  of  secularization.  In  ISoG 
it  was  480;  and  in   1840  not  more  than   250."     In 

Mummy'  for  Capt.  Guerra  y  Noriega,  who  was  cl.  San  Pedro,  1  1.,  ISHS, 
Joseph  Chapman,  whose  heirs  were  cl.  Santa  Ana,  1937,  d'isogouo  Ayalu, 
ct  al.,  who  were  cl.  Santa  Clara,  or  El  Norte,  18."7,  Juan  Sanchez,  wlio  w.is 
cl.  Santa  Cruz  Isl. ,  1839,  Andrea  Castillero,  who  was  cl.  Santa  Rosa,  3^  1., 
1831),  Franeisco  Cota;  AI.  J.  Olivera  de  Cotael.  Scspe,  or  San  Cayetauo,  0 1., 
Cdrlos  Ant.  Carrillo,  who  was  cl.  The  original  grant  was  for  2  1.,  wliich  \v:ii 
fraudulently  ciianged  to  G  1. ;  but  the  courts  linally  cut  it  down.  See  S.  /'. 
JJull'llji,  Oct.  10, 1878.  Simi,  formerly  occupied  by  the  Picos.  In  1831,  lloiii- 
ualdo  Pacheco  was  granted  the  use  of  a  portion.  Guerra,  Doc,  MS.,  vi.  '-.)- 
30.  Sisquoc,  1833,  Maria  Ant.  Caballero;  James  B.  Huio  cl.  Tepusijuet,  'J 
1.,  1837.  Tomds  Olivera;  A.  M.  Cota  et  al.  cl.  Tinaguaic,  'J  1.,  1837,  Viotoi- 
Linares;  Wni  D.  Foxen  cl. 

"Sta  Barbara  statistics  of  1831-4.  Decrease  in  pop.  711  toooG.  Baptisms 
80  children;  largest  no.  29  in  1831;  smallest  IC  in  1834.  Deaths  200.  In- 
crease in  largo  stock  3,250  to  3,819;  decrease  in  horses  and  mules  7'>0  to  41!); 
sheep .3,480  to 2,700.  Largest  crop  3,700  bush,  in  1834;  smallest  2,700 in  IS.'iJ; 
average  2,400,  of  which  1,470  wheat,  yield  7  fold,  435  barley  12 fold,  405  maize 
47  fold,  57  beans  12  fold. 

Stitistics  of  1834-40.  Inventory  of  March  1834,  credits  814,953,  build- 
ings $;i2,930,  furniture,  tools,  goods  in  storehouse,  vineyards,  orchards,  cui- 
rals,  and  animals  §19,590,  church  §10,000,  sacristy  §1,500,  church  ornanicuts, 
etc.,  §1,57G,  library  §152,  rauchos  §30,901  (S.  Antonio  §0,421,  Dos  Pucbloi 
§12,055,  S.  Marcos  §(!,111,  Sta  Cruz  §1,G50,  S.  Jos6  §1,050,  Guyzapa  §G71), 
total §113,900,  or  less  debt  of  §1,000,  §112,900.  St.  Pup.,  Miss.,  MS.,  vi.  4',i- 
50.  Monthly  wages  to  mission  enipluyL-s,  priest  §125,  teacher  §83,  lat  niujur- 
doino  §40,  2d  id.  §17,  expense  of  worship  ijll,  10  servants  at  .§0,  §00,  tutal 
§:)G7.  1835-0.  Pop.  .JOG,  481,  bapti.sm.s  9,  13,  marriages  5,  3,  deaths  50,  25. 
March  1835.  Inventory  of  church,  etc.,  agreeing  with  that  cited  above,  ex- 
cept that  8  bells  are  valued  at  §3,200.  /(/..  v.  4G-7.  Of  the  effects  of  IS.'U 
§2,484  had  been  distrib.  among  the  Ind.  Id,  1838.  Live  stock  of  all  kinds 
1,212  animals.  Detailed  iuveutory  of  y.operty  as  turned  over  by  Carrillo  to 
Cota.  Receipts  Jan. -March  §509,  expend.  §324.  Salaries,  padres  §1,500, 
Burgeon  Nicolas  §100,  admin.  Cota  §180,  niajordonio  Valenzuela  §240,  cKtIv 
Ponce  do  Leon  §120,  corporal  Vicente  §144,  sacristan  Lino  §72,  blacksniitli 
§120,  total  per  ycar§3,270.  1 1.,  viii.  0-8.  1839.  Pop.  240aecording  to  Hart- 
ueU's  report.  iJiar.'o,  MS.    555  hy  a  report  in  67.  I'l-tp.,  Misi.,  viii.  1,  which 


MISSIOX  SAXTA  BARILVRA. 


657 


cattle  there  was  a  .slight  gain  clown  to  1834,  and  good 
crops  were  harvested  to  the  last;  even  after  the  sec- 
ularization a  considerable  degree  of  prosperity  in  live- 
stock and  agriculture  is  indicated  by  Ilartnell's  statis- 
tics of  183i).  The  buildings  were  also  kept  in  better 
condition  that  at  most  otiier  establishments.  Alferez 
Anastasio  Carrillo  was  the  comisionado  to  secularize 
Santa    Barbara/  and    the    successive   administrators 

must  include  scattered  Ind.  Cattle  1,770,  liorsca  009,  sheep  2,250,  mules  33, 
iissos  4,  goats  22,  70  liides  and  sides  of  loatlier,  40  parcliments,  42  salted 
c!:iiis,  l.TO  cheeses,  "lO  arr.  tallow,  livSair.  ii'on,  grain  sown  ',i'i  fan.  wjuat,  0 
fan.  barley,  3  fan.  maize.  llnrlncU,  Dhirio,  MS.,  iS8.  Fel).  27tli,  account  of 
piipiilics  to  govt  since  ,1837,  total  amount  .'?4.;)(iO,  on  whidi  is  croilited  .S740. 
<SV.  Pap.,  jMix-i.,  vi.  2.J.  1840.  Due  the  mitision  from  Scott,  Thompson,  C(jt, 
and  Park,  $l,47i).  Vullejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxiii.  12;  Pico,  Pap.  Jlis.,  MS.,  47- 
51. 

General  statistics  of  1780-183i,  the  wlmlo  period  of  mission  history.  To- 
tal no.  of  baptisms  i">,(i7!),  of  which  2,4'JO  In<l.  adults,  2,108  Ind.  children, 
1,021  children  do  razon;  average  per  year  11(>.  Marria'j;cs  1,.")24,  of  which 
200  gente  de  razon;  average  31.  l)eatlis  4,04(i,  of  whicli  2,410  adult  Iml., 
1,288  Ind.  chilch'cu,  100  an<l  \'y2  gento  dc  razon;  aveiage  among  neoi)hytes 
77;  death  rate  8.03  per  cent  of  po]i.  Largest  pop.  1,7'.I2  in  1803.  Males  in 
excess  of  females  except  in  1801-10.  Children  from  ^  to  J[  in  earlier  year.^, 
later  J  to  J.  Laigest  no.  of  cattle  r),20U  in  180!);  horses  1,337  in  1810;  nudes 
310  in  1823,  asses  I  to  3  each  year;  sheep  11,000  in  1804;  goats  200  in  1702 
un.l  1820;  swine  200  in  18J3;  all  lands  10,000  in  1800.  Total  product  of  wheat 
l.")2,7n7  bush.,  yield  14  fold;  barky  24,733  busii.,  17  fold;  maize  10,084  bush., 
72  fold;  beans  2,4.")8  bush.,  1 1  fohf. 

'  Summary  of  Sta  B.  mission  annals.  1833.  P.  Duran  favors  the  i)artial, 
or  experimental  secularization.  Tliis  vol. ,  33.">.  1 8,".4.  Anastasio  (Jurrillo  comi- 
sionado, with  Jqs6  M.  Garcia  as  maj(jr(U)mo,  at  $40  per  month,  and  Leandro 
(Jonadczas  niaj.  de  campo  at  .^10.50  from  October.  A/.,  .340.  In  Xov.  Car- 
rillo complains  that  the  funds  are  not  sutlicient  to  pay  the  expense  of  .S307  per 
month,  and  says  the  padres  will  perform  tlio  teacher's  duties  for  a  small  ft;c.  SI. 
P(ip.,  Miss.,  MS.,  ix.  32-.3.  In  Nov.  P.  Uria  of  S.  Buenaventura  was  buried 
here.  Stn  li.  Lib.  Mis.,  MS.,  37.  18.'!.").  (Jarcfa  was  left  in  cliarge  from  June 
jst  by  the  comisionado,  at  §."iO,  llaimundo  Carrillo  being  Uavero  and  clerk  at 
$30.  Id.,  24-5,  27-8,  .30-1.  il.ariano  Bonilla  had  been  a4)poi.ited  teacher  at 
81,000,  but  there  were  difficulties  about  his  salary,  and  als(j  about  his  sup- 
])osed  connection  with  the  colony  revolt.  /(/.,  20,  28,  32-3.  1830.  liainuindo 
Carrillo  succeeded  Garcia  as  administrator  on  June  20tli.  /(/.,  vii.  ."i3.  1837.  In 
Dee.  Carrillo  writes  that  ho  has  broken  up  a  place  where  Manuel  (Jonzalcz 
sold  li(pior  to  tlic  Ind.  There  arc  other  oH'cnders  of  the  same  sUim]»  wlio 
hinder  progress  at  tlie  mission,  and  he  desires  the  commandant  to  iuti^rferc. 
Cola,  Dor.,  MS.,  9-12.  IS.'iS.  Oct.  13t!i  (Jarrillo  turned  i)ver  the  esUite  to 
Manuel  Cota,  under  whom  Manuel  Ponce  de  Leon  served  as  clerk  at  ^\'l,  and 
Jos(5  M.  Valcnzuela  as  majord(jmo,  St.  Pap.,  Jliss.,  IMS.,  viii.  0-8;  Valhjo, 
JJoc,  MS.,  xxxii.  287.  In  .March  Carrillo  complains  tliat  tlie  troops  are  kill- 
ing cattle,  and  is  told  by  the  comaudanto  that  Castro  had  authorizcil  the  olli- 
cers  to  kill  all  the  cattle  needed  without  asking  permission  of  the  adminis- 
trator. St.  Pup.,  Miss.,  MS.,  vi.  20.  In  July  the  Ind.  demanded  clothing 
and  the  yield  of  tlie  lishcries,  else  they  would  not  work.  7il.,  ix.  38.  KS.'iU. 
Cota  still  in  charge  though  susjiendad  tempor.arily  in  July;  also  Valcnzuela; 
but  Ponce  de  Leon  was  replaced  by  Antonio  Garralcta  in  April.  P.  de  L. 
writes  to  IlartncU  to  complain  about  his  pay.  VaUcjo,  Doc,  xxxii.  287. 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  III.    12 


'f '1- 


058 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SANTA  BARBARA  DISTRICT. 


were  Jose  M.  Garcia  in  1835-G,  Raimundo  Carrillo 
in  183G-8,  Manuel  Cota  in  1838-9,  and  Lcandio 
Gonzalez  from  1840.  In  1837-8  the  8U[.p(>rt  of  Al- 
varado's  army  was  a  heavy  tax  on  the  mission  re- 
sources; yet  as  we  have  seen  these  resounies  were  Ity 
no  means  exhausted.  There  was  trouble  in  1839  with 
C(<ta,  who  was  opposed  by  the  padres  and  Indians 
and  was  suspended  by  Visitador  Hartnell,  after  which 
ibr  a  time  at  least  the  neophytes  became  more  con- 
tented and  industrious  under  Father  Duran's  super- 
vision. 

Father  Suner  of  San  Buenaventura  died  at  his  post 
in  1831,  and  his  associate  Father  Uria  died  in  18;)4; 
but  Bias  Ordas  had  come  to  this  mission  in  May  18;3;5, 
and  his  ministry  continued  till  1838;  while  Buenaven- 
tura Fortuni,  coming  in  the  middle  of  1837,  served  until 
his  death  in  1840.  Padre  xVntonio  Jimeno  served 
temporarily  during  Fortuni's  illness,  and  seems  ti» 
have  become  the  regular  minister  at  the  end  of  1840/ 

Fel).  Gth  an  cx-neopliyte  applies  to  com.  gen.  for  a  renewal  of  his  cortilicato 
of  emancipation  obtained  from  Gov.  Figueroa,  but  since  lost.  Id.,  vi.  '2',y2. 
Feb.  IStli,  Cota  urges  the  gov.  to  restore  the  live-stock  taken  during  llie 
liito  wars.  St.  Pap.,  Mi-is.,  !MS.,  ix.  SS-U.  July,  visit  of  llai'tnell  1st  to  ITdli. 
lie  found  the  accounts  in  bad  condition  and  the  Ind.  much  diss.ilislicd  wuh 
Cuta's  management;  and  he  iinally  suspended  the  administrator,  who  was  a  ■■ 
cased  of  '^ruelty  to  the  Ind.  and  insolence  to  Uuran,  and  was  also  disrespect- 
ful to  H.,  who  resisted  Cota 's  respectful  petition  to  be  reinstated,  advising  tlic 
govt  against  it.  Duran  was  autliorizcd  to  expend  §000  for  clothing  for  the  liiil. 
J)i(ino,  MS.,  .3-4,  11-1'2,  14,  41--2,  7S-8-',  88-9.  July  8tli,  original  letter  from 
a  ueopliyte  complaining  of  the  alcahles.  St.  Pap.,  Mis.i.,  MS.,  viii.  G.  July 
lOtli,  Hartnell  to  Duran  explaining  that  ho  hassu.spcndcdCot;!,  and  ))utall'aiis 
in  charge  of  the  alcaldes  under  D.'s  direction.  D.  replies  that  lie  will  aid  \>y 
advice  and  to  protect  the  Ind.,  but  will  have  notiiing  to  do  with  the  tem- 
poral administration.  'The  old  times  have  gone  by  never  to  return.'  Arrfi. 
Jfinf^.,  MS.,  ii.  919.  July  ISth,  govt  approve  H.'s  coiuluct.  /(/.,  9i!l.  Oct, 
'iotli,  Duran  to  Hartnell  on  petty  details  of  mission  allairs.  He  seems  to 
represent  the  Ind.  as  doing  nuich  bettor  without  the  administrator.  Jd.,  9ol. 
Nov.  18th,  Cota  seems  to  write  as  admin.  He  says  the  mission  has  long  de- 
pended on  manufactures  rather  than  stock-raising  and  agriculture.  St.  J'ap., 
Mist.,  MS.,  ix.  39.  1840.  Feb.  loth,  P.  Duran  urges  tlic  appointment  of  an 
administrator.  Arch.  Mi.is.,  MS.,  ii.  1017;  and  Leandro  Gonzalez  is  appointed 
at  §1,000  from  May  loth.  St.  Pap.,  Mis-^.,  MS.,  viii.  G;  JJipt.  St.  Paj>.,  Aii'j., 
MS.,  xii.  33.  HartncU's  second  visit  was  from  Aug.  '27th  to  Se})t.  7tli,  but 
then;  is  nothing  in  the  records  respecting  his  acts  or  the  condition  of  ati'airs. 
Jjiario,  MS.,  15-10.  Dec.  18th,  P.  Fortuni  of  S.  Buenaventura  buried  here. 
Sta  Ii.  Lib.  MiH.,  33. 

*  Francisco  Suucr  was  born  iu  Jan,  1758,  at  Olot,  Cataluila,  taking  the 


SAX  BUENAVENTURA. 


CjO 


The  falling-off  in  iieopliyto  population  down  to  183-1, 
when  there  were  G2G  in  thu  coniniunity,  was  luiuli 
less  marked  than  in  the  j)ast  decade;  and  in  hve- 
stock  there  was  an  actual  gain,  ai^ricultural  operations 
being  also  moderately  successful  to  the  end.     After 

Franciscan  habit  at  liarccloiia  on  April  14,  1771'.  Here  lie  served  from  18(.)0 
as  jiredicailor  conventual  and  as  coniisaiio  visitador  of  the  lid  oi'der.  Leaviiijj 
(J.idiz  in  April,  1804,  ho  reached  the  Mexican  college  in  July,  and  in  K/.M 
came  to  Cat.  Ilia  missionary  service  was  at  S.  Carlos  in  18U8-1),  Sau  Juan 
(  Mpi jtrano  in  1809-lU,  .San  Luis  lley  in  1S14-1(J,  Stalldrbara  in  lyKi-'J.'J,  and 
S.  Buenaventura  in  18'j;i-31.  He  was  rated  ))y  his  superiors  aa  of  mediuiii 
al)ility.  AiUobinj.  Auto</.  dflon  Padrcn,  MS.;  I'ayeras,  Inf.  de  1S20,  MS.,  I'JS; 
SaiTUi,  Inf.  xobre  Frailrs,  1817,  MS.,  50-1.  He  was  u  preacher  of  more  than 
ordinary  eloquence,  but  hia  usefulness  as  a  missionary  was  seriously  inipaircil 
by  hi.s  broken  health,  on  account  of  « Inch  he  made  frequent  eflbrts  from  IS14 
t.)  obtain  a  passport  for  retirement,  and  which  probably  had  much  to  do  witli 
a  brusque  manner  and  irritable  temperament  that  made  him  generally  un- 
popular. From  18i24  he  was  blind,  lie  took  the  oath  of  republican  allc- 
j.ianco  in  i8'J(i.  His  death  occurred  on  Jan.  17,  ISIJl,  and  he  was  buried  next 
day  in  the  S.  Buenaventura  church.  «S.  Uucn.,  Lib.  J/ts'.,  MS.,  '2.'),  (17. 

Francisco  Javier  do  la  Concopcion  Uria  was  born  May  10,  1770,  at  2  v.  M. 
at  Aizarna,  villa  do  Sta  Criiz  de  Cestona,  i^rovince  of  (iuipuzcoa,  Spahi.  In 
J  foe.  /lint.  Cat.,  MS.,  iv.  1-^,  I  have  his  original  certificate  of  baptism.  He 
iK'canie  a  Franciscan  Jan.  1 3, 1781^*,  at  S.  Scliaslian;  left  Cadiz  May  8,  1 79.');  and 
tamo  to  Cal.  in  1797.  After  serving  at  S.  Fernantlo  in  1707-1805,  he  retired 
ti)  his  college,  but  came  back  at  ihe  end  of  1807,  serving  at  Sta  Cruz  in  1808, 
Sta  h\6i  in  1S08-'J4,  Soledad  in  18-24-8,  and  S.  Buenaventura  in  1828^;]4. 
Accredited  by  hia  superiors  with  distinguished  merit  and  ability.  Aiitohloii. 
Aii/o(j.,  MS.;  Sarrla,  Inf.,  1817,  MS.,  51-2;  Pai/cran,  Inf.,  1820,  MS.,  12!); 
Airh.  Sta  11.,  MS  ,  x.  444.  I'adro  Uri'a  was  stout  in  physique,  jolly  in 
iiianner,  aiUlicted  to  pleasantries  and  jokes,  inilulging  sometimes  in  cuarso 
language,  kind-hearted  aad  well  likcil  tliougii  at  times  very  quick-tempered, 
lie  was  an  cxcclleni;  manager  of  temporal  alFairs,  and  w.is  noted  for  liis  gen- 
erosity, especially  to  tlio  Indians.  Some  of  his  letters  are  fountl  in  <liit  rr  i, 
J)oc.,  ^IS.,  ii.  15.5  ct  seq. ,  bi.'si(l^es  business  letters  in  other  archives.  \'aldi''s, 
J.'rni.,  Ms.,  7-0,  has  something  to  say  of  him,  and  also  Osio,  //isf.  t'ni.,  MS,,  (i2. 
I'rom  1817  ho  was  anxious  to  retire,  bat  could  not  get  his  pass]iort,  tlicjugh  iu 
lJ'.2(j  ho  refused  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance.  In  his  last  illuessi  ho  went  to 
I'-'t.'i  Barbara,  where  he  died  at  tlie  house  of  Cajit.  (Juerra  in  Nov.  or  l)ee. 
1 ->;>4  and  was  buried  in  tlie  vault  of  tlie  mission  church  by  1'.  Jimeno.  .S/a  /;., 
Lib.  ,Vm.,MS.,.'}7. 

'Uicnaventura  Fortuni,  or  more  correctly  Fortnny,  as  ho  usually  wrote  it, 
Mas  born  at  Moster,  Cataluna,  in  I'd).  1774,  and  took  the  habit  at  Reus  ();t. 
.'!•;),  1792.  Ho  lcl't<,"adiz  in  May  ISO.'!,  and  came  to  Cal.  in  ISOiJ.  His  mini-!- 
try  was  at  S.  .lose  iii  180o-25,  S.  Antonio  iu  1825-0,  S.  Fiviucisco  Solano  in 
1  :>20-.'i.'l,  S.  Luis  Rey  iu  18,'j;j-U,  and  S.  Buenaventura  in  18IJ7-4').  1  lis  suiieri- 
ois ])ronounced  him  an  able,  zealous,  and  faithful  niissionary.  ^1  ittobla j.  .1  nimi. 
(k  lo-^  Padres,  M;!.;  Sanin,  Inf.,  1S17,  MS.,  70-1;  Piuji:  i'ik,  Inf.,  ISJn,  MS., 
ji.  139.  VaKk'S,  Man.,  MS.,  0,  desciilies  the  padre  as  of  luciliuai  hcigiit  au'l 
spare.  Ho  was  a  quiet  unoljtrusive  man,  careful  in  tenn»>ral  mana;:i'Mii'nt, 
moderate  iu  his  views  and  expressions,  strict  in  religious  duties,  but  indul- 
gent to  the  Indians,  and  noted  for  hia  charitable  disposition.  In  1S2.)  he  10- 
fusecl  to  tako  tho  oath,  but  was  respectful  and  oboilient  to  the  government. 
Like  Ur(a  ho  came  to  Sta  Bdrbara  in  his  last  days,  and  died  at  the  rcsidonco 
of  Jos6  Ant.  Aguirroon  Dec.  10,  1840.  St.  Pup.,  Mia.,  MS.,  ix.  49.  His  re- 
mains were  deposited  iu  the  mission  vault  on  the  \6d\,  H'  i  1'.,  Lib.  J/.'.v., 
MS.,  38. 


^!!,'i 


"i 


m 


CGO 


lo::al  axxals  of  saxta  eardara  district. 


SL'culanzatioii  the  dcclino  was  not  ra[)icl,  there  iKiu'- 
a  gain  in  horses,  a  loss  of  only  about  oO  per  cent  in 
herds  and  ilocks,  and  a  succession  of  good  crops  at 
Santa  Pauhi  rancho  down  to  the  end  of  the  decade, 
when  there  were  still  about  250  Indians  in  the  cou\- 
numity  with  perhaps  as  n)any  more  scattered  in  tlie 
district."  The  records  of  secularization  are  verv 
slight,  but  it  was  not  effected  until  the  spring  of  IS;!? 
by  Carlos  Carrillo  as  coniisionado  under  a[)})ointineiit 
of  the  preceding  year.  Carrillo  was  called  away  by 
his  contest  for  the  governorship,  and  in  1 808— 40  ]i;i- 
fael  Gonzalez  was  in  charge  as  niajordomo  and  a;l- 


! 


•iS.  Buenaventura  statistics  of  lS.Sl-4.  Decrease  of  pop.  7-0  to  G20.  Bap- 
tisms, "1;  largest  no.,  "21  in  IS.'U;  sniallust,  I'J  in  IS.'JU.  Deaths,  l.")8;  gni.t- 
est  no.,  ;")!  in  IXo'J;  smallest,  iJO  in  IS'M.  Inci'ease  iu  large  stock,  4,Si,()  lo 
5,1 10;  liorses  anil  mnlcs,  8(J0  to (540;  decrease  in  slieep,  .3,.').>Oto'2,<S50  Im\\:- 
est  eroj>,  2,0'2,">  Imsli.  in  ls:t4;  smallest,  l,iVJ5  bnsh.  in  IS.'i.'J;  average,  •J.Ii.")!.',  c  f 
vliicli  1,050  wheat,  yield  0  fold;  UUO  barley,  IS  fold;  525  corn,  31  fold;  17  > 
1;eans,  14  fold. 

Statistics  of  18.35-40.  Baptisms,  120;  mamages,  50.  Feb.  2S,  IS.",:, 
credits  §4,475,  debts  §4,215.  St.  Pap.  Mm.,  MS.,  vii.  07.  18o8.  Jncoiiu', 
i<10,4!)0,  expend.  §!),54.'{.  ToUd  receipts  for  cattle,  liipiors,  nianufacuiiv.-i, 
etc.,  §0,541;  support  of  Ind.  §2,310.  Credits  at  end  of  year  §13,025,  dcbis 
M,llJ3.  Income  for  Dec.  $.}.;{80,  expend.  .§421.  /(/.,  viii.  8-12.  1830.  liu- 
eeipts  Jan. -March,  §0,584,  expend.  §.")70.  Id.  Property  in  June,  5,5S7  luii- 
mals,  180  hides,  40!)  arr.  tallow,  532  fan.  grain,  §210  soap.  Id.,  vii.  t-.'i, 
liartncU's  inventory  in  July,  2,208  cattle,  1,070  sheep,  790  horses,  35  mules, 
15  asses,  05  goats,  320  fan.  wlieat,  182  fan.  corn,  30  fan.  pease,  180  liidc^,  ',)'.){ 
err.  tidknv,  15  arr.  lai'd,  5  bbls  brandy,  13  bl)ls  wine,  108  arr.  iron,  §210s^)iii). 
Debts  about  .§."i,000.  I'op.  203  in  community  and  22  with  license.  lJiiiri<i, 
M.S.,  77-8,  87-8.  Ace.  to  St.  I'aj).,  Minn.,  MS.,  viii.  1,  the  pop.  was  4."i7, 
proliably  including  many  scattered  Ind.  in  the  district.  Inventory  of  Dec 
/  /.,  viii.  1».  Debts  incurred  May  1838  to  June  183!V  §405;  credits  §1.0>).'). 
/./.,  vii.  5.  1840.  Receipts  Aug.  1839  to  July  31,  1840,  §0,830;  cxpcud., 
§.j,737.  Debts  Aug.  25th,  §4,018.  Id.,  vi.  5-0;  Pico,  Pap.  Mis.,  83.  Debts 
Aug.  25th,  §7,227.  /'/.,  47-51;  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxiii.  12.  The  cliirf 
creditors  were  Concepeion  Argliello  §1,000,  P.  Fortuni §1,083,  Agnirrc§l,S4:{, 
Scott  §770,  and  Tliompsim,  §447.  Inventory  in  D(!c.,  5,007  animals,  othir 
iiropcrty  about  aa  in  June.  St.  Pap.,  Mi^n.,  ^IS.,  vii.  4-5.  Receipts  Sept.  aii'l 
S'ov.,  §43j,  §735;  expend.,  §102,  §070.  Id.,  ix.  48-52. 

Statistics  of  1782-1831,  tiie  whole  period  of  tha  mission's  annals.  Total  of 
liaptisms  3,870,  of  which  1,81)0  lud.  adults,  1,909  Ind.  children,  4  and  07  <V. 
r.i/.on;  annual  average  54.  Marriages  1,107,  of  wliich  11  gente  de  razua. 
Deaths,  .3,210,  of  which  2,015  Ind.  adults,  1,158  Ind.  cliildren,  22  and  21  do 
I'azou.  Annual  average  01;  death  rate  7.5  per  cent  of  pop.  Largest  pop., 
1,330  in  1810.  Males  slightly  in  excess  of  females,  and  children  about  1-0  of 
the  pop.  Largest  no.  of  cattle,  23,400  in  1810;  horses  4,052  in  1814;  nuilis 
342  in  1813;  asses,  2  each  year;  sheep,  13,144  in  1810;  goats,  488  in  17'J;i; 
swine,  200  in  1803,  1805;  all  kinds,  41,390  in  181G.  Total  in-oduct  of  wheat 
148,855  bush.,  yield  IS  fold;  barley,  54,004  bush.,  10  fold;  maize,  51,214 
bash,,  84  fold;  beans,  i;,001  bush.,  14  fold. 


SANTA  INfiS. 


661 


ministrator.^"  The  groat  event  of  the  period  was  tlio 
iiglit  of  March  I808,  between  Carrillo's  supporters 
under  Captain  Castailedaand  those  of  Alvarado  under 
(rcneral  (Jastro,  the  only  battle  of  the  war  in  which 
blood  was  shed. 

Padre  Bias  Ordaz  continued  his  ministry  at  Santa 
lues  till  1833,  when  Padre  Jose  Joaquin  Jiineno  came 
from  the  north,  serving  throughout  the  decade,  with 
Marcos  Antonio  Saizar  do  Vitoria  as  associate  in 
1835-G,  and  Felipe  Arroyo  do  la  Cuesta  in  183G-40. 

'" Summary  of  S.  Buenaventura  annals.  1831-5.  lilank,  except  an  occn- 
sic.nal  mention  of  tliis  mission  with  others  in  various  secuhiriziitioii  plans  not 
ciirrioil  into  ellect,  and  tlie  death  of  padres  Suficr  and  Uria  aa  recorded  in  an 
fiirlier  note  of  this  chapter.  1830.  C;irlo3  Carrillo  comisionado  for  secuhiri- 
zatioii,  appointed  in  Jnnc,  the  act  being  hastened  by  (iov.  Cluco'.s  (juarrel 
with  the  padres  at  Sta  Int'-s  and  Stii  Biirbara;  but  tlic  formal  transfer  of  tiio 
property  by  inventory  did  not  apparently  take  place  until  February  of  tho 
next  year;  and  the  reconls  are  very  slight.  St.  Pap.  X  i.i>i.  ami  Colon.,  M.S.,  ii. 
.'^7-3;  /(/.,  Miss.,  vii.  G7;  Vnllcjo,  J>oc.,  !MS.,  xxxii.  'J-1;  this  work,  iv.  p.  40; 
tliis  vol.,  p.  42(i,  435.  1S37.  Alvarado  and  iiis  nortliern  forces  at  8.  Buena- 
ventura in  Jan.  on  their  way  to  Los  Angeles.  /(/. ,  404,  497.  Carrillo  received 
liii  appointment  as  gov.  in  Sept.  or  Oct.  /(/.,  5.34.  1>S38.  Kafacl  (ionzidez 
in  charge  as  niajordomo  from  May.  Sf.  Pap.,  Miss.,  MS.,  ix.  48-0.  March, 
occupation  of  the  mis.sion  by  southern  forces;  battle  between  Castaneda's  and 
(J^istro'a  armies.  This  vol.,  p.  549-55.  Gonzalez,  E.vptr.,  MS.,  3-5-0,  claims 
1 1  liave  received  tho  mission  in  good  condition,  and  to  have  delivered  it  4 
yi'.irs  later  still  prospcr^)us,  ho  having  always  been  on  excellent  terms  wit!i 
the  padre;  but  he  says  that  nuich  aiil  was  given  to  the  troops  for  wiiich  ur> 
return  was  ever  made.  1839.  Gonzalez  mentioned  as  administrator  thi.s 
your  and  the  next  in  many  records.  Hartuell's  inspection  was  June  '2.">th  to 
July  1st.  Ho  found  ailairs  in  fairly  gooi I  condition,  crops  k.oking  well  at 
.^•'ta  I'aula,  tiiougli  much  injured  by  squirrels  at  the  mission.  Tiiero  was  coni- 
])';iint  that  no  clotlnng  had  iieen  di.-tributed  since  Carrillo's  departure,  jind 
t:ij  admin,  was  autiiorized  to  buy  .*!l,0{)0  worth  of  ell'ects  on  credit,  tho  debt 
to  be  a  preferred  one;  also  to  kill  20  >  cattle,  in  adiltion  to  the  regular  monthly 
.slaughter  of  30.  llurlmU,  Diario,  MS.,  14,  7/-8;  Arch.  Miss.,  MS.,  ii. 
935.  July  3d,  1*.  Fortuni  complains  to  the  visitador  that  tho  Ind.  will  not 
attend  to  prayers,  alleging  tliat  ho  did  not  wish  tiicm  to  praj-,  and  that  tlio 
adnunistrator,  majordouio,  and  alcaldes  will  not  oblige  them.  /'/.,  907.  In 
V.'.t^v  years  it  was  claimed  that  there  was  no  distribution  nf  clothing,  etc., 
after  Sept.  1839.  St.  Pap.,  Mis.,  MS.,  50.  1840.  llartneU's  second  visit 
was  iu  Aug.  Tho  Ind.  had  no  fault  to  lind  witii  Gonzalez,  admitting  that  he 
eared  well  for  them;  still,  for  the  sake  of  novelty,  they  desired  his  removal, 
and  tho  appointment  of  Miguel  or  Vicente  Pico;  but  11.  finally  made  tliem 
understand  the  folly  and  injustice  of  such  a  demand.  Tho  Ind.  were  also 
"very  much  alarmed  at  the  danger  of  losing  Sta  Paula  rauchn,  tlieir  only  de- 
])endcnco  for  crops,  and  of  which  Manuel  Jimcno  was  trying  to  get  a  grant. 
If  they  could  not  keep  the  rancho  they  desired  to  quit  tho  community;  and 
tl\c  padres,  administrator,  and  neighbors  all  agreed  that  the  Ind.  were  right. 
IlartncU  thought  so  himself,  thougii  very  friendly  to  Jimeno.  Diarin,  MS.,  15, 
21-'-'.  Tho  ranclio  was  not  granted  for  several  years.  In  Dec,  for  lack  of  a 
minister,  the  sacristan  olliciatcd  at  several  burials.  S.  Buen.,  Lib.  Mis.,  MS., 
ii.  US. 


h  M 


M 


6C,-2 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SANTA  BARBARA  DISTRICT. 


Both  Vitoria  and  Arroyo  diod  at  this  mission."  In 
iicopliyto  ])opiiIation  the  loss  to  1P34  was  about  1.') 
pLi-  cent,  and  from  that  time  to  1840  about  12  pur 
tvnt;  but  at  tho  end  of  the  decade  only  180  of  the 
300    Indians  were  living   in  community. 


Agrieul 


"  Tulipe  Arroyo  do  la  Cncsta  waa  bom  at  the  villa  of  Cubo,  Castilla  l:i 
Vi'ja,  on  April  'M,  17S0,  bccomin^i;  n  Franciscan  Aug.  3,  170<»,  at  tho  chit  f 
CI  invent  of  Burgos.  He  Hailed  from  L'udiz  Sept.  2,  1804,  and  left  the  colk:;o 
ot  iS.  Fernando  on  Dec.  14, 1S07,  for  Cal.,  where  lie  arrived  curly  in  1808.  1  ji-i 
iiiisHionary  service  waa  at  S.  Juan  Bantista  in  1808-.3.'},  at  S.  Miguel  in  183.'i- 1, 
at  S.  Luis  Obispo  ia  18:14-5,  at  I'urisinia  in  183.V6,  and  at  Sta  Ines  in  is'ld- 
40,  though  it  waa  only  at  San  Juan  that  his  bodily  infirmities  permitted  him 
to  work.  Ilia  Buperiors  accredited  him  with  great  merit,  ability,  and  zeal. 
An'oltiorj.  Antojj.  ite  lot  J'ddrex,  tilH.iScirria,  Inf.  de  1S17,  MS.,  (14-5;  Piii/tran, 
III/,  de  JS^'O,  MS.,  137.  From  about  1813  ho  suircred  almost  continually  frmu 
rheumatism,  and  v  xs  repeatedly  at  the  point  of  death.  In  1809  ho  said  llio 
lirst  mass  in  the  new  church  of  Mission  San  Jos<5.  In  18"2(i,  though  raaintaiii- 
ini,'  hia  allegiance  to  the  king  of  Spain,  he  took  amodifiod  oath  to  republican- 
ism. Father  Arroyo  was  a  scholar  and  always  a  student,  giving  special  at- 
tention to  tho  languages  of  tho  Indians  of  the  San  Juan  region,  of  which  Ik; 
had  already  prepared  a  grammar  before  1817,  which  and  the  padre's  skill  iu 
tiio  native  iJioma  are  mentioned  in  Sarri.a's  report  of  that  year.  His  Grui.i- 
virtr  of  the  Mutmin  Laiigwii/e  and  his  Vocahmury  or  P/mme-book  were  jdili- 
lisiied  by  Shea  in  New  York,  1801;  and  tho  original  MSS.  were  at  one  tin.e  in 
my  possession.  In  Lar'ios,  VUhi,  MS.,  35,  I  have  a  curious  table  or  perpet- 
ual calendar  .apparently  made  by  him.  The  biographic  notice  (by  A.  S.  Tay- 
lor) iu  the  introduction  to  the  Grammar  is  very  erroneous.  Robinson,  7,;/!; 
ill  Cal.,  108,  describes  him  as  closely  confined  to  hia  chamber,  and  when  tiird 
of  study  he  would  have  the  children  called  in  to  play  before  him,  calling  them 
by  such  names  as  Cicero,  Plato,  Alexander,  etc.  All  testify  to  his  gr(:;t 
learning  and  piety.  Florencio  Serrano,  Apuntea,  MS.,  lSO-8,  spent  nuuli 
time  with  tho  padre  when  he  was  at  San  Luis  Obispo.  At  that  time  his  k;;s 
were  paralyzed,  and  ho  was  moved  about  in  a  wheeled  chair  by  attcndaius. 
Ho  used  to  invent  all  kinds  of  pi'etexts  for  keeping  Serrano  at  his  side  for  ila\  s 
(or  tho  pleasure  of  conversation.  Alluding  to  the  difliculty  of  quitting  lliu 
Calif oruiiui  senice,  he  used  to  say: 

'Sifupri'SiVOiillfornla 

Kiicumii'iKlik  u  Diox  la  vlda 
"En  tu  inaiiu  est 'i  la  nntriida 
V  cii  la  do  Dioa  la  Bulida.' 

Father  Arroyo  died  at  Sta  Int^s  on  Sept.  2D,  1840,  at  the  age  of  60,  and  his 
boily  was  buried  on  the  2:2d  by  P.  Jimcno  in  tho  mission  church  on  the  gos];cl 
siilc  near  tho  presbytery.  Sla  Iin%  L'di.  J/M.,  MS.,  22-4.  The  burial  norica 
containing  a  biog.  sketch  was  translated  with  some  additional  notes  and  printed 
in  the  S.  F.  Dulktin,  ISOo,  being  republished  in  tho  S.  Josd  Pioneer,  Feb.  '22, 
1877. 

For  a  biographic  notice  of  Padre  Vitoria,  see  Pioneer  liegister  and  Tndcr, 
vol.  V.  of  this  work. 

'-'St;i  Inea  statistics  1831-4.  Dcci'case  of  pop.  408  to  344.  Baptisms  0.'?. 
Iieaths  109.  Decrease  in  live-stock  7,i590  to  7,4U0;  gain  in  horses  and  muK'.s 
3i»0to4G0;  sheep  2,100  to  2,000.  Largest  crop  2,373  bush,  in  18.32;  small- 
est 1,0"23  busli.  in  1834;  average  1,002  bush.,  of  which  1,525  wheat,  yield  1') 
fold;  barley  only  produced  iu  1834  125  bush.,  11  fold;  com  382  bush.,  ."it 
fold;  beana  20  bush.,  5  fohl. 

Statistics  of  1835-40.  Inventory  of  At^g.  1,  1830,  of  the  property  turned 
o\-cr  to  Covarrubiaa  by  P.  J imcuo.  Credits  §1,892;  buildings  §945;  furniture, 
tools,  and  goods  in  store  §14,527;  live-stock  8,010  cattle  §24,850;   1,923 


SANTA  INKS  MISSION. 


GG3 


tural  operations  were  always  on  a  moderate  scale, 
with  constantly  decreasing  crops;  but  in  live-stock  the 
mission  held  its  own  down  to  the  secularization,  and 
jifterward  showed  a  considerahlc  gain.  The  church 
])roperty  was  valued  at  about  $11,000;  the  inventory 
of  other  property  was  generally  about  $45,000,  and  the 
mission  debt  was  reduced  from  $G,000  to  $2,000;  so 
that  the  establishment  was  more  prosperous  than  any 
in  the  south.  The  mission  was  not  secularized  until 
18;>0,  when  Jose  M.  Ramirez  was  made  comisionado, 
being  succeeded  by  Jose  M.  Covarrubias  in  183G-7, 
Francisco  Cota  in  1837-40,  and  Miguel  Cordero  per- 
liaps  acting  temporarily  from  October  1840.  Excej)t 
a  few  inventories  and  other  statistics,  there  exist  no 
records  of  events  connected  with  secularization;"  nor 

sheep  81 ,4<)9;  .*?43  horses  §8SG;  4')  mules  .?.")40;  987  fruit  trees  $087;  chmch 
!?4,f.OO  (4Si'xO  varas,  walls  of  adobe,  4  doois,  8  windows,  sacristy  9x0,  3  doorH, 
1  window,  tile  roof,  hoard  ceilin;^,  brick  lloor^;  ornaments  S0,'2r)l,  library 
of  (iO  volumes  .$188;  total  .Sr)0,4;J7  (or  §40,18(5  besides  churth  property);  del)ts 
S't/ITJ;  net  assets  §uO,9C-2.  .St.  Pap.  JfLfx.,  vi.  '27-8.  Oct.,  81,0>S9'' paid  to 
,las  Scott.  /(/.,  vii.  53.  1837.  J.in.  27tli,  receipts  8045,  expend.  §042.  Feb. 
0th,  (Jovarrubias' general  account,  credits  §55,019;  debits  .$55,459.  I<1.,  vii. 
54.  Fob.  Cth,  Covarrubias  turns  over  to  his  successor  property  to  the  value 
of  §14.772  with  debts  of  ^5,487.  Id.,  vi.  28.  Dec.  31st,  receipts  for  your 
§10,770,  expend.  .§54,123.  '  Property  on  hand  (except  church,  etc.)  §45, 552,  and 
(lol)t3  §2,715.  /(/.,  vi.  30-1.  18.38.  Dec.  31st,  receipts  §50,478,  expend. 
§54,754.  Inventory  §47,302,  debt  .§2,713,  credits  §1,5.33.  Id.,  vi.  29,  31. 
1S;;<).  Monthly  salaries,  padre  §83..34,  prefect  §11.05,  worship  §41.05,  olcrk 
§25,  iidmin.  §50,  2  majordomos  §15,  §12,  watchman  §10,  senant  §10,  total 
§288.04.  Id.,  vi.  32.  March,  pop.  315.  Id.,  31.  July,  Hartncll's  inventory. 
9,720  cattle,  2,180  sheep,  382  horses,  32  mules,  4  asses,  50  hogs,  790  fan. 
grain,  448  arr.  tallow,  75  nrr.  lard,  87  hides,  50  arr.  wool,  200  arr.  iron,  §;>0 
.soap,  1  bbl.  brandy,  etc.  Pop.  183  souls.  Planted  112  fan.  grain.  Ilartiidl, 
J)h(rio,  MS.,  82,  90.  Nov.,  2,129  varas  of  cloth,  40  rebozos,  4  jackets,  etc., 
distrib.  among  the  Ind.  Si.  Pap.  Miss.,  MS.,  vii.  17.  1840.  Jan.  31st, 
'administraciones'  for  a  year,  receipts  §282,  expend.  §282.  Id.  Feb.  1st, 
inventory  similar  to  llartucU's,  except  that  there  ai'o  2,720  (9,720  ?)  eattk', 
and  1.208  fan.  of  grain.  Debts  §1,747.  /t/.,  10-20.  Debt  §2,079.  Pico,  Pap. 
J/;.i.,  MS.,  47-51. 

Statistics  of  1804-34,  the  whole  period  of  the  mission  annals.  Total  of 
liaptisms  1,.372,  of  which  500  Ind.  adults,  757  Ind.  children,  1  and  48  gonto 
dcrazon;  annual  average  45.  ^larriages  409,  of  which  9  de  razon.  Deaths 
1,'271,  of  which  730  In(t.  adults,  519  Ind.  children,  3  and  13  do  razon;  annual 
average  42;  average  death  rate  7.50  per  cent  of  pop.  Largest  pop.  770  in 
ISIO.  Fcmtiles  generally  in  excess  of  males,  and  children  about  J  of  tiio 
pop.  Largest  no.  of  cattle  7,300  in  1831  (but  increased  after  1834);  horsosi 
SOO  in  1810;  mules  124  in  1822;  sheep  0,000  in  1821;  goats  1.30  in  1818;  swino 
250  in  ISIC;  all  kinds  12,.320anim.il3  in  1820.  Total  yield  of  wheat  03,250 
bushels  or  17  fold;  barley  (for  12  years  only)  4,024  bush.,  20  fold;  maizo 
39,850  bush.,  104fold;  beans  4,340  bush.,  27  fold. 

*'' Summary  of  Sta  Imia  events.     1831-5.     Nothing  to  be  noted.     1830. 


if 


604 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SANTA  nAlinAHA  DISTPJCT. 


Rvv  tlicrc  ail)'  local  occnrronocs  of  tlio  decade  rcqnii  iii-v 
lint  her  notico  than  that  contained  in  the  appended 
itenhs. 


Padre  Vitoria  was  the  minister  at  Piirfsima  until 
AiiLTUst  1835;  Padre  Arrovode  laCue.sta  servedhiro 
in  18M5-fi;  and  Padre  Juan  Moreno  in  18.'54.  Possi- 
bly Moreno  was  in  charge  part  of"  the  time  in  IH-iO- 
40,  hut  I  find  no  definite  record  for  these  years,  juid 
there  was  no  reiyfular  minister.  In  nco}»hyte  popnla- 
ti(^n  the  niissioi.  nearly  held  its  own  down  to  18r,4, 
when  it  had  407  souls,  hut  at  the  end  of  the  decade, 
the  number  had  fallen  to  120  in  connnunity,  with  per- 
haps as  many  more  scattered  in  the  region.  The 
falling-off  in  crops  and  in  live-stock  was  constant  lor 
the  decade,  except  that  there  was  a  considerable  in- 
crease of  horses  after  the  secularization,  if  the  some- 
what irregular  statistics  may  be  trusted."     The  value 

June,  tronhlo  between  (»ov.  Chico  and  P.  Jimeno,  leading  to  secularization. 
This  vol.,  p.  4.'j.'J-5,  4'2(i;  iv.  4r)-(5.  JosC-  Miiria  luiniivcz  as  coinisioimdo, 
turninj^  over  the  estfjto  Aug.  1st  to  Jost5  M,  Cov'aiTul)ins  aa  majordonio.  I'd- 
ll'ljo.  Doc,  MS.,  xxxii.  '24;  ,SV.  Pnp.  MUi.  ,1-  Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  .IVJ;  /'/.,  J//'^.<., 
vi.  '27.  1837.  Jan.,  Covarrubias  delivers  tiie  property  to  bis  sucoes.sor  Fran- 
cisco Cota.  III.,  28-30.  Feb.,  Cota  complains  that  the  no.  of  working  liorscs 
and  nudes  has  been  so  rednce<l  liy  supplies  to  the  troops,  tiiat  only  >S0 
Jtorses  and  30  mules  are  left.  /(/.,  vii.  .'i3-4.  Trapper  horse-thieves  at  the 
mission  in  Oct.  Vol.  iv.,  p.  113.  1838.  Nothing.  1839.  Cota  admin.,  Joa- 
quin Villa  and  Miguel  Valencia  majordomos,  Jos6  Linares  Uavcro.  Sf.  Pap, 
J//.V.S.,  MS.,  vi.  3'2.  April,  Cota  asks  permission  to  spend  §1,000  for  dotliin,' 
for  the  Ind.,  who  Iiave  received  none  in  two  years,  and  also  to  slaughter  .'iUO 
cattle;  wliich  is  granted  l)y  Hartnell.  /(/.,  ix.  7;  Vallfjo,  Doc,  vii.  lo; 
llarliicll.  Dkirlo,  '2,  4.  Hartnell's  visit  was  on  July  l.")th.  He  fonnd  tho 
Ind.  desirous  of  getting  rid  of  their  administrator,  on  whom  and  liis  de[i'r.i(l- 
ents  they  claimed  that  all  tho  mission  revenue  was  spent;  but  H.  reporti.'d 
Cota  successful  in  paying  ofF debts.  Diario.,  JbS.,  8'2,  00.  Aug.,  Gov.  author- 
incs  the  transfer  (probal)ly  temporary  for  repairs'/)  of  the  church  to  the  weav- 
ing-room. Drpt.  lice,  MS.,  X.  1").  Dec,  Anastnsio  Carrillo  to  Hartnell  iihoiit 
tlio  300  cattle  promised  liim,  the  padre  prefecto  consenting.  Letter  cupicil 
in  Vallfjo,  lliM.  Cat.,  MS.,  iv.  8;!-"),  to  illustrate  tho  methods  of  disposing  (jf 
mission  property.  1S40.  Aug.  flth,  an  anonymous  letter  in  Fnglisli  warning 
Hartnell  that  tiie  admin,  is  plundering  tlic  mission  of  all  its  property.  An-h. 
MU.,  ilS.,  ii.  1095.  Sept.  10th,  Hartnell's  visit,  only  a  fragment  of  tlio 
record.  He  found  the  Ind.  much  alarmeil  at  reports  that  the  gov.  had  given 
orders  for  mission  cattle  in  favor  of  private  individuals.  Iltirtnetl,  Diario, 
MS.,  93.  Oct.  '23d,  Cota  resigns,  and  Miguel  Cordero  takes  charge  as  major- 
domo.  Depf.  Pec,  MS.,  xi.  44-5. 

'*  Turisiina  statistics  1831-4.  Decrease  in  pop.  413  to  407.  Baptisms  88, 
largest  no.  47  in  1834,  smallest  10  in  1833.  Deaths,  1(57,  largest  no.  50  in 
1S3'2,  1833,  smallest  '23  in  1834.     Decrease  iu  large  stock  13,430  to  7,470; 


LA  PURlSIMA  COXCErCIOX. 


CG" 


(if  the  Purfsinia  estate  in  1835  and  for  several  years 
lliereaf'tiir  was  about  .*?()(), 000,  divided  as  follows: 
clmreii  property  1?8,000,  buiidiiijjfs  5^5,000,  implements 
iiud  furniture  .42,000,  produee  .s|  1,000,  lauds  !?  I  7,000, 
:iM(l  live-stock  )?  17,000/'    Domini,^)  Carrillo,  appointed 

liui-ies  and  mules  increase  4;<0  to  1, '270;  slieep  0,070  to  0,514.  Ijirf(o.st  crop 
I.S4--'  bush,  in  18:J4;  Bumllcst  000  Lush,  in  IS.'U;  averaj^o  1,200  liush.,  of 
whah  «:iO  wheat,  yield  b  fuld;  -JIO  barley,  U  fold;  14-J  eoni,  :U  fold;  .J2 
Ipimus,  12  fold. 

Statistios  of  183.5—40.  Feb.  IS,  IS.Io.  Inventory  formed  by  the  coiiiisio- 
iiiulo,  anil  Wni(J.  Dana  and  .Santiago  Lugo  nsappinisers.  (.'liief  liuildini;  with 
•Jl  rooms  .«!t,:tOO,  12  unialler  buildings  .Sl.'-O.'i,  funiititre  (tools,  ttc.)  ;;>J,(H)I, 
cUV'i.'ts  in  store  !ii>0,2.')"»,  grain  ancl  produce  J?!, 821,  church  ornaments,  etc., 
.";  1,!)44,  church  .S4(!0,  library  ^tio.">,  .">  bells  ^I.OiK),  .'{  ganlcus  .S72S,  live- 
."tock  (pertaining  to  church ■;)  t!20l;  total  of  church  pi'operty  .'ii!7,!>2.S;  ranchos, 
Sitio  <li3  Mision  V'ieja  .^.■}7;i,  S.  de  Jalama  §7S4,  Los  Alamos  t?l, IS."),  S.  An- 
ti'iii  .  ."?l,418,  Sta  Lucia  !?1,OSO,  S.  I'ablo  ??1,000,  Todos  Santos  .'?7,17(l, 
(uiMdulupo  .'?4,0<».">;  total  of  lands  .$17,141;  live-stock  §!I7,.'121.  t'r.'dits 
b:!,(ii:J,  totid  §02,038;  debt  81,-'1S;  net  assets  .<i(iO,cS4(>.  .SV.  I'op.  J//n.,  .MS., 
V.  4l>-4.  All''.  Ibth,  inventory  of  delivery  from  comisionado  to  iiiajordoiuo, 
cNccpting  real  estate  and  church  property,  §2!),!)Sl,  about  tiio  sauio  as  before, 
crcdit.s  i:fl,774,  del)t  $1,371.  A/.,  vi.  10.  bs:}7.  Inventory  of  Marcii  2.')t!i 
!*j;t,Oj;i,  credits  ?2,1.V),  debt  !?2,1.").  /</.,  viii.  11.  IS.TS.  Inventory  of  de- 
livery by  Carrillo  to  Valenzucla,  .*>27,391.  /(/.,  2-3.  Dec.  Slst,  receipts  siiu'o 
-luuu  iJtIi  §4,427,  exjKnd.  !j'2, 441.  1830.  Jan.  and  March,  receipts  !?2, 247, 
•'-2,;;01,  expend.  S'2oo,  ,  !00.  Salaries  of  admin.,  majordomo  de  campo,  and 
lliivcro  §;tS2.  No  padre  is  mentioned.  In  Feb.  over  COO  siieep  wero 
drowned  ii:  t!ie  Hoods.  Top.  Feb.  28th  242.  /(/.,  3-').  July  2.')th,  llartucir.s 
inventory.  Pop.  122,  many  of  them  sick,  at  the  mission  and  47  irec  Ind.  at 
AI;imos.  3,824  cattle,  1,.')32('')  hor.ses,  l,300sheep,  89  mules,  1  burro,  3^  bbls 
wiiie,  3h  bbls  brandy,  00  arr.  tallow,  22  arr.  lard,  100  hides,  00  t;imu!d  skins, 
210  fan.  grain,  etc.  i'lantful  00  fan.  wheat  and  barley.  Crojis  looking  well, 
many  wiUl  cattle,  llartmil,  Diario,  MS.,  23.  Debt  July  2oth  §3,000.  I'ico, 
Paj>.  J/m.,  .MS.,  47-r)l. 

Statistics  of  1787-1834.  Total  of  baptisms,  3,314,  of  which  1,740  Ind. 
aduUs,  1,402  Ind.  children,  4  and  78  dc  razon;  annual  average  70.  Mar- 
riaycn  1,031,  5  being  geute  dn  razon.  Deatlis  2,711,  of  which  1,790  Ind. 
iid'.dts,  002  Ind.  children,  1  and  18  de  razon;  annual  average  Cu.  Largest 
p'p.  1, 020  in  1804.  Sexes  about  eipial  to  1800,  females  in  excess  in  1801-7, 
n:;d  males  later;  children  about  J  of  pop.  Liir^est  no.  of  cattle  13,000  in 
If  30;  horses  i,4.J4  in  1821;  mules  300  in  1824;  sheep  12,000  in  1820;  g(jats 
2!12  in  1791;  all  kinds  23,802  animals  in  1821.  Total  product  of  wheat 
!',.".22  bush,  yield  11  fold;  barley  9,300  bush.,  17  fold;  maize  2S,2.j.>  bush., 
82  fold;  beans  4,818  bush.,  14  fold. 

'•' Events  at  I'nrlsima.  1831.  Fears  of  an  Ind.  revolt.  />^;)^  7?i.'.,  MS., 
i\.  7.  1832-3.  No  record  except  as  this  mission  is  mentioned  in  scculariza- 
ti';u  plans  never  put  in  operation.  1834.  Domingo  Carrillo  appointed  conii- 
ti  i:iado  in  Nov.  Slaughter  of  mission  cattle  rather  vaguely  recorded.  Tliis 
\d.,  p.  340,  349-50.  1835.  The  place  seems  to  have  been  called  I'ueblo  de 
l";i  Berros.  Giirrra,  Doc,  MS.,  vii.  81;  JJrpt.  Sf.  I'ap.,  Ben.,  P.  y  ,/.,  MS., 
vi.  17.  Secularization  cflected  in  Feb.,  and  on  Aug.  Isth  the  cuniisionado 
turned  the  estate  over  to  his  brother  .loaquin  Carrillo  as  maj.  SI.  I'aji.  .Miy>i., 
MS.,  vi.  10.  Aug.  2.jth,  Camllo  writes  to  gov.  about  the  l.i(jmpoc  ranclio 
v.lierc  he  is  going  to  build,  and  is  apparently  using  thri  mission  efl'ects  and 
Ind.  rather  fi-cely  for  his  private  advantage.  Dfpt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  48-9. 
The  rancho  was  granted  two  years  later.  The  building  of  a  njw  church  was 
contemplated  this  year,  the  old  one  being  in  a  sad  state,  but  nothing  was 


;i 


i-i 


i'l 


F,! 


600 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SANTA  BARBARA  DISTRICT. 


ill  1834  as  comisionado,  effectod  the  soculanziiiIi>n 
early  in  1835;  and  his  successors  in  the  admiiii.siia- 
tion  were  Joaquin  Carrillo  in  1835-8,  Jose  Maiia 
Valcnzuela  in  1838-40,  and  Eugenic  Ortega  fiom 
October  of  the  latter  year. 

njuwrcntly  accomplished.  1830-7.  No  record  cxcopt  an  inventory  alrtady 
L'ivtii.  IS.S8.  Juno  15th,  Currillo  surrenders  the  estate  to  .losiS  MniiaNa 
Icn/ui'la.  St.  Pfip.  Minn.,  MS.,  viii.  2,  4,  18.S1).  Kniigdio  Ortega  was  iiiiijor- 
il'>ino  do  eanipo  under  Valenzucla,  and  Juan  Salgiido  llavero.  I'ko,  J'liji, 
J//i.,  MS.,  40.  Visitador  llartnell's  inspection  was  in  July.  Tho  Ind.  \\i  lo 
content  with  their  n(hniuistr:itor  but  wi.slicd  to  have  a  padre,  Moreno  pre- 
fcnvd.  At  tlicir  request  Salgado  was  removed;  the  killing  of  wild  hull.i  v.a.H 
nutliorized,  ,  ^"r.  tho  slaughter  of  300  cattle  and  purchase  ot  §800  in  clotliiii,'. 
'I'liu  47  Ind.  at  Alamos  wcro  anxious  to  keep  their  liinds,  and  J.  A.  di'  la 
(iuerra,  tiio  grantee,  pronuscd  in  writing  not  to  molest  them.  Hart  in  H, 
Jihino,  MS.,  2,  3,  2.3-4,  42.  1840.  No  record  of  IlartncU's  2d  visit.  (),:t. 
2:!d,  Ku;,'enio  Ortega  succeeded  Valenzuela  in  the  administration.  Dcjit.  /,'.., 
MS.,  xi,  4.').  Douglas,  Journal,  MS.,  87,  speaks  of  tho  mission  as  nearly  iu 
ruins,  and  estimates  exports  at  $2,000. 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  MONTERKY  DISTRICT. 

1831-1840. 

PoprLATioN" —Visits  and  Descriptions— Scmmary  and  Index  op  F.vents 
— Military  Recoiiu— Mcnicipal  Afkaiiw  and  AitMiMSTUATioN  oi' 
JfsTicE — I'uEFECTfUE— Criminal  IlEf'tiui)— 1'uivatk  Ranciios— M is- 
8I0N  San  Caulos — San  Litis  Ouihi-o — PadheOil  vTauoaha — Statistics 
OF  Decline— San  Miguel— 1'adre  Jcan  Caiiot— Poitlation  and 
PuoPEiiTV — San  Antonio— Secctlauization — Mercado's  Complaints— 
Hartnell's  Inspection — La  Soledad — Paure  SvunfA— Inventories  of 
Live-stock  and  Crops — San  .Jcan  Baotisia  or  San  Jitan  de  Castro  — 
Padres  and  Neoi'IIVTEs — Mission  Kstate— Emancipation  of  the  Ind- 
ians— PUEDLO  AND  CAPITAL  OF  THE  DISTRICT— SaNTA  CllCZ,  OR  PDEBLO 

DE  Fi uueroa — Villa  de  Br^vnciforte. 


The  population  of  gontc  do  razon  in  the  Monterey 
district,  including  Branciforte  and  seven  missions, 
may  be  regarded,  on  authority  that  is  tolerably  sat- 
isfactory, as  having  increased  from  1,100  at  the  be- 
ginning to  1,G00  at  the  end  of  the  decade.  Of  the 
latter  number  700  lived  at  Monterey,  550  at  the 
lanchos  of  the  district,  250  at  and  about  Branciforte, 
50  at  San  Juan,  and  50  at  all  the  other  missions.^ 
There  were  perhaps  75  foreigners  who   may  be  re- 

'  The  Monterey,  Padrov,  1S3G,  MS.,  shows  a,  pop.  in  tho  town  of  25,")  men, 
140  women,  and  'J'J3  cliiklrcn,  total  094,  of  wliom  aliout  30  Ind.  and  42  for- 
liguers;  on  28  ranchos  200  men,  105  women,  and  270  children,  total  581,  of 
whom  05  Ind.  and  15  foreigners;  total  1,180  gento  do  razon  (including  57  for- 
t'i^ucrs)  and  95  Ind.  Tho  same  doc.  with  slight  variations  in  Vollejo,  Dor., 
-MS.,  xxxii.  lOetseq.  In  Id.,  xxxi.  70,  is  a  iiadron  of  1834,  showing  1,049 
jiirsons  in  14G  families  or  households,  43  being  foreigners,  52  Ind.,  and  90 
'uiilitares.'  In  /(/.,  250,  is  a  list,  apparently  incomplete,  of  145  voters,  in- 
cluding 5  naturalized  foreigners.  For  Branciforte  we  have  nothing  earlier 
than  1845,  when  a  padron  shows  294  Cal.  and  Mex.,  50  foreigners,  and  120 
JikI.  Doc.  Hid.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  218.  For  S.  Juan,  Mofras  gives  a  pop.  of  100 
ill  1842. 

(CC7) 


CG8 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 


ganlod  as  permanent  settlers.  The  ex-neophyto  Tii;l- 
ian  population  decreased  from  3,500  to  1,740,  of  wliicli 
number  about  1,020  lived  in  communities,  or  at  least 
near  the  ex-missions.  Many  vessels  anchored  in  tlii.-i 
port  each  year,  as  has  been  noted  elsewhere  in  mariiio 
lists  and  commercial  annals,  where  the  visits  and  ad- 
ventures of  different  voyagers  have  received  sufticinit 
attention;  but  several  of  these  visitors  have  publislicl 
their  observations,  and  of  these  I  have  deemed  it  will 
to  quote  descriptive  portions  relating  to  Monten\  ,' 

■^  ^loiitercy,  descriptions  l)y  visitorSj  town  improvements,  etc.  18.34.  A 
voluntary  contril)ntion  to  be  rcqucHtod  from  each  vessel  for  the  constructiuu 
of  a  wharf.  This  vol.,  380.  183 J-8.  See  view  of  Monterey  in  ForJj,^'  CI. 
183-1  ">.  '  ^lonterey,  as  far  as  my  observation  goes,  is  decidedly  the  plcasaiit- 
cst  and  most  civilized-looking  place  in  California.  In  tlie  centre  of  it  is  .m 
open  square,  surrounded  by  four  lines  of  one-story  buildings,  with  lialf  a  dn/Aii 
cannon  in  the  centre,  some  mounted  and  others  not.  Tliis  is  the  prcsidi)  ci- 
fort,  »'ntircly  open  and  unfortified . .  .Tlio  houses,  as  everywhere  else  in  C.d., 
are  of  one  story,  built  of  adobes...  of  a  common  dirt-color.  The  iloors  ai'u 
gcneially  of  earth,  the  windows  grated  and  without  glass,  and  the  dcims, 
which  arc  seldom  shut,  open  directly  into  the  common  room,  tliere  l)(:in^'  iii 
entries.  Nearly  all  tiie  houses  arc  whitewashed  on  the  outside.  Tlie  iHjticr 
liouiJCJ,  too,  have  red  tiles  upon  the  roofs.  The  Indians  do  all  the  liard  work. 
The  men  in  ^Monterey  appeared  to  me  to  be  always  on  horseback.  Nothiii^' 
but  tlic  cliaractcr  of  the  people  prevents  Monterey  from  becoming  a  Lir  :c 
town.'  .Dana's  Tivo  Years,  8!MJ3.  183G.  '  The  town  is  a  scattered  seri's  of 
houses,  cohtii'.ning  not  more  than  .500  inhabitants,  among  whom  arc  1.1  or  Ji) 
foreignei's,  Americans  and  Englishmen,  engaged  in  trade.'  Hiischc/ihi  nr  r'-i 
Xan:,  ii.  40.3—1.  June  1st,  (iov.  Cliico  orders  the  administrator  of  Sta  ('r;iz 
to  cut  and  send  him  a  tree  'JO  varas  long  for  a  flag-stall'.  Snrri'ir,  Dor.,  }\l^., 
i.  '23.  1837.  '  Monterey  I  found  as  much  increased  as  S.  Francisco  had  failuii 
into  ruin.  It  was  still,  however,  very  miserable,  and  wanting  in  the  niilit;i!y 
air  of  18'27.  The  adobe  or  mud-brick  battery  remained,  and  had  lieen  new  iy 
bed.'Mibed  during  the  late  ebullition  of  independence.'  The  fortification.^,  nf 
which  plans  nnist  not  be  taken,  'consisted  of  a  mud  wall  of  three  sicU's,  ii|n:i 
in  till!  rear,  with  breastwork  about  three  feet  in  height;  with  rotten  platfon;n 
for  7  guns,  the  discharge  of  v.hich  would  annihilate  tlieir  remains  of  car- 
riages.' ]5ut  the  author  got  few  supplies,  anil  was  not  in  a  good  huiucr. 
Iklclur's  Niirr.,  i.  l.SO.  'Tout  so  jiroscnte  sous  Taspcct  lo  plus  ncuf,  et  iA 
cnlin  (jue  Ton  jieut  iniaginer  qu'ont  dil  le  voir  les  prenucrs  decouvrcu.s.  V.w 
approchant  de  la  pointc  Venus  on  conmience  cependant  ii  distingucr  par- 
dessus  les  roehes  une  euiiucnee  sur  !. -.quelle  est  erige  un  mat  de  pavilion  o,l 
Ton  alinre  les  eouleurs  natioiMies.  Tout  k  cote,  est  Ic  corps-de-garde  d'inio 
battcric  a  barl)ette  de  8  canons,  (|ue  Ton  nomine  le  Castillo.  .  .Pen  aprt'S  avoir 
aperru  la  poiuto  dn  fort  on  d;-eouvrir:i  le  fond  do  I'anse  on  Ton  verra  d'abor  1 
dan;)  la  partio  de  I'l'^st,  le  clf)clier  de  la  cliapcllc  du  I'residio,  ainsi  que  Ks 
batiments  qui  en  dejiendent  et  cpu  sont  tons  I'eufcrnu's  dans  la  menie  en- 
ceinte; puis  succcs^dv''ment  et  a  niosure  (pio  le  l)i1timent  avancera,  on  decuu- 
vrini  dans  I'Ouest  du  I'residio  des  maisons  eparses  e.\  ct  1;\,  sans  aucun  onhr; 
clles  forinent,  par  leui-  reunion,  ce  (jue  Ton  nomme  la  villo  do  Monterey,  sans 
douto  par  deference  pour  le  siege  du  gou'Jernement;  il  sendde  inutile  dajoutrr 
(ju'il  n  y  a  aucun  autre  monument  que  Teglisje  du  I'residio.  I'arnu  ces  mai- 
sons, dont  le  nombre  s'elevo  tout  au  plus  de  40  a  '>0,  plusieurs  sont  lilancliu's 
d  la  ehaux,  quelqus-unes  out  un  etage  et  une  certaine  apparence  de  couforta- 


DESCRIPTIOXS  AXD  EVENTS. 


639 


tlioucrli  the  siini  tntal  of  information  thus  ijatlicrod 
from  Dana,  Ruschonbergor,  Belcher,  Petit-Thouars, 
Jj.iphiee,  and  others,  i.s  not  very  complete;  nor  is  it 
su})j)lcmcnted  to  any  satisfactory  extent  by  local  roc- 
ortls  on  the  material  growth  of  the  town.  Events 
at  the  capital  were  for  the  most  part  of  such  a  nature 
as  to  be  naturally  included  in  the  political  record  of 
ti  rritorial  affairs  as  summarized  in  chronologic  order 
and  indexed  in  the  appended  note.^     A  few  minor 

l.ilite,  iiiais  la  plupart  sont  dc  miscjrables  cases  couverte  en  joncs  on  en  brandies 
d'aibres;  pi'esquu  toutos  n'ont  ui  coiir,  iii  jardin.'  I'opiilation  not  over 'JOi), 
cii'oles,  natives,  ^lexicans,  Scotcli,  Irioh,  American,  kanakas,  and  even  a  few 
J'rencli.  Many  compliments  for  the  women.  PHtt-Thounn^,  Voijaije,  ii.  8.3-'), 
1  Rt,  1 12.  ISIi'J.  'Aiusi  par  exemple  Monterey,  (juo  le  cour  do  Madrid  nvait 
fiaitt'e  toujours  en  enfant  gAtii  (1),  qni  est  dans  uno  niagnifiiiue  situation,  do- 
v.mt  iin  bon  mouillage,  aupr(5s  do  cantons  fcrtilcs,  etc.  Monterey,  dis-jc 
ii'avait  fait  presquo  aucun  pro;,'ri's  depuis  '25  annees.  Ellc  comptait,  il  est 
Mai,  quelques  maisons,  quelques  families  do  r(''sident3  (^tranjjers  do  plus,  niais 
(lie  nianquait  tout  .'i  fait  de  commerce  ct  d'industric.'  Yet  the  author  was 
v.'dl  treated  and  has  much  to  say  in  praise  of  tlie  gov.  and  peu|/le  of  the  higher 
tlasisos.  Lnplacp,  Oampcujne,  \i.  30i.  Alvarado, //<«<.  C'a^.,  MS.,  iv.  l'2S-3(), 
tells  us  that  l)y  his  efforts  ;i  new  euartcl  was  built  for  the  soldiers — still  stand- 
iii','  in  1875-  at  a  cost  of  !?!),000,  being  the  best  building  in  Cal.  He  also  im- 
p'.oved  roads  in  the  vicinity,  bi'ilding  a  bridge  from  the  new  cnartel  to  Hart- 
lU'U's  college,  and  another  toward  Capt.  Cooper's  house.  In  Vul/ejo,  Doc, 
MS.,  vi.  ll!)-'2.3,  3.35,  vii.  24i),  404,  is  found  corresp.  of  the  year  between 
I'l'tronilo  Rios,  com.  of  the  artillery,  and  Gen.  Vallejo  respecting  iniprove- 
i.ionts  in  the  fortifications,  oa  which  woi'k  seems  to  have  been  done  with  very 
flii^ht  results.  1840.  Farnham  restricts  his  descriptive  matter  to  the  mission, 
bat  the  pi -tori.al  edition  of  his  work  (N".  Y.  IS,'>7)gives  on  p.  09  wJiat  i>in-- 
pdit-s  to  be  a  view  of  Monterey,  \vitha  hngc  edifice  on  the  sunnnit  of  the  hills 
in  the  disUiuce.  '.T.  F.  B.  M.,'  Leaver  from  Mi/  Journal,  tlescribes  the  now 
luidgo  mentioned  above,  for  ci'ossing  which  on  horseback  he  was  arrested  and 
fined  §2.  Nov.  12th,  P.  (Jonzale/,  writes  to  ask  of  Vallejo  the  gilt  of  the 
old  presidio  c'-ipel  to  be  used  as  a  town  ehureli.  Vulkjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxiii. 
1..4. 

^  Sinnma'-y  and  index  of  events  at  Monterey.  18,31.  .Tan.,  arrival  of  flov. 
Vie'toria,  who  taken  the  oath  of  oflice  on  the  ;ilst,  and  has  troul)le  wjth  the 
ayuiit.  This  vol.,  pp.  182,  1S7.  April-May,  execution  of  Anastasio,  Aguili, 
;iiid  Sagarra  for  ro))bery,  for  which  tlie  guv.  was  blanuHl,  lit.,  100-1.  Sept., 
'.iiilitary  trial  of  Duarte,  alcalde  of  S.  .Jose.  A/.,  1!).').  Nov.,  departure  nf 
(lov.  Victori;i  to  meet  the  southern  reliels.  /■/. ,  205.  Dee.,  Monterey  adheres 
to  the  S.  Diego  plan  againsit  X'ictoria.   Id.,  212. 

18,32.  Jan. -Feb. ,  Zamorano's  pronunciamiento  against  the  S.  Diego  plan, 
org.iniz.ation  of  the  compauia  extranu'era,  and  Z.'s  departure  from  tho  south. 
/.A,  220-4.     May -.Tune,  Avila's  revolt.  /(/.,  2,30. 

181)3.  .Tan.,  arrival  of  tJcjv.  Figueroa  ar.d  his  assumption  of  oirice;  also 
coming  of  the  Zacateean  friars;  first  jirinting  in  Cal.  /'/.,  240-2.  M.ircli,  clee- 
ti.iu  f'or  assembly  and  congress,  repeated  in  Dec.  Id.,  240.  Ai)ril27th-28th, 
public  diversions,  illutr'nations,  bull-fight,  ball,  etc.,  to  celebrate  the  peace 
(it  Zavaleta.  Df^it.  .SV.  Pup.,  MS,,  iii,  114-15.  Weather  rcconl  by  I,aikia, 
lS,33-5.  This  vol.,  p.  357.  Nov.,  arrival  of  Capt.  Walker's  overland  trappers, 
who  iiass  tho  winter  at  Monterey.  Id.,  390-2;  iv.  4,34. 

1834.     Tl'"  1st  printing-pnss  put  in  operation,  by  Zamorano  (.fCo,     It 


^li 


11 


670 


LOCAL  xVXXALS  OF  MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 


items  arc  added,  but  such  as  require  no  general  re- 
marks. Leading  topics  of  interest  were  the  troubles 
with  Governor  Victoria  in  1S31,  Zamorano's  countLi-- 
revolt   and   organization  of  the  foreign  company  in 

is  not  known  exactly  how  tho  press  came,  but  its  products — 7  little  books  and 
o\cr  100  documents — arc  preserved  in  my  library.  Tiic  prosa  was  caii'i'd  to 
Sonoinii  by  Gen.  Vallejo  in  18.37,  after  Zamorano's  departure,  but  hulisc- 
quuntly  returneil  to  Jlontercy,  where  it  was  used  by  the  Americans  in  1840. 
Muy-Nov.,  sessions  of  the  diputacion.  Tiiis  vol.,  pp.  248-52.  May,  scaru  at 
reports  of  a  southern  conspiracy.  /</.,  2.j7.  Sept.  11th,  arrival  of  a  courier 
from  Mcx.  with  orders  to  Figuuroa.  Id.,  271.  Sept.  12th,  return  of  the  ^'dv. 
from  a  tour  in  the  north.  A/.,  250.  Sept.  2jth,  arrival  of  the  Morclvn  v.itli 
the  colony  from  Mcx.  Id.,  2(>8.  Oct.  14th,  arrival  of  Hijar,  and  resnltiiii,' 
controversies  w ith  the  gov.  /</.,  272  ct  seq.  Oct.  IGth,  election  of  asscnihiy 
and  member  of  congress.  /(/.,  208,  291.  Dec.  21st,  wreck  of  tho  JV^«<'(//u.  A/., 
2(JS.  Trouldc  between  Ang-d  Kamirez  and  Juan  Bandini,  lastinj;  scvonil 
yoiirs.  /(/.,  370  ct  seq.  llartnell  and  P.  Short  perhaps  began  tlieir  educa- 
tional enterprise  tliis  year.  /(/.,  ,'517. 

1835.  March -April,  ayunt.  meets  to  approve  the  gov.'s  acts  in  the  colony 
controversy.  Hijar  and  l'adri5s  witli  other  prisoners  sail  from  Mex.  on  the 
llo-ia.  Id.,  2S7-8.  Larkin  built  a  bowling  alley  at  a  cost  of  .S438.  LarLlu'.i 
Atxfs.,  MS.,  ii.  311.  Aug. -Oct.,  sessions  of  tiie  assembly.  This  vol.,  p.  'JIH. 
Sept.  29th-0ct.  2d,  death  of  Gov.  Figucroa  and  funeral  ceremonies.  Id.,  2l(,j. 
Oct.,  etc.,  alarm  at  the  prospect  of  losing  the  capital.  Id.,  291-2. 

1831).  April  25th,  an  earthquake  shock  at  5  A.  M.  ilomcz,  D'larin,  MS. 
More  shocks  June  9-10.  Id.  Heavy  rains.  Valbjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxvi.  214. 
Jlay,  arrival  of  Gov.  Chico;  election  and  meeting  of  dip.  This  vol.,  p.  421-(i. 
July,  revolution  against  Chico,  preceded  by  the  Casta uarcs-Herrera  scundtd, 
and  resulting  in  the  governor's  departure  July  31st.  IL,  429-42.  Sept.  Otli, 
arrival  of  Gov.  Gutierrez.  /(/.,  445.  Oct.  visit  of  tho  U.  S.  man-of-war  Pea- 
cock. Vol.  iv.  141.  Oct. -Nov. ,  Alvarado's  revolt,  overthrow  and  exile  of  Gu- 
tierrez. This  vol.,  455-04.  Nov.,  meeting  and  acts  of  the  dip.  or  congress, 
/(/.,  409-70.     Dec,  Alvarado  and  his  army  march  southward.  Id.,  491. 

1837.  Jan. -Feb.,  threatened  movement  against  the  new  govt.  /(/.,  511- 
13.  May-June,  return  of  Alvarado  and  Castro;  called  south  again  l)y  new 
hostilities.  Id.,  510-11,  522-3.  July,  revolt  of  Rjimircz  and  Pena  against  Al- 
varado; capture  and  recapture  of  the  town;  arrest  of  rebels.  /'/.,  523-0.  Oct., 
vi.sit  of  the  French  num-of-wiir  Venu^,  Potit-Thouars  com.;  news  of  Carlos 
Cirrillo's  appointment  as  gov  Id.,  534;  vol.  iv.  148.  Nov.  19th,  wreck  of 
tho  Com.  Itodijers.  Id.,  103.  Dec  ,  visit  of  tho  British  explorhig  ship  /jVo.<- 
som.  Belcher  com.  Id.,  145-0. 

1838.  June-July,  Ind.  robbers  cause  much  trouble  by  their  dcprcdiitiiiw 
in  the  district.  Valtrjo,  Doc.,  MS.,  xxxii.  140.  F^arthquakes.  Vol.  i\.,  ]>. 
78,  this  work.  Aug.  13tli  the  Cafnlina,  arrives  with  news  from  Mex.  favor- 
able to  Alvarado.  This  vol.,  p.  572. 

1839.  F'el).-March,  ]inblic  reception  to  Alvarado;  sessions  of  the  n.sseni- 
bly.  /(/.,  584  et  seq.  May,  elc-tions  for  congress  and  junta.  Id.,  uSD-HO. 
July,  arrival  of  J.  A.  Sutter  on  the  Clementina,  iv.  127.  Aug.,  visit  of  tliu 
F'reiR'li  man-of-war  yl/7''//(i.sr',  Laplace  com.  Id.,  154-5.  JIarriagoof  tho  ;;i>v., 
niid  festivities  at  the  capit;il.  This  vol.,  p.  593.  Oct.,  visit  of  the  chief  Solano 
and  his  Indians  from  Sonoma.  Id.,  598-9. 

1840.  Feb. -May,  8es.sions  of  tlie  junta;  Monterey  declared  the  capital. 
Id.,  092-C.  March-April,  arrest  and  exile  of  Graham  and  other  foreigners. 
Vol.  iv.  1-41.  Juno,  vi-sit  of  the  French  Danaide,  llv)sainel,  and  U.  S.  St 
Loidi,  lAirrest.  Id.,  35-7.  Nov.  30th,  a  Cal.  carthciuakc  reported  in  Mexicn, 
but  nothing  known  of  it  in  Cal.  Dcj)!.  St.  Pap.,  Moiit.,  MS.,  iv.  43;  .V^(  U. 
Arch.,  MS.,  21. 


TRESIDIAL  COMPANY. 


C71 


1832,  the  arrival  of  Governor  Figueroa  in  1833,  the 
c;»ming  of  the  colony  and  the  establishniont  of  a 
jirinting-offico  in  1834,  troubles  with  Hijar  and  Pa- 
dres and  death  of  Fitjueroa  in  1835,  the  coniintj  and 
L,(^Ing  of  Chico  and  Alvarado's  revolution  in  1830, 
tlie  liamirez  counter-revolt  and  the  waitinix  for  news 
of  sourthern  war  and  politics  in  1837-8,  military  ro- 
i'nnii  and  the  governor's  marriage  in  1839,  and  the 
exile  of  the  foreigners  to  San  Bias  in  1840.  Ordi- 
nary local  happenings  were  beneath  the  dignity  of  a 
town  so  devoted  to  grand  affairs  of  state. 

The  military  organization  was  still  kept  up,  but 
tlie  records  are  even  more  fragmentary  and  confusing 
llian  in  the  past  decade,  so  much  so  indeed — and 
naturally  enough  in  connection  with  frequent  changes 
ill  the  comandancia  general,  revolutionary  movements, 
calls  on  volunteer  troops  or  soldiers  from  another 
district,  and  absence  of  the  regular  company  in  soutli- 
( in  campaigns — that  it  is  not  worth  while  to  attempt 
the  presentment  of  details  either  in  notes  or  text. 
Agustin  Zamorano  was  captain  of  the  company  in 
1831-G,  and  Jose  Castro  in  1839-40,  but  Captain 
Jose  Antonio  Muiioz  was  much  of  the  time  coman- 
(lante  of  the  post  in  1833-G,  and  Lieut-colonel  Gume- 
sindo  Flores  in  1839-40.  Gervasio  Argliello,  lieu- 
tenant of  the  company,  was  absent  in  Mexico,  and 
l>ernardo  Xavarrete  was  actinof  lieutenant  in  1833-G. 
Kodrigo  del  PHego  was  alferez,  departing  in  1831; 
Ignacio  del  Valle  in  1832-G  and  perhaps  later;  Joso 
Sanchez  in  1832-4;  Jose  Antonio  Pico  from  183G; 
Pafael  Pinto,  Jacinto  Ilodriguez,  and  Joaquin  de  la 
Torre  in  1839-40.  One  of  these  acted  as  liabilitado. 
Sergeants  named  arc  Jose  A.  Solorzano,  ayudante  do 
plaza  in  1832-3,  Francisco  Soto,  Gabriel  de  la  Torre, 
and  Andres  Cervantes  in  1835-G,  and  Manuel  R.  Cas- 
tro in  1840.  The  company  varied  ver}'-  irregularly 
from  20  to  50  men  including  invtllidos,  and  the  monthly 
})ay-rolls  from  §570  to  $900.  There  was  generally  an 
artillery  force  of  five  men  under  Sergeant  Jose  M.  Mo- 


i 


ct: 


LOCAL  ANXALS  OF  MONTEREY  DI31MICT. 


ii 


drano  ill  1831-2,  and  Petroiiilo  Rios  in  1839-40.  Au 
infantry  detachment,  the  piijuetede  Hidalgo,  nunibc  :- 
ing  about  25  men,  was  commanded  by  Lieut  ratiicii) 
Estrada  until  his  exile  in  183G.*  Matters  pertainini^^ 
to  the  custom-house,  collection  of  revenues,  and  finan- 
cial administration  at  the  capital  have  been  fully  set 
forth,  including  lists  of  officials,  in  the  two  c]uii)t(r.s 
devoted  to  commerce,  finance,  and  maritime  aftliirs  fur 
the  decade. 

blatters  pertaining  to  the  local  government  and 
the  administration  of  justice  are  appended  at  some 
length."     The  succession  of  municipal  rulers  was  us 

*  Additional  military  items.  18.31.  71  'iiiilitares' with  39  women  aul 
childfon.  18ti'2.  llartncll  aud  J.  B.  Espinosa  connnanding  coinpani'a  cxtrmi- 
gei-a.  Lieut  Mariano  Estrada,  Alf.  Juan  Malarin,  and  Alf.  Fran.  Pacliciij 
callod  into  service.  1833.  Cadet  Fran.  Araujo,  ayudante  do  plaza.  18.;'i. 
Jos(5  M.  C'osio,  id.  1837.  Ramon  Estrada  com.  during  Alvarado's  a1)se!Ke. 
Josi';  M.  Villavicencio  and  Santiago  Estrada  also  named  as  com.  Hefeiciiccs 
for  military  items.  Dej[)t.  St.  Pap.,  B.  M.,  JIS.,  Ixvi.  17;  Ixxiii.  \1;  lx\iv. 
4-.');  Ixxv.  8;  Ixxvi.  '2,  10-11,  5.3,  111;  Ixxviii.  4,  7;  Ixxix.  70,  78,  81;  Ixxx. 
4,  123-4;  Ixxxi.  '2.3,  '20,  44-7,  49;  Ixxxii.  5(i,  ()4-o;  Ixxxiii.  1,  3-5,  (J.");  Ixxxiv. 
5;  Ixxxv.  ();  Ixxxviii.  31,  30;  Vallcjo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  "280,  '201, '293;  ii.  1110;  iii, 
190;  iv.  80-1;  vi.  44-5,  119,  '220,  334,  405;  vii.  ,388;  viii.  '201,  407;  xxii.  ;W; 
xxv.-vi.  passim;  xxxii.  1'2-13,  53,  74,  103,  201;  riiiio,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  8-1,'!; 
Dcpt.  Ike,  MrJ..  ix.  47;  xi.  33;  S.  JosiArch.,  ii.  '29;  iv.  18;  v,  '23,  39;  ,S7.  /'((/,., 
Sac,  MS.,  xiii.  3-4,  7;  xiv.  12-13,  44;  Depl.  St.  Pup.,  iv.  70,  247;  Sdi-nji, 
7>)r.,  MS.,  iv.  312;  St.  Pap.,  Miss.,  MS.,  v.  40;  Sobenuies,  Doc,  MS,,  LSJ-I, 
2oS. 

Dec.  1833.  List  of  live-stock  and  implements  to  he  loaned  by  the  missimis 
for  (i  years  to  form  I'anchos  naciiniales  for  the  Mont,  and  S.  F'co  coiniiimiij, 
Dr/>t.  St.  Pap.,  JJcii.  C.  <t  T.,  MS.,  ii.  79-81.  1834-5,  receipts  from  Sokdad 
pro])crty  as  above  to  the  amount  of  !;jl,513.  Dcjit.  St.  Pap.,  Ii.  J/.,  MS.,  Ixxx. 
1 1.  Xov.  '2,  1834.  Gov.  ordera  Simeon  Castro  and  Trinidad  Espinosa  to  kuve 
the  lands  held  provisionally  by  them,  the  same  being  needed  for  the  natinnil 
j-anclio.  /(/.,  C.  (0  T.,  iii.  14.  Oct.  1835,  controversy  between  tlie  comp.  aad 
ayuut.  for  I'^l  Toro  and  S.  Francisquito,  the  ayunt.  having  claimed  the  fonin-i- 
and  ceded  it  to  Estrada.  Dijtt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  00-0. 

For  matters  connected  with  revenue  and  tinancc  for  1831-5,  see  chap.  xiii. 
this  vol.,  and  for  18.30-40,  chap.  iii.  vol.  iv.  Tiio  oflieials  successively  in 
charge  at  Mimterey  as  administrators  of  customs,  sub-comisarios,  and  cl- 
lector,  were  .To:u]uin  (Jomez  1831-2,  Mariano  Estrada  1832-3,  Riifael  Gou'.al/ 
1833-4,  Angel  liamirez  aud  Jos6  M.  Herrera  1834-0,  Wm  E.  llartncll  ls;!7, 
AiiU)uio  M.  Osio,  Eugenio  Montenegro,  and  JoS(5  Abrego  1838-40.  Lieut.  1'. 
X'arvaez  was  oapt.  of  the  port  1839-40. 

'■Monterey  pueblo  olUcials,  municipal  government,  prefecture,  administra- 
tion of  justice,  and  criminal  record.  1831.  Alcalde  Antonio  Buelna;  reji- 
doros,  iVntonio  Castro,  Juan  fliguera,  Josi?  Maria  Castillo,  and  Joaquin  Al\:i- 
rado;  sindico,  Jose  M.  Aguilar;  secretary,  Jose  Castro;  depositario,  Fran- 
cisco I'acheco;  jueces  de  campo,  Faustino  (lerman  and  Agustin  Martiiu;:. 
Alcalde  auxiliar  Salvador  Espinosa.  Jan.  lOtli,  appointment  of  eomisionalus 
for  missions  of  the  district.  '20th,  police  regulations  in  4  art.  April  lll!i, 
vote  against  buying  a  table-cloth  and  inkstand.  Nov.  '27th,  preparations  f"i' 
clcctiuu,  the  jurisdiction  being  divided  into  4  mauzoiui^,  one  including  tlio 


iSIUNICIPAL  AFFAIRS. 


073 


follows:  Antonio  Buelna,  Salvador  Espinosa,  !Marce- 
liiio  Escobar,  Manuel  Jimeno  Casarin,  David  Spenco, 
Joso  Ramon  Estrada,  Estuvan  Munrds,  Simeon  Cas- 


ranchog.  Full  record  of  meetings  in  Monterey,  Acta/t  del  Ayuiil.,  MS.,  23-43. 
I'clipe  Arceo  for  being  concerned  in  tlio  ileatli  of  Timotco  Lorenzana  has  to 
jKi}'  §25  to  the  widow.  Gabriel  Espinosa  sentenced  to  woik  2  montli.s  for 
Mariano  Castro  for  taking  his  horse.  Mont.  Areh.,  MS.,  vi.  1-2.  April,  .1. 
M.  Kamirez  arraigned  for  death  of  Gomez.  Dept.  Hec,  MS.,  ix.  10.  April- 
May,  Atanasio,  Aguilar,  and  S.agarra  shot  for  stealing.  Sept.,  several  men 
asli  for  license  to  liunt  wild  cattle  in  the  Gavihiu  Mts.  Dept.  St.  I'ap.,  lien., 
P.  yy.,MS.,  iii.  21. 

1832.  Alcalde,  Salvador  Espinosa;  regidores,  Joaquin  Alvarado,  Jose  M. 
Castillo,  Jos(5  Aguilar,  and  Santiago  Moreno;  sindico,  Manuel  Jimeno  Catf:i- 
liu  (excused  as  not  being  for  5  years  a  resident).  Only  the  sess.  of  Jan.  1st 
fur  installation  of  the  new  ayunt.,  Mont.  Actis,  MS.,  43-4,  and  the  organi- 
zation in  Dec.  for  a  new  election,  Mont.  Arch.,  ^IS.,  vii.  3'.),  are  recorded. 
In  March,  on  account  of  non-payment  of  duties  on  brandy  the  school  had  to 
bo  closed. 

1833.  Alcalde,  Marcelino  Escobar;  regidores,  Josj  Aguilar  (or  Avila  ?) 
Santiago  Moreno,  Pedro  Castillo  (succeeded  in  Aug.  by  Simeon  Castro,  who 
was  unwilling  to  serve,  but  was  required  to  do  so),  and  Antonio  llomem; 
f-'ndico,  Santiago  Estr.ada;  Francisco  I'erez  Pacheco,  treasurer;  comisario  do 
policia,  1st  cuartel,  Jos6  M.  Aguila,  suplente  Antonio  do  Sta  Cruz;  2d  cuar- 
tcl,  Ignacio  Acedo,  supl.  Felipe  Vasquez;  capt.  of  the  port,  Juan  !Malarin. 
Munie.  finance,  balance  Jan.  lst§G8;  receipts  for  year  §892;  expend,  scliool 
li^J38;  sec.  ayunt.  and  dip.  $325,  porter  §00,  prisoners  §188,  oifice  ex[).  of 
ayunt.  §39,  miscell.  §128,  siudico's  percentage  on  receipts  §2(J,  lud.  working 
on  the  road  §29,  total  §1,030.  Doc.  Hist.  Cal,  MS.,  i.  77-3;  Mont.  Areh., 
vii.  40-2.  Jan.  4th-llth  police  regulations  in  IS  art.  /(/.;  Dejit.  St.  J'"/'., 
MS.,  iii.  159-03;  Jd.,  Mont.,  ii.  13-17.  Jan.  lOth,  division  of  the  town  into 
2  cuarteles,  and  apjwintment  of  police.  Id.,  22.  Jan.  27th,  prosecution  of 
Scrgt  Solorzauo  for  entering  tlie  prison  of  a  woman  and  causing  scandal.  St. 
Piij).  Sac,  MS.,  X.  24.  March,  prisoners  liavc  nothing  to  cat,  ayunt.  asked 
for  1  meal  per  day.  JJept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.,  P.  <b  J.,  ^IS.,  iii.  87.  April,  a  cal)iu 
boy  of  the  Catalina  sent  to  S.  Bias  to  bo  tried  for  assault  on  the  mate.  /(/., 
Ji.  M.,  Ixxix.  35-0.  July,  choice  of  a  regidor  to  succeed  (."astillo,  who  went 
to  S.  F.  as  receptor.  Id.,  Den.,  P.  <0  J.,  v.  43.  Sept.,  estimate  of  ayunt.  ex- 
penses for  a  year  §988.  J/o«^.  Arch.,  MS.,  xvi.  44. 

1834.  Alcalde  Manuel  Jimeno  Casarin;  regidores,  Simeon  Castro,  An- 
tonio Romero,  John  B.  Cooper,  and  Jose  Joaquin  Gomez  (from  July);  sindico 
.losj  Aguila;  sec.  Jos6  M.  Maldonado,  and  later  Jos6  M.  Mier  y  Teran;capt 
of  the  port  Malarin.  Jan.,  plans  and  estimates  submitted  for  casas  consis- 
toriales.  Deft.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.,  P.  <t  /.,  MS.,  vi.  49.  Feb.,  police  regulations. 
Vollejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxi.  08.  Liquor  tax  in  March-Aiu'il  §215.  Dejif.  St. 
Pap.,  B.  M.,  MS.,  Ixxvi.  3.  May,  Marcos  Juarez,  a  soldier,  tried  by  mil. 
court  for  robbing  the  storehouse,  and  sentenced  to  5  years'  work  at  Sta  Uina 
o;i  the  northern  frontier.  Id.,  Ixxxviii.  22-3.  Juno,  .Joaquin  Alt'aro  an  I  ( Icr- 
trudis  Garibay  accused  of  niurdi;r  of  tlie  soldier  I'^ncarnaeion  Hernandez. 
Xi>  result  recorded.  Id.,  9-18.  A  boy  put  in  prison  for  rape  on  a  child.  St. 
Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  xiv.  44.  Juno  28th,  boundaries  lixeil  by  gov.  provisionally, 
f-o  vaguely  as  to  be  of  no  value.  .SV.  Pd/i.,  .M.  <0  (.'.,  .MS.,  ii.  220.  N'ov., 
ii.-sombly  grants  a  secretary  to  the  ayunt.  at  §20  salary,  the  sindico  having 
s Tvcd.  Leg.  I'ec,  ii.  210.  A  vagrant  sentenced  to  8  months  of  'coloniza- 
i.ion  on  el  tcrritorio.'  Mont.  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  32. 

1835.  Alcaldes  David  Spenco  and  Rafael  Gonzalez;  regidores,  Julm 
(Jjoper,  Joaquin  Gomez,  Rafael  Gomez,  Wm  llartncll,  Jesus  Vallcjo,  and 
Salvador  Espinosa.  (Fran.  '.'.  Pachcco  is  mentioned  in  Oct.);  sindico,  Miguol 

Hut.  Cal.,  Vol.  III.    ii 


\M 


I. 
'    I 


C74 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 


h-\  i 


ti'o,  and  David  Spcnce  again.  In  1831-7  an  aynnta- 
niionto  of  one  or  *wo  alcades,  four  or  six  regidores, 
and  a  sindico,  wae}  elected   each  year  to  serve  the 

Avila;  sec.  Francisco  Castillo  Nogi'cto  to  June,  Jos<S  M.  Maldonado  fnna 
June;  alcaldcrj  auxili.irics,  Loa  Ortegas  (?)  John  Gilroy,  Pilarcitos  Luis  Mesa, 
liuuna  Vista  Santiago  Estrada,  Piijaro  Antonio  Castro,  Soledad  Nicolda  Alviso, 
S.  Carlos  Jos6  Ant.  llonicro;  juecca  do  policia,  Jos6  Castauarcs  and  Anl(juio 
do  .Sta  Cruz;  jucz  del  monto,  Santiago  Duckworth.  Jucces  do  canipo,  I'ihir- 
cito^,  Francisco  Lugo;  Aliaal,  Vicente  Cantna;  Guadalupe,  Guadalupe  (V.u- 
tua;  Carncros,  Joarjuiu  Soto;  La  Brca,  Antonio  Gennan  and  Faustino  (Wv- 
man;  Las  Llagaa,  Carlos  Castro;  Pdjaro,  Ramon  Aniez(qnita);  Montiicy, 
Felipe  Garcia;  Laguna  Seca,  Teodoro  Sanchez;  Buena  Vista,  Mariano  l^straifa, 
Salinas,  Josi5  M.  Doronda.  Majordomo  of  the  ayunt.,  Geo.  Allen.  Jan.  ;5 1, 
teacher  cannot  hegin  \vork  for  lack  of  furniture,  etc.  Jan.  5th,  police  rcgul. 
of  tlio  past  year  adopted.  lOtii,  committee  appt.  to  consider  laml  grants,  mr.l 
one  on  schools.  I'Jth,  building  a  jail.  17th,  limits  of  the  ejidos,  fi'oni  ilio 
mouth  of  the  river  to  Pilarcitos,  to  Laguna  Seca,  bounds  of  S.  Carlos  to  ('afia- 
dii  Honda  and  the  sea.  24th,  schools,  contributions  to  be  solicited;  coin,  to 
form  a  tariff  on  wood;  regulation  of  bread;  31st,  wood  and  timber  tariff  lixerl. 
Feb.  7tli,  proposition  for  a  girls'  school;  a  map  of  the  town  needed  but  vi  ry 
hard  to  make;  appeal  to  govt  for  arms  to  use  against  cattle-thieves;  a  rccdid 
book  for  town  lots  to  bo  obtained;  14th,  trouble  with  the  sindico.  '2Sth,  •). 
B.  Alvarado  chosen  to  solicit  funds  for  tho  girls'  sc!  ',.  March  14th,  one 
real  per  day  to  bo  paid  to  a  watchman  for  the  prisoners  on  public  works. 
CSth,  a  room  rented  for  a  sala  capitular  at  $10  per  month.  AjM-il-May,  pj- 
liticul  and  colony  matters  chiefly.  June  20tb,  the  churcli  transferred  from 
the  military  to  municipal  care.  July  11th,  vote  to  grant  tlie  request  of  Lui 
Angeh^s  for  a  copy  of  tlic  reglamcnto  as  a  model,  but  Angeles  must  pay  tlie 
expense  of  copying.  18th.  action  to  oblige  regular  attendance  at  the  '  normal 
fchool.'  Slow  progress  on  tho  buildings,  as  the  prisoners  were  not  properly 
i.icited  to  woi'k.  Aug.  1st,  Josd  Arana  put  in  charge  of  the  work  and  piisoii- 
crs,  his  salary  to  bo  completed  by  a  contribution.  Lumbermen  must  pay  a 
lax  of  10  per  cent  on  sales.  8th,  ct  seq.,  land  grants  approved.  '2Dth,  vole 
to  pay  §8  for  an  ox  that  died  in  tho  service  of  the  ayunt.  Sept.  12th,  oiga- 
nization  of  militia.  Oct.  3d,  com.  to  provide  lor  a  separate  burial  place  fur 
foreigners.  2Sth.  tiles  borrowed  to  save  the  unfinished  building  from  ruin  by 
the  rains.  Nov.  7th,  serious  complaints  against  the  principal  of  iho  school 
for  neglect  of  his  duties  and  failure  to  attend  to  religious  instruction.  2 1st, 
Romero  tlie  teacher  defends  himself.  Foreign  cemetery  selected.  Dec.  otli, 
vigorous  action  to  be  taken  against  the  horse-thieves,  etc.  Town  well  to  bo 
repaired.  Dec.  IStli,  extra  session  to  consider  the  arrest  by  Capt.  !Muuoz  of 
the  sindico.  The  acts  of  tho  ayunt.  are  recorded  in  full  in  Monterey,  Actus^  dd 
Ajiunt.,  MS.,  40-24t),  it  being  of  course  impossible  to  present  a  satisfactory 
re;nunC!.  I  have  omitted  repetitions  of  matters  noticed  here  and  clsewhorf; 
internal  regulations,  and  leaves  of  absence  to  members;  grants  of  town  lands; 
and  action  on  about  20  grants  of  ranchos  in  tho  district.  Many  of  the  itcina 
given  above  are  also  noticed  in  other  records.  Feb.,  gov.  decides  that  S20  is 
nu  excessive  salary  to  the  sec.  Mont.  Arch.,  MS.,  ix.  .3.  June,  trial  of  Julian 
Padilla  for  passing  counterfeit  onzas.  Id.,  ii.  ,3-G.  Aug.  Jos6  do  Jesus  lier- 
reyesa  condemned  to  .5  years'  presidio  at  Sta  Rosa  for  stealing  horses.  Oct. , 
controversy  between  the  military  and  munic.  authorities  for  tho  possession  of 
the  ranchos  El  Toro  and  S.  Francisquito.  El  Toro  had  belonged  to  the  garri- 
son, but  the  ayunt.  obtained  it  (for  ejidos)  and  granted  it  to  Estrada.  Dept. 
St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  GO-G;  Lep.  liec,  MS.,  ii.  224-5.  There  is  much  in  tho 
ayunt.  recoi'ds  about  the  ejidos,  but  no  definite  results  of  discussion  are  ap- 
paicnt.  Dec,  Engenio  Murillo  sentenced  to  Texas  for  10  years.  Depl.  -5>V. 
Pap.,  Ben.,  P.  A  J.,  MS.,  iii.  47. 

1S36.    Alcaldes  Joso  Rumou  Estrada  and  Marcelino  Escobar;  regidores 


AYUNTAMIENTO  RECORDS. 


C7j 


next;  but  for  only  1831  and  1835  arc  the  records  of 
ayuntamiento  sessions  extant,  those  of  the  latter  year 
being   especially  complete.     In    1838    the  governor, 


Win  Hartnell,  Teodoro  (iomalez,  (also  acting  alcalde),  Bonifacio  Madari- 
aga,  and  Gil  Sanchez  (to  April);  sfndico,  James  Watson;  sec,  Jos6  M.  Mal- 
djuado;  Antonio  Lara,  alguacil.  Jueces  do  canipo  Santiago  Kstrada,  Trinidad 
Espinosa,  Fcliciano  Espinosa,  JosC  Arceo,  Guadalupo  Cantua,  Santiago  CSuiit 
(Jus.  Watt?);  auxiliaries,  Quentin  Ortega,  Jos6  M.  Villavicencio,  Luis  Mesa. 
Comisarios  do  policia,  Jos6  Madariaga,  Francisco  Soto,  JosiS  Abrego,  Joso 
I'acoinio;  suplcntes,  .I086  Sta  Cruz,  Nicanor  Zamora,  Gif  Cano,  Luis  Placen- 
cia.  Ayunt.  records  not  extant.  Jan.,  two  couples  sentenced  to  chain-gang 
and  seclusion  for  illicit  intercourse.  One  of  the  women  v/as  the  wife  of  Cosmo 
l'c;"ia.  Mont.  Arch.,  MS.,  vi.  0-7.  Two  girls  of  the  colony  while  batliing  at 
Iluei'ta  Vieja  were  carried  off  by  Carmcleiio  Ind.,  who  wcro  arrested  and 
flogj'od.  IIiJar,C'al.,  Ms.,  118-19.  April,  ayunt.  allowed  to  use  the  assem- 
bly chamber  temporarily.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.,  P.  A  J.,  MS.,  iii.  31.  Grant 
of  a  town  lot  to  Louis  Pombert.  Doc.  JILit.  CaL,  MS.,  i.  2.15.  June,  gov.  de- 
cides that  Maldonado  may  be  sec.  of  ayunt.  and  assembly.  Le(j.  Hcc,  JIS., 
iii.  '22-3.  Ang.-Oct.,  trial  of  Corporal  Antonio  Cadena,  of  the  piqucto  de 
Hidalgo,  for  the  murder  of  private  Bdrbaro  Larragan  of  the  artillery,  JIo 
was  .sentenced  to  10  years'  presidio  at  Chapala;  and  a  woman  in  the  case  to 
2  years  confinement  at  S.  Jos6  mission.  JJept.  St,  Pap.,  lien.,  MS.,  Ixxxii. 
2[)-r)4;  Ixxviii.  2-3. 

1S;57.  Alcaldes  Est^van  Munriis  and  perhaps  MarccHno  Escobar.  Mun- 
riis  is  often  mentioned  as  2d  alcalde,  and  Escobar  is  named  onco  in  Dec.  Tho 
only  regidorea  named  are  Simeon  Castro  and  Donifacio  Madariaga.  Mont, 
Arch.,  MS.,  vi.  7;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  An;/.,  MS.,  ii.  107.  Juez  do  campo  ]v,i- 
fcmio  Soto.     Fragmentary  police  regulations  in  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxii.  GO. 

IS.'JS.  Alcaldes  (or  encargados  do  justicia)  Simeon  Castro  and  Fcliciano 
Sobcranes;  secretary  Florencio  Serrano.  Jan.  10th  (or  Aug.  lOtli)  bando  of 
police  regulations.  Dept.  St.  Pap,,  Mont.,  MS.,  iii.  GO-8;  Sla  Cruz  Arch., 
MS.,  85-0. 

]So9.  Prefect  of  1st  or  Monterey  district,  with  headquarters  at  S.  Juan  do 
Castro,  Jos6  Castro  appointed  Feb.  28th,  and  installed,  making  a  patriotic 
speech  March  10th;  salary  §2,000.  His  secretary  was  Jos(5  11.  Covarrubias. 
Castro  was  required  to  give,  up  the  military  command.  During  his  tempo- 
rary absence  in  May,  Juan  Ansar,  the  juez  de  paz  at  S.  Juan,  acted  as  p:e- 
fcct.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  247-S;  xvii.  44;  Id.,  S.  J.,  v.  21.  20,  50;  /-/., 
Ilont.,  iii.  78;  iv.  4,  78,  81;  Id.,  Ang.,  x.  12-13;  xii.  14;  Id.,  Ben.,  P.  r,  J., 
iii.  2;  Id.,  G.  &  T.,  iv.  28;  Mont.  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  4;  xvi.  28;  S.  Jox6  Arch., 
MS.,  ii.  72;  iii.  30-1;  Dept.  liec,  MS.,  x.  7;  Unh.  Doc,  MS.,  242;  Vallejo, 
Doc,  MS.,  viii.  407;  xxxii.  183;  Estiidillo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  255:  Gomez,  Doc, 
MS.,  39.  Encargados  de  justicia  Castro  and  Soberanea  as  before  till  April. 
Juccca  de  paz  from  May,  David  Spcnce  and  Estcivan  Munrds;  secretary  at 
8300,  and  collector  at  commission  of  5  per  cent,  Manuel  Castro,  juez  aaxiliar 
Vicente  Cantua.  Feb.  instructions  to  comisarios  do  policia.  Vallejo,  Doc, 
MS.,  xxxii.  170.  April,  justices  fined  §20  by  gov.  for  permitting  a  game  of 
bagatelle  on  holy  days.  Fine  for  benefit  of  school.  Dept,  St,  Pap.,  Mont., 
Ms.,  iv.  12.  Alcalde  Castro  by  order  of  the  prefect  decides  to  appoint  juccca 
de  paz  at  Mont.,  S.  Cdrlos,  Salinas,  Natividad  or  Alisal,  S.  Cayetano,  Car- 
neadero,  and  S.  Luis  Obispo  ranches.  Mont,  Arch,,  MS.,  ix.  C.  April  29tli, 
elections  to  take  place  on  May  1st.   Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  vi.  497. 

1840.  Prefect  Jos6  Castro  until  his  departure  with  tho  Graham  exiles  in 
May,  after  which  Jos6  M.  Villavicencio  acted  ad  interim  until  August  20tii 
when  Tiburcio  Castro,  father  of  Josd,  waa  appointed.  Francisco  Arce  was 
secretary  until  Dec. ,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Manuel  Castailares.  Dept. 
Bee,  MS.,  xi.  lC-18,  31,  60;  Arch.  Doc,  MS.,  19;  Dtpt.  St.  Pap,,  Mont., 


676 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 


liaviiig  accepted  the  Mexican  central  system,  abol- 
ished the  town  council  and  appointed  an  encargado 
to  serve  temporarily  until  the  new  organization  could 
be  efiected;  and  accordingly  in  1839-40  a  juez  de 
])az  was  at  the  head  of  affairs.  Also  in  1839  Josu 
Castro  was  made  prefect  of  the  first  district  with 
headquarters  at  San  Juan,  his  father,  Tiburcio  Castro, 
succeeding  him  in  1840.  Excepting  the  Castaiiarcs- 
Herrera  cases,  noted  elsewhere  in  connection  with 
tlio  political  troubles  to  which  they  contributed,  tlio 
administration  of  justice  at  Monterey  furnishes  very 
little  matter  that  is  either  interesting  or  instructive; 
nevertheless  the  criminal  record  with  other  details  of 
municipal  affairs  are  believed  to  be  worth  preserving. 
Private  ranches"  mentioned  in  the  records  as  having 

MS.,  iii.  84;  Id.,  Ben.  P.  y  J.,  iii.  13;  Mont.  Arch.,  MS.,  ix.  30.  Juez  de 
p;iz  David  Spence  and  perhaps  Estdvan  Munrds;  juez  auxiliar  Joaquin  Buclnii 
at  Pilarcitos;  capt.  of  the  port  Pedro  Narvaoz.  Simeon  Castro  is  also  naiiRd 
as  alcalde.  April  7th  while  the  town  was  under  martial  law  on  account 
of  the  arrest  of  foreigners  Diego  Felix  murdered  liis  wife  and  her  un- 
born child,  for  which  crime  he  was  shot  by  tho  governor's  order  within  I'i 
hours.  Vallejxj,  Doc,  MS.,  ix.  108;  Pinto,  Apunt.,  MH.,  45-9;  C'ctstro,  RiL, 
MS.,  57-GO.  July,  gov.  organizes  and  instructs  a  patrol  forco  to  protect  tho 
district  against  Ind.  and  other  robbers.  Dcpt.  St.  Paji.,  St.  Joh<^,  MS.,  v.  58- 
00.  Aug. -Sept.,  tho  jurisdiction  of  the  juez  delined  as  extending  to  IJio  do 
Soledad,  including  Aiisal,  Sauzal,  Espiuosa's  ranoho,  Bol:ja  Nucva,  all  the 
ranchos  of  the  Salinas,  Tucho,  to  tho  Carmelo  boundary.  Dcpt.  St.  Pi  p., 
Jlout.,  MS.,  iv.  23;  M07U.  Arch.,  MS.,  ix.  2G-7.  Dec,  owners  of  shops,  etc. 
must  keop  a  light  before  their  doors  till  10  p.  m.,  even  if  the  shop  is  closed. 
/(/.,  .SO-l;  Dcpt.  Pec,  MS.,  xi.  2!7.  Additional  references  for  the  list  of  town 
onicials.  Mont.  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  28;  ii.  1,  3,  8,  12;  iii.  2-4;  v.  1;  vi.  3-9,  21; 
vii.  40,  43,  C2-G;  ix.  3,  9,  25-7;  xi.  12,  14;  xvi.  IG,  23;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Mont., 
MS.,  ii.  21-2;  iv.  82;  iii.  93;  vi.  10,  28,  3G,  38;  S.  Jos6  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  40-7; 
ii.  50;  iii.  40,  103;  iv.  15,  18,  51;  v.  32,  39-40;  vi.  27,  38;  Dept.  St.  Pap., 
MS.,  iii.  <J5,  102,  1C7;  iv.  249;  xiv.  2;  xvii.  2,  3;  Id.,  Ben.,  P.  y  J.,  iii.  30, 
47-S,  79,  84,  88;  vi.  37;  Id.,  Ben.,  ii.  3;  vi.  74,  310;  St..  Pap.,  Mm.,  MS.,  v. 
40;  Id.,  Sac,  xi.  G9;  xii.  10;  xiv.  7,  13;  Id.,  Misi.  it- CW. ,  ii.  229,  235,  353-G; 
Le;/.  Pec,  MS.,  i.  348;  ii.  202;  iii.  22-3;  Comcz,  Doc,  MS.,  24-5,  33. 

'Ranchos  of  Monterey  district,  1831-40.  Those  marked  with  a  *  were 
rejected  by  tho  land  commission  or  U.  S.  courts.  Aguajito,  J  1.,  granted  in 
1S;55  to  Gregorio  Tapia,  who  was  the  claimant.  Aguajito  (Sta  Cruz  Co.),  500 
v.,  18.')7,  Miguel  Villagrana,  who  was  cl.  Aiisal,  IJ  1.,  1834,  Fcliciano  So- 
beranez  et  al. ;  B.  Bonial  cl.  In  18.30  Soberancsand  37  other  persons  lived  on 
the  rancho.  Aiisal,  §  !.,  Wm.  E.  Hartnell,  who  was  cl,  Animas,  or  Sitio  de 
la  Brca  (Sta  Clara  Co.),  24,000  acres,  conf.  in  1835  to  Josefa  lioniero  de  Cas- 
tro, who  was  cl.  In  1830  she  and  her  family,  IG  persons,  were  living  at  Las 
Animas.  At  the  same  time  Antonio  German  and  32  persons  were  living  at 
La  Brca.  See  also  Canada  de  S.  Felipe  y  Las  Animas.  "Arias  Rancho,  1  1., 
1939,  Francisco  Arias;  A.  Canil  et  at.  el.  Aptos  (Sta  Cruz  Co.),  1  1.,  1833, 
Rafael  Castro,  who  was  cl.  Aromitas  y  Agua  Caliente,  3  1.,  1835,  Juan  M. 
Auiiur,  who  was  cl.    Arroyo  de  la  Laguua  (Sta  Cruz  Co.),  1840,  Gil  Sanchez; 


PRIVATE  RANCHOS. 


677 


been  granted  or  occupied  during  the  decade  number 
about  95,  the  popuUition  of  which,  at  the  end,  as  al- 
ready noted,  was  about  550  souls,  or  about  one  third 


wore 
ntcd  in 
o.),  500 
mo  So- 
iveil  on 

itio  do 
de  Cas- 

at  Las 
ving  at 
10,  1 1., 
.,  1S33, 
xan  M. 
aucbez; 


J.  and  S.  Williams  cl.  Arroyo  do  la  Purisima,  see  Cafiada  Vcrdo.  Arroyo 
del  Rodeo  (Stu  Cruz  Co.),  1.^  1.,  1834,  Fran,  llodrigucz;  J.  Ilamea  ct  al.  cl., 
AiToyo  Scco,  4  1.,  1840,  Joaciuiu  do  la  Tori'c,  who  wa.i  cl.  Ballcna,  sec  lliu- 
loii  lio  llallcna.  Bolsa  Xucva  y  Moro  Cojo,  8  1.,  ISlT),  183()-7,  1S44,  Simeon 
I 'astro;  M.  Antonia  Picode  Castro,  cl.  Bolsa  del  Piijaro  (SUi  Cniz  Co.),  '2  1., 
1^:37,  Sebastian  Rodriguez,  who  was  cl.  Bolsa,  sec  also  S.  Cayetano,  S.  Fe- 
lipe, Kscorpinas,  and  Chaniisal.  Brca,  seo  Animas,  liucna  Espcranza,  see 
I'hieinal.  IJucnavista,  2  1.,  1822-3,  Santiago  and  Jos(5  Mariano  Estrada;  Ma- 
riano Malarin,  Attorney  for  Estrada,  and  David  Spencc  cl.  The  Estrada 
brotliera  with  families,  .34  persons,  lived  here  in  1 83G.  Butano  (Sta  Cruz  Co. ), 
1  1.,  U)o8,  1844,  llamona  Sanchez;  M.  Rodriguez  cl.  Calabazns,  seo  Cafiada 
(1;;  C.  Canada  Honda,  18.3o,  Angel  Ramirez.  Le<j.  lice,  MS.,  ii.  225;  ^fonl., 
.icfaa  ih'l  Ayinit.,  MS.,  114.  Not  brought  before  the  L.  C.  Canada  de  8. 
I'clipo  y  las  Animas,  1839,  Thomas  Bowen;  C.  M.  Weber  cl.  Canada  do  la 
Segiiuda,  1  1.,  1839,  Ldzaro  Soto;  A.  Randall  et  al.  cl.  Caiiada  Verde,  18.36, 
mentioned  by  Janssens,  Vida,  MS.,  (37-8,  as  having  been  granted  by  Gov.  Chico 
to  Francisco  Castillo  Xegrcte,  but  the  grant  was  not  completed  on  account  of 
the  political  troubles.  Canada  V'enle  y  Arroyo  dc  la  Purisima  (Sta  Cruz  Co. ),  2 
1.,  18.'!8,  Josij  M.  Alviso;  J.  A.  Alviao  cl. ;  Carboncra  (Sta  Cruz  Co.),  i  1.,  1838, 
Win  Buckle,  who  wascl.  Carncros,  1  1.,  1S34.  David  Littlejohn,  whose  heirs 
v.eic  cl.  *  Chamizal,  1  1.,  18.35,  Felipe  Vasquez,  whose  heirs  were  cl.  Ap- 
jirovcd  by  theayunt.  in  18.35.  Chamizal  (Bolsa  dc),  1837,  Francisco  Quijada; 
L.  T.  Burton  ol.  Cluialar  (Sta  Rosa  de),  2  1.,  J 839,  Juaa  Malarin,  whose  exec- 
utor w;i3  cl.  Joai|uin  and  Fnuicisco  Estrada  with  2  servants  lived  on  the 
rancho  iji  1S.3().  *  Corral  de  Padiila,  2,(K)0  v.,  183(),  Baldomero;  M.  Antonia 
lico  do  Castro  cl.  Corral  de  Tierra,  1830,  (Juadalnpc  Figueroa;  H.  D.  JIc- 
(\)IA>  cl.  Coi'ralitos  (Sta  Cruz  Co.)  not  yet  granted,  but  occupied  in  1830  by 
l;^naoiii  Coronel  and  family,  12  persons  in  all.  Encinal  y  Buena  Espcranza,  3 
1.,  l.iol,  1839,  David  Spencc,  who  was  cl.  Vicente  Felix  as  majorclomo  with 
5  othcr.s  living  hero  in  1830.  Escorj]inas  (Escarpinas  or  Escorpioncs  ?)  2  1., 
1837,  Salvador  Espinosa,  who  was  cl.  *  Espi'ritu  Santo  (Lonia),  1S39,  M. 
dil  E.  S.  Can-illo,  who  was  cl.  Los  Oatos,  or  Sta  Rita,  1  1.,  1820,  1837,  Jos(3 
Trinidad  Espinosa,  whose  heirs  were  cl.  Guadalujic,  1840,  D.  Olivera  and 
T.  Arcllanes,  who  were  cl.  Guadalupe  or  Llanito  do  los  Correos,  2  I.,  1833, 
.luan  Malarin,  whose  executor  wascl.;  occupied  in  1830  by  Guadalupe  Cantua 
as  ma  jordomo  and  8  persons.  Laguna,  see  Arroj'o  dc  la  L.  Laguna  dc  las 
Calabazas  (Sta  Cruz  Co. ),  2  1.  1833,  Felipe  Hernandez;  C.  Morse,  cl.  Laguna 
Scca,  li  1.,  1834,  C.  'SI.  de  Munras,  who  was  cl.;  occupied  in  1S3G  by  Teo- 
doro  Moreno  as  majordomo  and  0  others.  Laureles,  H  1.,  1839,  J.  M.  Bo- 
roiida  et  al.,  who  were  cl.;  the  grant  of  Canada  do  Laureles  to  Jos6  Ant.  Ro- 
mero was  approved  by  the  ayunt.  in  1835.  Llagas,  0  1.,  1834,  Carlos  Castro; 
!Murphy  cl.  (Sta  Clara  Co.),  Carlos  and  Guillormo  Castro  with  11  other 
]iersons  lived  on  tho  rancho  in  1836.  Llano  do  Tequisquite,  ^  1.,  1835,  J.  ^L 
Sanchez,  who  wascl.  Llano,  sec  Buenavi.sta.  Llanito,  see  Guadalupe.  Loma, 
see  Espiritu  Santo.  Milpitas,  1838,  Ignacio  Pastor,  who  wascl.  5loro  Cojo, 
seo  Bolsa  Nucva.  Rancho  Nacional,  2  1.,  1839,  Vicente  Cantua  who  was  cl. ; 
occupied  in  1836  by  Francisco  Mesaas  majordomo  and  7  others.  Tho  Huerta 
dc  la  Nacion  was  asked  for  in  1835  by  Capt.  .L  A.  Mufioz,  and  approved  by 
tho  ayunt.  Natividad,  2  1.,  18.37,  Manuel  Butron  and  Nicolas  Alviso;  Ramon 
Butron  ct  al.  cl.  M.  Burton  and  others,  29  in  all,  lived  on  the  rancho  in  1836. 
Noche  Bucna  (Huerta  do  la  Nacion?),  1  1.,  18.35,  Jos6  Ant.  Munoz;  -Tose  and 
Jaime  dc  Puig  Mouniany  (?)  cl.  Ojitos,  see  Poza.  Piljaro,  sec  Vega  del  Rio; 
also  Bolsa  del  P.  Palo  de  Yesca,  seo  Shoquel.  Parage  de  Sanchez,  U-  1., 
1839,  Francisco  Lugo;  Juaua  Briones  dc  Lugo  cl.    Patrocinio  (Alisal  ? ),  occu- 


m 


C78 


LOCAL  AXXALS  OF  MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 


of  the  total  population  of  the  district.  Except! n<^, 
however,  the  padron  of  183G,  showing  the  iiaiue.s  uiitl 
numbers  of  inhabitants  at  that  time,  we  have  no  sut- 


pied  in  1S30  by  Hartnoll,  P.  Short,  and  13  colegialea  with  servants,  etc.,  44 
liursoiia  in  all.  Pcscadcro,  1  1.  18.30,  Fabian  Ijaretto,  who  was  cl.  PcscaiUio 
or  S.  Antonio  (Sta  Cruz  Co.),  J  1.,  1S33,  Juan  Josd  Gonzalez,  who  wuh  cl. 
Picdra  lilanca  (S.  Lnis  Obispo  Co.),  1840,  Jesus  Pico,  who  was  el.  PilarcitD^; 
cxpcdicnto  of  Gabriel  Espinosa  in  18.35.  Doc.  Hist,  Cat.,  MS.,  i.  485;  giant 
of  a  tract  to  Luis  Mesa  approved  by  ayunt.  in  1835;  occupied  in  1830  by  .los.j 
M.  Arceo,  Grcjjorio  Tapia,  and  others,  40  in  all;  not  before  L.  C  Pisiiio,  2 
1.,  1840,  Jos6  Ortega;  Isaac  Siiarks  cl.,  in  S.  Luis  Obispo  Co.  Potrero,  sue  S. 
Curios;  also  S.  Pedro.  Poza  do  los  Ositoa,  4  1.  1839,  Carlos  C.  Espinosa,  w  !io 
was  cl.  Pueiite  del  Monte,  see  Rincon.  Puntado  Pinos,  2  1.,  1833,  1S44,  .Insi 
M.  Arincnta,  Joso  Abret'o;  J.  P.  Lei'so  cl.  Puriaima,  see  Caflada  Virlc. 
*  Qiiicn  Sabc,  0  1.,  1830,  Fran.  Castillo  Nogrete,  who  was  cl.  (S.  Joaquin  Co.) 
•Refugio  (Sta  Cruz  Co.),  1839,  Maiia  dc  los  Angeles  Castro  ct  al.;  J.  L. 
Majors  cl.  *Rincon  do  la  Ballcna  (Sta  Cruz  Co.),  I  1.,  1839,  Jos(5  C.  Ijcnml; 
S.  Itodriguez  cl.  Rincon  do  la  Puento  (Punta?)  del  Monte,  7  1.  18.30,  Tcodoio 
Gonzalez,  who  was  cl.  in  1835  the  grant  to  Felipe  Aguila  was  approved  by  tlio 
ayunt.  Rincon,  sec  Salinas,  also S.  Pedro.  Rinconada del  Zanjon,  HI.,  IS  10, 
Euscltio  Boronda,  who  was  cl.  Rosario,  bpcS.  Francisco.  Rodeo,seo  Arroyodul 
R..  Rosa  Morada,  see  S.  Joaquin.  Sagrada  familia,  see  Bolsas.  Salina.s,  11., 
1830,  Cjabriel  Espinosa,  who  was  cl.  .Salinas  (Rincon)  4  1.,  1833,  Cristina  Dcl- 
gado;  Ramon  Estrada  el.  In  1830  Salinas  was  occupied  by  Jos(5  M.  Boroiula, 
Bias  Martinez,  and  others,  78  persons  in  all.  Salsipuedes  (Sta  Cruz  Co.)  M., 
1834,  1840,  Manuel  Jiineno  Casarin;  Jaines  Blair  et  al.  cl.  San  Andre's  (Sta 
Crnz  Co.),  2  1.,  1833,  Joaquin  Castro;  G.  Castro  cl.  S.  Antonio,  occupied  in 
1830  byJosiS  Ant.  Castro  and  family,  15  persons.  The  identity  of  thisraucliui^ 
uncertain.  See  also  Pescadero.  S.  Bernabd,  see  S.  Justo.  S.  Bernardo,  1  1., 
1840,  Vicente  Cand,  who  was  cl.  .S.  Cdrlos  (Potrero),  1  1.,  1837,  Fructuoso:  .1. 
Gutierrez  cl.  S.  Cayetano  (Bolsa),  21.,  1824,  1834,  Ignacio  Vallejo;  J.  J.  Va- 
llejo  cl.  In  Doc.  Jllst.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  123,  are  some  papers  relating  to  the  Pico 
claim  on  this  rancho.  Jesus  Vallejo  and  15  persons  occupied  the  ranclio  in  ls;i,i. 
S.  Felipe,  3  1.,  1830,  F.  D.  Pachcco;  F.  P.  Pacheco  cl.  S.  Felipe  (Bolsa)  i21., 
1840,  F.  D.  Pacheco;  F.  P.  Pacheco  cl.;  occupied  in  1S30  by  Rafael  do  la 
Mota  and  7  others.  S.  Francisco  del  Rosario,  occupied  in  18.30  by  An;_;i.l 
Castro  and  13  other  persons  (perhaps  Paicines  granted  to  Castro  in  184"2).  .S. 
Francisquito,  21.,  1835,  Catalina  M.  de  Munras;  Josd  Abrego  cl.  Occupied 
in  1830  by  Juan  Rosales  as  majordomo  with  family,  etc.,  9  persons.  S. 
Gregorio  (Sta  Cruz  Co.),  4  1.,  1839,  Antonio  Buclna;  E.  Buelna  et  al.  cl.  S. 
Isidro,  1  1.,  1833,  Quintin  Ortega,  who  was  cl.  (Sta  Clara  Co.)  Occupied  in 
1830  by  Ortega  and  37  persons.  S.  Joaquin  or  Rosa  Morada,  2  1.,  1830,  Cruz 
Cervantes,  who  was  cl.  *S.  Jos6  y  Sur  Chiquito,  2  1.,  1839,  Mjircelino  Esco- 
bar; J.  Castro  cl.  The  grant  of  Sur  Chiquito  to  Tcodoro  Gonzalez  was  ap- 
proved by  the  ayunt.  in  1835.  S.  Juan  y  Cajon  do  Sta  Ana,  1837,  Juan  I'. 
Ontiveros,  who  was  cl.  S.  Justo,  4  1.,  1839,  Jos6  Castro;  F.  P.  Pacheco  el. 
*S.  Justo  el  Viejo  y  S.  Bernabd,  0  1.,  1830,  Rafael  Gonzalez;  Ellen  E.  White 
et  al.  cl.  S.  Matias,  occupied  in  18.30  by  Joaquin  Soto  and  family,  14  per- 
sons (not  in  L.  C.  cases  under  this  name;  Soto  was  gr.anted  El  Piojo  and 
Canada  de  Carpenteria  later).  S.  Miguel,  occupied  in  1830  by  Trinidad  and 
Salvador  Espinosa,  21  persons  (the  grant  of  Canada  de  S.  Miguel  to  Josi'i  M. 
Andrado  was  approved  by  the  ayunt.  in  1835).  *S.  Pedro,  Potrero  y  Piin- 
con  do  (Sta  Cruz  Co.),  1838,  Josd  R.  Buelna.  *S.  Vicente  (Sta  Cruz  Co.),  2 
1.,  1839,  Antonio  Rodriguez,  who  was  cl,  S.  Vincente,  2  1.,  18.35,  Francisco 
Soto  and  S.  Munrds;  Conccpcion  Munnis  et  al.  cl.  (La^  Pozas  was  approved 
to  Soto  in  18.35  by  the  ayunt.)  *St:i  Ana  y  Sta  Anita  (S.  Joaquin  Co.),  0  1., 
1330,  Francisco  Caslillo  Xcgretc;  Jodefa  M.  do  C.  N.  cl.    Sta  Ana,  see  S. 


SAN  CARLOS  MISSION. 


m 


isfactory  statistics  nor  any  record  of  events  at  the 
ranchos  beyond  the  occasional  nicntiou  of*  a  few  iu 
connection  with  general  annals  of  the  territory. 

Padre  Ramon  Abftlla  remained  in  charge  of  ]Mis- 
sion  San  Cdrlos  until  1833,  when  he  was  succoedeil 
hy  the  Zacatecan  Josd  Marfa  del  Refugio  Sagrado 
Suarez  del  Real.  There  is  extant  neither  record  of 
secularization  or  other  events,  nor  statistical  informa- 
tion for  any  part  of  the  decade;  but  I  apj)end  the 
few  scattered  items  that  can  be  found.'     Seculariza- 

Juan.  Sta  Cruz  Co.  ranchos,  see  Aguajito,  Aptos,  Arroyo  de  la  Lagnna, 
Arroyo  del  Rodeo,  Bolsa  del  Pajaro,  Biitano,  Canada  V'crde,  Carhoncra,  Cor- 
ralitos,  Laguna  de  Calabazas,  Pcscadcro,  Refugio,  Ikincon  do  la  IJalk'iia, 
Salsipucdcs,  S.  Andrews,  S.  Oregorio,  S.  Pedro,  8.  Vinccnte,  ISayaiite,  and 
Slionuel.  Sta  Manucla,  1S37,  Francis  Branch,  who  was  cl.  (S.  Lni.s  Oi>ispo 
Co.)  Sta  Rita,  see  Los  Catos.  Sta  Rosa,  see  Chualar.  Saucito,  1\  1.,  IS.'i;*, 
Cirnciano  Manjares;  J.  Wilson  ct  al.  cl.;  occupied  by  M.  and  fani.,  8  persons, 
in  1830.  Sauzal,  '2  1.,  1834,  184.'>,  Jos6  Tiburcio  Castro;  J.  P.  Lcese,  cl. ; 
occupied  in  1830  by  Martin  Olivera  and  fain.,  10  persons  in  all.  *Say,into 
(Sta  Cruz  Co.),  3 1.,  1833,  Joaquin  Buelna;  N.  Catiicart  cl.  Slioquel  and  Palo 
do  Yesca  (Sta  Cruz  Co.),  4  1.,  1833-4,  1844.  Martina  Castro,  wlio  was  cl. 
Sur,  2  1.,  1834,  J.  B.  Alvarado;  J.  B.  R.  Cooper  cl.  Sur  Chiqnito,  sc(!  S. 
Josu.  Toro,  li  1.,  183j,  Ramon  Estrada;  C.  Woltcrs  cl. ;  mucli  tr(>ul)lo 
about  the  right  of  the  .ayuut.  to  grant  this  rancho,  which  was  claimed  l)y  tlio 
military  company.  Trinidad,  occupied  by  Sebastian  liodrigucz,  etc.,  40  per- 
sons in  18.1G  (not  before  L.  C.  under  this  name;  but  Rodriguez  was  granted 
2  ranchos  in  Sta  Cruz  Co.)  Tucho,  occupied  by  Cruz  Cervantes  mnjonloiuo 
and  10  others  in  1830;  parts  of  the  rancho  granted  after  IStO;  the  grant  to 
Manuel  lioronda  and, Bias  Martinez  approved  by  ayuut.  in  1S35.  Tularcitos, 
0  1.,  1834,  Rafael  Gomez,  whoso  widow  was  cl.  Vega  del  Rio  del  IVij  iro, 
8,000  acres,  1820.  Ant.  M.  Castro;  J.  M.  Anzarcl. ;  not  mentioned  in  tliis 
decade.  Verjclos,  2  1.,  1S3j,  Jos6  Joaquin  Gomez;  J.  C.  Stokes  cl. ;  occupied 
in  1830  by  14  persons,  Eusebio  Boronda  being  majordomo.  Yesca,  see 
Shoquel.  Zanjones,  li  1.,  1839,  Gabriel  do  la  Torre;  Mariano  Malarin  cl. 
Zanjon,  see  also  Rinconada.  Also  the  following  ranchos  without  names: 
Antonio  Romero,  1840;  Jas  Meadows  el.  Francisco  Perez  Pucheco,  2  1., 
1S:J3,  id.  cl.  •Hermenegildo,  500  v.,  183'),  Id.  cl.  Manuel  Larios,  1  1.,  1S30; 
Id.  cl.  Mariano  Castro,  1839;  Rulina  Castro  cl.  Estdvan  Espinosa,  i  1., 
1840;  Henry  Cocks  cl.  Ranchos  approved  by  the  ayunt.  in  1835  and  not 
mentioned  above;  Los  Pajincs,  or  Paiciaes,  to  Angel  Castro;  not  named,  near 
Soledad,  to  Jos(5  Cantor;  Cliichiguas,  near  S.  Juan  B.,  to  Rat'acd  Ooi-zalez; 
not  named,  S.  Luis  Cbispo  region,  to  Simeon  Castro.  See  IloJ'inan's  Hcpoiia 
and  Monterey,  Actas  del  Ayuut.,  MS. 

'San  Cd;Io3  events.  1831.  Provisions  of  Echcandia's  decree,  or  the 
Padr(-3  plan,  never  carried  into  effect;  Manuel  Crespo  being  appointed 
comisionado;  visit  of  Gov.  Victoria;  rol>bery  of  the  mission  storehouse  by 
Aguilar  and  Sagarra.  This  vol.,  p.  183,  190,  305-7.  1832-3.  No  record 
except  of  the  change  of  padres  in  the  latter  year.  P.  Duran  favored  tlie  par- 
tial secularization.  /(/.,  319,  335.  1834.  No  record  of  secularization.  July 
8th,  the  assembly  permits  a  moderate  slaughter  of  cattle  to  pay  debts.  Leg, 
J'fc,  MS.,  ii.  148.  The  majordomo  forbidden  by  the  gov.  to  punish  Ind., 
some  of  tliem  having  complained  of  being  beaten.  JJept.  St,  Pap,,  Ben,, 


m 


i 

1 

,  1 
■  m 

Ii 

680 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 


tion  vms  cfFoctoil  in  1834-5,  Joa([uiii  Gomez  hc'iwif 
coniisionado,  HUccocdecl  l)y  Josd  Antonio  Konioro  an 
nuijordornio.  There  was  but  little  mission  property 
loft  in  1834,  and  none  at  all  except  the  ruined  buildinL,^s 
in  1840.  The  neor)lwtes  numbered  about  150  at  tlio 
time  of  secularization,  and  I  suppose  there  were  30 
left  in  Carmelo  Valley  at  the  end  of  the  decade,  with 
perhaps  50  more  in  private  service  in  town  or  on  the 
ranehos. 

At  San  Luis  Obispo,  the  southernmost  mission  of 
the  disti'iet,  Padre  Gil  y  Taboada  continued  to  serve 
as  minister  till  his  death  at  the  end  of  1833,  in  which 


MS.,  V.  .'18-40.  Joaquin  Gomez  wns  probably  appointed  comisionailo  this 
year.  Thin  vul.,  p.  354.  Vo',\T).  Josii  Ant.  Konicro  iidiuiiiistrator  put  in 
cluiri;c  by  (Jonioz,  according  to  Torro,  Iiciiiiii.,  JIS.,  37-H,  wlin  say.s  that  tlio 
Ind.  rapidly  got  rid  of  tlieir  sliaro  of  tlio  livc-atock,  and  that  ]tomcro  tcochcd 
Ilia  own  rancho  with  tlio  mission  cattle  and  sheen.  July.  CJos'.  Fiyueroa'n 
plan  to  cstaljlish  a  mi.ssion  rancho  of  GOO  cattfu,  1,0(;0  sheep,  ancl  a  few 
liorsca  for  the  support  of  the  padres  and  worship;  but  the  president  declined 
to  pernut  the  friai's  to  take  charjje  of  such  an  e.slablishinent.  Tliia  vol.  \k 
351;  St.  P(ip.  J/(.s,t.  iiiid.  Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  ;W4-5.  July  lilst,  P.  Real  asks  tiio 
gov.  to  order  the  mnjordoino  to  detail  the  Imrses  for  his  ministerial  duties  as 
agreed  on  by  the  gov.  and  president.  Jd., ',]?>'.).  l!S30.  Kuschenberger,  Nan:, 
ii.  407,  visited  S.  Carlos,  and  describes  the  niifsion  as  in  ruins  and  neaily 
abandoned;  Ihou^^h  he  found  8  or  10  Ind.  at  work  repairing  tho  roof.  ISIJT. 
I'ctit-Thouars,  Voywjc,  ii.  llSctseq.,  gives  a  melancholy  description  of  the 
prevalent  dilapidation;  but  Ik;  found  1'.  Real,  who  '(it  lea  honniuira  dc  sea 
mines,'  and  two  or  three  families  of  Ind.,  who  lived  in  tho  nnsston  buildings, 
living  on  shell-fish  and  acorns.  1S3S.  "Ho  reconl.  1S39.  Juan  Roaales, 
juoz  do  paz.  Marcclino  I'^scobar  jucz  iuterino  in  March.  March  llth,  in- 
ventory of  buildings,  'J.')  rooms,  apparently  turned  over  by  I*.  Real  to  Escobar, 
tho  padre's  habitation  and  other  rooms  being  reserved  as  church  property. 
Di'i't.  St.  J'ep.,  MS.,  xvii.  .'j-O.  Ajiril  lOtli,  prefect  to  jiiez;  an  Ind.  must 
return  and  live  with  his  v]fo.  Doc,  Jl'txt.  Cat.,  M.S.,  i.  400.  Oct.  5.  Mis- 
sion owes  SlliO  to  Escobar  an-l  Rafael  Gonzalez.  Pico.  Pap.  Mis.,  MS.,  47- 
5i.  Laplace,  Cumpa'^^'j:,  \i.  V;Oi,  gives  a  view  of  tho  mission  as  it  was  in  this 
year.  1840.  Nov.  llth,  guv.  orders  the  oncargado  to  surrender  to  Jesus 
Mollno  some  lands,  hou"..  ^  co.,  held  by  Jose  Aguila.  Dipt.  Pec,  JIS.,  .\i. 
48.  Farnham  visited  ami  described  tho  forsaken  buildiuga  of  'San  Carmelo.' 
According  to  the  reglanicnto  of  this  year,  tho  govt  was  to  continue  to  man- 
age S.  Ciirloa  'according  to  circumstances.'  Vol.  iv.,  p.  CO. 

Statistics  of  S.  Carlos  1831-4,  entirely  lacking.  Statistics  of  1770-1 834  (only 
estimates  for  the  last  four  years).  Total  of  baptisms,  3,0r)7,  of  which  l,7i!0 
adult  Ind.;  1,300  Ind.  children;  17  and  838  do  razon;  annual  average  of  lad. 
411.  Total  of  marriages  l.Oli.'),  of  which  109  de  razon.  Deaths,  '2,885,  of  which 
1,305  Ind.  adults;  1,137  Ind.  children;  194  and  189  do  razon;  annual  average 
38;  average  death  rate  8. 17  per  cent,  of  pop.  Largest  pop.,  921  in  1794;  sexes 
very  ne.irly  equal;  chililren  1-3  to  1-5.  Largest  no.  of  cattle,  3,000  in  1819- 
21 ;  houses,  1,024  in  1800;  mules,  70  in  1780;  sheep,  7,000  in  1805-12;  goats, 
400  in  1793;  swine,  25  in  1783;  all  kinds,  9,749  animals  in  1809.  Total  pro- 
duction of  wheat,  43,120  bush.,  yield  10  fold;  barley,  55,300  bush.,  15  fold; 
maize,  23,700  bush.,  56  fold;  beans,  24,000  bush.,  2o  fold. 


SAN  LUIS  OBISPO. 


081 


year  Patlro  Ramon  Abulia  canio  down  from  tlio  north 
to  take  his  pliicn,  roniainui^'  throughout  Iho  deoado. 
Padro  Ft'li[)o  Arroyo  do  la  Cuusta  was  jVljulla's  asso- 
ciate in  1833-5.**  The  statistical  record  of  San  Luis 
is  comparatively  complete,  and  shows  that  down  to 
1834  the  establishment  lost  but  slightly  in  popula- 
tion, having  2G4  neophytes  in  that  year;  gained  some- 
what in  live-stock,  especially  in  sheep;  but  had  little 
success  in  agricultural  operations."     Alter  the  secu- 


"Liiia  Gil  y  Tiiboada  was  one  of  tlio  fow  Mexican  Fcniamliiios,  though  of 
Spanish  \turciitiigu  ami  hiniself  intuimcly  Spuuish  in  fuoliii;,'.  llo  wa.s  lioiii  at 
( Jiiaiia.juato,  May  1,  177.1,  l)ccitniin}^  a  Franciscan  at  l'nel)iito(k!  QuiTrtaro  in 
17!*-,  joining  the  S.  Funiamlo  collej,'u  iu  KS()0,  and  bein^;  sent  to  (,'al.  in  ISOI. 
lie  sorvuil  a3  a  missionary  at  S.  Francisco  in  ISUl-'i,  18;)4-."),  iSiO-'JO;  at  S. 
.lo.su  in  1802-^,  Sta  Jni'a  in  180()-1(»,  Sta  'Uihara  iu  ISIO-IJ,  S.  (Jabriil  iu 
1S1;;-14,  Puii.sinia  in  1S15-17.  S.  liafacl  iu  KSi7-l!»,  Sta  CVnz  in  lS'J()-:!0,  and 
S.  Lnia  Obispo  iu  1820,  IS.IO-.'J.  Ilia  siiperioia  gave  iiini  credit  for  nioic  than 
averago  merit,  notiuy  the  fact  that  ho  saved  many  soula  by  the  LVosaveau 
iipcialiou,  but  ho  waa  often  iu  bad  health.  AtttubliKj.  Aiitotj.  ili- li  n  /'ndnii, 
ilS. ;  Sarria,  Inf.  sohre  Fntiin,  IS17,  MS.,  51-5;  I'ai/ti\t,-i  Inf.  dc.  IS.'O,  MS., 
\>.  i;i7-8.  In  1814  ho  Ijlcssed  thu  corucr-stono  of  the  Los  Aiigele.s  cliurch; 
iii  ISlli  ho  asked  leave  to  ruiiro,  having  more  than  fiillilled  liia  contract  with 
thu  king  in  10  years  of  Bervice,  '  quo  lo  han  i)arccido  otros  tantos  si^lo'i;  iu 
1S17  was  tho  founder  of  S.  Rafael,  being  tluia  the  lirst  to  introduce  chVistian- 
iiy  north  of  tho  bay;  in  1S21  lio  waa  aakcd  to  Ijeconio  pastor  of  Los  Augclca, 
declining  on  account  of  ill  health;  again  in  1S2.">  and  ISIiO  he  tried  hard  to 
get  a  license  for  departure;  and  in  IS.'J.'J,  while  recognizing  his  destiny  to  die 
iu  the  country,  ho  declared  that  ho  waa  tired  of  mission  all'airs.  It  was  at 
his  own  request  and  against  tho  wishc.)  of  1'.  Jimeuo  that  ho  was  given  charge 
of  S.  Luis.  Ho  waa  a  man  of  much  nervous  energy  and  coiisideral)le  execu- 
tive ability,  with  a  ccrtiiin  skill  iu  medicine  and  suigoi-y,  and  a  knowledge  of 
s.;veral  Indian  languages.  To  iiia  neopiiytcs  ho  was  indulgent  and  was  well 
liked  by  them,  beinj;  very  free  and  familiar  in  his rclationa  with  them— some- 
what too  much  so  in  tho  case  of  tho  women  it  is  said,  ani.1  it  is  charged  that 
his  infirmities  of  body  were  aggravated  by  syphilitic  complications.  Ju  1S21 
he  was  accused  of  improper  intimacy  with  ii  married  woman  who  often  visited 
his  room  and  was  found  in  his  bed  by  tho  hu>jljaud  undi.  r  errcumstances  hardly 
explained  by  tho  padre's  plea  of  serviced  as  amateur  phy.sician;  but  his  supe- 
liora  were  inclined  to  regard  him  as  innocent,  though  imprudent.  Arch,  Ar- 
zib.,  MS.,  xii.  JlOO-l.  In  Ucc.  183."1,  at  the  rauclio  of  Sta  ^largarita  wliero 
he  had  gone  to  say  mass  for  tho  Ind.  occupied  in  pluntiii;j,  ho  was  attacked 
by  dysentery  and  vomiting  of  blood,  and  died  ou  the  l.")th.  lie  was  buried 
next  day  in  the  mission  chui'ch  on  tho  gospel  side  near  the  presbyl'jry,  by  I'. 
Juau  Cabot.  Gtirrra,  Doc,  M.S.,  i.  'JKJ-T. 

"Statistics  of  S.  Luia  Obispo  18^1-4.  Docrcaao  in  pop.  2S.i  to  2G4.  Bap- 
iLma  20;  9  iu  1831;  4  iu  1SS2.  Deaths  115;  38  iu  IS.TJ;  19  iu  1n;54.  In- 
crease in  largo  stock  3,740  to  3,800;  horsca  aud  mules  IJAO  to  HOD;  sheep 
1,000  to  3,440.  Largest  crop  900  bush,  in  1834;  smalle.'it  550  in  183.;;  aver- 
ago  745  bush.,  of  which  490  wheat,  yield  8  fold;  12  barley,  3  fold;  105  maize, 
30  fold,  27  beans,  7  fold;  and  1 15  of  various  grains,  30  fold. 

Statistics  of  1772-1834.  Total  of  baptisms  2,057,  of  which  1,277  Ind. 
adults,  1,331  Ind.  children,  49  children  do  ra^on;  annual  average  42.  Total 
of  marriages  775,  of  ■which  23  do  razon;  annual  average  12.  Total  of  deaths 
2,318,  of  which  1,429  Ind.  adults,  877  Ind.  children,  4  and  8  do  razon;  annual 


4P   i 


682 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  IIONTEREY  DISTRICT. 


larizotion  the  number  of  neophytes  was  gradually  re- 
duced to  170  at  the  end  of  the  decade;  and  live-stock 
decreased  about  50  per  cent  in  the  five  years,  only 

average  32;  average  death  rate  7. 30  per  cent,  of  pop.  Largest  pop.  8o2  in 
1S03.  M.alca  in  excess  to  1798,  females  later;  children  J  to  ^  and  even  k.s:j 
at  last.  Largest  no.  of  cattle  8,900  in  1818;  horses  1,594  in  1799;  mules  ;U0 
in  1830;  asses  1.34  in  1817;  sheep  11,000  in  1813;  goats  515  in  178G;  swino 
'210  in  1788;  all  kinds  'J0,8-20  animals  in  1813.  Total  product  of  wlic:it 
110,101  bush.,  yield  11  fold;  barley  1,375  bush.,  4  fold;  maize  20,923  bush., 
104  fold;  beans  3,.'595,  22  fold;  miscell.  grains  3,150  bush.,  20  fold. 

Statistics  of  18.35-40.  Feb.  5,  1835,  pop.  253.  St.  Pap.,  J\Iis8.,  MS.,  x.  0. 
April  28,  1835,  P.  AbcUa  gave  letters  of  attorney  to  A.  M.  Ercilla  to  collect 
of  U.  Sanchez,  Mazatlan,  SO, 390  duo  the  mission.  Guerra,  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  17. 
Dec.  1.3,  183G.  Inventory  of  the  estate;  buildings,  goods,  produce,  tools,  tte. 
^13,4,jS;  live-stock  .^M9,109;  fdbrica,  §5,000,  garden  $0,858;  Sta  Margarita 
ranc ho  §4,039;  9  sitios  of  land  §9,000;  church  and  ornaments  $7,257;  library 
and  musical  instruments  §519;  credits  §5,257  (besides  the  §9,390  duo  from 
Urbano  Sanchez  as  above);  total  §70,709.  Increase  over  inventory  of  lS3.', 
§7,057,  besides  §100  given  to  troops,  §333  debts  paid,  and  §1,285  in  clotlis 
etc.  to  Ind.,  total  gain  S9,.370.  No  debt  mentioned.  SL  Pap.,  Mhs.,  MS., 
vii.  57-9.  Jan.  1837,  admin,  ordered  by  Gcu.  Castro  to  deliver  §1,200  iu 
produce,  and  there  an;  other  similar  orders  of  smaller  amounts.  Id.,  05. 
March  19th,  credits  §5,384;  debts  §770.  Id.,  57.  Jan.  1839,  credits  !:i:)4.3; 
debts  §2,304;  inventory  801,103.  /'/.,  00-3.  July30th,  HartneH'a  inventory, 
etc.;  pop.  170;  1,084  cattle,  1,200  horses,  2,500  sheep,  10  mules;  15/  hides, 
53  arr.  tallows  21  arr.  lard,  300  arr.  iron,  100  arr.  wool,  388  fan.  grain,  etc. 
Id.,  59-00;  llarlncU,  Diario,  MS., 24.  Debts  to  5  person8§987.  Pico,  Pup., 
IJis.,  MS.,  47-51. 

liecoi'd  of  events.  1831.  Status  under  Echeandia's  decree  of  no  effect, 
except  tliat  J.  13.  Alvarado  vas  appointed  comisiorado,  and  a  comisario  ap- 
parently chosen.  This  vol.  p.  300-7.  1833.  Mules  stolen  by  N.  Mexicans. 
/(/.,  390.  Lat.  and  lonj,'.  ol)served  by  Douglas,  fd.,  404.  Death  of  P.  (iil. 
Two  neophytes  robbed  the  church  and  shops,  confessing  the  crime;  but  dur- 
ing the  trial  one  died  and  the  other  escaped.  Uept.  St.  Pap.,  B.  M.,  MS., 
Ixxvi.  .",3-0.  April,  Isidro  Ibarra  reports  to  gov.  that  the  N.  Mex.  sell  liquor 
to  the  Ind.  and  insult  him.  Needs  a  guard,  else  ho  will  have  to  shoot  some- 
body. Id.,  Ixxix.  23-9.  1834.  Part  of  the  colony  hnre.  This  vol.  p.  207. 
S.  Luis  to  bo  a  ]iarish  of  the  2d  class  under  the  reglamento.  Id.,  384.  \K]T). 
Secularization  in  Oct.  by  Manuel  Jimeno  as  comisionado,  Santiago  ^Moi'cno 
being  at  the  same  time  appointed  majordomo,  or  administrator.  St.  Pup., 
J/JftV)'.,  MS.,  ix.  14-15.  1830.  !ManuelTrujillo,  administrator  until  Dec.  13t!i, 
wlien  Moreno  again  takes  charge  (or  perhaps  Moreno  had  not  accepted  the 
appointment  in  1835,  Trujillo  taking  his  place).  Id.,  vii.  57,  01,  03.  In  Sept. 
tlie  Ind.  had  trouble  with  Trujillo  and  several  of  them  went  to  Monterey  to 
lay  tlieir  grievances  before  tlie  govt  in  a  long  memorial  written  by  P.  Meicadi) 
at  S.  Antonio  and  signed  by  them  with  crosses  on  Oct.  5th.  The  document 
represented  the  neophytes  as  living  in  slavery,  being  grossly  ill-treated, 
starved,  and  overworked,  naming  several  instances  where  women  had  died 
fur  want  of  a  little  atolc.  Several  Ind.,  however,  came  from  S.  Luis  to  tes- 
tify that  the  charges  were  false;  andlinally  the  complainants  themselves  test i- 
licd  to  the  same  ellcct.  Tliey  said  they  had  a  very  different  complaint  about 
some  cattle,  which  the  padre  advised  them  to  lay  before  the  govt.  P.  Abella 
cai:io  with  them  to  S.  Antonio  where  P.  Mercado  wrote  out  their  complaint. 
m  they  supposed,  and  obtained  their  signatures.  They  were  much  surpriscil 
to  'earn  the  nature  of  the  document  they  had  signed!  VurrUlo(J.),  Dor.,  ^iS., 
.35-0,  39-45  (including  the  original  memorial);  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  li.  M.,  MS,, 
lxx;:ii.  9-27.     1838.    Moreno  still  in  charge.    Some  of  Castro's  prisoners  sent 


SAN  MIGUEL, 

horses  showing  an  increase,  and 

stolen  by  New  Mexican  'traders'  in  1840.  Most  of 
the  cattle  however  were  wild,  and  only  slight  reliance 
was  placed  in  agriculture.  The  inventory  showed  a 
valuation  of  about  $70,000  in  1836,  and  §00,000  in 
1839,  after  which  there  are  indications  that  the  loss 
was  rapid.  Secularization  was  effected  in  1835  by 
Manuel  Jimeno  Casarin,  whose  successors  as  major- 
domos  or  administrators  were  Manuel  Trujillo  in  1835 
G,  Santiago  Moreno  in  183G-9, 
1839-40,  and  Vicente  Cane  from  November  1840. 

At  San  Miguel,  the  next  mission  proceeding  north- 
ward. Padre  Juan  Cabot  remained  at  his  post  until 
his  departure  from  California  in  1835,  and  his  succes- 
sor Juan  Moreno  until  after  1840.  Padre  Arroyo 
do  la  Cuesta,  of  San  Luis,  spent  much  of  his  time  hero 
in  1833-5,  as  did  Padre  Abella  in  1839  40.'''     Under 

here.  Tills  vol.,  p.  555.  June,  P.  Abella  represents  affairs  ns  in  a  bad  way; 
tliero  are  some  gentiles  that  might  be  converted  if  there  was  any  iuduccnicnt 
in  the  shape  of  food  an<l  clothing.  Guerra,  Doc,  MS.,  rii.  O.').  Oct.  Oth, 
adinin.  complains  of  tho  insolence  of  the  native  alcaldes.  Needs  a  guard.  St. 
Pop.,  Mix.,  MS.,  ix.  74-5.  Nov.,  complaints  of  robberies  by  Ind.  and  Kng- 
lisliiiien.  I  rt//rjo,  i>oc.,  MS.,  V.  2U0.  1839.  Moreno  is  succeeded  in  May  by 
Juaa  r.  Ayala.  >S7.  Pax>.,  Mis.,  MS.,  vii.  CI;  ix.  74-C;  Depf.  Pec.  x.  10. 
A.  was  also  cncargado  do  justicia.  Victor  Linares  was  made  majordouio 
under  Ayala  in  May,  but  removed  in  Oct.  by  llartnell's  advice  to  save  his 
salary  of  §20  and  tho  cost  of  supporting  his  largo  fam.  H.  in  July  found  tho 
Ind.  very  content,  but  fearful  of  losing  the  rancho  which  Sra  Filomena  Pico 
do  Pomliert  hail  asked  for.  H.  aatLorized  the  slaughter  of  200  bulls  for  tlio 
purchase  of  clothing.  /(/. ,  x.  b;  Jfartnell,  JHario,  MS.,  4,  25, 33, 4(i.  S.  Luis 
was  the  southern  bouiulary  of  tho  jst  district.  This  vol.,  p.  585.  1840. 
Ayala  was  succeeded  by  .  icento  Cami  in  Nov.  Dept.  J'cc,  MS.,  xi.  40. 
Felt.,  120  mares  exch;i!.{'ed  for  (10  cattle.  Vidhjo,  Doc,  MS.,  ix.  50.  Death 
of  Angel  Ramirez  at  S.  Ijuia.  This  vol.,  p.  587.  April,  stealing  of  1,200  mis- 
sion horses  by  tho  Oiaguanoaos.  Vol.,  iv.  p.  77.  Nov.  19th,  gov.  to  cncar- 
gado; Ind.  must  prepare  to  unite  with  those  of  H.  Miguel  (?).  Dcjit.  Pic,  MS., 
xi.  43.  Sept.  11th,  llartnell's  visit.  Ho  found  tho  Ind.  desirous  of  being 
left  under  the  padre's  care.  JJlarlo,  MS.,  93.  Avila,  ( Wtw  (/n  C'a/. ,  MS.,  21- 
5,  says  that  under  C'anO's  care  t)io  mission  went  entirely  to  ruin.  §0,000  w:ia 
iJoug'as'  cstijnato  of  exports  from  S.  Luis  and  Purisima.  Vol.  iv.  p.  80.  In 
il/cW«s'  Diary,  MS.,  (i-7,  is  described  a  cavo  at  the  anchorage  used  by  the 
'1 ;.  lers  in  hides  and  tallow. 

■"Juan  Cabot,  a  brotiier  of  Padre  Pedro  Cabot,  was  born  at  Bnilola,  Isl. 
of  Mcallorca,  in  .luuo  1781,  becoming  a  Franciscan  at  Pulnia  in  1790,  coming 
to  Mexico  in  1804  and  to  Cal.  in  1805.  Ho  served  at  I'uri-^ima  in  1805-0,  at 
S.  Mij^'ucl  in  1807-10,  at  S.  Fraucisco  in  181y-20,  at  i^oled;id  in  18:.'l-4,  and 
again  at  S.  Miguel  in  1824-35.  liated  by  his  superiors  us  a  zcalou.q  mission- 
ary of  medium  capacity.  Autobio(j,  Aiitoij.  de  loi  Piuh('.-<,  MS.,  iSarria,  Inf.  de 
1S17,  MS.,  58-9;  Poijeran  Inf.  la^O,  MS.,  1.13-4.  Ke'tini"  :.,  Life  in  <  'at.,  84, 
dcsciibes  him  as  a  tall,  robust  man  with  tluj  rough  frauta.uese  of  a  sailor,  cele> 


6S4 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 


the  ministrations  of  these  I'riars  the  neophyte  popula- 
tion fell  off  from  684  to  599  in  1834,  and  to  350  or 
less  in  1840.  There  was  a  gain  in  cattle  and  not  a 
very  marked  loss  in  crops  down  to  the  date  of  secu- 
larization;" but  later  the  falling-off  was  much  more 

brated  for  his  good  humor  and  hospitality.  Indeed  he  waa  known  aa  '  el  ina- 
rlucro'  in  contrast  with  hia  digniiicd  brother  Pedro,  'el  caballcro.'  In  IS  It 
he  made  a  tour  among  the  gentile  tribes  of  the  Tulares,  and  his  narrative  ap- 
pears in  my  list  of  authorities.  He  tried  unsuccessfully  to  get  a  license  to 
retire  in  1819;  in  1820-1  served  as  secretary  to  Prefect  Payeraa  in  his  tour  of 
inspection;  and  in  1826  declined  to  take  tlie  oath  to  republicanism.  Jloro 
fortunate  than  his  brother,  Fray  Juan  at  last  secured  bis  passport.  Dec.  20, 
1834,  Ciov.  Figueroa  orders  the  payment  of  §400  to  the  tViur,  who  after  ;ji) 
years'  service  is  about  to  return  to  his  own  country,  proposing  to  embark  'ii 
the  Calij'orma.  Depf.  -S'<.  Pap.,  B.  M.,  MS.,  Ixxix.  52.  He  probably  doprr  i.  l 
early  in  1835.  According  to  an  article  in  the  6'.  /'.  IhUlrtin,  April  2.">,  loOv 
I'adre  Cabot  was  heard  of  in  Spain  by  Bishop  Aniat  in  1850  and  died  a  Ikt'  ; 
later, 

"S.  Miguel  statistics  of  1831-4.  Decrease  of  pop.  684  to  599.  Baptisms 
152  (including  26  adults  in  1834);  largest  no.  94  in  1834;  smallest  12  in  l.s;i2. 
Deaths  253;  largest  no.  87  in  1834;  smallest  32  in  1832.  Increase  in  largo 
stock  4,900  to  5,140;  horses,  etc.  1,120  to  920;  sheep,  etc.,  7,500  to  5,!).;1. 
Largest  crop  2,044  bush,  in  18.32;  smallest  1,087  i>usli.  in  1831;  average  1,033 
busli.,  of  which715bush.  wheat,  yield  0.4fold;  480 barley,  11  fold;  108 maize, 
32  fold;  37  beans,  8  fold;  135  miscell.  grain,  21  fold. 

Statistics  of  1835-40.  Inventory  of  March  20,  1837;  main  buildings  of 
the  mission  cuadro  §37,000;  raucheria  or  Indians'  houses,  74  rooms,  of  adobts 
and  tile  roofs,  §3,000;  goods  in  warehouse,  implements,  furniture,  and  ma'uu- 
facturing  outfit,  §5,043;  garden  with  100  vines  and  fence,  §584;  ranchos,  S. 
Simeon,  Sta  Itosa,  Paso  do  llobles,  and  Asuncion,  witli  buildings  §10,211; 
vineyards  of  Aguago  and  Sta  Isabel  with  5,500  vines,  §22,102;  live-stock  (in- 
eluding  §2,400  in  wild  cattle  at  La  Estrclla)  §20,782;  crops  growing  §3.57; 
credits§900;  total§82,800;  dpbts§231.  ,S7.  /'«/>.,  J/(.«.,  MS.,  viii.  24-6.  Jan. 
31,  1839,  administrator's  account  for  1837-8;  inventory  on  taking  chargo 
§79,208  (why  not  §82,800?),  additions  to  goods  in  store  §G,0C2,  supplied  to 
troops  (?)  §9,001,  cellar  §807,  cattle  §1,340,  total  charged  §90,508;  paiil  to 
employe's,  etc.,  §4,748,  supplies  to  neophytes  of  home  products  §4,381,  id.  for- 
eign goods  §2,030,  house  expenses  §l..302,  paid  out  for  goods  and  jirodiuo 
§4,409,  live-stock  purchased  §3,457,  toial credited §20,588;  balance,  or  prosLMit 
valuation  §75,919.  As  will  bo  noticed  this  account  is  not  wholly  intelligible. 
]iy  the  en<l  of  Juno  the  valuation  had  been  reduced  to  §74,703.  Salary  li.-t; 
admin.  §o00,  clerk  §240,  two  majordomoa  each  §144,  total  §1,328;  credits  in 
Jan.  §278;  debts  §947.  Population  in  Jan.  525  at  the  mission  and  75  absent. 
/(/.,  16-23.  Aug.  1839,  HartncU'a  census  and  inventory.  Pop.  301  souls; 
900  cattle,  249  horses,  3,800  sheep,  28  mules,  52  asses,  40  goats,  44  swine,  700 
fan.  grain,  etc.  IlarUieV,  Diario,  MS.,  25;  St.  Pap.,  Miss.,  MS.,  viii.  15. 

Statistics  of  1797-1834.  Total  of  baptisms  2,588,  of  wluch  1,2S5  Ind. 
adults,  1,277  Ind.  children,  20  children  de  razon;  annual  average  of  Ind.  07. 
Total  of  deaths  2,038,  of  which  1,225  Ind.  adults,  790  Ind.  ciiildren,  6  ami  1 1 
de  razon;  aimualaveidgc53;  avcragcdeathratc6.''' perecntof  pop.  Largest 
pop.  1,076  in  1814;  sexea  about  equal  to  1805,  males  in  excess  later;  children 
about  i.  Largest  no.  of  cattle  10,558  in  1822;  horses  1,560  in  1822;  mules 
1 10  in  1817,  sheep  14,000  in  1820;  goats  CO  in  1834;  swine  245  in  1813;  assoi 
69  in  1818;  nil  kinds  24,393  animals  in  1822.  Total  product  of  wheat  72,r.lt 
bush.,  yield  12  fold;  barley  9,727  bush.,  9  fold;  maize  0,417  bush.,  08  fold; 
buana  640  bush.,  7  fold;  miscell.  grains  1,344  bush.,  15  fold. 

Summary  of  events  etc.     1831.  Status  under  Echcaudia'a  dctre>',  JosiS 


SAN  mauEL. 


685 


rapid.  The  mission  was  secularized  in  1836  by  Ig- 
nacio  Coronol ;  and  Inocente  Garcia  was  tlie  adminis- 
trator in  1837-40.  The  inventory  of  transfer  showed 
a  valuation,  not  including  church  property,  of  $82,000, 
which  in  the  middle  of  1839  had  been  ^-educed  to 
$75,000.  There  were  several  ranches  with  buildings, 
and  two  large  vineyards,  none  of  the  lands  being 
granted  to  private  ownership  during  the  decade.    The 

Castro  being  appointed  comisionado,  and  the  Ind.  manifesting  a  preference 
for  the  old  system.  Nothing  done.  This  vol.,  p.  306-8.  1833.  Jan.,  P.  Cabot 
to  gov.,  announcing  election  of  native  alcaldes  and  regidores.  Gomez,  Doc, 
A1S.,'J"J.  Feb.,  alargetiuantity  of  growing  wheat  destroyed  by  flood.  Vallcjo, 
JJoc,  MS.,  xxxi.  4.  Mrs  Ord,  Occurrcnciaa,  MS.,  69,  visiting  the  mission 
this  year  noted  the  prevalent  prosperity  and  the  large  amount  of  property, 
tlicre  Ijcing  a  notable  change  for  the  worse  at  her  next  visit  two  years  later. 
Lat.  and  long,  as  taken  by  Douglas.  This  vol.,  p.  404.  1836.  June  30th, 
isccnlariziition  considered  in  the  diputacion.  Lirj.  liec,  MS.,  iii.  23.  July  14tli, 
Ignacio  Coronel  put  in  charge,  probably  as  comisionado,  at  $600  salary.  Cor- 
oiifl,  Doc,  MS.,  189.  Sept.  30th,  P.  Moreno  writes  that  on  the  coming  of 
tiic  admin,  all  propertj'was  distributed  among  the  Ind.  except  the  grain,  and 
of  that  they  carried  oti' more  than  half .  G?(rrrrt, />oo.,  MS.,  vii.  4.  Oct.  16th, 
P.  AboUa  writes  that  P.  Moreno  refuses,  very  properly,  to  render  accounts; 
and  the  govt  seems  disposed  to  bother  the  padres  in  every  possible  way.  Car- 
rillo  (■/.),  Doc,  MS.,  37.  1837.  Inocente  Gai'cia  tjikes  possession  as  adminis- 
trator by  inventory.  March  30th,  Mariano  Bouilla  served  as  his  clerk.  (lar- 
cia,  Ilri-hox,  M.S.,  73-4,  relates  that  on  one  occasion  a  party  of  men  under 
Isaac  liraha:'.)  forced  the  doors  of  the  monjerfa,  after  which  G.  abolisheil  the 
institution,  leaving  each  family  to  cai-e  for  their  women.  G.  says  he  raisjed 
large  crops  until  he  found  it  was  of  no  use,  as  there  was  no  market  and  there 
N.at.  more  food  than  the  Ind.  could  eat.  He  gives  many  details  in  a  confus(^d 
way  .iljout  S.  Miguel  affairs.  The  Ind.  Avere  addicted  to  theft  and  could  not 
111-  caiitroUed.  Ilerho.i,  57  et  se(i.  1838.  P.  Moreno  complains  bitterly  of  his 
p')v  viy  .,nd  the  disappearance  of  tiie  mission  property.  Giterra,  ])nc,  MS., 
\.\'<.  2-3.  1839.  Garcia  still  admin.,  I)ut  Bonilhi  acting  in  Juno-July.  Man- 
'.'•(•,  Arch.,  MS.,  ix.  12;  St.  Pnp.,  .Ml-^ti.,  MS.,  x.  18.  Hartnell's  vi.sit  was 
1 :).'.  \y  i)?  A  ug.  His  reports  do  not  indicate  a  bad  state  of  affairs,  thougli  tli'jre 
V'  li' !i,  I,  iiute  pp  i.iing  about  some  blankets  whicli  the  Ind.  claimed  not  to 
J...  p  '  ^.I'.'i  distributed;  p.nd  at  their  request  he  dismissed  the  majordomo  at 
S.  Siiueou,  Maiuiel  Ortega.  The  Ind.  wished  to  have  no  administrator  aiul  to 
lie  left  witli  the  padre — anytliing  for  a  change.  They  were  also  afraid  of 
losing  tlioir  lands  at  S.  Simeon,  Asuncion,  Paso  de  Robles,  and  SUi  Kosii;  but 
tlioy  were  willing  to  spare  La  Estrella,  Ciiolam,  Giicgiiero,  and  ('afiamo. 
Orders  were  given  to  investigate  the  case  of  men  said  to  bo  'cuereando'  or 
killing  cattle  for  their  hides  on  tiio  mission  lands;  also  permis.sion  for  P.  Mo- 
reno to  cultivate  tlie  Huerta  ile  Asuncion  on  his  own  account.  In  Nov.  there 
were  complaints  from  the  admin,  that  the  Ind.  were  running  away,  and  from 
tlie  padres  tliat  Garcia  was  not  obeying  the  visitador'a  insiructions,  Hogging 
the  ind.  excessively,  and  otherwise  inteifering  with  the  padre'.s  prerogatives. 
l/arfin'l,  Diarin,  MS.,  25-7,  34,  47-8,  83-4.  Aug.,  a  inajordomo  poisoned 
by  two  Ind.,  who  were  arrested  for  the  Tnurder.  St.  Pap.,  Mm.,  MS.,  x. 
18.  Ilartnell's  instructions  for  the  administrator,  including  repairs,  con- 
centration of  industrios,  payment  of  debts,  etc.  Id.,  riii.  17-20.  1840.  No 
record,  Ilaitncll  was  here  in  Sept.  but  says  nothing  of  niiasion  aflfairs.  JH- 
ario,  MS.,  93. 


\ 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 


Indians  lived  at  the  ranches  as  well  as  at  the  mission 


proper,  and  were  somewhat 


unmanageable 


at  times, 


on  account  of  their  intimate  relations  with  the  Tula- 
refio  gentiles;  yet  though  the  padre  complained  of 
poverty  and  mismanagement,  the  absolute  ruin  of  tlio 
establishment  does  not  appear  to  have  begun  until 
after  1840. 

Padre  Pedro  Cabot  remained  at  San  Antonio  until 
1834,  and  Padre  Jesus  Maria  Vasquez  del  Mercado, 
onv    '>^'  ^Ue   newly   arrived    Zacatecanos,  succcech'nsi' 


that  year,  remained  till   1839,  to  be 


SUC- 


Cabc 

ceedeci  .  his  turn  by  Padre  Jose  de  Jesus  Mann 
Gutierrez.  Down  to  1834  the  neophyte  population 
was  reduced  by  deaths  from  681  to  5G7;  and  five 
3'cars  later  Visitador  Hartncll  found  270  living  at 
the  mission  and  its  adjoining  ranchos,  though  as  the 
number  was  reported  as  520  in  the  same  year,  it  is 
likely  that  in  1840,  there  were  500  Indians  connected 
with  the  establishment,  half  of  the  number  being  scat- 
tered at  some  distance."     Live-stock  decreased  about 


'-'S.  Antonio  statistics  1831-4.  Decrease  in  pop.  681  to  507.  Baptisms 
CI;  17  in  1S32,  9  in  1834.  Deaths  184;  08  in  1833,  38  in  1832.  Loss  in  lur^^'o 
Btock  5,000  to  2,540,  horses  and  mules  1,000  to  540;  gain  in  sheep  10,000  t ) 
1 1,000.  Largest  crop  2,718  bnsh.  in  1832;  smallest  2, 100  bnsh.  in  1833;  aver- 
ago  2,448  Imsli.,  of  which  1,527  wheat,  yield  10  fold;  555  barley,  15  fold;  lOS 
uiaizo,  50  fold;  30  beans,  19  fold;  159  miscel.  grains,  33  fold. 

statistics  of  1835-40.  Sept.  10,  1835.  Inventory  of  produce,  implements, 
furniture,  and  goods,  $7,883.  Si.  Pap.,  Mm.,  MS.,  vi.  10.  April  27,  lS3;t 
(1835?).  Inventory;  credits  (?)  $18,042,  buildings  $11,197,  vineyards,  imple- 
ments, furniture,  and  goods  in  store  $22,071,  ranchos  (S.  Carp6foro?,  S.  Bar- 
tolomii  or  Plcito,  Tulo,  S.  Lucas,  S.  Benito,  S.  Bernab^,  S.  Aliguelito,  Ojitos, 
S.  Timotco,  and  S.  Lorenzo)  $.32,834,  live-stock  $1,000;  total  $!)3,122,  bc- 
eidcs  churcli  property  $7,017;  but  there  should  bo  deducted  $10,880  for  p  "op- 
crty  distributed  among  the  Ind.  Si.  Pap.,  Misi^.,  v.  51-3.  May  3,  18.3 J,  a 
niiuuto  and  descriptive  inventory  of  church  property,  total  value  $7,017. 
Pico,  Pap.  Mis.,  MS.,  17-2.5.  Inventories  of  Sept.  7,  IS.'JG,  deducting  debts, 
$35,703;  Dec.  30,  1830,  $30,355;  Sept.  1,  1837,  $37,039,  and  without  date 
$35,399  (apparently  none  of  these  including  lands  or  buildings).  Si.  Pap. 
JiJi>s.,  MS.,  viii.  27-29.  General  accounts,  not  intelligible,  Sept.  10,  1835, 
on  delivery  to  Ramirez,  debit  $15,587;  credit  $15,093,  balance  $4S9.  Dee.  31, 
1830,  Andradc  to  Abrcgo,  dr.  $.35,703;  cr.  $38,892;  gaia  $3, 188.  Sept.  1, 1837, 
Abrego  to  Villavicencio,  dr.  $30,121;  cr.  $41,477;  gain  $5,350.  /(/.,  3S-9. 
IS.'iO.  Feb.,  salaries,  $500  to  padre,  $500  to  admin.,  and  $180  each  to  two 
majordomos.  Iil.,  37.  Pop.  in  Jan.  ace.  to  Pico's  report  520,  including  53 
absent.  IJ.,  30.  Pico's  accounts  of  Oct.  1838  to  April  1840  show  an  excess  of 
expenditures  over  receipts  of  $500.  Id.,  33-7.  Aug.  fl,  1839.  Hartnell's 
census  and  inventoi-y;  pop.  270;  1,402  cattle,  300  horses,  2,012  sheep,  15 
mulca,  9  swiue;  130  hides,  240  fan.  graio,  114  arr.  tallow,  10  arr.  lard,  100 


SAN  ANTONIO. 


687 


50  per  cent  before  1834,  except  sheep,  in  which  there 
was  a  small  gain;  but  by  the  end  of  the  decade  cattle 
and  horses  had  lost  another  50  per  cent,  and  sheep 


arr.  wool;  crops  in  good  condition.  ITartndl,  D'lnrio,  MS.,  27;  St.  Pap.  Miss., 
MS.,  viii.  30.  Debts  $499,  including  those  to  Jos6  M.  .^guila,  clerk,  and 
Manuel  Lopez,  ex-llavcro.  Pico,  Pap.  Mis.,  M.S.,  47-51. 

Statistics  of  1771-1834.  Total  of  baptisms  4,4oG,  of  which  1,701  Ind. 
adults,  2,587  Ind.  children,  1  and  107  gcnto  de  razon;  annual  average  US. 
Total  of  deaths  3,772,  of  which  2.000  Ind.  adults,  1,703  Ind.  children,  u  and 
4  gcntc  do  razon;  annual  average  58;  average  death  rate  7.00  per  cent  of  pop. 
Largest  pop.  1,290  in  1805;  males  always  in  excess  of  females,  notably  so 
after  1805:  children  ^  to ,,  and  in  the  last  years  J.  Largest  no.  of  cattle  8,000 
in  1823;  horses  l,v.*'Oin  1831;  mules  82  in  1832;  sheep  11,500  in  1810;  goats 
293  in  1790;  swini  *:Oin  1817;  all  kinds  20,118  in  1818.  Total  product  of 
wheat  99,713  bush.,  yield  10  fold;  barley  12,097  bush.,  11  fold;  maize  19,- 
591  bush.,  85  fold;  beans  2,514  bush.,  15  fold;  miscel.  grains  4,500  bush.,  21 
fold. 

Summary  of  events,  etc.  1831.  Status  under  Echcandia's  decree,  never 
put  in  execution,  Antonio  Castro  being  appointed  comisionado.  This  vol.,  p. 
300-7.  1833.  Duran  favors  partial  secularization.  Jd.,  335.  Lat.  and 
long,  by  Douglas,  /ci.,  p.  404.  1834,  Humors  of  colony  plots.  /</.,  281.  S. 
Antonio  to  be  a  parish  of  the  2d  class  under  the  reglamento.  /(/.,  313.  18.S5. 
Secularization  by  Manuel  Crespo  as  comisionado  in  ,Iune,  with  JIariano  8o- 
boranes  as  majordomo  till  Sept.,  when  ho  turned  over  the  estate  to  Jos6  M. 
Eaniircz,  R.'s  appointment  being  on  Aug.  IGth.  /d.,  353-4;  St.  Pap.  i1/(w,, 
MS.,  vi.  10;  xi.  30-3;  Lerj.  Pec,  MS.,  iii.  4,  8,  9.  Florencio  Serrano  was 
employed  as  teacher.  Juno  22d,  P.  Mercado  complains  that  all  his  efforts  for 
tlio  good  of  the  Ind.  are  rendoreu  futile  by  the  persons  in  authority,  who 
coinnjit  adultery  openly  and  other  excesses.  The  gov.  orders  an  investiga- 
tion. St.  Pap.  Miss.,  MS.,  xi.  32-7.  Aug.  12th,  the  debt  of  P.  Pedro  Cahot 
to  the  mission,  $808,  was  annulled  on  account  of  his  poverty.  Va'lrjo,  Doc, 
]MS.,  iii.  48-9.  Ramirez  declares  that  on  his  taking  charge  tliero  was  no 
money,  no  cloth,  no  table  furniture;  the  shops  closed,  only  a  few  poor  and 
dying  horses,  very  little  other  live-stock;  the  year's  yield  of  hides  and  tallow 
estimated  at  §1,500;  and  expenses  over  §2,500.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  U.  M.,\k\x\. 
73-4.  Dec.  28th,  P.  Mercado  writes  to  the  gov.  on  the  unjust  and  even  in- 
luiraan  treatment  of  the  Ind.,  who  are  beaten  and  starved  in  defiance  of  tho 
laws  under  Ramirez'  management.  Ho  also  claims  that  their  spiritual  inter- 
ests are  neglected,  because  the  admin,  will  not  provide  horses  for  tho  padro, 
and  tho  Ind.  are  allowed  to  live  -itS.  Lorenzo  and  other  distant  points;  more- 
over ho  cannot  collect  his  pay  as  minister.  Id.,  57;  Leg.  Per.,  MS.,  iii.  3-0. 
Dec.  31st,  Mercado's  report  to  same  general  effect;  heathenism  gaining  on 
Christianity;  Ind.  naked  and  starving,  and  two  tliirds  of  them  aljsent  in 
quest  of  food  not  to  bo  had  at  tlio  mission.  .S'.  Antnnio,  Doc.  Suelfos,  MS., 
12J-1.  1830.  Ramirez  succeeded  by  Jos6  Maria  Audradc  on  Sept.  7tli,  and 
tho  latter  by  .Tos6  Abrego  on  Dec.  .30th.  St.  Pap.  Miss.,  MS.,  viii.  27,  29,  38. 
P.  ilercado  continued  his  charges  of  mismanagement  and  cruelty  against  Rami- 
rez, declaring  tlxat  the  Ind.  had  passed  from  their  fonner  condition  of  minors 
under  guardianship  to  that  of  slaves  under  inhuman  and  irresponsible  mas- 
ters. Ho  cited  several  inntances  of  excessive  puniahment.  In  March  an  in- 
vestigation was  ordered  by  tho  gov.,  Jos6  M.  Cosio  being  tho  fiscal.  Many 
witnesses  were  examined,  including  Mercado,  Ramirez,  and  several  neophytes. 
Tho  testimony  indicates  that  tho  padre,  angry  because  the  admin,  could  not 
pay  him  all  his  salary,  had  greatly  exaggerated  his  charges  of  cruelty;  and 
that  Ramirez,  a  comparatively  elDcicnt  manager,  had  resorted  to  tho  lash  in 
accordance  with  Figueroa's  regulations,  as  tho  only  means  of  controlling  tho 
vicious  and  lazy  Ind.,  whoso  complaiuls  it  suited  the  padre's  purposes  to  en- 


688 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OP  MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 


about  80  per  cent.  Evidently  there  were  but  sliglit 
traces  of  former  prosperity;  and  matters  were  not 
mended  by  the  interference  of  a  quarrelsome  friar 
and  frequent  changes  in  the  administration.  Manuel 
Crespo  was  the  comisionado  for  secularization  in  1835, 
and  the  successive  administrators  were  Mariano  Sobe- 
ranes,  Jose  M.  Ramirez,  Josd  M.  Andradc,  Josu 
Abrego,  Jose  M.  Villavicencio,  and  Jesus  Pico  ad  int. 
Padre  Mercado  was  loud  and  constant  in  his  com- 
plaints and  charges,  especially  against  Ramirez,  who 
was  exonerated  after  a  formal  investigation ;  and  the 
Indians  were  always  discontented  and  unmanageable. 
The  venerable  friar  and  ex-prefect  Vicente  Fran- 
cisco Sarria  died  at  Soledad  in  1835;  ^'^  and  from  that 

Courage.  The  result  was  the  acquittal  of  Ramirez,  with  an  earnest  adnioni- 
tioii  to  him  and  Mercado  to  work  harmoniously  for  the  good  of  the  mission. 
Dcjit.  St.  Pap.,  B.  M.,  MS.,  Ixxxi.  33,  48-78;  Laij.  Dec,  MS.,  ii.  7-12.  Yet,  iis 
we  have  seen,  a  change  of  administrators  was  made  in  Sept.  with  a  view  to 
promote  liarmony.  1837.  Abrego  was  replaced  by  Jos6  M.  Villavicencio  on 
Seirt.  1st.  St.  Pap.  Miss.,  IMS.,  viii.  29.  Garcia,  Jlechos,  MS.,  72-3,  rckitrn 
that  the  Ind.  rose  against  Abrego,  accusing  him  of  sending  off  hides  and  tal- 
low, and  giving  them  nothing.  Abrego  was  besieged  in  hi.s  house,  but  re- 
leased ))y  Garcia  who  came  from  S.  Miguel  with  31)  men.  There  is  notliing 
in  the  records  about  this  atlair;  nor  arc  there  any  of  P.  Mercado'a  complaints  ex- 
tant for  tl'i  year.  1838.  Villavicencio  was  succeeded  on  Oct.  loth  by  Jesus 
Pico,  with  Jose's  M.  Aguilar  as  clerk.  St.  Pap.  3Iisfi.,  MS.,  viii.  30-1;  Pico, 
Pup.,  M's.,  MS.,  IS.  1839.  Pico,  Acont.,  MS.,  53-4,  says  ho  merely  actcl 
ad  int.  during  the  absence  of  Capt.  Villavicencio  in  the  south.  Ho  says  the 
padre  was  arrogant  and  himself  quick-tempered,  and  they  quarrelled  at  lirst; 
but  soon  liecamo  friends  and  associates  in  cock-tigliting  and  gambling.  Api'il- 
May,  P.  Mercado  and  Angel  Ramirez  arrested  for  plots  against  tho  govt. 
This  vol. ,  p.  ,'580-7.  Aug.  Cth-7th.  Hartnell  found  the  mission  accounts  in  a  s-i  1 
state  of  confusion,  and  the  Ind.  much  discontented,  complaining  of  harsh  treu';- 
nicnt,  and  that  of  all  tho  produce  sent  away  and  tho  etlecta  received  they  get 
nothing  ))ut  threats  and  blows.  They  wished  to  live  without  any  admin., 
and  were  ^■ery  bitter  against  tho  incumbent.  (Pico  or  Villavicencio?  H.  also 
names  Jos(5  Ant.  Rodriguez  as  tho  man  who  gavo  up  tho  administration  t:j 
the  incumbent.)  Diego  Felix  was  majordomo,  and  he  made  charges  against 
the  administrator.  Tlie  Ind.  also  complained  of  a  bad  man  do  razon  living  at 
S.  Bernabj,  who  iiad  given  venereal  disease  to  many  of  tho  mission  women. 
IlartnelTs  instructions  required  the  admin,  to  expel  all  gento  do  razon  not 
em;il()yed  by  the  mission,  and  to  seek  a  new  majordomo  with  a  smaller  family. 
llnrtudl,  Diario,  MS.,  27-8,  34,  47-8,  51,  84;  St.  Pap.,  Miss.,  MS.,  viii. 
31-2.  1840.  Vicente  iloraga  seems  to  have  succeeded  Pico  in  tho  temporary 
management  under  Villavicencio,  who  on  June  20th  orders  M.  not  to  deliver 
tho  property  to  Ilartnell  when  ho  comes.  He  proposes  to  give  up  nothing 
till  his  own  claims  arc  paid.  If  his(V.'8)  wife  needs  anything,  sho  is  to  havo 
it,  if  the  mission  has  to  bo  sold  to  pay  for  it  1  Giierra,  Doc,  MS,,  ii.  192-3; 
Vullcjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxiii.  81.  There  is  no  record  of  tho  result.  Aug.  Cth, 
P.  Gutierrez  writes  to  Hartnell  that  the  mission  is  advancing  every  day 
toward  complete  destruction.  /(/.,  ix.  214. 

"  Vicente  Francisco  San'Ia  was  u  Biscayan,  born  in  Nov.  1767>  at  S. 


I 


LA  SOLEDAD. 

time  tlic  mission  luul  no  resident  minister,  Padre 
Mercado  of  San  Antonio  liaving  charge  of  its  spirit- 
ual interests  and  making  occasional  visits  from  the 

Kst(Svan  do  Echabarris,  near  Bilbao,  at  which  latter  town  ho  became  a  Fran- 
ciscan in  Nov.  17S3,  serving  at  liis  convent  as  lector  ile  filosofia  for  laymen, 
maestro  de  estndiantes,  and  lector  do  artes  de  religiosos.  lie  left  Cadiz  in 
June  1S04,  and  after  four  years'  service  at  the  College  of  S.  Fernando,  he  waa 
sent  to  California  in  180i).  His  missionary  service  was  at  S.  Curios  in  180!)- 
'2l(,  and  at  So'.cdad  in  1829-35;  that  is,  these  missions  were  his  headquarters, 
he  being  absent  much  of  the  time  on  official  tours.  Aulobiotf.  Auto;/,  de.  los 
Pailivx,  MS.;  Harrla,  Inf.  Hobre  I'railcn,  ISll',  MS.,  70-7;  I'di/trnti,  Inf.,  ISM, 
MS.,  134-,"),  in  which  latter  report  he  is  highly  praised,  as  of  the  most  distin- 
guished merit  and  ability,  fitted  for  the  highest  jiositiony,  and  one  who  might 
with  advantage  be  entrusted  \vith  a  needed  manual  for  Franciscans.  In  1 8 1 3- 1  'J 
Sai'ria  held  the  ollice  of  comisarioprefecto  of  the  missions — tlie  highest  in  the 
province — and  again  filled  the  position  in  1823-30,  or  perhaps  a  little  longer, 
being  also  president  in  1823-5.  In  the  discharge  of  his  otlicial  duties  he 
proved  himself  as  prelate  the  worthy  successor  of  Serra,  Lasuen,  and  Tapis, 
and  associate  of  Scfian  and  Payei-as.  Readers  of  my  cliaptci-s  on  mission  an- 
nals arc  familiar  with  his  acts  and  views  and  v.ritings,  which  space  docs  not 
permit  mc  to  recapitulate  hero.  In  my  list  of  authorities  some  lialf-a-(lozcn 
of  Ids  more  notable  productions  appear,  among  which  is  a  curious  volume  of 
manuscript  sermons  in  his  native  liasc^ue.  Ho  was  a  scholarly,  dignified, 
and  amiable  man;  not  prone  to  controversy,  yet  strong  in  argument,  clear 
and  earnest  in  the  expression  of  his  opinions;  less  disposed  to  asceticism  antl 
bigotry  than  some  of  the  earlier  Fernandinos,  yet  given  at  times  to  fasting  and 
mortilication  of  the  flesh;  devoted  to  his  faith  and  to  his  order;  strict  in  the  ob- 
ficrvance  and  enforcement  of  Franciscan  rules,  and  conscientious  in  the  perform- 
ance of  every  duty;  yet  liberal  in  his  views  on  ordinary  matters,  cleai'-headed  iu 
business  allairs,  and  well  liked  by  all  who  came  in  contact  with  him.  Aa 
prefect,  no  Califoruian  friar  could  have  done  better,  since  in  the  misfortunes  of 
his  cloth  he  never  lost  cither  temper  or  courage.  IJceliuing  as  a  loyal  Span- 
iard to  accept  republicanism,  P.  Sarria  was  arrested  in  1825,  and  his  e.xilo 
ordered;  but  his  arrest,  which  lasted  about  live  years,  was  merely  nonunal, 
and  the  order  of  exile,  though  never  withdrawn  and  seveial  times  renewed, 
■was  never  enforced.  In  .S'.  Antonio,  Doc.  Sud/us,  MS.,  !->3-4,  is  a  letter  to 
the  padre  from  his  nephew  in  Spain,  1820,  on  family  poverty  and  misfortunes. 
After  1830,  old  and  infirm,  but  still  actively  engaged  iu  local  missionary 
duties,  ho  lived  quietly  at  Solcdad,  which  he  declined  to  leave  in  IS.'U  when 
tlie  northern  missions  were  given  up  to  the  Zacatccanos,  especially  as  no  resi- 
dent minister  was  assigned  to  tliis  mission.  Thus  he  was  tlic  last  of  the  Fer- 
nandinos in  the  north,  dying  just  before  the  secularization  which  put  an  end 
to  the  Franciscan  regime.  Jle  died  suddenly,  perhaps  fell  while  saying  mass 
at  the  altar,  on  May  24,  1835,  without  receiving  tlic  final  sacraments.  Fadro 
!Mcrcado  declared  that  his  'nuierto  viole;ita' was  due  to  'escasez  dealimentos.' 
S.  Antonio,  Doc.  SucUos,  MS.,  120;  and  tlie  tradition  became  .somewliat  prev- 
alent that  he  died  through  neglect  of  tlie  administrator.  ^Ira  Ord  lieard  this 
version;  sec  also  J/q/Vas,  Extilor.,  i.  3S'.)-',)1;  E.  C,  in  ll(  vista  Cii'iUi/.,  i. 
328;  Vnllcjo,  IliM.  l.'al.,  MS.,  iv.  !t3.  ]')y  these  writers  the  death  is  dated 
1S38,  and  Mofraa  names  the  month  as  August.  Vallejo  says  Sarria's  death 
\\as  caused  by  neglect  on  the  part  of  the  Mexican  friars.  Tlie  tiiith  is, 
probably,  that  the  aged  friar,  childishly  insisting  on  remaining  alone  with  his 
Indians,  overtasked  his  strength  and  shortened  his  life,  circumstances  render- 
ing fuitalde  care  impossible.  I  do  not  creilit  Mercadi>'s  charges,  or  believo 
that  there  was  an  administrator  in  Cal.  who  would  have  maltreated  a  mis- 
sionary so  ■widely  known  and  loved.  His  Ixxly  was  carried  to  S.  Antonio 
and  buried  in  the  misuoii  church,  on  the  epistle  side  of  the  presbytery  iu  tho 
Uisi'.  Ual.,  Vol.  III.    H 


;}ii 


m 


690 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 


autumn  of  1834.  There  was  but  .slight  loss  in  popu- 
lation or  in  live-stock  down  to  1834,  though  crops 
were  very  small;  but  later  Indians,  animals,  and  prop- 
erty of  all  kinds  rapidly  disappeared.  The  pi^pulatioii 
was  about  three  hundred  in  1834;  and  in  1840  it  had 
dwindled  to  about  70,  with  perhaps  as  many  more 
scattered    in    the    district.^*     The    debt    was    large, 

sopululiro  nearest  the  waU,  on  May  27th.  S.  Axtonio,  Ertracto,  ^fiicrlc  '!'• 
Sarria,  MS.;  translation  in  Taylor's  JJiscov.  and  Found.,  ii.  no.  '24,  p.  I'M. 
I'adre  Anibris  was  tohl  that  years  later  Sariia's  body  was  foiniil  to  be  intact. 

"Soli'dad  statistics  18;U-4.  Decrease  in  pop.,  .'U'i  to  about  300.  iSaii- 
tisnis,  140,  rather  strangely  including  more  than  half  adults;  54  iu  188.'$,  •_'({  in 
IS.'U.  Deaths,  150;  50  in  18H4,  20  in  18112.  Increase  in  large  stock,  5,000  to 
0,200;  hortses  and  mules  decrease  1,000  to  200;  sliccp,  5,257  to  5,000.  Liirjtest 
crop,  1,8'JO  bush,  in  1S:(2;  smallest,  784  (?)  in  lS;i4;  average  1,200,  of  wliicli 
777  wheat,  yield  10  fold;  253  barley,  7  fold;  84  maize,  25  fold;  21  beans,  8 
fold;  58  miscell,  grain,  (i  fold. 

Statistics  of  1835-40.  June  30,  1835,  delivered  to  govt  for  national  rancho 
in  tho  past  year,  81,513,  and  for  the  colony,  8222.  JJept.  St.  Pap.,  U.  M., 
MS.,  Ixxx.  11.  Inventoiy  of  Aug.  12,  18.'i5;  credits,  §412;  buildings,  81,704; 
implements,  furniture,  elfects,  etc.,  §3,234;  clmrch.  property  (chui-ch,  .SS5, 
ornaments,  etc.,  !?3,347,  library  of  51  vol.,  .$180)  $3,018;  ranches,  with  live- 
stock and  proiluce,  $31, 300;  total,  .S47,2'J7  (should  bo  S40,.394).  St.  J'<tp., 
J//*s.,  MS.,  V.  57.  Dec.  31,  IS.'IO,  inventory  without  valuation,  incUiding 
a  vineyard  witli  5,000  vines;  ranchos  of  S.  Lorenzo,  S.  Vicente,  and  S.  Fer- 
nando; 3,240  cattle,  32  horses,  2,400  sheep;  credits,  §.556,  debts  $077.  Id., 
viii.  39-41.  1837.  Salary  list  $1,240.  Jd.,  43.  Administrator's  account 
for  the  year,  dr  $2,7i)2,  er  $2,750,  balance  on  hand  $42.  Id.,  40.  1838. 
Admin,  acct,  dr  $1,005.  cr  $929,  on  hand  $130;  also  1,300  animals,  great  and 
small.  Id..  47.  Pop.  Dec.  31st,  108  souls.  Id.,  48.  18.39.  Jan.-Aug., 
c.jual  receipts  and  expend.,  no  balance.  ///.,  44-5.  Feb.,  credits  $.550,  debts 
$88.  /(/.,  40.  March,  due  to  employes,  $1,.587.  Id.,  77.  May,  June,  ex- 
cess of  receipts  over  expend.,  $54.  /(/.,  ix.  73-4.  May.  54-1  cattle,  32 
horses,  900  sheep.  /(/.,  74.  Aug.  8th,  llartnell's  census  and  inventory;  pop., 
78;  45  cattle,  25  horses,  805  sheep,  1  mule,  1  ass,  1,50  fan.  barley.  Dl.ario, 
MS..  28.     Nov.,  debts  $1,297.  Pico,  Pap.  JIh.,  MS.,  47-51. 

Statistics  of  1791-1834.  Total  of  baptisms,  2,222,  of  which  1,235  Ind. 
adults,  924  Ind.  children,  03  children  de  razon;  annual  avcr.agc  50.  Total  of 
marriages  082,  of  wliieh  il  de  razon.  Total  of  deaths  1,803,  of  whicli  1,207 
Ind,  adults,  574  Ind.  children,  9  and  13  gente  do  razon;  annual  average  40; 
a\erage  deatli  rate  9  per  cent,  of  pop.  Largest  pop.,  725  in  1805;  males  al- 
ways in  excess  of  females,  .sometinaes  greatly  so;  children  from  1-3  to  1-10. 
Largest  no.  of  cattle,  0,599  in  1831;  horses,  1,257  in  1821;  mules,  80  in  1807; 
sliccp,  9,500  in  ISOS;  swine,  90  in  1814;  all  kinds,  10,551  animals  in  1821. 
Total  product  of  wheat  04,254  bush.,  yield  12  fold;  barley  13,950  liisli., 
10  fold;  maize  18,240  bush.,  90  fold;  beans,  2,260  bush.,  lil  fold;  miscell. 
grains,  13,012  bush.,  27  fold. 

Record  of  events,  etc.  1831.  Status  under  Echeaudia's  decree,  not  car- 
ried out;  Tiburcio  Castro  comisionado.  Tills  vol. ,  p.  300-7.  1833.  Election 
of  an  Ind.  ayuntamiento.  Arch.  Arr.oh.,  MS.,  v.  pt  1,  p.  .375.  1834.  The 
padre  reported  destitute  of  means,  and  leading  a  hermit's  life.  Soledad  was 
to  bo  a  parish  of  2d  class.  This  vol.,  p.  348.  1835.  Secularization  by 
Nicolas  Alviso,  who  was  niajordoino  and  perhaps  comisionado;  also  alcalde 
auxiliar.  1830.  Jos6  M.  jCguila  succeeded  Alviso  at  a  date  not  given,  and 
on  Dec.  31st  was  succeeded  by  Salvador  Espiuosa,  salary  §500;  Jos(5  Ant. 


SAN  JUAN  BAUTISTA  DE  CASTRO. 


601 


pop., 

ymrio, 

In.l. 

tal  nf 

1,-J'J7 
,'e  40; 
CA  al- 
io. 
1S07; 
ISiil. 

1  isll., 

lisccll. 


1 


car- 
culiou 

Tho 
nl  was 
on  ))>" 
loalilo 

and 
I  Aut. 


and  there  were  left  only  45  cattle,  25  horses,  and  8G5 
.sheep,  though  the  inventory  of  1835  had  shown  au 
ustate  valued  at  $36,C00  besides  the  church  projicrty. 
Secularization  was  effected  in  1835  by  Nicolds  Alviso, 
and  the  successive  administrators  were  Jose  M. 
Aguila,  Salvador  Espinosa,  and  Vicente  Cmti'ia.  At 
the  end  of  the  decade  the  establishment  was  on  the 
verue  of  dissolution,  and  I  am  not  sure  that  the  final 
order  was  not  issued  before  the  end  of  the  last  year. 
At  San  Juan  Bautista  padres  Felipe  Arroyo  de  la 
Cuesta  and  Juan  Moreno  served  together  in  1831-2, 
and  the  latter  remained  till  1833,  when  Padre  Joso 
Antonio  Anzar  took  his  place.  The  regular  statisti- 
cal reports  cease  in  1832,  when  there  were  91G  Ind- 
ians on  the  register.  As  no  extraordinary  cause  of 
dispersion  is  known,  there  may  have  been  850  neo- 
phytes in  1834.  The  only  subsequent  record  is  to 
the  effect  that  the  number  of  Indians  emancipated — 
and  there  is  no  allusion  to  any  others — in  1835  was 
G3,  presumably  heads  of  families  and  possibly  repre- 
senting 250  souls,  but  probably  much  less.  As  au 
estimate,  which  is  hardly  more  than  a  guess,  there 
may  have  been  100  ox-neophytes  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  mission,  and  as  many  more  scattered 
but  not  relapsed  wholly  to  savaglsmin  1840.^^     Secu- 

Gaxiola  sec.  $120  (later  $180).  Jos6  Rosas,  majonlomo,  $120.  18.37-9. 
]'"spinosa  still  in  charge.  ISo'J.  HartneU's  visit  was  in  Aug.  Ho  fouml  the 
Ind.  complaining  of  both  Espinosa  and  Rosas,  the  former  taking  mission 
cattle  for  his  ranoho,  and  the  latter  spoiling  the  crops  by  his  obstinate  ignor- 
ance. Tliey  wanted  to  be  free,  under  a  kind  of  supervision  by  Aguila,  v,\ui 
had  been  well  liked  as  administrator.  Ilurlnell,  JJiario,  M8.,  2S.  Nov.  ■")th. 
I'^spinosa  was  succeeded  by  Victnte  Cantiia.  St.  Pap,  Mlsn.,  MS.,  viii.  4"). 
isio.  Canti'ia  still  iu  charge;  ordered  in  March  to  sell  0,000  tiles  to  buy  food 
for  the  Ind.  Dept.  lice,  MS.,  xi.  37. 

'•^  Htalistics  of  S.  Juan  Bautista  IS."?!— t.  Tliore  are  no  records  after  1832, 
eo  that  the  figures  for  183-t  arc  only  cstiniutes.  Decrease  in  pop.  9(i-4  to  S-jO. 
liaptisms  141.  Deaths  30-t.  Decrease  in  large  stock  7,820  to  5,000;  horses 
and  mules  324  to  200;  sheep  7,000  to  4,000.  Average  crop  (2  years)  2,029 
bush.,  of  which  1,380  bush,  wheat,  yield  11  fold;  405  bush,  barley,  10  fold; 
150  bush,  corn,  25  fold;  49  bush,  beans,  11  fold;  43  bush,  miscel.  grains,  5 
fold. 

Statistics  of  1835-40.  Inventoiy  of  May  1835;  land  §5,120;  live-stock, 
iucluding  41  horses,  .$1,782;  implemeuts,  ell'ccts,  eic.,  §1,407;  total  §8,309, 
to  be  distributed  among  G3  emancipated  Ind.  .>7.  /'«;>.  Afisn.,  MS.,  x.  10. 
Inventory  of  church  property;  church  §3,500  (?),  oruameuts,  etc.,  §:]9,240  (?), 


G92 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 


larlzation  was  offcetcd  in  1835  by  Tiburcio  Castro, 
who  was  athnini.stratcjr  tlirougli  1830,  no  suoccs.sor 
being  named.     The  inventory  of  the  change  shows  a 

lihiaiy,  182  vol.,  §591,  6  bells  .?1,0(;0,  furniture  of  the  choir  .?tr).3,  total 
JM-^sil.  /(/.,  vi.  10.  .Juno  0,  liS;}."),  pnid  to  S.  F.  cimip.  since  July  IblU, 
§'S4,  for  the  colony  8tIJi">.  besides  ,SJOU  still  tluc  on  colony  account.  Jd.,  viii. 
4S.  Inventory  of  183.")  (no  niontli  nunieU),  buildings  $30,0U0;  iniiilciiRMits, 
goods  nn<l  furniture  ^7.774;  church  ]noporty  (church,  fully  described,  §;!,"),! kid, 
oriiiiiucnts,  etc.,  87,7-10,  library  .SiUI,  bells  .'fsi.OOO,  ch(jir  furniture  iirl.'illM 
(•^iri.iKM;  vineyards,  lands,  and  buildings  outside  the  mission  S;J7,.'!(jr>;  raiulios, 
jirobably  including  live-stock  (S.  Justo  .SI, 300,  Todos  Santos  !?I,7">.1,  S.  l\li[i(! 
^l(J,():)-2)  810,107;  credits  81,040;  cash8'2-J2;  total 8147,413;  deductint,' amount 
distrib.  to  Ind.  8S,4;;0,  and  debt  .^250,  balance  8138,723.  J<l.,  vi.  17-1',). 
]83().  .Tan.  1,  1837.  Castro's  general  .nccount  for  ]8.'>0;  salaries  (I*.  An./ar 
8J(J.'),  Adudn.  Castro  8202,  Maj.  Casti-o  aud  Rioa  §14!)  and  8171)  8>17.  l^x- 
jiensoM  of  house,  etc.,  81o5;  goods  and  produce  supplied  to  Ind.  .8312;  total 
li>l,.'il."i.  i'roduct  of  garden  and  vineyard  8b">0,  slaughter  .';,^270,  iluo  from 
the  .ship  CuUforiila  83.'')7,  cheeses  left  over  8134,  total  .8911.  Balance  of 
expend,  over  I'eeeipta  8404.  ('attic  and  hor.ses  branded  17.");  sheep  sheared 
2,021;  crops  007  fan.  Cattle  on  liand  809,  siieep4, 120.  Credits  in  Murcli 
C33H,  debts  81030.  /(/.,  viii.  49-ol.     Nothing  for  1838-40. 

Statistics  of  1797-1834.  Total  of  Ijaptisms  4,100,  of  which  1,898  Iml. 
adults,  2,015  Ind.  children,  2  and  19J  gcnto  de  razon;  annual  average  1(J,'!. 
'iotal  of  marriages  1,023,  of  which  ">3  do  razon.  Total  of  deaths  3,027,  of 
which  1,708  Ind.  adults,  1,203  Ind.  children,  5  and  05  gcnto  de  razon;  annual 
average  79;  average  death  rate  9.35  per  cent.  Liirgest  pop.  1,248  in  182.'); 
ccxes  about  equal  to  ISIO,  males  largely  in  excess  later;  children  i  to  I.  Lurg- 
rrst  no.  of  cattle  11,000  in  1820;  horses  1,598  in  1800;  mules  35  in  1805;  slier]) 
13,000  in  1810;  swine  99  in  1803;  all  kinds  23,789  animals  hi  1810.  Total 
product  of  wheat  84,033  bush.,  yield  15  fold;  b.irley  10,8.30  bush.,  19  fold; 
maize  18,400  bush.,  88  fold;  beans  1,871  bush.,  12  fold;  miscell.  giaius  2,040 
bush.,  10  fold. 

Summary  of  events,  officials,  etc.,  1831.  St.atus  of  S.  Juan  under  Eche- 
andia's  decree,  not  carried  out;  Juan  Higucra  comisionado.  This  vol.,  p. 
300-7.  18.'J4.  S.  Juan  imsl  Sta  Cruz  to  form  a  parish  of  2d  class  under  the 
reglnmcnto.  /(/.,  348.  1835.  Secularization,  Tiburcio  Castro  being  adnun- 
iiitrator,  or  majoi'domo,  and  perhaps  comisionado,  though  Jos(5  Castro  may 
have  held  the  latter  position,  and  Antonio  Ikielna  also  signs  an  inventory. 
Angel  Castro  and  .Toaijuin  Kios  were  subordinate  majordomos.  Felipe  Amesti 
and  llafael  (ionzalez  are  named  as  alcaldes  1st  and  2d  of  the  new  pueblo. 
Doc.  nut.  CuL,  MS.,  i.  483;  Mont.  Arch.,  MS.,  ii.  2.  July  27th,  the  (,'ov. 
has  learned  that  the  Ind.  have  taken  more  property  than  was  assigned  to 
them.  This  nuist  be  corrected.  St.  Pap.  Miss,  d'  Col.,  MS.,  ii.  342-3.  July 
31st,  Castro  to  gov.  complaining  that  1'.  Anzar  had  taken  the  best  rooms  in 
addition  to  11  already  held  by  him.  The  padre  wishes  the  admin,  and  all 
the  Ind.  to  devote  themselves  entirely  to  his  service.  St.  Pap.  Minx.,  MS., 
X.  15.  Aharado,  J/i.st.  C'li!.,  MS.,  ii.  212-18,  says  that  secularization  was 
successful  here  and  at  S.  Antonio,  though  nowhere  else,  the  Ind.  being  en- 
tirely freed,  though  watched,  and  making  tolerably  good  use  of  their  freedom 
and  property.  1830.  S.  Juan  was  the  headquarters  of  Alvarado  and  the 
revolutionists  while  preparing  to  oust  Gov.  Gutierrez,  this  vol.,  p.  453-4; 
and  after  the  revolution  the  ])lace  began  to  be  called  S.  Juan  do  Castro,  in 
honor  of  the  general,  though  the  name  was  perhaps  not  officially  used  for 
two  or  three  years.  y(/.,  511.  Iv837.  Jos6  Maria  Sanchez  juez  depaz.  Rcv- 
olutionaiy  jdots  and  arrest  of  conspirators.  LL,  512.  March,  tho  Ind. 
attacked  the  rancho  of  Jose  Sanchez,  killing  two  ex-neophytes  and  wounding 
Sanchez  himself.  Vaffcjn,  Dnc,  MS.,  iv.  223.  1S3S.  Ravages  of  tho  Iiid., 
said  to  bo  fugitive  christians  accompanied  by  many  gentiles,  at  i'acheco's 


SANTA  CRUZ. 


69.1 


Echc- 
vol.,  p. 
ler  the 
inluiiii- 
tro  may 
cutory. 

pm:blu. 
tlio  ;;ov. 
lied  to 

July 
oonis  ill 
and  all 

MS., 
ion  was 
eiiig  en- 
fieodom 
and  till! 
453-1; 
astro,  ill 
iscd  for 

llcv- 
lio  Ind. 
oundin:; 
10  Ind., 
.ichccoa 


valuation  of  $03,000,  bosklcs  church  projicrty  to  the 
amount  of  $4(5,000,  and  over  $8,000  distributotl  to 
the  Indians.  At  the  end  of  18o(),  the  inission  estate 
had  still  about  1)00  cattle  and  4,000  sheep,  with  a 
cro;)  of  900  bu.shels,  and  a  debt  of  $1,000.  These 
are  the  latest  statistics  extant.  Secularization  appears 
to  have  been  much  more  complete  than  at  the  estab- 
lishments farther  south,  there  being  no  traces  of  the 
community  after  183G.  Constant  depredations  of 
sa values  with  ex-neoiihyte  allies  from  1837  con- 
tributed to  tlic  work  of  ruin;  but  a  little  settlement 
of  gente  de  razon  sprang  into  existence,  containing  I 
suppose  50  inhabitants  at  the  end  of  the  decade ;  the 
name  became  San  Juan  de  Castro;  juecesdc  paz  took 
charge  of  local  affairs;  and  the  town  was  honored  by 
being  made  cabecera  of  the  district  in  1831),  on  the 
organization  of  the  prefecture. 

Padre  Joaquin  Jimeno  continued  his  ministry  at 
Santa  Cruz  till  1833,  when  he  was  succeeded  l)y 
Padre  Antonio  Suarez  del  Real,  who  remained 
throughout  the  decade.  In  1834  the  neophyte  pop- 
ulation had  fallen  from  320  to  about  250,  and  ap[)a- 
rently  there  was  no  very  marked  loss  in  live-stock  or 
agriculture  down  to  that  time.^"     Secularization  was 

ranclio,  wlicro  they  killed  Ilipilito  Mojia.  They  also  bnrned  J.  M.  Sancliez'.s 
house,  and  S.  i)ui'suing  M-oimdcd  seven  of  tlicni.  A  few  days  later  tlicy 
attacked  Joso  Castro's  ranclio,  and  again  visited  Paclieco'.s,  driving  olF  horses 
and  stealing  all  they  could  carry.  There  was  much  corrcspondenco  altout 
an  cx])cd.  against  the  savages,  but  no  results  arc  known.  Vol.  iv.  "i'y-  IS'.iO. 
Juan  Miguel  Anzar  juez  do  paz,  with  Antonio  CV.stro  as  suplcnte.  I'or  pre- 
fecture sec  annals  of  Monterey  in  this  chapter,  S.  .luan  de  Castro  !  u,  ;  the 
head-town  of  the  district.  April,  buildings  being  prepared  for  ir- :  ,  .efco- 
ture.  Castro  proposes  to  establish  a  ranclio  nacioiial  at  S.  Luis  (!oiiza','a. 
Lc'j.  Ucc,  MS.,  iii.  87-92;  Vallcjo,  Do:,  MS.,  vi.  401.  1840.  Anzar  .still 
juez  do  paz,  with  Manuel  Larios  as  suplcnte.  By  Alvarado's  regulation  of 
March  on  missiona,  S.  Juan  was  one  of  the  cstablishinenta  which  the  govt 
was  to  ' continue  to  regulate  according  to  circumstances.'  vol.  iv.  GO.  July, 
organization  of  a  patrol  against  Ind.  between  S.  Juan  and  S.  Jose.  Di-jtt.  St. 
Pap.,  MS.,  V.  14;  Id.,  Mont.,  iii.  8o-t)0.  .Sept.  1st  the  S.  Juan  jurisiliction 
dedncd  as  extending  from  Natividad  by  Los  Cariieros  and  Piijaro  to  Las 
Llagas.  Mont.  Arch.,  MS.,  ix.  2G-7. 

'*  Sta  Cruz  statistics  1831-2  (no  figures  for  1833-4).  Decrease  in  pop.  320 
to  284;  baptisms  17;  deaths  54;  marriages  11;  increase  in  largo  stock  ',\,',W.\  to 
4,005;  horses,  etc.,  303  to  495;  sheep  4,827  to  5,211.  Crops  3,570  bush,  in 
1831;  1,710  bush,  in  1832. 

SUtistics  of  1834-40.     Debt  in  Sept.  1834,  §4,979;  credits  §1,877.  St.  Pap., 


it  i; 


604 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 


ofTectcd  ill  1834-5  by  Tj^nacio  dol  Vallo  as  comisio 
imdo;  and  the  value  of  the  property  when  lie  turned 
it  over  to  Juan  Gonzalez  as  administrator  at  the  end 

M'lM.,  MS.,  ix.  71.  Nov.  14th,  sub-comisario  acknowledges  draft  of  r)Lp()i) 
on  tlio  mission  for  $2,200.  JJept.  SI.  Pap.,  lien.  C.  A  T.,  MS.,  iii.  II-IJ. 
Nov.  iJ7ti»  gov.  orders  prompt  delivery  of  1,3  blankets  for  troops.  Sta  Cm:, 
y.Vf.,  MS.,  18.  18.V).  Inventory  of  Dec.  Ist.  Buildings  §10,940,  fiirnitiirp, 
etc.,  $17S,  implements,  machinery,  etc.,  82,10.3,  hiierta  with  1,210  vinos  nnd 
1,024  fruit  trees  62,173,  live-stock  at  the  mission  .Sl,Ool,  id.  with  tools  iit  tliu 
riiuclios  (Mtitadcro  §,'),! 04,  Animas  81,125,  Jano  8l,0o0,  Afio  Nuevo  glO.liOJ) 
817, .^>SI,  etlecta  in  store-liouso  83,2[)1,  produce  8'',170,  credits  83,338,  total 
Sj2, l!)l,  debt  §4,1)79,  balance  847,212,  nesidcs  church  property  as  follows; 
bniiiling  S'^.O.'K),  ornaments,  bells,  cannon,  etc.,  823,r)05,  library  of  152  voI.m. 
8380,  total  .<?3 J.  142  (another  copy  makes  it  840,191).  The  live-stock  noted 
above  consisted  of  3,700  cattle,  500  horses,  2,900  sheep,  18  mules,  10  u.isea, 
23  swine.  The  chief  creditor  was  Virmond.  and  the  chief  debtor  tlio 
national  treasury.  The  lands  2x11  1.  and  mostly  lit  only  for  grazing  are  nut 
valued.  >Sta  Cniz  lice,  MS.,  1-3;  .S'^.  Pap.  Misn.,  v.  54j  vi.  40;  Miscel.  IIU'. 
Pap.,  .M.S.,  no.  1").  A  newspaper  scrap  of  unknown  origin,  often  reprinted, 
makes  the  total  $108,000,  and  lands  879,000.  Property  distributed  amoui,' 
the  Ind.  from  Aug.  24,  18.34,  to  Dec.  1,  1835,  810,570.  .S7.  Pap.  MUn.,  :MS., 
ix.  00-7.  December  11th,  payment  of  .8,300  to  Comisionado  Vallo  for  his  ser- 
vices. Id.,  09.  April  22,  1837,  live-stock  l,000eattlc,  400  horses,  2,000  sheep, 
22  mules,  10 asses;  70  fan.  grain;  credits  .8.3,040,  debts  .8594,  to  lir  Amir. 
Co.  and  N.  Spear.  /(/.,  vii.  47-8;  Pico,  Pap.  Min.,  AIS.,  47-51.  h  11, 

18.39.  receipts  since  beginning  of  1838,  from  sale  of  hides  .81,120;  .  fitr 

salaries  8l,4o.'5,  besides  cattle  and  horses  delivered  on  order  ot  t, 'Vt.  .SV. 
Pap.  Jlixs.,  MS.,  ix.  72.  Oct.  7th,  Hartnell  found  70  Ind.,  30  cattle,  127 
horses,  and  1,020  sheep.  Diario,  MS.,  44. 

Statistics  of  1791-1834.  Total  of  baptisms  2,400,  of  which  1.277  Ind. 
adults,  039  Ind.  chiltlren,  0  and  244  do  razon;  annual  average  50.  Marriagei 
847,  of  which  03  do  razon.  Deaths  2,035,  of  which  1,359  Ind.  adults,  574 
Ind.  child.,  45  and  47  do  razon;  annual  average  44;  average  death-rate  10.93 
per  cent  of  pop.  Largest  pop.  044  in  1798.  Males  always  in  excess  of 
fein.'ilcs;  children  J  to  J.  Largest  no.  of  cattle  3,700  in  1828;  horses  9^0  in 
1828;  mules  92  in  1805;  shec])  8,300  in  1820;  swine  150  in  1818;  all  kinds 
12,502  animals  in  1827.  Total  product  of  wheat  09,900  bush.,  yield  18  fold; 
barley  13,180  bush.,  21  fold;  maize  .30,.500  bush.,  140  fold;  beans  9,250  bush., 
57  fold;  miscel.  grains  7,000  bush.,  28  fold. 

Summary  and  index  of  events.  1831.  Status  under  Echeandia's  decree 
not  enforced.  This  vol.,  p.  300-7.  Jan.,  P.  Jimeno  reports  election  of 
neophyte  alcalde  and  regidores  approved  by  gov.  Sla  Cruz  Rec,  M.S.,  13. 
1833.  Jimeno  succeeded  by  Real  as  padre.  Duran  favors  partial  seculariza- 
tion. This  vol.,  p.  335.  Lat.  and  long,  by  Douglas.  /</.,  404.  Fortilica- 
tions  to  prevent  smuggling  rccommeiuloil  by  Capt.  Gonzalez.  Dept.  St.  Pap. , 
MS.,  iii.  114.  1834.  Ignacio  del  Vallo  as  comisionado  took  charge  on  Aug. 
24th,  appointing  Juan  (ionzalez  majordomo  Oct.  31st.  St,  Pap.  MUit.,  MS., 
X.  0;  ix.  00;  Sta  Cruz  lice,  MS.,  12;  Valle  Lo  Paswlo,  MS.,  9- 10.  Vallo 
gave  to  tiie  new  pueblo  the  name  Pueblo  do  Figueroa,  which  had  been  ordered 
by  the  gov.  in  Jan.,  and  also  gave  Spanish  surnames  to  the  ex-ncophytcs. 
Sta  Cruz  and  Branciforte  were  to  form  a  parish  of  the  2d  class.  St.  Pap. 
Mins.,  MS.,  08,  71;  this  vol.,  p.  384.  Sept.  15th,  the  padre,  having  given 
up  the  mission,  asks  the  gov.  for  house,  etc.,  grain  and  other  supplies  for 
himself  and  horses,  the  care  of  church  and  wine,  Ind.  assistants  for  worship, 
a  division  of  goods  in  store,  and  that  the  comisionado  shall  not  prejudice 
Ind.  against  the  padre.  Id.,  x.  0.  Oct.  24th,  gov.  orders  com.  to  settle  the 
mission  accounts  at  once.  Sta  Cruz  liec,  MS.,  23.  Oct.  31st,  gov.  approves 
appt  of  majordomo  at  §40  inclusive  of  rations.  Id.,  12.     Nov.,  the  padre  in- 


SAXTA  cnuz. 


603 


of  1835  was  $47,000,  exclusive  of  land  and  oliinvh 
property,  besides  $10,000  distributed  to  the  Indians. 
There  is  no  record  of  subsequent  distributions  or  of 
how  the  estate  disappeared;  but  in  183!)  lEartncll 
found  only  70  Indians — with  pcrha|)s  as  many  more 
scattered  in  the  district — and  about  one  sixth  of  the 
live-stock  of  the  former  inventory.  Francisco  Soto 
succeeded  Gonzalez  in  1839,  and  possibly  the  juez  do 

sistcd  on  Imviiig  10  rooms  and  tlio  granary  for  a  stable,  but  tlio  gov.  tleciilcil 
that  lie  could  have  only  tlio  rooms  uctnally  iiccdod,  and  tlmt  tiie  jfjranary 
conld  not  bo  spared.  St.  Pap.  Miks.,  MS.,  ix.  70.  Nov.  ITtii,  Vallo  lias 
Bclectcd  a  room  for  the  ayunt. ,  one  for  tlio  secretary,  and  one  for  a,  si'liool. 
/'I.,  00.  18,^^»,  Tho  governor's  plan  for  u  mission  ranclio  for  support  of 
church  not  carried  out.  This  vol.,  p.  .'}.")1.  May  '21st,  gov.  calls  for  accounts 
(f  snpplies  to  govt  and  to  colony.  .SVa  Cruz  I'rr.,  MS.,  I.  Juno  l.'Jtli, 
majordonio  to  pay  padro  8-0  for  freight  of  lumber.  Id.,  4.  Dec.  1st  (or 
jierhaps  earlier)  tho  property  was  turned  over  by  \'alle  to  (Jonzalez  as  adniin- 
iitrator,  the  secularization  being  deemed  eonipli  i'.  Vallo  was  paid  .'?3()0  f(jr 
liis  services.  /(/.,  UO.  Inventories  of  Dec.  1st  iis  given  elsewhci'c,  Asisnra, 
nn  ex-iicopliytc,  in  Amador,  Menu,  MS.,  1)0-1  l.'J,  spins  a  loivr  yarn,  perliaim 
true  in  some  particulars,  about  P.  Real's  success  in  making  aivay  with  much 
of  tlio  property  secretly  by  night  before  Vallo  took  wharge,  an<l  of  the  pro- 
cess by  winch  Valle,  Soto,  and  IJolcof  appropriated  tlio  rest.  1830.  Spear's 
lighter  running  between  Sta  Cruz  and  S.  F.  vol.  iv.,  p.  83.  Forces  recruited 
for  Alvarado's  army.  This  vol.,  p.  4'Jl.  March,  gov.  ordeis  that  Ind.  inu:«t 
comply  with  their  church  duties.  Sta  Vruz  Arch.,  MS.,  C.  1837.  Tho  oath 
to  support  centralism  in  July.  This  vol.,  p.  'riO.  1839.  Francisco  Soto 
succeeded  Gonzalez  as  administrator  in  Jan.,  and  in  Oct.  was  ordered  to  turn 
over  tho  property  to  Jos6  Bolcof,  tho  juez  do  paz.  Dr)>t.  J'cr.,  MS.,  x.  3; 
J>cjit.  St.  Pap.  Mont.,  MS.,  iv.  18,  but  perhaps  did  not  do  so  at  once.  In 
Sept.  llartncU  found  tho  few  remaining  Ind.  clamorous  for  lil)crty  and  a 
final  distribution  of  property.  They  particularly  wished  to  retain  El  Refugio 
and  the  mission  puerta,  which  tho  padre  also  desired.  They  wcro  bitter 
against  their  administrator;  and  Jos(5  Antonio  Rodriguez  desired  tiiu  position. 
JJarfncIl,  Dtar'io,  MS.,  8,  44-.  Tho  French  voyager  Lapltoe,  Caiupa/ffie,  vi. 
272-84,  devotes  several  pages  to  a  melancholy  picture  of  tho  establishment 
in  il's  state  of  ruin,  poverty,  and  filth,  as  compared  with  its  former  somewhat 
cxa^.'gcrated  magnificence,  lie  found  tho  adminisirator  a  man  of  fino  appear- 
ance and  manners,  and  ho  found  a  pretty  rancliera  willing  to  sell  vegntablcs 
at  a  fair  price,  but  this  'California  dove'  was  frightened  away  by  tlio  .nppcar- 
nnce  of  1*.  Real.  'Vraiment  il  y  avait  dc  quoi  d'eiraroncher;  car  il  scrait 
diliicilc  do  rencontrer  un  individu  au  rogard  plus  cynirjue,  i'l  la  physionomio 
plus  effrontde,  ji  I'air  plus  dcbruill(5  quo  co  padro  Mexicaiii,  avoo  sa  figure 
brulOo,  ses  grands  yeux  noir  i\  fond  jaune,  son  chef  convert  d'uii  chapcau  ;i 
larges  bords  et  h  moitio  d(^'fonc(5,  sa  robo  de  franciscain,  autrcfuis  blancho, 
maintcnant  souilleo  de  millo  taches,  sans  capuchon  et  rctrous(5o  jns(|u';'i  la 
cciiiturc  afir  de  laisscr  toutc  liberto  aux  incmbres  inft  rieurs;  cnlir  avcc  uiie 
cscopetto  en  bandouli6re  qui  achevait  de  donnir  h  cc  costume  qnelquo  choso 
do  pittoresque.*  1840.  No  record  of  the  man  in  charge.  According  to  tlio 
reglamento  the  govt  was  to  continue  to  manage  this  ex- mission  according  to 
eiicumstances.  Vol.  i v.,  p.  CO.  In  Jan.,  there  was  au  earthquake,  ami  tidal 
w  ave,  carrying  off  a  large  quantity  of  tiles  and  bringing  down  the  church 
tower.  /(/.,  78;  Mont,  Arch.,  MS.,  ix.  24.  March,  gov.  orders  admin,  to 
give  up  to  P.  Real  the  garden  and  distillery  with  tho  liouaes  adjoining  tho 
church,  De2>t.  Rec,  MS,,  xi.  9. 


*■  I 


GOG 


LOCAL  ANXALI5  OF  MONTEREV  DISTRICT. 


paz  Joso  Bolcof  took  charge  this  3'^car  or  the  next. 
The  secularization  of  1835  was  considered  more  com- 
plete than  at  most  other  establishments,  and  the 
Pueblo  do  Figueroa,  distinct  from  the  villa  across  the 
river,  came  into  existence  on  paper;  but  I  find  no  in- 
dication of  real  pueblo  organization,  or  that  the  status 
of  this  ex-mission  community  differed  in  any  respect 
from  that  of  others. 

Tlie  population  of  the  villa  de  Branciforte,  given  as 
150  at  the  beginning,  may  be  estimated  at  250  at  the 
end  of  the  decade,  though  there  are  no  definite  fifjures 
for  this  period.  In  1831  5  the  villa  seems  to  have 
elected  its  own  ayuuiamiento  of  alcalde,  two  regidoros, 
and  smd!<"o:  i  hough  I  find  nothing  to  authorize  this 
apparent  independence  from  tlie  civil  authorities  of 
j\Ionterey.  In  1830-40,  however,  the  subordination 
to  the  latter  was  officially  asserted,  and  an  alcalde 
auxiliar  was  annually  appomted,  or  a  juez  de  paz  after 
1839,  the  popular  choice  being  usually  approved  by 
the  ]\[onterey  ayuntamiento  and  governor  or  prefect. 
Tlie  successive  municipal  chiefs  of  Branciforte,  the 
list  of  subordinate  officers  being  incomplete,^'   were 

''Summary  of  Brnnciforto  annals.  18.31,  Alcalde  Joaquin  Castro.  1S.'J2. 
Alcalde  Joaquin  Buulpa,  rcgidor  Manuel  Villaj^rana,  jueccs  do  campo  Rafael 
Castro  and  i''rancisco  Soria.  Municipal  receipts  $30,  expend.  i}26.  Dep/.  St. 
Pap.,  Ben.,  MS.,  v.  80-1.  1SH3,  Alciddo  JoscS  Antonio  lioblf  s,  rcgidor  Juan 
Joh;(3  Castro,  deposed  by  the  alcalde  in  Juno  but  reinstated  by  tho  gov.  LL, 
P.  ti:  J.,  V.  40.  Munic.  receipts  with  $10  balaiico  from  I83ii,  $13,  expend. 
$42.  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  131.  Dec.  18th,  '21tli,  elections  of  town  oliicer.-? 
fur  next  year.  /</.,  127-31.  1834.  Alcaldo  Jos6  Bolcof ;  regidoros  Jos(j  Maria 
Salazar  (?)  and  Josii  Tci'an;  sindico  ilai;icl  Castro,  secretary  Josi5  do  los  S.intoii 
Avila.  Jan.  Gtli:  alcalde's  instructions  to  iuoncs  do  eampo.  Sta  Cruz,  Arch., 
]\1S.,  93-4.  Jan.  22d,  gov.  approves  alcalde's  appointment  of  a  monthly  com- 
mission of  regidor  and  4  eitizcna  to  visit  the  ranches,  prevent  thefts  of  hor.scs, 
and  catch  runaway  neophytes  to  work  on  the  cat  as  consistoriales.  Id.,  83. 
Expenses  of  the  year  §40,  including  a  batiton  de  juatlcia  which  cost  §15.  Dcpt. 
Sf.  Pap.,  B.  M.,  ^IS.,  Ixxviii.  G-7.  May  10th,  the  ayunt  had  imposed  a  tax 
ot  $1  per  vara  of  thicknebs  on  every  tree  felled  and  $1  on  ovcry  otter  skin,  for 
the  payr.jeut  of  a  teacher  and  of  the  secretary.  Z("^  ll'C,  MS.,  ii.  02;  St. 
Pap.,  M.  AC,  MS.,  ii.  237-8.  June  12tli,  Zamorano  reports  that  the  civil 
jurisdiction  of  Branciforte  extends  from  tlio  ranchos  north  of  Sta  Cruz  to  the 
rancho  of  Jose  Anicsti,  between  tlio  summit  of  tlie  sierra  and  the  shore.  /(/. , 
218.  June  28th,  gov.  provisionally  fixes  the  limits  of  the  jurisdiction  as  the 
S.  F.  boundary  in  the  north,  tho  S.  Andres  rancho  of  Joaquin  Castro  in  the 
south,  between  tho  sea  and  tho  summit,  /ti.,  220.  1835.  Alcaldo  Alejandro 
Rydriguez.  Sindico  Macedonio  Lorenzana.  Receipts  $31,  expend.  $13.  Sta 
i'niz,  Arch.,  MS.,  84.  Dec.  28th,  gov.  tells  alcaldo  that  Branciforte,  not  iiav- 
iiig  the  pop.  ucucssai'y  for  au  uyunt.,  must  bo  subject  to  tho  ayuut.  of  Mou- 


BRA^'CIFORTE. 


697 


Joaquin  Castro,  Joaquin  Buolna,  Josd  Antonio  Ro- 
bles,  Jose  Bolcof,  Alejandro  Rodriguez,  Rafael  Castro, 
Antonio  Rodriguez,  Joaquin  Buelna  again,  and  Jose 
Boloof.  Municipal  finances  were  in  a  healthful  con- 
dition, or  at  least  expenses  were  so  kept  dov.n  tliat 
there  was  usually  a  balance  of  more  than  a  dollar  in 
the  treasury  at  the  year's  end.  The  villaiios  still  did 
something  to  sustain  their  old  reputation  in  the  way 
of  social  irregularities  and  popular  tumults;  if  they 
seem  not  to  have  sustained  it  fully,  the  fault  is  per- 
haps not  theirs  but  that  of  the  defective  records. 
About  20  ranchos  were  granted  in  this  region  before 
1840,  a  list  of  which  with  others  in  the  Monterey 
district  has  been  given  in  this  chapter. 

tcrcy.  He  will  appoint  an  auxiliary  alcalilo.  St.  Pep.,  J/.  <tC.,  MS.,  ii.  .'?G0. 
]S.'$0.  Alcalde  aixxiliar  Rafael  faatro.  ^ligiiol  Villagrana  vas  cli^oted  Jan. 
lOtli,  but  objection  was  made  that  he  could  not  reail  or  write  and  that  tho 
election  was  irrc;,'ular;  tiieroforu  the  ayunt.  of  Mont,  after  consulting  tho 
gov.  appointed  Castro.  I)r]>t.  St.  Pap.,  jroiit.,  MS.,  vi.  i;?-!.").  Sindico, 
Jliguel  iliunircz.  (But  Francisco  .Juarez  in  mentioned  in  Jan.  StaCruzArrh., 
!MS.,  84.)  Secretary  Joaquia  JVacliia  appointed  in  ^larcli  at  .SIO  per  niontli. 
J)rpf.  St.  Pap.,  !MS.,  iv.  'JH-IOT.  Apiil,  alcalde  complains  of  tlic  actions  of 
Gorvasio  Soto  and  wife;  who,  in  revenge  for  being  watched  in  accordance  with 
oi'ders  from  Mout.,  caught  two  buzairds  and  tied  iircbrands  to  tho  birds, 
thus  setting  a  man's  house  c.i  fire.  Monf.  Arch.,  MS.,  ii.  G-7.  P.  Real  also 
complains  to  tho  gov.  of  disorders  resulting  from  ill-assorted  marriages;  Juan 
Pinto  and  his  wifo  separated;  Fran.  Soiia  beating  his  family;  and  Gcrvasio 
Soto  and  family  the  cause  of  all  the  trouble.  Soto  should  bo  lanished  in  tho 
interest  of  public  tranquillity.  /(/.,  7-8.  IS."}?,  Alcalde  auxiliar  Antonio  Rod- 
riguez. Uiib.  Doc,  JIS.,  '24')-C.  Xo  other  record  for  tho  year.  ISitS.  Al- 
calde Joaquin  Buelna;  re :(idores  Francisco  Soria  and  Maccdonio  Lorenz:inu; 
jucz  dc  e:impo  Miguel  Villagrana,  Election  of  Feb.  12th.  iS'.  Jo.sv',  Arch., 
^IS. ,  iv.  34.  There  is  no  explanation  of  this  election,  or  why  rcgidorcs  wcro 
chosen.  Probably  there  is  some  error,  and  Buelna  was  simply  appointed  al- 
calde auxiliar,  though  tho  people  were  allowed  to  express  their  choice,  In- 
deed, Buelna  is  called  jucz  auxiliar  in  siiveral  doc.  of  the  year.  Thci-o  was 
no  change  of  system.  Aug.  1st,  Feliciano  Soberaucs,  from  Mont.,  informs 
Gen.  Va'k'jo  of  lad.  outrages  in  tiie  region.  Eugcnio  Soto's  body  riddled 
with  arrows  was  found  hanging  near  Rta  Cruz.  Vallcjn,  Doc,  MS.,  v.  \'12. 
IS.T,).  Alcalde  or  jucz  auxiliar  Joaquin  Buehia  luitil  July,  when  I'reieet  Cas- 
tro appointed  JosO  Bolcof  on  tho  ground  that  Buelna  had  long  held  the  place, 
and  other  citizens  should  have  a  ci'ance  to  holdofllce.  S!rt  Coiz,  A'-ch.,  MS., 
50;  St.  Pap.,  Skc,  MS.,  xi.  3.  Sii.dieo  Macedonio  Lorenzana;  sec.  Manuel 
Rodriguez,  perhaps  both  for  tho  next  year.  Monf.  Arch.,  MS.,  ix.  IS.  Gil 
Sanchez  tithe-collector.  St.d  Cruz,  Arch.,  JIS.,  '21).  Braneiforte's quota  of  re- 
cruits called  for  in  July  was  lo.  This  vol.,  p.  ob;'.  Munic.  receipts  for  year 
618,  expend.  §31).  Mont.  Co.,  Arch.,  MS.,  IS.  Tumult  of  April  Kith,  in 
which  citizens  revolted  against  tho  alcalde  and  resisted  arrest  by  the  prefect's 
forces,  two  being  killed  and  several  woundeil.  /(/.,  588;  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  A  mj., 
MS.,  V.  3-4.  1840.  Jucz  do  paz,  Jose  Bolcof.  April,  4  recruits  called  for. 
Sta  Cruz,  Arch.,  M?.,  22.  May,  13  foreigners  in  tho  jurisdiction,  4  being 
naturalized.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  ^'.S.,  xviii.  71-3.  For  account  of  the  (iraham 
atfair,  many  of  tho  exiles  residing  iu  this  region,  sec  chap.  i.  of  vol.  iv. 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

LOCAL  AKNALS  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTTJCT. 

1831-1840. 

Gain  in  Popttlatiox — Numbkr  of  Inhabitants  in  California,  North  and 

SorTII — SCMMARY    OF    SaN    FrANCISCO    EVENTS — MILITARY    AFFAIRS— 

Company  Transferred  to  Sonoma — Pceblo  and  Ayuntamiento— 
GuANriNa  of  Lots — Later  Litigation — Growth  of  Yerba  Bhena— 
Richardson,  Leese,  and  Spear — Private  Ranciios  of  the  District- 
San  Francisco  Mission — San  Rafael — Padue  Amor6s'  Map  of  Mis- 
sion Lands — San  Francisco  Solano — Pueblo  of  Sonoma — General 
Vallejo's  Achievements  in  the  Frontera  del  Norte — San  Jose  Mis- 
sion— A  PiiosPEROcs  Establishment — Santa  Clara — Padres  Viadeu 
AND  Moreno— Pueblo  de  San  Josib  de  Guadalupe  de  Alvarado— 
Population— Municipal  Affairs  and  List  of  Officials— Sum jiary  of 
Events. 

The  population  of  gente  de  razon  at  San  IFrancisco, 
given  as  300  in  1830,  may  be  regarded  as  280,  about 
equally  divided  between  the  penin^>ula  and  contra 
costa,  in  1840,  the  departure  of  the  soldiers  having 
more  than  counterbalanced  the  gain  from  other 
sources.  Adding  750  for  San  Josd  and  200  for  So- 
noma  and  tlie  northern  frontier  we  Jiave  a  total  for 
the  district  of  1,330,  a  gain  from  840  during  the  de- 
cade.^ The  ex-neophyte  Indian  population  had  mean- 
while decreased  from  4,920  to  2,300,  of  which  num- 

'  Data  for  eatimating  tho  district  pop.,  except  at  S.  Jos6,  for  which  we 
have  a  regular  padron,  are  very  meagre.  Tho  size  of  tho  ayunt. — 2  regidorea 
— in  18.35  may  indicate  a  pop.  between  50  and  '200  in  tlie  jurisdiction.  Also 
in  1835,  the  resident  signers  to  a  petition  -were  30  in  the  contra  costa.  In 
1837  the  nnlitia  company  of  S.  F.  iurisdiction — peninsula  and  contra  costa — 
inunbered  66,  which  should  be  about  J  of  the  pop.  And  Ihially  in  184*2  a 
padron  shows  157  geuto  do  razon  on  tho  peninsula.  In  tlio  northern  frontier 
district  there  were  in  1840  about  70  soldiers,  cavalry  and  infantry,  who  with 
their  families  and  those  of  tho  fow  rancheros  etc.  cannot  have  represented  a 
pop.  of  less  than  200,  my  estimate. 

(698) 


POPULATION". 


ber  not  over  1,250  were  still  living  in  the  ex-mission 
communities.  Combining  the  totals  for  San  Francis- 
co and  Monterey  districts  we  have  for  the  population 
of  northern  California  2,930  and  4,040  Indians,  against 
1,040  and  8,400  Indians  ten  years  earlier,  and  against 
2,850  and  5,100  Indians  in  the  south.  Again  com- 
bining the  figures  for  north  and  south  we  have  a  total 
])opulation  for  California  in  1840  of  5,780  and  9,140 
Indians,  against  4,250  and  18,000  Indians  in  1830. 
The  foreign  population  as  estimated  elsewhere  was 
380,  more  than  half  of  the  number  probably  being  in- 
cluded in  the  preceding  figures. 

But  for  the  organization  of  a  municipal  government 
and  the  growth  of  a  new  settlement  at  Yerba  Buena, 
to  be  noticed  presently,  there  is  nothing  in  the  record 
of  events  at  San  Francisco  that  calls  for  further  men- 
tion than  is  given  in  the  appended  summary.^     Never 

'  Summary  and  index  of  San  Francisco  events.  1831.  Possible  visit  of 
Gov.  Victoria  in  March  or  April.  This  vol.,  p.  ISO.  Execution  of  Rubio  for 
murder  in  Aug.,  a  famous  case.  Id.,  191-3.  Piottings  of  Padrtia  and  Vul- 
Icjo,  and  exilo  of  the  former  in  Oct.  /(/.,  197,  '-00.  Caceres,  the  only  Span- 
iard in  tlie  jurisdiction,  ordered  away.  Id.,  401.  Adhesion  of  S.  F.  to  tho 
8.  Diego  plan  against  Victoria  in  Dec.  /</., '212.  ()\^tei-s  said  to  have  Ijoen 
discovered  in  tho  bay  by  Capt.  John  Bell.  S.  F.  ('"il.,  .lunc  .">,  18(17.  1S32. 
iS.  F.  adheres  to  the  new  Zamorano  plan,  after  a  little  trouble  and  a  tempo- 
rary suspension  of  Com.  Sanchez  in  favor  of  Martinez.  This  vol.,  '2i*3-4. 
Mutiny  on  the  }Vm  Thompson,  smuggling  by  the  lioUvar,  and  utter  iiunt- 
iu^f  in  the  bay.  Id.,  304-5,  374.  1833.  Trouble  l)etween  Vallejo  juid  his 
soldiers.  Id.,  '248.  Hard  times,  and  Vallcjo'a  troubles  with  the  padre.'*  /'/., 
322.  Smuggling  and  seizure  of  vessels.  Id.,  30.5-0,  3l)9,  '.V)',i.  Visit  of 
Douglas,  the  Scotch  botanist.  /'/.,  404.  1834.  Election  of  an  ayuntamiento. 
See  note  on  nv.niio.  affairs,  this  chapter. 

r.:<.:>.  1\ ^position  of  the  U.  S.  to  purchase  S.  F,  Bay.  Id.,  400.  Tho 
colcnist  conspirator.s  embarked  on  the  A'owi.  /</.,  280-8.  Dana's  descriptive 
niatier.  jfV.-o  Frars,  201  etseq.,  439  ctseq.  1830.  The  presidio  for  tho  most 
part  abandoned,  the  company  having  been  transferred  to  Sonoma.  Note  on 
mil.  affairs,  tlus  chapter.  The  Russians  hail  a  license  to  build  a  wareliouso, 
but  did  not  utilize  it.  This  vol.,  p.  420.  Wrecli  of  the  Peores  Nada  in  Jan. 
Vol.  iv.  lOo.  Celebration  of  July  4th.  See  note  on  Yerba  Buena,  tliis  chap. 
1837.  Organization  of  a  militia  company.  Visit  of  Edwards  from  Oregon, 
iv.  SO.  Edwards  found  half-a-dozen  faudlies  living  at  tho  ruined  presidio, 
and  he  incorrectly  attributed  its  ruin  and  desertion  to  the  late  revolution 
against  Mexico,  Capt.  Hinckley  arrested  for  smuggling,  iv.  103.  Visits  of 
Belcher  and  apart  of  Petit-Thouars' expedition  in  Oct.,  tho  narratives  con- 
taining nothing  on  the  state  of  affairs,  though  scientific  observations  wero 
made.  In  his  memorial  to  the  govt  on  Aug.  17th,  (Jen.  Vallejo  liad  much  to 
Bay  of  the  advantages  of  S,  P.,  with  8  towns,  17  haciendas,  and  2.>  ranches, 
with  I'2o, 000  head  of  cattle,  etc.,  situated  near  the  b.ay,  and  tributai'y  to  tho 
port.    Vallejo,  Esposicton,  MS.,  13-14;  Id.,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  299. 

1S3S.    Gov.  Corrillo  closes  the  port  in  Jan.  This  vol.,  p.  343.    Vallejo 


I 


700 


LOCAL  AXNALS  OF  SAX  FRANCISCO  DLSTRICT. 


since  the  foundation  had  life  in  the  peninsula  cstal)- 
lishnienis  been  more  monotonous  and  uneventful  than 
in  this  decade.  Even  the  stirring  scenes  of  the  revo- 
lution and  following  sectional  quarrels  in  183G-8  had 
little  eftect  on  the  tranquillity  of  San  Francisco,  ex- 
ce})t  that  a  few  of  its  citizens  went  abroad  to  serve  in 
the  patriot,  or  rebel,  army,  and  the  rest  were  kept  busy 
in  awaiting  and  discussing  news  from  Monterey  and 
the  south.  Belcher,  Potit-Thouars,  and  Laplace  made 
some  ex[)lorations  in  the  bay  without  having  any 
remarkable  experiences  or  embodying  much  infor- 
mation in  their  published  narratives  respecting  the 
state  of  affairs  on  shore.  A  small  fleet  of  traders 
anchored  each  year  in  the  port,  but  matters  connect- 
ed with  commerce,  vessels,  and  revenue  have  boon 
pretty  fully  recorded  elsewhere  in  chapters  specially 
devoted  to  those  subjects  at  all  the  ports.^ 

The  presidial  cavalry  company  varied  in  1831-4 
from  40  to  30  men  rank  and  file,  besides  six  or  eight 
invalidos,  half  of  this  forci.  or  more  being  absent  on 
escolta  duty  at  the  missions  of  Santa  Clara,  San  Jose, 
San  Rafael,  and  Solano,  and  the  effective  force  of  the 


horo  in  Feb.  trying  to  raise  men  for  service  in  the  war.  Id.,  547.  May.  Re- 
turn of  S.  F.  troops  under  Sanchez  from  the  south.  Id.,  503.  Earthquiiko  in 
Juno,  doing  some  damage  at  the  mission,  iv.  7S.  Oct.  A  band  of  rr.bbors 
plundered  stores  (at  the  presidio?).  Val/rjo,  Doc,  v.  204.  18:59.  Vi.s'b  of 
John  A.  Sutter  in  Julj'.  Vol.  iv.,  p.  127  et  seq.  Visit  of  Laplace  in  Aug. 
/(/.,  l.")3.  According  to  Dcpt.  St.  I'np.,  Mont.,  MS.,  iv.  107,  tho  military 
post  was  abandoned  so  that  no  salute  was  iired.  Laplace's  narrative  gives 
no  definite  information  about  the  state  of  things  at  S.  F.,  thougli  there  is  no 
lack  of  philosophic  reflections;  and  there  is  tho  same  lack  of  information  in 
the  narrative  of  Belcher,  whose  visit  was  in  Sept.  According  to  Davis, 
0/hiipxe.'*,  MS.,  44,  tlie  winter  was  very  severe  and  rainy.  1840.  Nothing  to 
be  noted  in  the  recoril  of  events. 

^  For  1831-5  see  chap.  .xiii.  this  vol.;  for  1836-40,  chap.  iii.  of  vol.  iv.  An- 
tonio M.  Oslo  in  charge  of  the  revenues,  .S2,419  in  8  months,  in  1831.  Russian 
vessels  at  S.  F.  during  the  decade,  see  iv.  p.  153-9,  103  et  seq.  1833.  Uan- 
dini  in  congress  unable  to  open  S.  F.  as  a  full  port.  Pedro  del  Castillo  in 
charge  of  revenues  as  i-eceptor  in  1333-5.  Much  complaint  of  smuggling,  and 
need  of  a  treasury  officer.  No  custom-house  ollicer  in  18.3'J  S.  Wni  A.  Rich- 
ardson captain  of  tho  port  from  1830  or  1837.  Vessels;  tonnage,  and  exports 
in  1837-9,  Richardson's  record  vol.  iv.  p.  8S-93.  Vallcjo  from  this  year  made 
earnest  but  unsuccessful  eflforts  to  transfer  the  custom-house  from  Mont,  to 
S.  F.  1838.  Carrillo  attempts  to  close  the  port  as  a  southern  war  measure. 
1839.  Francisco  Guerrero  appointed  receptor  of  customs  after  Leeso  had  been 
recommended  but  not  approved.  His  pay  was  '25  per  cent  of  receipts.  Rich- 
ardson got  $00  per  month.     1840.  Douglas'  estimate  of  S.  F.  e.xports  $80,000. 


I  oso. 


V.  An- 
IJussiaii 
IJan- 
stillo  ill 

lit;',  aiul 
\.'jlii;h- 

cxporta 
\v  luiiilo 

out.  to 
iciisurc, 
ail  \tecn 
Ri.;li- 

;80,000. 


MILITARY  RECORD. 


701 


garrison  being  from  18  to  ton  soldiers.  The  nomiiical 
expense  as  per  pay-rolls  was  from  $10,000  to  $9,000 
per  3'ear.  The  officers  of  the  company,  each  serving 
at  times  as  conmfiandant  of  the  post,  after  the  retire- 
ment t)f  Lieut  Martinez  in  September  1831  were 
alfereces  Mariano  G.  Vallejo  and  Jose  Sanchez,  the 
former  being  absent  as  member  of  the  dipiitacion  and 
revolutionist  in  1832  and  the  latter  being  succeeded 
by  Damaso  Rodriguez  at  the  end  of  iii33.  The  com- 
pany sergeants  were  Jose  Berreyesa  in  1831,  Pal)lo 
Pacheco  in  1832-5,  and  Cayetano  Juarez  from  1833.* 

■•San  Francisco  military  items.  1833.  Efforts  of  Vallejo  to  collect  titlic'3 
ill  cnttlo  for  the  toiiipany;  170  lieail  collccteil;  fjov.  also  calk  on  the  missions 
for  contributions  of  cattle  for  a  rnnclio  uacioual.  Finto,  Doc. ,  MS. ,  i.  07 ;  I  'ntlcjo, 
lh>,-.,  MS.,  ii.  (J7;  />;<'.  St.  Pctp.,  JJ.  M.,  MS.,  Ixxv.  1-2;  Id.,  Ben.  C.  <(•  T., 
ii.  73-81.  ^larch  (itli,  §737  in  floods  sent  by  the  coniisario  at  Mont.  I'allcjo, 
J>or.,  MS.,  xxii.  '2.">.  Vallcjo's  complaints  of  privation.s  of  his  men.  This  vol., 
p.  322;  hut  also  tlcinahds  for  more  soldiers  and  for  a  treasury  olHcial.  Doj., 
MS.,  ii.  'i.'),  27;  •''.  Pap.,  .1/.  <0  ('.,  MS.,ii.  31.j.  1834.  Jan.,  ,l;ov.  declines  to 
])crniit  esooltas  to  go  to  S.  Francisco  to  receive  what  tiie  missions  will  give 
for  the  ranclio  naeional.  JJejit.  St.  Ptip.,  MS.,  iii.  142.  May  3d,  Vallejo  re- 
ports the  presidio  buildings  in  a  ruinous  condition  since  the  rains,  the  fort 
being  nearly  destroyed,  lie  demands  immediate  aid  to  save  the  war  material, 
and  gets  authority  to  act  and  make  estimates.  Id.,  B.  J/.,  l.x.wiii.  ,j-0.  Later 
V.  suggested  tlio  sale  of  tiie  buildings  to  soldiers  on  pay  account  or  to  others 
in  exchange  for  live-stock  for  the  rancho;  and  he  is  xuthorizcd  to  so  dispose 
of  t!iem,  reserving  liarracks;  but  there  is  no  further  record.  Valbjo,  JJor., 
Ms.,  iii.  129;  xxxi.  l.'{3.  For  the  year  1833-4,  the  company  received  l:i!3,o71, 
leaving  .*."),  1!>1  still  due.  IJcpt.  St.  Pup.,  B.  M.,  :MS.,  Ixxx.  3.  183.").  Re- 
ceipts fi'om  Solano  in  supplies  S422.  Pinto,  JJoc,  MS.,  i.  151.  Sept.  lOtii, 
V.  authorized  to  receive  200  cattle  as  a  loan  for  the  ranclio.  Vallejo,  iJoc., 
MS.,  iii.  73.  Oct.  20tli,  V.  says  he  has  sent  000 cattle  and  some  horses  by  Car- 
(juiiies  to  the  frontier  rancho.  No  prolit  to  bo  expected  for  two  years.  Id.,  79. 
1H3().  A  party  sent  to  S.  Rafael  for  cattle  for  tlie  rancho.  /(/.,  109.  Feb.  29tii, 
A'.illcjo  to  gov.  recominen  Is  tiiat  the  iicst  buildings  be  appraised  and  turned 
.i."r  ti>  soldiers  on  acct  of  their  back  pay.  Otlicrs  may  be  sold  for  cattle  for 
the  rancho.  /</.,  97.  l!S.37.  Over  l:;30,U00  of  back  pay  duo  the  company.  /(/., 
Esjioshiloit,  20.  Jan.,  a  new  civic  company  oigaui/.cd  at  S.  F.  inider  Capt. 
l''rancisco  Sanchez,  lieutenants  Jose  Martinez  and  Joaquin  Castro,  alfeiices 
!Manucl  Sanchez  and  Antonio  M.  Feralta,  witii  3  sergeants,  U  corporals,  and 
72  ]irivates,  80  men  in  all.  Valhjo,  Doc,  AIS.,  iv.  14,  xxiv.  7.  Aiiiiaiiunt 
and  war  material  at  the  jircsidio,  report  of  Joaijuin  Pina  Jau.  7tli;  8  iron 
guns--3  24-poundcrs — 3of  which  are  useless;  8  brass  guns,  1  useless;  994  balls; 
4  muskets,  i  pistol,  1  macliete,  37  musket  balls,  and  a  few  trifles.  /(/.,  xxiv. 
4.  1838.  Oct.,  Spear  lias  2  small  guns  for  sale  to  Gen.  V.  /./.,  v.  214.  1839. 
Capt.  Sanchez  named  as  com.,  also  Pradcj  Mesa.  Aug.,  minister  of  war,  says 
orders  have  been  given  for  the  protection  of  S.  F.  Sacwjc,  Dor.,  MS.,  iv.  327. 
l)ec.,  the  Mex.  govt.,  in  accordance  with  V.'s  suggestions,  authorized  tlio 
removal  of  the  fortilications  to  Angel  Island.  I'allcjo,  JJoc,  MS.,  vi.  217;  viii. 
3d2;  D'pt.  1\W.,  MS.,  x.  32-3.  1840.  Funds  sent  from  Mont,  to  Sonoma  for 
the  comp.  to  amount  of  .S2,700,  and  .^700  for  the  general.  Also  for  S.  F., 
£^2,700  in  July.  Dopt.  ,S/.  Pap  ,  Ihn..  iii.  14(1-7,  1-V2;  Id.,  C.  ,f  T.,  iv.  53. 
I'ay-roU  for  1^40,  .V  11,058.     March  1 7 ih,  Vallejo  calls  on  gov.  for  aid,  being 


I:! 


702 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


There  was  also  in  1831-2  an  artillery  detaeliment  of 
eielit  men  under  the  successive  conunand  of  Petronilij 
Rios,  Lazaro  Pina,  and  Antonio  Mendez.  In  1835 
the  company  was  tranferred  to  Sonoma,  where  its 
force  was  reduced  to  20  in  1837,  but  raised  to  nearly  50 
in  1839-40.  The  officers,  after  Vallcjo  had  been  made 
captain  and  general,  were  Alferez  Rodriguez  to  1838; 
Sergeant  Juan  Prado  Mesa,  made  alferez  in  1837, 
and  acting  as  comandantein  1839-40;  Antonio  Pcna, 
sergeant  in  1836  and  alferez  in  1837;  and  sergeants 
Cayetano  Juarez  in  183G,  Ignacio  Pacheco  in  1837, 
Ignacio  Higuera  and  Lazaro  Pina  in  1839,  and  Santos 
Berreyesa  in  1840.  After  the  transfer  Alferez  Rod- 
riguez remained  at  the  presidio  in  1835  with  two  or 
three  men;  and  after  that  year  San  Francisco  was 
abandoned  by  the  regular  soldiers  but  for  an  occasional 
visit  by  an  inspecting  officer;  and  the  mission  escoltas 
were  also  recalled.  In  1837  a  company  of  civic  militia 
numbering  8G  men  was  organized  under  Captain  Fran- 
cisco Sanchez,  who  subsequently  figured  as  command- 
ant of  the  post.  It  does  not-appear  that  these  militia- 
men did  anything  more  than  'hold  themselves  in 
readiness'  for  the  country's  service,  or  that  they  ever 
garrisoned  the  presidio,  where,  however,  from  two  to 
six  men  lived  with  their  families  in  1830-40,  and 
where  as  we  shall  see  ayuntamiento  meetings  were 
held  in  1835-8. 

Down  to  1834  the  military  commandant  had  exer- 
cised political  and  judicial  jurisdiction  in  the  Sau 
Francisco  district,  except  at  San  Jos6  and  Branci- 
forte;  but  now  an  organization  of  civil  government,  in 
the  north  as  elsewhere,  was  demanded  by  the  laws,  by 
the  spirit  of  the  times,  and  by  Figueroa's  plans.  The 
change  was  the  more  necessary  because  of  the  proposed 
transfer  of  the  military  establishment  to  the  frontcra 
del  norte.     Besides  the  soldiers  soon  to  depart  for 

about  to  station  a  company  at  S.  F.  Vallijo,  Doc,  MS.,  ix.  79,  81.  For  com- 
pany rosters  and  accounts  aeo  Vfd!-:'io,  Dm'.,  MS.,  xxi.-vi. ;  iS'.  F.  Cuenlos  da 
\a  C'onip. ,  ^IS. ,  xxii. ,  xxiv.  -v. ,  besides  many  scattered  items  in  other  archives. 


PUEBLO  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


703 


r  coin- 
Uoii  lie 
;luves. 


Sonoma  tliere  were  on  the  peninsula  and  contra  costa 
a  few  gente  de  razon,  perhaps  nearly  200  in  all,  whose 
civil  needs  required  attention.  Accordingly  the  gov- 
ernor, after  some  preliminary  correspondence  with 
Comandante  Vallejo  and  the  taking  of  a  census,  gave 
orders  in  November  1834  for  the  election  of  an  ayun- 
tamiento  to  govern  the  pueblo  of  San  Francisco  and 
the  adjoining  region  down  to  Llagas  Creek  or  the 
Pulgas  rancho  on  the  peninsula  and  the  ri'  u.'hos 
across  the  bay  eastward.  The  town  council  was  duly 
elected,  and  installed  in  January  1835,  being  regularly 
renewed  at  the  beginning  of  each  year  until  1831).  The 
successive  alcaldes  were  Francisco  de  Haro,  Josd 
Joaquin  Estudillo,  Ignacio  Martinez,  and  Haro  again 
for  a  second  and  third  term.  The  records  of  ayunta- 
niicnto  meetings  are  not  extant,  and  not  all  the  meui- 
bers  in  all  years  can  be  named;  but  we  have  sufficient 
original  documents  to  show  the  existence  of  the 
nmnicipal  government  and  the  nature  of  proceedings, 
a  summary  of  which  is  as  for  other  towns  appended 
in  a  note.^     Meetings  and  elections — the  former  not 

*Iii  connection  with  later  litigation  on  the  S.  F.  pueblo  lands,  each  of 
the  many  tlocumcnts  in  tlie  archives  iiertainjng  in  any  way  to  nuiuicipal  af- 
fairs in  1834-30  was  cited,  translated,  and  commented  on  over  and  over  a  t;ain  by 
lawyers  and  judges  in  briefs  and  decisions,  which  also  contain  in  various  com- 
binations testimony  from  otiier  sources.  All  this  matter  ia  extant  in  print  in 
many  forms;  and  there  are  several  general  treatises  that  are  rjuitc  satisfac- 
tory. For  this  reason,  and  because  my  space  does  not  permit  tlie  minuto 
chronologic  summary  and  analysis  that  woidd  bo  in  a  sense  desirable,  and  an 
the  comparatively  few  items  of  evidence  brought  to  light  Viymy  rescari'hes  do 
not  radically  modify  the  conclusions  previously  reached,  I  shall  attempt  only 
a  brief  outline  of  the  leading  points.  For  more  details  I  refer  tlio  reader  to 
JJwhiellc.'s  Colonial  Hist.  S.  F.;  llalleck^s  Laud  Titles  in  San  Fraiin-n'o,  De- 
fisiiiv.i,  etc.,  icilh  yotes  and  Comnicnta,  cfc,  8.  F.,  1800;  Hanflol/ih'.s  Argument 
ill  Hurt  V.  Burnett,  S.  F.,  ISoO;  Jonoi'  Pueblo  Question  ■Solred,  S.  F.,  ISGO; 
Wheeler's  Land  Titles;  and  Cat.  Supremn  Court  Reports, 

1834.  Feb. -.June,  preliniinary  corresp.  between  (Jov.  Figueroa  and  Co- 
mandante Vallejo  on  the  limits  of  S.  F.  jurisdiction,  census  of  jmpulation,  and 
desirability  of  an  ayuntamiento.  The  limits  were  delincd  temporarily  by  the 
gov.  as  including  the  S.  F.  mission  lands  to  the  Sta  Cruz  line  on  tie  coast, 
the  Pulgas  rancho,  and  across  the  bay  the  ranches  of  I'eralta  and  Castro  and 
nil  north  and  east  to  the  gcntilidad.  St.  Pap.,  M.  <£.•  C,  MS.,  ii.  'JI7--0;  Dept. 
St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  141.  Nov.  3d,  action  of  the  diputacion,  sent  by  gov,  to 
\'allejo  on  the  4th,  ordering  the  'jlection  of  an  aynnt. ,  of  alcalde,  two  regidores, 
and  sindico,  to  reside  at  the  ••  oidio,  and  assume  the  political  ami  judicial 
fimctions  formerly  pertaining  to  the  mil.  comandante.  DwineUe,  add.  35-1*. 
Nov,  4th,  gov.  to  Vallejo,  authorizing  him  to  establish  municipal  govt,  and 
approving  a  lino  iixed  by  him  from  Pt  Lobos  to  Eiucon  Pb  aa  the  pueblo 


704 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


very  numoroiis,  presumably — were  required  to  be 
held,  and  were  held,  so  tar  as  the  records  show,  at 
the  presidio,  though  some  of  the  officials  and  most  of 
the  citizens  lived  elsewhere,  the  presidio,  as  we  have 

baumlaiy.  Vallfjo,  Doc,  MS.,  ii.  310.  This  was  the  'Zamorano  docnment:,' 
shown  to  be  spurious,  as  no  such  '  Vallcjo  lino'  was  ever  adopted  for  tlic  pur- 
pose indicated,  though  the  land  eomtnis.siou  accepted  it  as  authentio.  Jans- 
Bens,  Vida,  MS.,  48-0,  claims  to  iiavo  brought  the  gov.'s  order  from  ilont.  to 
S.  F.,  and  to  have  witnessed  the  installation  of  the  ayunt.  Dec.  7th,  record 
of  primary  election  at  the  presidio;  electors  chosen;  Ignacio  I'eralta,  Fran- 
cisco Sanchez,  Fran.  Soto,  Joaiiuin  Castro,  Jos(5  C.  Sanclicz,  Fran,  de  lluro, 
!Manuel  Sanchez,  Juan  Miranda,  Antonio  Castro,  Marcos  Jiriones,  and  Apo- 
linario  Miranda,  the  highest  no.  of  votes  being  '27.  Diinndlc,  add,  .36. 

I8;Jo,  Alcalde  Fran,  de  llaro,  secretary  Fran.  Sanchez,  rcgidores  and 
sfndico  unknown.  Jan.  '2"2d,  Ilaro  to  gov.,  announcing  that  the  ayunt.  has 
begun  its  sessions,  having  appointed  a  sec.  at  $1."),  and  Gregorio  Brionos  as 
alcalde  auxiliar  of  the  contra  costa.  Jan.  31st,  gov.  .approves  the  appoint- 
ments. Dtpt.  Si.  Pap.,  Mont.,  MH.,  iv.  yi-'2.  This  is  more  definite  than 
l-)winclle'3  references  for  same  facts.  Jan.  olst,  ;,'ov.  to  Joaq.  Estudiilo, 
coniandante  of  S.  F.  de  Asis  (there  is  no  other  evidence  that  ho  held  such  a 
jjosition),  acknowledging  receipt  on  the  '23d  inst  of  a  padron,  and  ordering 
the  election  of  an  ayunt.  of  4  members  according  to  the  pop.  (oO  to  '2;)0'.'), 
JJicindle,  add.  37.  This  order  is  unintelligible  on  its  face.  Dwindle  d  AX'lis 
on  the  use  of  the  word  parlklo  \i\  the  former  order  and  piirhlo  in  this,  and 
claims  that  after  the  '  aggregate '  ayunt.  of  the  partido  was  organized,  the 
gov.,  learning  the  no.  of  inhab.,  ordered  the  organization  of  a  new  'compo- 
site' ayunt.  for  the  pueblo,  which  superseded  the  1st.  This  conclusion 
scorns  to  me  to  rest  on  very  slight  foundation;  and  I  prefer  to  suppose  there 
is  something  wrong  about  the  '2d  order,  especially  in  view  of  its  date.  I  do 
not  think  there  was  a  new  election,  though  such  was  possibly  the  case  on 
account  of  some  informality  in  the  1st;  and  I  regard  the  line  distinction  made 
by  lawyers  on  both  sides  between  a  partido  and  pueblo  ayunt.  as  imaginary. 
Jilaj'  ,"l)th,  petition  of  30  residents  of  tlio  northern  ranches  (Contra  Costa  and 
Alameda  counties)  to  be  transferred  from  the  jurisdiction  of  S.  F.  to  that  of 
8.  JosL',  on  account  of  tho  long  distance  by  land  and  perilous  voyage  by  sea 
to  the  jilaee  of  ayunt.  meoting.-i,  also  tho  lack  of  proper  lodgings  at  S.  F.  pre- 
sidio. This  was  referred  to  t!ie  dip.,  and  then  to  the  respective  ayunt.  in 
(Sept.  That  of  S.  Josi5  on  Nov.  4th  reported  in  favor  of  the  change;  and 
that  of  S.  F.  on  Dee.  '2()th  against  it  on  the  ground  thiit  the  complaints  of  the 
petitioners  were  frivolous,  as  they  came  frequently  to  S.  F.  on  private  busi- 
ness, and  the  presidio  lodgings  had  been  thus  far  satisfactory.  Tliis  seems 
to  have  ended  the  matter,  and  no  eliange  was  made.  St.  Pap.,  M.  A  C,  MS., 
ii.  3(il-4.  June,  a  reply  to  a  petition  of  the  ayunt.  on  .assigning  cjidos  and 
propios  is  mentioned  in  an  index,  but  is  not  extant.  DwineUc,  add.  53.  July, 
gov.  decides  that  the  ayunt.  has  no  right  to  grant  Estudiilo  a  house  lot  on 
tlie  beach  with  sowing  lands  at  Verba  Buena.  J)ept.  St.  Pap.,  Bi'ii.,  P.  <.i.  J., 
^IS,,  vi.  lU.  This  may  have  been  because  the  granting  of  lots  away  from 
the  presidio  required  consideration,  because  of  tho  location  'on  the  beach,' or 
of  the  extent  of  land  desired;  at  any  rate  on  Sept.  '22d,  as  made  known  by 
gov.  to  .alcalde  on  Oct.  27th,  the  dip.  decided  that  the  ayunt.  eould  grant  lo':s 
of  100  varas  and  200  varas  from  the  shoro  at  Yerlja  liuena.  Dee.  l.'jth,  ]n'i- 
mai'y  election;  electors  IJartolo  15ojor,:^es,  J<se  C  Sanchez,  Felipe  Brioncs, 
Gabriel  Castro,  ^Lmuel  Sancliez,  Ignacio  Per.alta,  Joacjuin  Estudiilo,  and 
Candelario  Valencia.  I'^lection  held  in  the  plazii  of  the  pueblo  of  S.  F.  de 
Asis  —probably  at  the  presidio  as  before.  Dw'indh',  add.  47.  Final  election 
on  Dec.  27th,  no  recoril  except  that  J oa((uin  Castro  was  chosen  rcridor  an  I 
Ills  election  declared  null  by  reason  of  his  relationship  to  the  sindico.  Dcpt, 


MUNICIPAL  AFFAIRS. 


705 


.soon,  being  almost  entirely  abaiidonod  after  183G.  In 
^lay  1839,  under  the  new  system  of  prefectures,  the 
ayuntamiento  was  abolished  here  as  elsewhere,  and  a 
justice  of  the  peace  was  appointed,  Francisco  Guer- 

Sf.  Pap.,  lien.,  P.  A  J.,  MS.,  vi.  18.  The  other  officers  chosen  were  as  fol- 
lows. 

1836.  Alcalde  Jnsi5  Joaquin  Estudillo,  who  announces  his  election  Jan. 
1st.  /i.  Regiclorcs  (Jregorio  JJriones  and  JoH(5C.  kSanchez.  DwineUCfG'l.  Sec. 
Fran.  .Sanchez;  alcalde  iui.\iliar  on  tlie  frontier  Nicoliis  iliguera.  Vallcjo,  Dor. , 
MS.,  ill.  181.  Otiior  aiipointnients  were  prohaldy  made  on  the  frontier, 
which  V'allejo  refuswl  to  rccognizo,  being  sustained  by  the  dip.,  winch  body 
in  July  decided  that  the  region  north  of  the  l)ay  was  subject  only  to  inilitiry 
authority.  Dvpt.  St.  Pnp.,  lini.,  P.  .{• ./.,  MS.,  iii.  3i>-41;  Lp(j.  Her.,  MS.,  iii. 
IS-l'J.  This  year  lots  at  Yerbu  Buena  were  granted  by  the  ayunt.  to  Wni 
A.  llicliardson  and  Jacob  P.  Leese.     No  record  of  elections  for  the  next  year. 

IS.'JT.  Alcalde  Ignacio  Martinez,  1st  regidor,  holding  over,  probably  Jos6 
0.  Sanchez;  si'iidico  iilas  Angelino,  sec.  prol>ably  Fran.  Sanchez,  capt.  of  the 
port  Win  A.  ]\ichardson,  alcaide  auxiliar  of  Contra  Casta  Francisco  Arniijo. 
'I'liree  lots  at  Yerija  liuena  granted  to  John  Fuller,  Francisco  Sanchez,  and  J. 
Foil.  Dec.  3d,  primary  election;  electors  Fran.  Guerrero,  Fran,  de  JIaro, 
Vicente  Miranioute.a,  Antonio  M.  Pcralta,  Jo.-i6  Ant.  Alviso,  Juan  ]5ernul, 
Le.'indro  Ga'dndo,  Josi5  C.  IJcrnal,  and  Domingo  Sais;  highest  vote  29.  Final 
election  on  Jan.  8,  1838,  result  as  lielow.  J)wind/e,iidd.  5',i-'i.  But  according 
t;)  Halleck,  123,  Win  A.  Richardson  was  first  elected  alcalde,  declining  to 
serve. 

1S38.  Alcalde  Fran,  de  Haro,  2d  regidor  Domingo  Sais,  sindico  Jos6 
r.ndriguez,  sec.  ])ei'!iaps  still  Sanchez,  alcalde  aux.  at  S.  Mateo  Uregorio 
llrioncs.  S.  Joie.Arh.,  ^IS.,  v.  34.  Capt.  of  port,  Richardson.  Lots  at  Y. 
r>.  granted  this  year  to  Fran.  Caceres  and  Wni  Gulnac.  Sept.,  trouble  be- 
tween Leese  and  Hinckley  and  Spear,  partly  on  account  of  disagi-eement 
ai>out  a  lot.  IJ<j>/.  Si.  Pnp.,  MS.,  iv.  22(>-7;  xvii.  5G.  The  Ojo  do  Figuema 
ncai-  the  presidio  granted  to  Apolinario  Miranda  by  Com.  .Sanchez ,'?).  M.  had 
ahoydy  a  liouse  there.  Dwhiellc,  add.  o-t-.^.  Dec.  31st,  alcalde  sends  a  suuia- 
ri)  for  tlie  murder  of  J036  Pcralta  by  his  relative  3os&  Ant.  (Jalindo  in  Sept. 
/.V;i'.  St.  Pap.,  Dm.,  V.  2S()-2;  Id.,  P.  A  J.,  MS.,  vi.  18.  Election  rn  Dec. 
lilst  with  result  a^  below.  Drpt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvii.  5(J. 

IS.'ii).  Alcalde  Vicente  ^liramontes  (who  did  not  accept  ov  was  not 
a]>[)njved,  Iluro  continuing  to  act),  regidores  Domingo  Sais  and  Til)urcii} 
Va.-i.]uez,  .sindico  Fran.  Ciiccres.  \i\  May  under  the  new  system  the  ayunt. 
ci'iised  to  exist,  and  on  t!ie  15th  Francisco  (iuerrero  became  juez  do  paz  Ijy 
the  gov. 's  temporary  appointment.  Id.,  Mont  ,  iv.  97.  Vicente  Miramont-S 
jucz  su))lentc  from  .Tuly.  Id.,  103—1;  .lolin  Fuller  sin<lieo  from  Aug.;  Rich- 
ardson capt.  of  port;  .Jose  Ant.  Alviso  and  John  Coppingcr  from  July  2.)th 
juoccsat  S.  Francisipnto  and  Corte  Madera;  Iguacio  iliguera  'encai-gado' at; 
Contra  Costa  till  ^lay,  when  Ignacio  Pcralta  was  appointed  juez  and  S.  Pab'i 
de  Contra  Costa  was  thus  formally  separated  from  the  jurisdiction  of  S.  ■'. 
h'-<fiulil/c>,  Dor.,  yiS..  i.  2r)7.  Lots  at  Y.  B.  granted  this  year  to  Salv.  \'ullejo, 
Jose  Peiia,  Wm  S.  Hinckley,  and  .John  C.  Davis;  and  on  one  occasion  tiie 
gov.  was  consulted  alxiut  certain  applications  for  lots.  There  was  some 
trouble  with  Cayetano  .luarcz,  who  wlien  appoiuted  for  some  duty  in  tlio 
north  declared  that  the  frontera  did  not  belong  to  the  jun.  diction  of  S.  F. 
1'he  alcalde  desired  permission  to  semi  the  pri.-iouer  (lalindo  to  S.  Jose  for 
want  of  a  jail  and  ^uard.  In  Feb.  Dolores  was  made  the  eai)ecera  of  the 
partido,  extending  f.om  Llagas  Creek  to  Sonoma;  but  no  sub-prefect  was 
appointed  at  S.  F.  u  itil  after  1840,  S.  .Tos6  being  made  temporarily  the  e.ibe- 
cera.  .S'.  Jo-<i'.  An'h.,  MS.,  ii.  18.  April  20th,  llaro  asks  instructions  about 
granting  a  lot  at  the  mission.  Dwindle,  add.  61.  May  21st,  gov.  permits  Leeao 
Ui9T.  Cal.,  Vol.  III.    45 


700 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO  DLSTRICT. 


roro  holdln<^  that  po.sition  in  1839-40.  At  tlio  s^aiiie 
tlinu  tlio  tnissioii  was  niado  noininally  head  town  of 
tlio  partido,  tliough  there  was  as  yet  no  sub-prelect 
liere;  the  municipal  chief  transferred  liis  office  also  t* 
]3()l()re.s  from  the  presidio,  wliere,  in  theory  at  least,  it 
had  been  belbre;  and  the  contra  costa  ranchos  wi-ie 
cut  otF  from  the  jurisdiction  of  San  Francisco  and 
given  a  juez  do  paz  of  their  own.  Meanwhile  tlij 
town  authorities  g'ranted  seventeen  house  lots  iit 
Yerba  Buona  in  183G-40,  and  three  lots  at  the  mis- 
sion in  1840. 

The  subject  of  municipal  government  at  San  Fran- 
cisco in  these  years  assumed  later  an  importance  not 
dreamed  of  at  the  time,  from  the  fact  that  a  great 
town  grew  up  on  the  peninsula.  Local  authorities 
continued  to  grant  lots  as  a  matter  of  course  dov;ii  to 
1846  and  later,  and  after  the  American  occupation 
the  question  whether  lands  not  so  jjranted  belonufed 
to  the  city  or  to  the  United  States  came  up  for  set- 
tlement. This  is  not  the  place  to  record  the  litiga- 
tion in  its  many  phases,  but  brief  mention  cannot  be 
avoided.  It  was  finally  decided,  after  unlimited  dis- 
cussion extending  through  many  years  and  several 
adverse  decisions,  by  the  land  commission,  California 

to  build  ftt  Visitacion.  Dept.  i?cc.,MS.,  x.  12.  May  2Gth,  Guen'cro  publishes 
a  bando  of  police  regulations.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Mont.,  MS.,  iv.  100.  .July 
L^tli,  (Uierrero  makes  known  to  thu  prefect  the  desire  of  clcizcns  to  settle  at 
the  mission,  favored  by  himself  as  also  by  the  prefect,  and  Nov.  ,30th  l>y  tlic 
gov.,  who  authorizes  the  granting  of  lots  at  the  mission,  .^O  varas  in  extent, 
tlie  settlers  to  use  for  their  cattle  the  surrounding  lands  except  S.  Mateo  and 
tho  coast,  ))ut  not  to  disturb  the  Ind.  or  embarrass  the  administrator  as  long 
as  the  community  exists.  Id.,  v.  102;  xvi.  24.  Many  other  routine  commu- 
nications of  the  year  from  Guerrero  to  prefect  in  Id.,  v.  92-110.  Alvar.ado's 
idea,  Misrel.  llUt.  Pap.,  MS.,  no.  2-t,  is  that  the  above  movement  was  mere- 
ly a  transfer  of  the  juzgado,  or  municipal  headquarters,  from  presidio  to 
mission;  and  this,  I  think,  was  what  was  practically  eiTected,  there  being  no 
cliange  of  pueblo  or  tliouglit  of  a  new  pueblo  proper. 

1810.  (iuerrero  still  juez  do  paz.  Feb.  Ist,  .accepts  the  continuation  of 
appointment.  Feb.  2d,  writes  to  prefect  on  his  proposed  plan  of  Dolores  so 
as  to  regulate  tho  granting  of  lots  wiiich  the  gov.  has  authorized,  lie  will 
make  the  church  tho  centre,  and  will  repair  some  of  the  ruined  buildings 
which  tho  vecinos  have  occupied  for  many  years.  He  desires  the  adminis- 
trator to  give  up  or  lend  a  room  for  a  jail.  Many  other  routine  communica- 
tions of  the  year.  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  Mont.,  MS.,  v.  110-1.3.  Lots  were  granted 
this  year  at  Yerba  Buena  to  Loeac,  J.  A.  Vallejo,  J.  B.  Cooper,  J.  Vioget  (2)} 
and  ut  Dolores  to  L.  Galindo,  C.  Valencia,  aud  F.  Gomez. 


THE  PUEBLO  LANDS. 


;07 


supreme  court,  and  United  States  district  court,  that 
San  Francisco  in  1835-40  was  a  pueblo;  that  as  sulIi 
it  was  entitled  by  Spanish  and  Mexican  law  and  usaL;e 
to  four  leagues  of  land,  and  that  the  Unitctl  States 
was  under  obligation  to  recogni/e  the  puebh^  tilic.'^ 

"Tlio  position  of  Jonea  and  Ranilolpli  ns  representing  the  opposition,  Wiis 
tliat  there  was  at  S.  F.  no  pueblo,  in  tlie  sense  of  a  corporate  Iwcly  osvuint;  or 
entitled  to  own  lands.  There  were  two  pueblos  in  tiie  sense  of  'acttleincnt.!,' 
each  originally  intended  to  become  the  nucleus  of  a  town,  and  each  huvin;,'  !i 
certain  territorial  frani'hiso  or  right  to  the  use  of  certain  lands— the  presiilio 
for  military,  and  the  mission  for  missionary  purposes.  The  presidio  iniyht 
become  the  scat  of  a  pueblo,  civil  community,  or  municipality,  by  the  settle- 
ment of  retired  soldiers;  but  these  soldiers  settled  elsewhere,  and  the  presidio 
beciinie  merely  an  abandoned  military  post.  The  mission  also  might  by  scc- 
uluriration  and  the  n2o''^o'^t'fn  of  settlers  do  razon  to  the  ex-neopliyteri  luivo 
become  a  pueblo,  but  did  not,  secularization  proving  a  failure  and  the  lud. 
dif.a])peariiig.  The  ayunt.  establislieil  in  1833  was  for  the  government  of  the 
whole  partido,  not  specially  for  the  pueblo,  and  its  creation  was  not  the  crea- 
tion of  a  Tueblo  de  S.  I'Yancisco.  A  third  pueblo,  or  settlement,  sprang  up 
at  Yerba  Buena  from  18,'5,")-G.  As  a  matter  of  convenience,  the  govt  at  ^lou- 
tercy  delegated  to  the  partido  ayunt.  authority  to  grant  lots  at  Yerba  ])uena, 
ond  later  ut  Dolores,  and  such  lots  were  legally  granted.  Each  settlement 
might  havo  obtained  from  the  govt  certain  lands  for  propios,  etc.,  but  never 
did  so.  All  the  lots  were  granted  either  at  Y.  B.  or  at  Dolores,  never  at  tho 
pueblo  of  S.  F.  The  'pueblo  system'  so  much  talked  of  was  for  tho  most 
p;;rt  an  invention  of  later  times;  or  if  not  so,  tho  4  leagues  of  land  to  which 
a  pueblo  was  entitled  must  be  formally  granted  by  the  govt,  or  at  least  marked 
out  oliicially,  the  U.  8.  being  under  no  obligation  to  recognize  a  title  that  tho 
Mex.  govt  niight,  under  certain  eircumstancca  if  applied  to,  have  seen  fit  to 
concede. 

As  a  matter  of  fact  S.  F.  was  a  pneblo  exactly  like  S.  Diego,  Sta  ]]iirbai'a, 
ar.d  -Monterey.  Much  confusion  has  been  caused  by  the  multiplicity  of  names 
applied  to  peninsula  establishments,  such  as  presidio,  mission,  pueblo,  estu- 
bkcimiento,  port,  S.  Francisco,  S.  F.  de  Asis,  Dolores,  Yerba  Buena,  etc.,  and 
most  of  it  may  be  removed  by  noting  that  San  Francisco  de  Asis  was  tlio 
];g;d  and  proper  name  from  the  first  for  all  on  the  peninsula,  the  other  terms 
being  used  to  indicate  localities  at  S.  F.,  very  much  as  Mission,  l're;.idio,  or 
Txuvi h  Beach  arc  still  useil.  In  early  times  S.  F.  was  a  mission-military  cstab- 
li.hment  intended  eventually  to  become  a  town  or  puoblo  of  Spanish  eilixcns, 
eoi.iposcd  of  ex-ncophyte  lad.,  retired  soldiers  and  their  descendants,  colo- 
nials or  settlers  from  abroad,  naturalized  foreigners — any  or  all  of  tlie.ic. 
The  pueblo  would  begin  to  exist,  in  tho  familiar  sense  of  the  term,  whenever 
thei'o  should  bo  any  residents  besides  soldiers  and  neophytes;  in  the  legal 
SL'i;;!e  when  a  local  civil  govt  should  be  ])rovided  for  them.  Xaluro  in  this 
c;i;o  fixed  tho  natural  bounds  of  the  pueblo  lands  on  three  iiides;  in  the  dis- 
tribution of  lots  tho  convenience  of  citizens  would  be  limited  only  by  needs, 
actual  and  prospective,  of  military  defence  and  of  Ind.  yet  to  be  released 
from  neophytism.  In  IS. 14  8.  F.  was  a  pueblo  in  the  ordinary  sense;  in  lo.'Jo, 
by  tho  organization  of  an  ayunt.,  it  became  a  pueblo  in  a  strictly  lc;;al  ;  euse. 
Nothing  more  was  required.  An  ayunt.  without  a  pueblo  could  have  no 
existence;  though  tho  jurisdiction  of  every  ayunt.  extends  far  lieyond  its 
pueblo.  This  pueblo  was  not  tho  presidio,  it  was  not  the  mission,  it  was  San 
Francisco.  The  presidio  was  the  place  of  meeting,  and  the  natural  centre, 
or  starting  point,  of  the  pueblo;  but  the  residents  did  not  want  lots  there, 
preferring  Yerba  Biicna  cove.  Tho  ayunt.  had  the  right  under  the  laws  to 
fe'rant  town  lots;  possibly  would  havo  granted  them  without  consulting  the 


70S 


LOCAL  ANXALS  OF  SAX  FRAXCISCO  DISTIllCT. 


Tlio  (U'cision  wa«,  I  think,  entirely  in  acoordiinco  witli 
fhet,  law,  and  equity;  though  many  abler  men  still 
liold  tho  contrary  oj)lnion.  Amon<^  the  many  cliam- 
piouH  of  the  respective  sides  in  the  controversy  Tii;iy 
he  a])proi)rlately  named  Edmund  Randolph  and  Will- 
i;uM  Carey  .lones  aj^ainst  the  })Uel»lo title,  and  in  fa\iir 
of  it  ][enry  W.  Ilalleck  and  John  W.  Dwindle,  tin; 
hitter's  Coloiiiid  History  of  San  Francisco  ho\\\\s,  tlie 
most  extensive  and  satisfactory  treatise  on  the  sub- 
ject. As  is  their  wont,  the  lawyers  succeeded  ii 
mahinj^  of  a  comparatively  simple  matter  a  very  com- 

ilicated  one;  but  their  efforts  were  valuablo  contrl- 

jutions  to  local  history. 

Tlie  settlement  of  Yerba  Bucna,  nucleus  of  tho 
modern  city,  had  its  humble  beginnlnijf  in  this  decade, 
and  contained  in  1840  more  than  half-a-dozen  struct- 
ures. As  we  have  seen,  the  name  Yerba  Baena  h.il 
been  transferred  from  liie  anchorage  west  to  tliJ't 
south  of  Loma  Alta,  or  Telegraph  Hill,  where  several 
vessels  had  anchored  befcjrc  1830,  where  a  Frencli 
trader  had  landed  to  build  a  boat,  and  wliere  the  con- 
struction of  a  guard-house  had  been  ordered  in  1827, 
there  being  no  evidence  that  it  wos  ever  built,"  At 
any  rate  in  1831-4  all  was  in  a  state  of  nature  but 
for  the  presence  of  a  party  of  foreign  boat-builders 
for  a  time  in  1831  or  1832.'*     Vessels  were  still  per- 

gov. — though  it  was  customary  in  Cal.  to  ask  his  advice  and  opinion  on  tlio 
most  tvifliug  measures — at  tlic  presidio;  was  instructed  by  the  govt  that  it 
ha<l  tlic  right  to  grant  lots  ut  Yerba  15nena;  and  later  received  like  instruc- 
tions respecting  Dolores.  Lots  were  granted  at  these  two  points,  and  wuuM 
have  l)een  granted  at  other  points  within  the  probable  pueblo  limits  had  th^y 
been  desired.  The  gov.  and  diji.  had  no  powers  in  the  granting  of  lands 
that  could  be  delegated  to  an  ayunt.  Tiioy  could  inform  the  ayunt.  as  to  its 
powers,  and  to  a  certain  extent  regulate  their  exercise.  The  right  of  the 
pueblo  to  its  lands  Avas  recognized  indirectly  by  the  govt  in  several  way^i, 
even  in  tho  granting  of  ranclios  wliieli  infringed  on  the  conventional  four 
leagues.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  at  any  time  before  lS4(j  th6  local 
autiiorities  might  have  had  four  leagues  of  land  formally  set  apart  for  tlio 
town.  Whether  their  failure  to  do  so  forfeited  the  city's  right  under  the  U. 
S.  was  a  question  for  the  U.  S.  to  settle;  but  having  assumed  the  obligations 
of  Mexico  by  relinquishing  the  pretension  to  insist  on  perfect  titles  in  t!io 
case  of  private  ranchos,  tho  govt  virtually  conceded  the  pueblo  title,  and 
the  courts  could  not  do  otherwise  than  confirm  it. 

'  See  vol.  ii.  p.  .'jOO. 

''James  W.  Weeks,  Reminiscences,  MS.,  CS-72,  states  that  himself,  George 


YKRBA  DUKXA. 


700 


[O,  tlu; 


ic  cou- 

18-27, 

At 

0    l)Ut 

ikleivi 
1  per- 


mitted to  aiiclior  lunv,  thoii^li  not  without  oornsional 
oWjuction."  Ill  iS.'Jj  Wiiliain  A.  Jvichurdsoii  hccanu! 
the  first  nettlor,  ereetini;  :is  a  tciiijioi-ary  <l\vriliii'4  a 
tent,  or  '.shanty  of  roii'^ii  boards'  as  Dana  saw  it  in 
J^t'ceniber,  re[)laced  within  a  year  or  two  l»y  an  adobe 
buil(Hn_<^.  His  lot  was  o-ranted  in  I  S;](;,  and  his  build- 
ing* stood  near  tlie  eornur  of  what  were  later  J)u[>ont 
and  Clay  streets.  His  Ijusiness  was  the  eolleetion  of 
produce  from  points  about  the  bay  to  make  up  tin,' 
eai'goes  of  trading  vessels  by  tin;  aid  of  Indian  crews 
wlu)  nrvio-ated  two  or  three  old  launches  beloiiLjini^ 
to  himself  and  the  missions.  His  Indians  had  a 
temascal,  or  bathdiouse,  at  the  foot  t)f  Sacramento 
street,  the  water  front  beiuL"'  the  present  ^[ontj^om- 
ery  street.*'  In  I8:]n  Jacob  P.  Leese,  in  partnershi[» 
v.'ith  Spear  and  llin<'kley,  obtained  a  lot  and  built  a 
wooden  structure  for  house  and  store  ncsar  Richard- 
son's, coin[)leting  the  building  in  time  for  a  grand  cele- 
bration on  July  4th,  at  which  assembled  as  guests — 
and  prospective  customers  of  the  enter[»rising  j)ro- 
]»rietor — all  the  residents  for  leagues  around."  In 
JS;57,  or  possibly  the  next  year,  Leese  obtained 
through  the  inllueace  of  Governor  Alvarado  })ermis- 

F'n':,'uson,  John  Mattliews,  and  pei'Imps  one  P.rown,  nnilurtook  to  r(",>air  an 
(ilil  launch  of  Captain  liicliardson's,  towing'  hvv  to  Y.  Jl.  for  the  pni'iid:;!'.  uwl 
li .  ing  th(jrc!  for  several  months,  lint  they  altamloninl  tlu;  huinc!i  alter  dohi^ 
i.iiieh  work  on  her.  W.  makes  the  (hito  lt>;}l',  but  he  also  speaks  of  the  exe- 
e.ition  of  Ruhio,  which  was  in  IS.'U. 

'••Dec.  ;{,  1SI{;{.  iieccpLor  t>  ailniin.  at  Mont.,  urj^nng  that  vessels  !i.j 
(iiilii;ed  to  anchor  in  sight  of  tlio  presidio  and  not  at  Y.  15.  iJcpL  Si.  I'l',"., 
J!.  .1/.,  MS.,  Ixxv.  3.  iXivis,  ii'liiiiiMC-i,  ^^S. ,  7,  says  that  on  his  arrival  at  i'. 
]!.  in  1833  Candelario  ^liramontcs  had  .a  potato-pateli  on  what  is  now  tho 
plaza.  From  him  D.  borrowed  a  horse  for  trips  to  the  mission  and  presidio, 
keeping  him  tethered  near  the  shore. 

'''Authorities  for  tho  progress  of  Y.  B.  in  these  early  years  are  I/i/fi/i'i 
JIUt.  S.  F.,Tt  et  seip;  S<>iil.\<fA>innUofS.  F.,  KWetseq. ;  tn/hiU's  J/isf.  Ca!., 
t^'iD  et  scq. ;  Dana's  Two  Ycar-f,  '2iJl-'2;  DuvW  Olimiitci,  MS.;  ami  a  great 
variety  of  newspaper  and  other  accounts.  As  to  minute  details  there  is  no 
agreement.  According  to  llittell  the  Widow  Brioncs  lived  in  tho  Xorth 
]jeach  region,  building  about  ]S30  an  adobo  house  at  the  corner  of  l"ili)ert 
and  Powell  streets.  Jose  llaniou  Sanchez,  Xofns,  ilS.,  lt!-l(,  says  that  in 
the  presidio  region,  but  distinct  from  the  presidio  buildinL^s,  were  two  liDUses, 
one,  occupied  l)y  the  Sr.a  do  Higuera,  built  of  timber  by  the  Russians;  tho 
other  of  adobo  at  tho  Ojo  de  agua  del  I'olin. 

"See  inAiiual.i  of  S.  F.,  170,  a  viovv — not  from  a  pliotograph  taken  on 
the  spot — of  the  house  and  festivities. 


710  LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 

sion  to  occupy  Ji  bead  I  lot  on  Montgomery  street  near 
Connnercial,  wliere  lie  erected  a  large  and  suljstantial 
frame  structure.  In  1838  the  trail  to  the  mission 
Mas  Avidened  into  a  very  roufj;-]!  wafjon  road:  and 
Rosalia  Leese  began  life  as  the  iiist  child  born  at 
Yerba  Buena,  on  Api'il  15tli. 

Leese  dissolved  his  partnership  with  Spear  and 
Hinckley  this  year,  and  Si)ear,  after  vain  efforts  to 
secure  the  store  on  the  beach,  obtained  permission  to 
or-cupy  another  lot  a  little  farther  north,  at  the  corner 
of  Clay  and  Montgomery,  with  a  ship's  house  landed 
from  the  Kent.  Leese  tried  to  prevent  the  success  of 
this  scluMue,  and  even  went  so  far  as  to  offer  to  give 
his  building,  if  its  location  was  to  be  made  the  'pre- 
text for  illeu'al  concessions  by  the  alcalde,' to  the  u'ov- 
crnment  for  a  custom-house;^^  but  this  offer  was  not 
accejitcd,  or  fulfilled,  since  the  building  was  sold  later 
to  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company.  Spear,  however, 
built  another  store  adjoining  'Kent  Hall'  probably 
belbio  the  end  of  1840.^'  As  wc  have  seen,  seven- 
teen building  lots  were  granted  before  the  end  of  the 
decade,  and  doubtless  several  small  buildings  were 
erected  besides  the  six  that  I  have  mentioned;  but  I 
make  no  attempt  hero  to  identify  theni.^*     In  1831) 

'-Si'pt.  II,  18:^8,  Lccse  t.o  Alvarado.  Drjtt.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  iv.  220-7.  'i'lio 
grtv,  was  oxpcjtcd  tit  Y.  IJ.  when  tlie  matter  was  U>  bo  .-ottlcil.  Himklcy  ami 
S]ioar  also  sciii;  llio  gov.  iicomphiiiit  against  Lccsu.  Id.,  xvii.  ;")(!.  Evi'loiilly 
tlicio  was  a  bi;tor  business  (jiiarrcl. 

'''Davis,  (I'/hiipfc.H,  ;\1S.,  I'J'.i  et  seq.,  mIio  Mas  Spcar'.s  n'jcnt  fi'oni  IS.'IS, 
nays  that  Joliii  I'uny,  a  naturalized  Me-\'.  citii:cii,  got  a  grant  j£  tho  lot  and 
deeded  it  to  Spear;  but  there  is  no  record  of  .any  .siicli  grant. 

"  Sutter,  I'rrs.  Jl(  niiii.,  AIS.,  I()-I8,  says  that  on  liis  arrival  bcnUl-.s  Spear 
&  Hinckley's  store  with'n  oO  yards  of  his  vessel  at  anelior,  and  Itichaiil- 
fion'.s  adobe  on  ])upont  St,  there  was  a  little  f ram  ;  building  belonging  to  John 
I'uller  near  Sacramento  and  ^Iontg(<inerj',  I'lHu.on'a  adobo  on  ^lontgoniory 
near 'rdegraph  Hid,  and  a  few  other  small  hou'ics.  Davis,  (7 '(;;;/wcf,  MS., 
1.17-8,  imjilies  tliat  the  two-story  wooden  grist-mill  on  Clay  between  .Mont- 
gomery ai'd  Keai'ny  was-  put  in  operation  in  18;5!)-40,  tho  machinery  being 
brought  1  .m  ( 'allao  for  H.  and  S.  on  tho  I'ors'tir  in  18;{!).  Tlic  same  writer, 
11.  18-1!),  lill-'J,  describes  llie  ecielv.'ation  (jf  July  4th  in  ISHO,  at  I.ccse'.s 
house,  and  that  in  1810,  including  a  j)icnio  at  t!ie  liincon  and  a  ball  at  Rich- 
ardson's. Apiil  II,  I8;!i),  flannel  I'edrorcna  t(j  Oapt.  Fiteli  on  tho  business 
jiiospects  for  F.  at  Y.  15.,  where  ho  i.j  advised  to  open  an  establishment. 
Tiiere  ."re  foui'  small  launciies  running  on  tho  bay,  and  a  now  largo  one  is  ex- 
pei  ted  for  Leese.  Y.  ]}.  is  tiie  livclie.'t  port  of  C'al.  I''i/i:li,  J)or.,  MS.,  .'»!). 
*  l.iy  10th,  Gov.  Alvarado  to  \'ailejo.     Intends  biiihling  at  V.  1».  warehousea 


TRIVATE  RAXCHOS. 


711 


;.oi  near 
istaiitlal 
mission 
Lcl;  and 
boi'U  at 

oar  aiul 
Yorts  to 
ssioii  to 
0  corner 
)  landed 
icccss  oP 
to  give 
lie  'pre- 
blio  gov- 
was  not 
:)ld  later 
lowevei", 
)rol)al  >ly 
\,  so  von - 
:1  of  tlio 
i-.s  wer>; 
but  I 
In  1831) 

2fi-7.     Tho 

iiK'klcy  iiml 

Evil  Ion  tly 

from  l.s;W, 
Lho  lofc  ;iiiil 

sMci  .Spear 

I  UicliiUil- 
11^  to  Juliii 

I()iitL;oiiifi-y 

7/WC'',  MS., 

vecn  iMuat- 
nory  bcinjj 
line  writer, 
I,  at  I.ocso's 

II  at  Ricli- 
lio  business 

ililishnient. 
I!  one  in  ex- 

,  MS.,  .-,0. 
■warc'liouses 


Captain  Joan  Vioget  was  eni])loycd  to  nialco  a  survey 
and  map  of  Ycrba  Buena,  His  survey,  by  which 
lots  were  granted  from  that  date,  and  to  which  those 
already  granted  were  made  to  conform,  covered  tho 
tract  now  included  by  Cahfornia  and  Pacific  between 
Montgomery  and  Stockton  streets.  No  names  were 
given  to  the  streets,  and  none  of  the  blocks  had  ex- 
actly the  position  of  later  times.  The  j)opulation  of 
this  little  village  in  1840  was  probably  about  50  soul:., 
including  lii  foi   igners. 

1  a])pend  a  list  of  private  ranchos  granted  beforo 
1840,^'  including  for  convenience  all  in  tho  nortluv.-ii 

luiil  a  wharf,  so  as  to  deter  tho  Russians  from  do.siriuj:!  to  establish  themKelvcs 
t'lcr;^'.  Tlic  S.  V.  merchants  want  all  the  advantages  but  only  build  Bhantict, 
and  diin't  even  ki'ep  them  in  repair.    Vnllcjo,  Doc,  MS.,  vii.  .S'J. 

' '  Ranchos  of  S,  l-'rancLsco  district,  including  all  from  Sta  Clara  Co.  norlii- 
vvard.  Tiioso  niarljod  with  a  *  were  rejected  l>y  the  L.  C.  or  U.  S.  cnurt.. 
Abrevadcro,  see  Llano.  Aealaiies  (Contra  Costa),  1  league,  /granted  toCande- 
hivio  X'alencia  in  18;54;  Elaui  Rrown  claimant.  Agux  Calieute  (Alauieila),  '2 
1.,  l'^.'};),  Fulgencio  Higuera,  who  was  el.  Agua  Caliento  (>(!n<inii!V  I'Sr), 
]j;izaro  I'iiia;  conf.  in  sections  to  a.  Hooker,  Al.  G.  Vallejo,  T.  M.  Lcaveu- 
v.orlh,  and  C.  1*.  Stone.  *Alamcda.  ranelio  not  nameil,  IStO,  Cuilleri.io 
Castro,  who  was  c1.  Alameda  Co.  ranches,  sec  Agua  (Julicute,  Arroyo  do 
Alametla,  Rozitas,  S.  Antonio,  S.  Leandro,  S.  Eorcnzo,  Sta  Rita,  Vallc  de  S. 
Jose.  *Los  Ang'cles  Island  (S,  F.  Bay),  18IW,  A.  M.  O.sio,  who  was  cl.  I.a.j 
Animas  or  La  Brea  (Sta  Clara),  1802,  1S.'54,  ilariauo  Castro.  In  1S3G  .loscfii 
];  jiiu^r.)  dc  Castro  and  fam.  and  Antonio  Cerman  and  f:'m.,  48  persons  in  all, 
were  living  at  Las  Xninias  and  \a\  Brea.  See  also  S.  Felipe  y  Las  Animas. 
*Arroyo  do  la  Alameda  (Sta  Clara?),  1,000  varas,  1S40,  Jesus  VaUejo,  who 
Av;is  cl.  Ai'royo  do  las  Jsueces  y  Bolbones  (Contra  Costa),  '2  1.,  J 81(4,  J.  S. 
I'aclicc;),  whoso  heirs  were  cl.  *Arroyo  ile  S.  Antonio  (.Sonoma),  18-10,  Anto- 
nio Ortega;  (J.  \VJiito  cl.  Arroyo  Scco  (Sacramento),  11  1.,  1840,  Teod:j.di) 
Yiirba;  Andres  i'ico  el.  Ausaymas  (Tuolumne),  2  1.,  ISllO,  F.  1'.  I'acliecci, 
who  was  cl.  B.iu'.inas,  see  Tamalos.  Bolhones,  seo  Arroyo.  Brea,  see 
d  nimas.  JJiiri  Buri  fS.  F. )  1S;J."),  .lose  Saiiehe:;;  ,^;0Se  do  la  (Jniz  Saaeliez  el. 
C.iniaritas  (S.  F.),  .'WO  v.,  bSJ'),  ,1.  .1.  Xol';  F.  Va'isault  cl.  Cafrida  d;l  Corto 
do  Matle;-a(Sta  Cla:a),  18;!;i,  1).  IVndta  and  :\L  Martinez;  D.  (J.  I'cralta  el. 
Canada  do  (Inadalupu  (S.  F.),  a  pel  ition  of  Manuel  Saueiic:;  iu  Feb.  ISli,"),  in 
JJ.v.  JIhit.  Veil.,  MS.,  i.  4SI_',  notgianled.  Canada  dc  Ilerrcra  (Marin),  \  1., 
]s:!l),  Domingo  Sais,  who  was  cl.  Canada  do  I'ala  (Sta  Clara),  8,()J')  v.,  \Wm, 
.1.  .L  Bcrmd,  who  was  cl.  Canada  de  S.  Fcii|)o  y  J^as  Ai\imas  (Sta  (Jlar.i^  '2 
1.,  'J'hos.  Boweu;  C.  M.  Wel)er  cl.  Canada  de  Raimunlo  (S.  Mateo),  '2\  1., 
ls;3,  .John  Coj)pingcr,  whose  widow  w.as  cl.  *Capay  (Toliama),  .">  1.,  \y,\'ut 
(bSl.')'r),  Josel'a  Sr)to;  1*.  B.  Reading  el.  Los  Carneros  (Solano),  ISIifl,  Xicok'.s 
liigncia;  C.  F.  Hart,  Ivl.  Wilson  etal.  cl.  Cayams  (Xapa),  2  1.,  KSoU,  (Ico. 
"i'oirit,  who  was  cl.  Coche,  see  Ojo  de  A;rua.  ( 'ontra  Costa  (lo.  iauch(n, 
P''e  Acalani's,  Arroyo  de  Kucccs,  Laguiia  de  I'alus  (,',)!i>rad<)'<,  Medauo.!,  Mt 
])iabln,  S.  Pabl  ),  S.  Bamon.  Corral  de  Tierra  (S.  Miteoi,  I  1.,  IS;!!),  Tibar- 
eio  Vasquez,  who  was  el.  Corral  de  Tierra  (S.  F.),  1  1.,  \W,V.),  F.  (i.  I'alo- 
mares,  whose  heirs  were  el.  Corte  t\^  Mad('raihl  I're'idio  (Mr.riul,  I  1.,  I.s;!4, 
Jnhu  Kecd,  wlioic  lu'irs  were  •  '  '.  orto  do  Madera  do  Xo\ato  (MarinK  1  ]., 
ISi)',),  iloiin  Mai'tiii,  who  was  c!.  S:o  :.is.>  Cai'ii'.da.  Diablo,  see  Mi  Dialil', 
Eatrc  Xapa  (It'ap:'.),  loot.',  Nicjliis  lligiiera;  e^uf.  (or  iu  tv.o  cases  rejccLed) 


712 


LOCAL  AXNALS  OF  SAX  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


district  or  all  above  the  Santa  Clara  valley,  instead 
of  introducing  in  different  parts  of  the  chapter  sep- 
arate  lists  for  San  Jose,  the  peninsula,  the  contra 


ill  12  tracts  to  different  men.  Estcro  Americano  (Sonoma),  2  1.,  ISSO,  Ku. 
M.  Mclntosli;  Jasper  O'Farrell  cl.  Estcros,  see  Rincon.  Figueroa,  see  Ojo 
<L'  A'.'iui.  Gatos,  see  Rinconaila.  (luatlalupo,  see  Canaila.  Onilicoa  (So- 
i!)!iiu),  4  1.,  1837,  John  Wilson,  wlio  was  cl.  Herrera,  sec  Cafiaila.  Isla  ilc 
^'c.uuas,  see  Marc  Isl.  Jmitas,  sec  >S.  Ramon,  .luristac  (Sta  Canv),  I  I., 
l.'i.i.j,  A.  &  F.  (iernian,  who  were  cl.  Laguna  <lo  la  Mcrccil  (S.  Mateo  &  S, 
1'.),  l.]j  1.,  18IS5,  JoscJ  Ant.  (lalindu;  Josefa  do  Jlaro  et  al.  cl.  Laijuna  do 
Palos  "Jolorados  (Contra  Costa),  .3  1.,  IS.'i"),  JSII,  Joa(piin  Moraga  and  .l\i,-m 
l^'rnal  cl.  La'.;uiia  Scca  (Sta  Clara),  4  1.,  ISIU,  Ji'.an  Alvires;  licirs  of  ^^'la 
lijlier  cl.  Llagas,  S.  F.  do  las  (Sta  Clara),  (5  1.,  IS.'U,  Carlo.s  Castro; 
.'^iiirpliy  cl. ;  12  pci'sons  living  Jicrc  in  1S;5(>.  *Llana  del  Abrcvadcio  (St;'. 
Clara),  1822,  Ant.  lliguera  t;t  al.  cl.  ,Mare  Island  (Solano),  1S40-I,  Victor 
Castro;  1  isscll  &  Aspinvvall  cl.  Marin  Co.  ranclios,  see  Canada  de  Herr'rn, 
Coite  do  Madera,  Xicusio,  Xovato,  Ft  Quintin,  I't  I'cyc.'!,  S.  Jose,  San;;a- 
lito,  Taniales.  Mcdanos  (Contra  Costa),  2  1..  ISSn,  J  >  6  A.  Misact  al. ;  J. 
1).  Sti^von.son  et  al.  cl,  Mcjanod  (Meclauos?)  (Contra  Costa),  4  1.,  1811.').  Jo  (5 
X.n'iega;  John  Marsh  cl.  Merced,  see  Laguna.  ililpitii3  (Sta  Clara),  1  1., 
];;!,■),  Jose  M.  Alviso,  w'.'.o  wa.'i  cl.  (Claim  of  Xieohis  IJerreyesa  on  a  [luitcf 
ls;;4  rejected.)  Molino  (Sonoma),  or  Rio  Ayoska.  1()\  1.,  J.  1>.  R.  Cooper, 
■\\l'.ov.-a3  cl.  Monte  del  Diablo  (Contra  Costa),  lSo4,  1844,  Salvio  rachcco, 
v.ho  was  el.  Xapa  (Xapa  Co.),  ISIIS,  Salvador  Vallejo,  co;;lirn;ed  in  24tract;j 
t )  dif.  men,  and  two  claims  rejected.  *Xapa,  4  1.,  1834,  C.  Brown  et  al. 
Xapa  Co.  ranclios,  sec  also  Carneros,  Caymns,  Fntre  Xapa,  Salvador's  ranclio. 
*Mcasio  (Maria),  20  1.,  T.  Quilagucgui  et  al.  (Ind.);  J.  R.  Alvarado  el. 
Xovivto  (Jlarin),  2  1.,  1S;59,  Foruamlo  Felix;  li.  Simmons,  cl.  See  idsoCorte 
d  !  .Madera.  Xneces,  see  Arroyo.  Ojo  do  Agua  do  la  (oclie  (Sta  Clarii).  2  1., 
I"..'},"),  .Inan  ^I.  llernandez;  IJ.  Mnrphy  el.  Ojo  do  Agua  do  Figucioa  (S.  F.), 
IJO  v.,  Apolinaiio  ^liranda,  whose  heirs  were  cl.  Pal:i  (>'t:i.  Clara), 
]  1.,  1S3.">,  I.  lU.'juera;  E.  White  et  al.  cl.  Sec  al.iO  Caaada.  I'alos 
C.ilorados,  see  Laiiuna.  I'otaluma  (Sonoma),  10  1..  ir.34,  lS-,';5-4,  M.  G.  Va- 
I'ejo  cl.  Pinole  (Contra  Costa),  probalily  occupied  hy  Ignacio  Ma-tinez,  to 
v.iioin  it  was  granted  later.  Polka  (Sta  Clara),  11.,  18:;:!,  l.-!ai)el  Ortega;  15. 
Mr.ipliy,  cl.  Potrcro  Xnevo,  sec  llincon.  I'ozitas  (.Mamcda),  2  1.,  1830, 
S  Ivio  I'acheco;  J.  X"o:'iega  and  R.  Livcrinore,  el.  Presidio,  see  Corte  dc 
Madera.  Pulgas  (S.  Mateoi,  4  1.,  I8;):j  and  earlier,  Lui.)  Argiiello,  v.ho'O 
hci;-:3  were  cl.  Punta  do  Quiatin  (Marin),  2  1.,  1840,  J.  ]5.  R.  Co;ipcr:  1$.  R. 
R:u'kcle\v,  el.  Punt.i  do  Reyes  (.Marin),  8  and  2  1.,  18.3(J,  James  R.  Perry; 
15.  I'hi  "ps  and  A.  Rauilall,  il.  A  suit  between  Reriy  and  {).;io  in  1844  is  re- 
eordcMi  in  Dcjil.  St.  I'<ii>.,  />' n.,  J',  (iml  •/.,  iv.  4!)-.")2.  J'urisiniaConeejJcion 
(."Sta  Clara),  1  I.,  IS  10,  Jo:ie  (ior<,'onio,  et  al. ;  Juana  Priones  cl.  Qiiien  Sabe, 
see  Sta  Ana.  Ouintiu,  ste  Punta.  Raimundo,  see  Ca.iada.  Rincon  ile  los 
Ederos  (Sta  Clara),  18.38,  l^;n;!eio  Alviso;  Ellen  ('.  White,  ]"ran.  Perreyesaet 
111.,  and  J!afael  Alvis),  cl.  Pincon  de  Salinas  y  I'otrero  Xnevo (S.  F.),  11., 
18:);),  .1.  C.  Pci'ii  d,  who  wa;(  cl.  Rinconada  de  lo.i  Gatos  (Sta  Clara)  1  .\  1., 
1840,  S.  Peralta  and  .7.  Hernandez,  \vlio  wwre  el.  Rio  Ayo:;ka,  see  Moliiio. 
S:icr;nnent()  Co.,  see  .\rroyo  Seeo.  Salinas,  sec  Itineon.  S;dv;idor's  Rancho, 
(Xa]ia),  iViO  acres,  1830,  S.  N'allejo;  eonf.  in  4  tract.i  to  dif.  men.  San  Au- 
toiii.)  (.Vlanieda),  1.S20,  Luis  Ptnalta;  eonf.  in  .">  tracts  to  iieirs,  etc.  San  An- 
tiu.o  (Sta  Clara),  18;!!),  Juan  Prado  Mesa;  Encarn.  Mesa  et  al.,  and  Wm.  A. 
Dana  et  al.,  cl.  (Three  elr.ims  on  this  grant  rejected.)  San  Antonio,  s'lhs 
Arroyo.  S.  ]''clipe,  see  Las  .Vnlnias.  S.  l''ranciseoei>.  ranclios,  sec  jVngeles  Isl., 
< 'auiarito.s,  Canada  <lo  Guad.vlnpo,  Corral  de  Tierra,  L.  Merced,  Ojo  de  Ajrua, 
Piucoii  <\'J  Salinas,  \'<  iba  lluena  Isl.;  also  pueblo  lots  before  L.  C.  granted  (o 
licnial,  Estudiilo,  Gulnac,    Leesc  and  N'aliejo,  Valencia.     Sec  also  Llagas. 


MISSION  DOLORES. 


(13 


costa,  and  Sonoma,  or  the  frontera  del  norte.  Those 
ranchos  were  about  eight V  'n  number;  but  the  only 
ones  about  whose  exact  po^julation  during  the  decade 
anything  is  known  were  a  few  in  Santa  Clara  which 
have  already  been  mentioned  as  within  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  Monterey. 

At  San  Francisco  mission,  Padre  Estenoga,  retir- 
ing to  the  south,  was  succeeded  in  18:33  by  Padre 
Lorenzo  Quijas,  a  Zacatecan;  and  the  latter  in  is;M: 
by  Padre  Jose  de  Jesus  Maria  Gutien-ez,  who  served 
to  the  end  of  1839.     The  neophytes  numbered  204  in 


8.  Franci3quito(Sta  Clara),  1839,  Antonio  Bueliia;  M.  Concepciou  V.  do  Roilri- 
gucz  et  al.,  cl.  S.  Isiilro  (Sta  Clara),  1  1.,  \H'S'.i,  Quiiitin  OrtoL^a,  who  was 
cl.  3'J  persons  living  hero  in  1SJ3.  S.  Josij  (Maiin),  U  1..  l.S-tO,  Ij^nacio 
I'aulicco,  wiio  was  cl.  S.  Lcamlro  (Alameda),  occupied  in  18oS  hy  J,  ,1.  Ks- 
tndillo,  to  wlioni  it  was  granted  later.  There  were  bouiulary  disputes  hotweeii 
]'^Ktudillo  antl  Cuillernio  Castro,  who  occupied  the  rancho  of  8.  Loion/o. 
*.S.  Mateo,  2  1.,  18:50,  1841,  J.  C.  Sanchez,  who  was  cl.  S.  Matuo 
c(^.  ranchos,  see  lluri  Buri,  Canada  do  Kaiuumdo,  (Jorral  de  'i'ieira, 
L.  Merced,  I'ulgas,  8.  Mateo,  8.  i'edro.  8.  Miguel  (Sonoma),  (5  1.,  iSiO, 
18-44,  Mark  ^Vest,  whose  heirs  were  cl.  8.  I'ahlo  (Contra  Costa),  4  1.,  1S;U. 
Francisco  Castro  and  heirs  et  al. ;  Joaquin  I.  Castro,  cl.;  rancho  also  ciiUoil 
Cocliiyunes.  Le>;.  L'l-c,  MS.,  iii.  78.  8.  I'edro  (S.  Mateo),  'J  1.,  18:«>,  Fran- 
cisco Sanchez,  who  was  cl.  8.  Kamou  (Contra  Costa),  '2  1.,I8IW,  Itafacl  Soto 
dc  I'acheco  et  al.,  who  were  cl.  8.  Uamou,  I  1.  1834,  .lose  M.  Amador; 
Leo  Norris,  cl.  8.  lt;iinon  (Alameda),  4  1.,  18.'5o,  J.  M.  Amador,  who  M-as  cl. 
8.  Itamon  or  Las  Juntas  (Contra  Costa),  '2  1.,  1833,  Ikirtolo  I'acheco  and 
^Mariano  Castro;  Domingo  I'eralta,  cl.  Sta  Ana  y  (^uien  Sahe  (Sta Clara),  7  1., 
18;i!»,  Manuel  Larios  and  J.  M.  j^nzar,  who  were  cl.  Sta  Clara,  see  Rio. 
Sta  Clara  co.  ranchos,  see  Animas,  Arroyo  do  la  Alaincda,  Canada  do<,'.>rto 
do  Madera,  Canada  do  I'ala,  Call,  do  8.  Felipe,  J  aristae,  Laguna  Seca,  J^laj,as, 
Llano  del  Abrevadero,  Milpitas,  Ojo  de  Agua,  I'ala,  I'olka,  I'nrisima,  liiii- 
con  de  Estcros,  liinconada  de  los  *_iatos,  8.  Antonio,  8.  Francisqtuto,  S. 
lyidro,  Sta  Ana,  Sta  Teresa,  Solis,  Tnlarcitos,  and  Verha  lUicna.  Sea  Itita 
(Alameda),  183!),  .1.  D.  I'aclieco,  who  was  cl.  Sta  Rosa  (SonoinaV),  Is.'il. 
iial'aol  Gomez.  J>ejit.  JiW.,  MS.,  i\.  78  (not  before  L.  C),  Sta  T'orcsa  (Sta 
Ciara),  1  1.,  1834,  Joaipiin  ik'rnal;  Agustin  llenial,  cl.  Sanzalito  (M.tiin), 
',]  1.,  1833,  Jos(5  Ant.  (jalindo;  (jicrhaps  regi'anted  in  IS.38  to)  W.  A.  Iticliaid- 
Kiin,  el.  Soeayre,  see  Verba  liiiena.  Solis  ^8til  Clara),  (1835'.'),  Mmiano 
Castro,  whose  heirs  were  el.  Solano  co.  ranchos,  seo  Carneros,  Fntrc  X,i[i,i, 
Maro  Isl.,  and  Soscol.  Sonoma  co.  ranchos,  see  Agua  (.'aliente,  AirDVo  do 
S.  ^Vntonio,  Estero  Americano,  Cuilicos,  Molino,  I'etaliim.i,  8.  Miguel,  and 
Sta  ivosa.  Soscol  (Solano),  used  as  a.  rancho  nacioual.  TamaliM  and  I'.au- 
linas  (Marin),  '2  1.,  1830,  ii:  fael  (iarcia.  who  was  cl.  See  I'unta  dc  Hcyes, 
also.  Tcliama  co.,  see  Capay.  Tnlarcitos  (Sta  Clara),  IS'JI,  ,losc  Higuciii, 
whose  heirs  were  cl.  Tuolunnio  co.,  sec  Ausaymaa.  Valle  de  8.  .lose'' i  Ala- 
meda), 1S3!),  Antonio  M.  I'ico;  Ant.  Sunol  et  al.,  cl.  Visitaciou  (S.  F. ), 
1 83!t,  applied  for  and  occui)ied,  granted  later.  See  also  Canada  dc  ( J nada- 
liil)0.  Yeguas,  see  Mare  isl.  Vcrlia  IJiiena  or  Socayi'c  (Sta  (.'laia),  1S,')3,  A. 
('lial)olla,  who  was  cl.  *Yerba  liuena  Isl.  (.S.  F.),  1838,  Josu  Castro;  J,  8. 
Poluck,  cl. 


M 


714 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


1832,  probably  less  than  150  in  1834,  and  at  the  end 
of  the  deeado  there  were  left  only  DO  living  at  San 
Mateo,  with  possibly  50  more  scattered  in  the  dis- 
trict.^"    Crops  were  small,  and  records  of  farming  op- 

"S.  Francisco  mission  statistics  1831-4.  (No  figures  wliatevor  for  ISS.'J- 
4.)  Decreaso  in  pop.  'JID  to  about  130  ('204  in  ly;{2).  Baptisms  7  and  t>  in 
l.S.31-2.  Deaths  10  and  11  in  lS.'}l-'2.  Gain  in  largo  stoclv  r),i;i2  to  (i.Ol.S  in 
lSo2,  and  10,329  in  1S;J.'>;  horses,  etc.,  9;!2  to  1,511  in  1833;  sheep  *2,000  to 
4,2r)0  in  1835.     Crops  l,(i70  bush,  in  1831,  l,03t)  bush,  in  1832. 

Statistics  for  1835-10.  Del)t  in  Nov.  1S34,  §10,080.  .SV.  Pa]).  MUs.,  MS., 
ix.  GJ.  Inventory  of  July  28,  1S.'$5.  Account  books,  etc.,  no  valuation; 
building.)  minutely  described,  including  27  structures  besides  tlic  princip;il 
vivicnda,  .522,482;  utensils  and  furniture  §319;  manufacturing  apparatus 
§233;  goods  and  produce  in  storehouse  §2,414;  garden  with  fences  and  fruit- 
trees  §334;  corral  §335;  farming  tools  §34;  launch  and  boat  §880;  live-stock, 
chielly  on  tlie  const,  4,445  cattle,  (J91  horses,  2,125  sheep,  5  mules,  0  a.sses, 
122  swine,  §17,172;  church  property,  buildings  §9,057,  ornaments,  etc., 
§8,770,  total  §17,827;  S.  Mateo  buildings  and  produce  §2,753;  lands,  5  leagues 
at  the  mission,  3  1.  at  S.  Mateo,  9  1.  at  the  Parage  do  la  Costa  as  estimated, 
for  there  was  no  doc.  to  show  extent  and  no  survey,  no  value  given;  credits, 
40  items,  tlio  largest  being  the  estate  of  Luis  Argiiello,  §402;  Id.  of  Pablo  do 
SalaSllO,  .ind  Joaquin  Ortega  §300,  total  §2542;  grand  total  §07,227,  loss 
§7,222  doblo  (13  items,  largest  A.  B.  Thompson  §1,948,  Virmond  §2,UGS, 
Jolni  C.  Jones  §1,183),  balance  §00,004,  Original  signed  by  Estudiilo,  Florcs, 
Valle,  and  Pedro  Castillo  in  Vallejo,  i>oc.,  MS.,  xxxi.  220;  also  in  St.  Pap.  Jlisx. , 
MS.,  vi.  19-21.  Sept.  23,  1839.  llartuell  found  89  Ind.  all  at  S.  Mateo;  758 
cattle,  9()7  horses,  1,272  sheep,  34  nmles,  and  2 asses.  ILrrtuell,  Diario,  MS., 
43.  May  13,  1840,  there  wore  320  cattle,  707  horses,  1,.300  sheep,  40  mules, 
and  8  asses,  other  remnants  of  property  being  of  no  value.  St.  Pap.  JIlni., 
MS.,  vii.  30-7,  and  debts  amounting  to  §2,015.  Pico,  Pap.  Miss.,  MS.,  47- 
51. 

Statistics  of  1770-1832.  Total  of  baptisms,  0,993,  of  which  3,715  Ind. 
adults,  2, '32,1  Ind.  children,  454  children  do  razon;  annual  average  115. 
^Marriages  2,121,  of  which  85  do  razon;  average  37.  Deaths  5,553,  of  wliifh 
3,41)4  Ind.  adults,  1,900  Ind.  chiUlrcn,  5S  and  111  gente  de razon;  annual  av- 
iirago  94;  .average  death  rate  12.4  per  cent  of  pop.  Largest  pop.  1,252  in 
lS2iJ;  m-i!cs  always  in  excess;  children  i  to  !.  Largest  no.  of  cattlo  11,240 
in  1808;  horses  1,2.39  in  1831;  mules  42  in  1813;  ahecp  11,324  in  1813;  all 
kinds  22,003  animals  in  1805.  Total  product  of  wheat  114,480  bush.,  yield 
\.)  fold;  barley  5',),.50()  bush.,  9  fold;  maize  10,900  bush.,  51  fold;  beans  1,J,- 
SSO  bush.,  25  told;  miscLil.  grains  i;),053  bush,,  24  fold. 

Summary  of  events,  etc.  1831.  Status  under  Echeandfa'a  decree,  never 
enforced.  This  vol.,  p.  30G-7.  1833.  Proposition  before  the  dip.  to  lix 
bounds  of  niLssicn  lands.  Id.,  249.  Reports  in  favor  of  secularization.  /</., 
333,335.  1834.  Joaquin  Estudiilo  ajipointed  comisionado  in  Sept.  St.  Pap., 
Jli'<!i.,  MS.,  ix.  02.  !May  10th,  petition  of  the  padre  to  dip.  for  a  dcliniti:.'u 
of  boundaries.  Lcj.  Pec,  MS.,  ii.  03.  Sept.  28tii,  Estudiilo  recommends  tlio 
discharge  of  one  of  t'ae  two  maj(3rdomos  to  save  expense.  St.  Pap.  J/i.s.s.,  M.8,, 
ix,  02,  Oct,,  claim  of  a  neolita,  nian'icd  to  Robles  of  Brauoiforte,  for  05 
head  of  cattle  left  l)y  her  father  and  iucorpcu'ated  with  the  mission  herds.  P. 
Abclla  tobtificd  that  ho  knew  nothing  of  the  matter,  and  the  gov.  dccidml 
that  Ihcj  woman  was  entitled  to  only  her  pro  rata  on  tho  general  liistributiou. 
JJcji/.  St.  Pap.,  JJi'ii.,  MS.,  v.  22-31,  8.5-92.  1835.  Estudiilo  having  somo 
troul)!e  with  tlio  jiadre,  Ignacio  del  Valle  came  up  from  Sta  Cruz  to  take  hi.) 
piaco  or  to  aid  him;  and  on  July  2Sth,  ns  per  inventory  already  cited,  tho 
estate  was  turned  over  to  Gumesindo  Flores  as  administrator.  Valle,  Lo  Pa- 
sado,  MS.,  10;  Sla  Cru::  Aixh.,  MS.,  74;  St.  Pap.,  JlidS.,  MS.,  vi.  19.     Tho 


SAN  RAFxVEL. 


715 


erations  amount  to  notliinsjf;  but  in  live-stock  there 
seems  to  have  been  a  large  gain  down  to  the  secular- 
ization in  1834-5.  Joaquin  Estudillo  was  tlio  conii- 
sionado,  aided  by  Ignacio  del  Valle;  and  the  successive 
administrators  were  Gumesindo  Flores  in  1835-G, 
Jos(5  de  la  Cruz  Sanchez  in  1830-40,  and  Tiburcio 
Vasquez  from  1840.  The  inventory  of  the  transfer 
in  1835  showed  a  total  valuation  of  $00,000,  or,  for 
real  estate  and  fixtures,  land  not  being  valued,  $25,- 
800;  church  property  $17,800;  and  available  assets, 
chiefly  live-stock,  in  excess  of  debts,  $10,400.  In 
1840  the  debt  amounted  to  only  $2,000,  but  the  little 
remnant  of  cattle  and  sheep  could  not  have  been  worth 
mucli  more.  If  any  property  was  ever  divided  among 
the  Indians,  there  are  no  records  to  show  it. 

i-*adre  Amoros  died  at  San  Rafael  in  1832,"  and 


I 


715  In.l. 

x^o    11'). 

of  wliicli 

iiiual  iiv- 

•J.V2  ill 

11,-M) 

lSi:i;  all 

yioid 

lUS  li),- 

e,  never 

to   lix 

on.  /(/., 

•./'up., 

Illliti:!!! 

M.,MS., 
,  for  ().") 
riU.  1'. 
leciilcMl 
il)utio!i. 

i^    SOIllO 

take  his 
tod,  tlio 
Lo  J'a- 
Tho 


trouble  between  Estudillo  and  P.  Gutierrez  arose  from  a  charge  of  tho  former 
tliiit  tlic  latter  had  neglected  his  duties  in  administering;  the  sacraments  to 
the  dying  Indians.  K.  complained  to  the  gov.,  at  whicli  rrefoet  Garcia  Diego 
Mas  angry,  deeming  it  an  interference  of  secular  ollicials  in  matters  of  ecclesi- 
astical prerogative;  but  in  Aug.  he  acknowledged  Gutierrez'  'criminal  negli- 
gence,' and  promised  to  chide  him.  Id.,  ix.  02-5;  Arrh.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  v.  pt. 
ii.  8,  11.  18;i0.  Jo3(5  de  la  Cruz  Sanchez  in  Dec.  succeeded  Flores,  who  re- 
bigned.  Vallrjo,  Doc,  ALS.,  iv.  47,  30.  1S37.  March  10th,  Sanchez  asks 
Vullejo  to  compel  tho  padre  to  give  up  one  of  his  9  rooms.  /(/.,  i.  27.  July 
1st,  Vallejo  sends  19  Ind.  from  Sonoma  to  aid  in  mission  work;  willjirobably 
sen<l  more.  /(/.,  iv.  202.  IS.'JS.  See  a  view  of  the  mission  in  Forln-.t'  Cat., 
reproduced  in  AnnaU  ofS.  F.  1S39.  Sanchez  still  in  charge.  Ilartnell  in 
Sept.  found  the  accounts  in  such  a  condition  as  might  be  expected,  the  ad- 
min, not  being  able  to  read  or  write  ('').  The  Ind.  were  discontented  with 
liu'd  work  ancl  no  ropa;  wanted  to  live  in  liberty  under  the  care  of  ViccMitc 
Miramonto;  feared  that  S.  ilateo  wo\dd  bo  taken  from  them;  desired  also  t.) 
keep  the  coast  lands  fro'.n  Pilarcitos  to  Pnn'sima;  and  some  of  them  to  have 
tlie  Caiiiida  do  Guadalupe.  HaHndl,  Dliiri),  MS.,  7-S.  This  year,  as  we 
have  seen,  Dolores  was  made  caljccera  of  tho  partid",  and  three  lots  wcvq 
granted  to  citizens  of  S.  P.  pueblo.  1810.  Sanel;ez  was  succeeded  in  ^l:iy 
by  Tiburcio  Vasrpicz.  St.  I'up.,  J/m-).,  MS.,  vii.  .'10. 

"Juan  Amoros  was  a  Catalan,  born  at  PorreraOct.  10,  1773.  lie  bernnio 
a  Franciscan  at  (Jerona  in  17!U  and  was  ordained  in  171'7.  He  came  to  .Mi  :<- 
ieo  in  IS03,  au<l  to  (.'idifornia  in  LsiJI,  serving  as  a  mi--sionary  at  S.  (  Virlo.-i  in 
1S04 -10,  and  S.  Itat'ael  i'.i  lSI'.)-32.  Jlis  superiors  rated  him  as  possessed  <>l 
more  than  eomuioii  ability,  and  well  litted  for  oilico  or  a  proffssorshij).  ^In'o- 
hhij.  A  ttii'j.  <(■■  lo-!  /'(«//•(,-!,  MS.;  Surria,  Inf.  ilc  1S17,  MS.,  p.  3_'-.'i;  1'  n/rr'^, 
inf.,  IS..'0,  MS.,  II'J.  Pulre  Am  .  js  was  noted  for  the  zeal  with  which  ho 
undertook  every  task  whether  temporal  or  spiritual.  He  was  a  sueeessf  d 
business  manager,  n  nvehanie  of  morn  than  unlinary  skill,  and  a,  kind  niis- 
siouary  well  liked  by  Ids  neophytes,  lie  was  always  in  good  health,  and  mner 
could  lind  too  much  w  irk  to  do.  IIo  strove  to  phrase  all  classes  and  engagi'Ll 
in  no  coairovcrsios.  In  1')I7  he  wi'ote  a  letter  ur;,'ing  the  extension  of  trade 
nnd  es^Kviully  tlio  fair  treatni'.'nt  of  forei^jners.     lie  promised  lidelity  to  the 


716 


LOCAL  ANN.VLS  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


the  mission  was  in  cliarge  of  Patlro  Estc'no<3»'a  of  Stm 
Fraueisco  until  the  Zacatccan  Josu  Maria  Va.s(]ucz 
del  Mcrcado  came  in  1833,  to  be  rephiced  in  1834  by 
Padre  Josd  Lorenzo  de  la  Concepcion  Quijas,  alsso  a 
Zacatccan,  who  from  that  year  had  charge  of  both 
San  liafael  and  Solano,  living  at  the  former  chiefly, 
[statistics  of  the  last  years  of  this  establishment  as  a 
mission  are  for  the  most  part  wanting,^'^  but  the  num- 

JJcx.  republic  and  was  praised  even  by  Echcandfa  and  Jos«S  M.  EstuUillo. 
Tl.o  tradition  is  that  oiico  wlieii  tlie  mission  was  attacked  by  savages  ho  erussed 
the  bay  to  S.  F.  on  a  tulo  balsa  witli  a  woman  and  several  children.  Ho  died 
at  :^.  Rafael  at  'A  a.  m.  on  July  14,  1S32,  and  was  buried  in  the  eliurch  on  the 
Kith  by  1'.  Fortnni,  his  predecessor  at  the  mission,  who  had  known  liim  since 
17!^-,  and  declared  him  to  be  a  f.aint.  .V.  IhiJ'ael,  Lib.  JIi<.,  iJS.,  I'J. 

"•■S.  Itafael  statistics  for  lS.'Jl-'2,  extremely  unreliable  (no  figures  for 
180.']-4).  Decrease  in  pop.  970  to  ,'J00  (probably  should  be  700  or  000,  tliougli 
p(>s;jibly  300  only  were  at  the  mission  when  the  report  was  made,  or  more 
likely  there  is  an  error  in  the  figures).  Baptisms  \oo  (including  110  adults?) 
:n  l!i31  and  b")in  18;{2.  Deaths  "JO  and  37  in  1S31-'J.  Increase  in  large  stock 
I, "lis  to  2,14'2(?);  horses  and  nudes  448  to  372;  sheep  1,852  to  3,000.  Crops 
1,U;)0  bush,  in  IS31,  1,770  bush,  in  1832. 

St;;tistic3  of  1834-40.  Inventory  of  Sept.  31,  1834.  Ciuireh  projierty, 
building,  1?192,  ornamentos,  etc.,  $777,  library  of  75  vols  §108,  total  .SI, 077; 
mission  buildings  .^1,123;  garden  or  orehard,  $1)08;  boats,  etc.,  $500;  live- 
s:;oek.S  1,330;  \icasioraneho $7,250;  ereditsS^O;  total$18,474;  debts  83,418; 
balance  $15,025.  .SY.  J'ap.,  Misa.,  MS.,  v.  58-0.  Dec,  there  were  distriltutcd 
to  343  Ind.  (doubtless  males  or  heads  of  fanulics,  representing  a  pop.  of  at 
leafit  500  souls)  1,291  sheep  and  439  'lorses.  Id.  Inventory  of  Nov.  30,  183(1. 
jManufacturing  estab.,  produce,  tools,  and  probably  buildings,  $1,434;  live- 
stoek  $1,385;  orcliard"$891 ;  raneho  $0,044;  credits  $404;  total  $10,8KS; 
debts  $3,177;  balance  $7,041.  Id.,  vii.  55-0,  78-9.  Pop.  in  1838,  305  soids. 
/(/.,  vi.  20.  HartaeU's  inventory  of  Sept.  18,  1839.  i'op.  195  at  the  mission; 
471  horses,  20  yoke  of  o.Kcn,  3  nudes  (cattle  and  sheej)  torn  oil');  417  fan. 
grain,  42  bides,  72  tlcer-iikins,  (iO  arr.  tallow.  Ilartiie//,  Diario,  MS.,  08. 
Debt  in  1840  to  Speai',  Cidis,  Aguirre,  Scott,  Shaw,  John  Reed,  Tim.  ^lurpliy, 
and  Kotsclieir,  $1,907.  Pico,  Pai>.,  Mm.,  MS.,  47-51. 

Statistics  of  bS17-34.  Total  of  baptisms,  1873,  of  Avhich  1,000  Ind. 
adult.'-,  708  Ind.  children,  2  and  7  do  razou;  annnalaverago  103.  Marriages  543, 
of  u  Iiicli  8  de  razon.  Deaths  098,  cjf  which  458  Ind.  adults,  239  Ind.  children, 
1  do  I'a/.on;  amiual  average  38;  average  death  rate  0.09  per  cent  of  pop. 
L;irgcst  po]).  1,140  in  1828;  sexes  about  erpial,  children  .  .Larijvst  no.  of 
cattle  2, 120  (?)  in  1832;  hw'ses  450  in  1831;  mules  1-4;  sheep  4,000  in  1822-3; 
f.v.iui' jO  in  1823;  all  kinds  5,508  aidmals  in  1832.  Total  product  of  wlieat 
17,!'0.'i  bush,  yield  8  fold;  barley  12,339  bush.,  9  fold;  maize  3.057  bush.,  40 
fold;  beans  1,300  bush.,  13  fold;  nnscel.  grains  412  bush.,  8  fold. 

Suuunary  of  events,  etc.  1832.  The  mission  was  attacked  by  savages, 
nL'aiust  whom  an  expedition  wa.j  sent  out  under  L;izaro  I'ina.  Vallcjo,  lioc, 
MS.,  i.  307.  1833.  Trouble  between  V.  Mercado  and  Alf.  Val'lejo;  tlio 
friar's  nmrderous  slaughter  of  gentiles.  This  vol.,  p.  322-4.  1834.  Ignacio 
Martinez  takes  chai'ge  ns  condsionado.  Oct.  1st,  bcnnidarics  assigned  to  llio 
])ueblo  of  S.  Riifael;  from  Arroyo  de  las  Animas,  down  Canada  de  los  Daulenes 
to  tile  shore,  and  on  opposite  or  northern  side  the  Canada  of  the  Arroyo  de  S. 
Antonio  to  Los  Tamales,  and  fron\  bnnta<loQuintin  to  the  mouth  of  S.  Antonio 
er.  along  tiie  bay  shore.  St.  Pap.,  M'l^s.,  ^LS.,  xi.  II,  19,  witli  tlu^  map  which  is 
here  reproduced.     S.  Rafael,  Soluuo,  S.  Joso  mission,  and  the  colony  were  lo 


SAN  RAFAEL. 


717 


her  of  noopliytes  in  1834  must  have  been  about  500, 
a  tlecroaso  of  about  50  per  cent  since  18.30;  and  in 
1840  there  were  190  Indians  livini?  in  connnunity  with 
probably  150  scattered.  The  vahiation  in  1834  was 
^18,500,  or  deducting  real  estate  and  church  property, 
$4,500  in  excess  of  debts;  two  years  later  the  debt 
seems  to  have  considerably  exceeded  the  available 
assets,  though  this  fact  is  somewhat  misleading  as  an 
indication  of  the  actual  state  of  affairs.     A  large  por- 


:Map  of  S.  ll.iFAEL  Lands  in  1834. 

tion  of  the  property  w^as  distributed  at  the  secular- 
i/.ation  and  is  not  included  in  the  inventory  of  1830, 
The  Nicasio  rancho  was  also  granted  to  the  ex-neo- 

furm  a  parish  of  1st  class.  This  vol.,  p.  .348.  1835.  Marthicz  in  charge. 
May  1st,  Vallojo  acknowleilges  receipt  of  an  order  to  piit  certain  In»l.  in  pos- 
session of  Xica.sio,  wliich  is  given  tlieni  in  full  ownership,  and  tlieir  rigiits 
must  1)0  protected.  Valhjo,  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  '![)  (tliib  grant  wjis  rejected  by  tho 
L.  (1)  August  18th,  gov.  urges  V.  to  attend  to  Figueroa's  order  of  tliis  ilato 
to  take  especial  care  of  the  S.  F.  Indians  at  S.  Eafael,  wlio  had  diiiieulty  ia 
moving  their  property  (?)  for  lack  (jf  boats.  Id.,  Hist.  Cal.,  iii.  70.  Oct.  20tli, 
V.  complains  that  tlic  padre  (Quijas)  resides  at  S.  liafael  though  paid  by  So- 


718 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


pliytos.  Ill  18n7,  as  tho  Indians  wcro  not  as  a  rulo 
mailing  good  use  of  their  liberty,  and  as  political  and 
other  troubles  rendered  proper  supervision  impossible, 
tlie  property  was  collected  into  a  common  fund,  under 
General  Vallejo's  promise  of  redistribution  when  cir- 
cumstances should  be  more  favorable.  Ignacio  Mar- 
tinez was  in  charge  as  comisionado  in  1834-G,  followed 
by  John  Reed  as  administrator  in  183G-7,  and  Timo- 
thy Murphy  in  1837-40.  Hartnell  in  his  first  tour 
of  1839  found  the  Indians  discontented,  especially  in 
view  of  constant  encroachments  on  their  lands.  They 
insisted  on  complete  emancipation  and  the  promised 
distribution  of  property,  protesting  in  1840  against 
the  enforcement  of  Alvarado's  reglamento,  and  being 
supported  by  Vallejo,  who  insisted  that  the  mission 
had  been  c  uupletely  secularized,  and  that  his  })roniises 
must  be  fultilled.  After  a  controvers}^  with  llartnell 
and  the  governor  Vallejo's  view  of  the  matter  in  sub- 
stance prevailed;  and  a  distribution  of  the  live-stock 
at  least  was  ordered. 

noma.  Id.,  Doc,  iii.  45.  1836.  Martinez  tuma  over  estate  to  John  Rood  on 
Nov.  30th.  St.  Pap.,  Mis.t..  MS.,  vii.  .^o,  78.  1837.  Reed  is  succeeded  ))y 
Timothy  Murphy  on  April  '21st.  Id.,  IS.  Visit  of  Edwards  in  March,  .Did/i/, 
!MS.,  14—17,  wlio  also  visited  Cooper's  mill  and  the  ranchoa  of  Reed  and 
Mai'tin.  Ho  gives  little  information,  but  notes  that  the  Ind.  were  not 
making  good  use  of  the  property  that  had  been  distrilnited.  Complaints  of 
vagabond  foreigners  in  the  region.  Valhjo,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  3-13.  1838.  .Ian., 
Jos6  Talis,  c.apt.  of  tlie  Tamalea,  is  permitted  to  leave  8.  Rafael  with  tiiosc  of 
his  tribe,  on  condition  of  sending  a  few  men  occasionally  to  hear  m.ass,  if  any 
nia.ss  should  be  celebrated.  Id.,  v.  23.  18.39.  Hartncll's  visit  was  in  Sept. 
He  found  the  accounts  in  bad  con<lition.  .as  the  admin,  could  not  read  or 
write.  The  old  Christians  desired  tlieir  liberty  and  the  distril).  of  properly; 
and  all  complainetl  that  liardly  any  land  remained  to  them.  They  needed  S. 
Anselmo,  part  of  which  was  in  possession  of  the  Sainses  and  part  asked  for  by 
Cooper;  Las  Gallinas  desired  by  lierreyesa;  and  Arroyo  de  S.  Josii  cultivated 
Last  year  t)V  Murphy  for  the  community,  but  now  in  possession  of  Pacliei'o; 
and  Pt  S.  Pedro,  whicli  ^lui'pliy  w.ants,  and  S.  Gorunimo  occupied  by  Rafael 
("aclio.  The  neophyte  Caniilo  had  occupied  Olompali  since  1834,  and  was  in- 
dustrious and  successful,  but  now  the  Mir.andas  were  encroaching,  and  Cainilo 
demanded  a  regular  title  to  his  land.  All  complained  that  for  two  years  no 
clothing  had  been  distributed.  Ifarlnrll,  Diarlo,  MS..  7,43,52,98.  J 840. 
•Tan.-^lay,  controversy  between  Hartnell  and  Vallejo.  This  vol.,  COI;  iv.  Gl. 
U,  came  to  put  the  mission  under  the  new  reglamento,  appointing  <  iregorio 
Briones  as  majordomo;  but  tlie  Ind.  were  o])posed  to  being  returned  to 
mission  life;  an<l  H.  finally  agreed  to  favor  Vallejo's  plan  of  distributing  the 
property  .after  paying  the  debts.  St.  Pap.,  Misx.,  MS.,  xi.  12-17.  Oct.  13th, 
Vallejo  to  Murphy,  orders  him  at  once  to  dititribute  3  cattle  and  one  horse  to 
each  of  the  Ind.  Yallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.v.  291. 


SAX  FRANCISCO  SOLANO. 


719 


Father  Fortuni  sorvod  at  San  Francisco  Silaiio 
until  1833,  when  his  place  was  taken  by  tlie  Zacatecan, 
Joso  dc  Jesus  Maria  Gutierrez,  who  in  turn  chan^^cd 
places  in  March  1834  with  Padre  Lorenzo  Quijas  of 
San  Francisco.  Quijas  remained  in  charge  of  ex-niis- 
sion  and  pueblo  as  acting  curate  throughout  the  dec- 
ade, but  resided  for  the  most  part  at  San  llafael. 
Though  the  neophyte  population,  as  indicated  by  the 
reports,  decreased  from  7G0  to  G50  in  1834  and  550 
in  1835,^"  yet  there  was  a  gain  in  live-stock  and  blit 

'"S.  Francisco  Solano  statistics,  1S31-4.  Dccrcaso  in  pop.  7G0  to  G.")0. 
Baptismf)  5.V),  largest  no.  '232  (JOC  adults)  in  IS.'U;  smallest  '22  in  ls;53. 
De;itlis  'J72,  largest  no.  106  in  18.']I1,  smallest  43  in  1S34.  (lain  in  largo  stock 
2,7i:9to(>.01.")(in  1833;  no  iigurea  for  IS.'U);  horses  ami  mules  7-2i)  to  l.Uit 
(id.);  sheep  (id.)  4,000  to  7,1)4.  Largest  crop  3,'2G0  bush,  in  1S3-';  KmuUcst 
2,347  busij.  in  1833;  average  2,750  bush.,  of  which  wlieat  1,414,  yield  10  fold; 
barley  017,  lo  fold;  corn  328,  02  fold;  beans  30,  o  fold;  miscel.  grains  39,  7 
fold. 

Statistics  of  18-23-34.  Total  of  baptisms  (to  1835)  1,31;"),  of  which  Cll 
Lid.  adults,  071  Ind.  chihlren,  3  children  <lc  razon;  annual  average  101. 
Marriages  (to  IS33)  278,  of  which  1  do  razon.  Deaths  G'A,  of  which  402  Lid. 
adults,  187  Ind.  cliil.,  1  and  1  dc  razon;  annual  average  54;  average  death- 
rate  7.8  per  cent  of  pop.  Largest  pop.  990  in  1832;  sc.ncs  nearly  orpial;  chil- 
dren!. Largest  no.  of  cattle  4,849  in  1833;  horses  1,148  in  18:53;  mules  18 
in  1833;  sheep  7,114  in  1833;  swine  80  in  1820-7;  all  kinds  13,193  animals  in 
183.3.  Total  product  of  wheat  13,4."i0  bush.,  yield  9  fold;  b;irlcy  5,970  bush., 
!•')  fold,  3,270  bush.,  02  fold;  beans  30G  bush.,  7  fold;  miscel.  grains  040 
bush.,  13  fold. 

Summary  of  events,  and  statistics  1835-40.  Oct.  24,  1831.  Part  of  tho 
ranchcria  burned,  a  man  and  4  women  perishing.  Vullejo,  Dor.,  iM.S.,  i.  2;i8. 
1833.  r.  Gutierrez  succeeds  Fortuni.  The  padre  interferes  with  settlementa 
at  Petal uma  and  Sta  Rosa.  This  vol.,  p.  255.  Padre  complains  of  foreign 
•  hunters  '  at  Suisun.  Id.,  392.  Also  3  olijectiimablo foreigners  at  the  mission. 
Dcpl.  St.  Pap.,  JIS.,  iii.  IIG.  1834.  ^I.  G.  Vallejo  in  charge  as  comislonado 
of  KucularizaLicjn  in  Oct.-Nov.  Tliis  vol.,  p.  279,  294.  This  missicm  with  S. 
llalael  and  S.  .Tos6  was  to  form  a  parish  of  1st  class.  Id.,  348.  Vallejo  inado 
an  exped.  to  ,Solan'>  in  Jan.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxi.  58.  1835.  Scculari- 
Ka'Joii  by  Coiiiisionado  Vallejo,  who  made  Antonio  Ortega  majordomo.  This 
vol.,  p.  31G,  35.3-4.  A  census  of  June  4th  shows  a  pop.  of  549  souls.  VnUcjo, 
Doc.,  MS.,  iii.  33,  30,  54;  xxiii.  9;  xxxii.  2.  Unfortunately  the  inventory 
sent  at  tho  same  tiino  to  Mont,  is  not  extant.  March  3d,  gov.  to  V'.,  who 
must  give  the  padre  free  use  of  furniture  and  utensils  in  addition  to  lii:^  regu- 
lar idlowancc;  may  also  furnish  horses  and  boats  for  the  padre's  use.  Id.,  iii. 
11  12.  June  4tli,  V.  to  gov.,  the  Ind.  chiefs  constantly  demand  periiiisi^ion 
to  go  to  their  own  lands,  recognizing  S'inoma  as  their  hcail  town,  and  V.  has 
permitted  it  for  fear  of  provoking  hostility.  Id.,  37.  Blotter  of  all  V.'s 
tominun.  to  gov.  from  Juno  to  Dec.  Id.,  3.')-17.  June  27th,  gov.  uncertain 
about  permitting  the  Ind.  to  live  at  tlipir  rancherias.  Too  much  liberty  is 
not  good  for  them.  Wants  more  suggestions.  Id.,'u.  Supplies  to  colony 
down  to  June  20th,  §421.  Phito,  Dor.,  MS.,  i.  151.  Aug.  2d,  P.  Quijas  .it 
S.  Pafael  to  gov.  complains  that  tho  Vallejos  and  Ortega  have  shown  him 
great  disrespect,  besides  refusing  him  beef ;  and  that  Ortega  was  immoral  as 
well  as  insolent.  He  will  not  return  unless  Ortega  is  removed.  St.  Pap., 
M.  ii:  C,  MS.,  ii.  345.     Oct.  20th,  Vallejo  to  gov.  thinks  if  P.  Quijas  lives  at 


I 


I;    1 


I     i 


720 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


.slii,^lit  falliiii^-otriu  crops;  niul  tlio  ostablisliMient  mist 
b(j  rei>[ar(le(l  as  lui.ving  llourisluMl  down  to  tlio  date  of 
siMudarizatioi),  being  one  of  tlic  few  missions  in  Cali- 
fornia wliidi  reached  their  highest  population  in  the 
final  decade,  thouiih  this  was  natural  enoutfh  in  a  new 
and  frontier  mission.  Mariano  G.  Vallejo  was  made 
comi.sionado  in  1834,  and  in  1835-G,  with  Antonio 
Ortega  as  majordouio,  completed  the  secularization. 
]\I()val)le  pro[)erty  was  distril)uted  to  the  Indians,  who 
were  made  entirely  free,  many  of  them  retiring  to  thoir 
old  rancherias.  A.  little  later,  however,  in  conse- 
quence of  troubles  with  hostile  gentiles,  the  ex-neo- 
l)hytes  seem  to  have  restored  their  live-stock  to  the 
care  of  General  Vallejo,  who  used  the  property  of  the 
ex-mission  for  their  benefit  and  protection,  and  for  tlie 
general  development  of  the  northern  settlement.  The 
general  claimed  that  this  was  a  legitimate  use  of  the 

S.  Rafiiel,  Solano  should  not  have  to  pay  his  salary,  which  ho  has  alreaily 
claimed  to  1)0  excessive  (§1,500).  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  4.1.  Deo.  Mth,  X'u- 
Uejo  resigns  his  position  as  comisionado,  stating  that  '  mil  cireunstancias ' 
have  prevented  the  distribution  of  lands  and  other  property,  fd.,  47.  ISiJO. 
Antonio  Ortega  acting  administrator  at  .S.IOO,  and  Cayctano.Jnarezuiajordomo 
at  i}-2iQ.  Ignacio  Accdo  also  an  employ 6  at  .SI 20.  Mission  debts  at  end  of 
yi'ar  31.138;  credits  8'J'24.  Clothing,  rations,  etc.,  distriljuted  tolnd.  .?4, 191. 
/(I.,  xxiii.  20.  1837-8.  Pablo  Ayala  succeeded  Ortega  at  a  date  not  known; 
nor  is  anything  known  of  his  accounts.  Oct.  18.')7,  padron  of  185  Suisunea 
living  at  the  ex-mission,  ylrc/i.,  J/(s.,  MS.,  ii.  84i.  183!).  Salvador  Vallejo 
was  appointed  on  May  Ttii  to  succeed  Ayala.  J)rpf.  Roc,  MS.,  x.  10.  Val/rjo, 
Doc,  vii.  10.  But  the  new  administrator  was  not  put  in  possession  of  the 
property;  so  ho  informed  Ilartnell  in  Sept.  when  H.  came  on  his  first  tour  of 
investigation,  at  the  same  time  resigning.  Id.,  viii.  85.  Gen.  Vallejo  wiia 
then  cou.sulted,  and  on  Sept.  9th  wrote  a  letter  of  explanation.  He  says  that 
as  comisionado  he  distributed  all  the  live-stock  (this  does  not  agree  with  his 
stiitement  of  Dec.  15,  1835,  given  above,  that  the  property  had  not  been  dis- 
tributed, but  possibly  V.'s  resignation  was  not  accepted,  and  the  distrib.  took 
pliicc  in  1830),  Jind  the  Indians  were  set  entirely  free.  But  bitter  hostility 
with  the  savages  ensuing,  the  Ind.  gathered  anew  about  Vallejo,  with  many 
gentiles  after  treaties  had  been  made,  and  gave  up  to  him  their  stock,  2,000 
cattle,  700  horses,  and  0,000  sheep.  With  this  property  ho  has  cared  for  tlio 
lud.,  paid  expen.ses  of  worship,  etc.,  besides  indirectly  developing  tlio  settle- 
ment of  the  north — a  proper  use  for  the  mission  funds.  Now  there  are  .'IjOOO 
to  4,000  cattle,  500  horses,  and  0,000  sheep  (in  March  the  gov.  had  ordered  a 
loan  of  3,000  slieep  for  3  years  from  Sta  Clara  for  the  benefit  of  Solano.  Pico 
(l'(o),  Doc,  MS.,  ii.  9.  What  had  become  of  these  .animals?)  which,  with  tho 
small  vineyard  and  orchard,  will  be  put  at  the  visitador's  disposal  if  lie  de- 
sires it.  Val/rjo,  Doc,  MS.,  viii.  89.  But  Hartnell  did  not  deem  it  prudent 
to  take  charge  of  the  estate  under  tliesc  ciroumstances.  JlartneU,  JJinrio, 
MS.,  93-H.  And  nothing  appears  on  the  8ul)ject  in  1840  except  that  by  the 
reglaniento  the  govt  was  still  to  regulate  Solano  'according  to  circumstances.' 
Vol.  iv.,  p.  00. 


Of 

it 

]: 

ti 


rUKBLO  OF  SONOMA. 


721 


cstiitc;  and  he  would  liavo  established  a  new  mission 
in  the  north  it'  tlio  piuh'es  would  luivo  aided  him. 
Doubtless  his  policy  was  a  wise  one.  even  if  his  j)osi- 
tion  as  guardian  ofthe  Indians  in  charge  of  their  pri- 
vate jiroperty  put  hy  them  in  his  care  was  not  recog- 
nized by  tiio  laws.  ^Moreover,  there  was  a  gain 
rather  than  a  loss  in  live-stock.  Thu;^  the  mission 
crnununity  had  no  real  existence  after  I80O,  though 
Pablo  Ayala  and  Salvador  A^allejo  were  nominally 
made  administrators.  Tiie  visitador  made  no  imio- 
rations  in  1839,  and  apparently  none  wei-e  made  in 
1840.  I  suppose  there  may  have  been  lOU  of  the  cs.- 
neophytcs  living  at  Sonoma  at  the  end  of  the  ('ecade, 
with  perhaps  500  more  in  the  region  not  relapsed  into 
barbarism. 

On  the  secularization  of  Solano  a  pueblo  was 
founded  at  Sonoma  in  1835.  Besides  the  fact  of  the 
I'ounding,  the  transfer  of  the  San  Franci-co  military 
compan}',  the  granting  of  several  ranchos  in  the  north, 
several  campaigns  against  hostile  Indians,  and  a  few 
other  matters  fully  treated  elsewhere  as  indexed  ant  I 
su})plemented  with  minor  items  in  the  appended  note,"' 
very  little  is  really  known  in  details  of  events  and 

-"  Summary  and  index  of  Sonoma  events,  etc.  IS.TI.  Sta  Rosa  f;rantcd 
to  Rafael  Gomez,  as  a  cheek  to  the  Rusiians,  but  never  occupied  under  the 
grant.  Vol.  iv. ,  p.  KiO,  this  work.  1S:{2.  In  tlic  iu-struotiona  of  the  Mex. 
govt  to  Gov.  Figueroathe  colonization  of  the  nortlicrn  frontier  is  ur;,'ed  in  view 
of  probable  encroachments  of  Russians  and  Americans;  and  a  pli-a  of  Vir- 
mond  to  found  a  Settlement  at  Sonoma  is  mentioned.  I'hjucroa,  I/i.slruc,  MS., 
35-7.  1833  et  seq.  Figueroa's  ctforts  to  ett'ect  the  settlement  of  Sta  Rosa 
and  Pctaluma.  Founding  and  abandonment  of  Sta  Anna  y  Farias.  This 
vol.,  1).  240-7,  2.55-7,  272.  Lat.  and  long,  of  Solano  by  Douglas.  Id.,  40 1. 
]83i.  Pctaluma  granted  to  Vallejo.  Arrival  of  tlie  colony.  The  governor's 
alleged  Ind.  campaign.  Id.,  250-7,  300. 

1835.  Arrest  and  exile  of  the  colony  chiefs  in  March.  Id.,  280  ct  seq. 
Founding  of  Sonoma  l)y  Vallejo,  as  comandanto  and  director  do  colonizacion, 
at  Figueroa's  orders.  Id.,  21(3-5.  An  expcd.  "^'ainst  tiio  nortliern  Ind.  from 
Sonoma.  Id.,  300.  Dee.  3d,  Com.  Vallejo  claims  tiiat  there  is  no  civil 
authority  as  yet  and  the  district  is  therefore  bubject  to  his  military  rule. 
Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  82.  The  four  leagues  of  public  lands  were  later  con- 
firmed by  the  land  commission  to  the  town  on  Vallejo's  grant  of  Juno  24th. 
Also  lots  were  couiirmcd  to  V.  under  the  gov. 'a  grant  of  July  5th.  lloffmaii'a 
liepts. 

1S3G.     Vallejo's  campaigns  against  the  Guapos  and  other  hostile  Ind.;  his 

treaties  of  June;  his  excellent  Ind.  policy.  Vol.  iv.,  p.  70-2.     The  S.  F.  pre- 

sidial  company  had  been  transferred  the  preceding  year,  excei)t  a  few  men 

Wiio  now  came  to  Sonoma.     Tlie  officers  have  already  been  named  in  thia 

Hl8T.  Cal.,  Vol.  III.    40 


( 


\ 


722 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO  I  ISTIIIC;T. 


at 


prorrrcHS  at  Sonoma  and  in  tliu  snn-oundini^- 

T\m  I'c'corcl  is  not  njoru  niea;^ro   |)erliai),s  than  at  muv 

oral   (i'tl)ur  j)lat'es,  but  is  remarkably  so   in   view  of 

cliap.  S"(>  p.  '02.  Tile  coniM.  wan  often  called  from  this  time  cal)!iIloi'fii 
pciiiiuin  iile  (le  1ft  froiitera.  There  uie  extant  muiiy  compluiuts  from  X'lilkji. 
ti.at  the  ioice  waa  insiillicient  to  pi'otcct  the  frontier  settlement  uml  Mu:;. 
j::itic)iiiil  inLon'.stsagfiin:;tKavagt'M,  Anicrii.iuiH,  ami  iluH^iuUH.  ilune,  a  Hcanil:.! 
i.uoctini,'  one  of  thu  oIlicurH.  Jlaudiiii,  Doc,  MS.,  40.  Sept.  Otii,  ciiciilar 
ti  \  allcjo  on  the  mi.sileeds  (jf  J.imhh  Doyle  and  hi.s  1 1  foreign  conip..'iion«  wlio 
iiru  tryin;,'  to  'purchase'  honses  of  the  Ind.  (.luitro,  J>oc.,  MS.,  i.  'J',(; 
Valliju,  Jiiif.,  .MS.,  iii.  l.'l.'}.  Nicolds  Higuera  was  appointed  alcalde  au\i- 
li'.ral.  Sonoma  l)y  the  alcalde  of  S.  I'.;  Ijut  Vullcjo  rctiisetl  to  rcco;^'nizc  any 
civil  iaith(jrity  in  which  position  he  waa  austaincil  hy  the  govt.  Jil.,  iii.  D!), 
IS). 

Is;;7.  (ieii.  Vallejo'.s  efTorts  to  enlist  and  di'ill  reendts;  Cajjt.  Salvador 
Vailcjo  made  mil.  e(  niandante,  the  genei-al  going  to  Monterey  Jan. Marcii. 
'I'id.-i  vol.,  oIl-l'J.  dniie,  campaign  of  Salv.  Vallejo  and  Sol.mo  against  the 
^ Dlo.s;  caiitnre  of  Zanipuy;  treaty  with  Sotoyomen.  Vol.  iv.,  p.  7-.  Nallejo 
iirgen  the  e:nployment  of  a  cf)inpetent  .siu'veyorin  connection  with  the  formal- 
ities of  putting  settlei's  in  pottscssion  of  lands;  also  recoimnend.s  precauiiimii 
against  men  who  may  desire  rancho.s  only  for  specnlation.  Valtijn,  J)or.,  ,M,S., 
iii.  1  •_'.');  iv.  'M.  Specimen  of  grant  of  u  town  lot  liy  V'allcjo.  A  house  must 
be  liuilt  within  a  jcar  oi'  the  l(jt  will  he  forfeited,  hi.,  iv.  5.  July,  iiamircz 
t'.id  other  political  piisoners  from  .south  of  the  Ijay  sent  to  Sonoma.  Tiiis 
vol.,  p.  r>J."(-U.  Tlio  eon.pany's  protest  again.'.t  centralism  and  the  gcncal's 
proU'ered  lesignution.  /(/.,  ~>Xi.  J)ec.  "JOtli,  Vallejo  to  Carrillo  on  th(^  ]  rogress 
laaile  in  the  iioi  th  through  his  ctlbrt.s;  desires  to  devote  himself  entirely  to 
the  frontier,  rather  than  to  be  eomandante  general.    Vallejo,  Dae,  MS.,  iv. 

s;io. 

1S38.  Salvador  Vallejo  again  in  temporary  command,  and  marches  south. 
Tins  v(j1.,  ]).  olT,  "i")-.  Southern  political  [)risoners  kept  hi'rc  Jiine-SL'i)t. 
//.,  ."){i7.  'N'ariou.s  Jnd.  complications.  Vol.  iv.,  7J-3.  Itavages  of  the  small- 
pox. /(/.,  73-4.  An  infantry  company  of  1j-:2U  men  is  mentioned  in  Willi  Jo, 
Jjoi'.,  MS.,  xxiv. 

iSIJIt.  Salvador  Vallejo  was  com.  of  the  post,  Alf.  Prado  Mesa  and  Alf. 
L:i/aro  I'ina  acting  at  times,  and  was  also  cajitain  of  the  conipafua  de  iufau- 
t.  ria  organized  the  year  before.  This  infantry  company  was  composed  of 
about  '_'5  selected  Indians  who  were,  however,  given  Spanish  names  fin  tho 
rosters.  They  were  armed  with  nuiskets  and  their  pay  amounted  to  §l,.')!tO 
this  year.  Vallcin,  Doc,  iLS.,  xxv.  passim.  The  cavalry  company  was  raised 
to  oxi'r  40  men  this  year  and  the  next.  /(/.  Both  general  and  captain  urged 
the  necessity  of  increasing  the  force,  and  complained  of  neglect  on  the  jiart 
of  the  authorities  at  Abinterey  in  the  matter  of  supplying  money,  iil.,  vi. 
'2IS;  viii.  8{).  Artillery  K)  guns,  i)  of  them  brass,  lV,  to  H  lbs  calibre.  Id., 
x:;v.  ().'!.  Six  of  the  guns  liouglit  with  ;ili  their  appurtcnnnce.<  by  (ien.  V. 
v.itliout  aid  from  tlio  govt.  /(/.,  vii.  37.  March,  return  of  Oun.  V.  from  the 
K'lulh,  and  his  comjilaiiits  of  mismauagemcnf.  by  Capt.  V.  during  hh  absence. 
'I'hu  oU'ences  were  of  slight  importance,  but  were  deemed  by  so  strict  a  dis- 
ciplinarian worthy  of  reprimand.  JiL,  vi.  344-0.  May,  Gen.  V.  writes  to 
■\lex.  govt  explaining  his  operations  at  Sonoma  in  the  past  5  years,  and  his 
success  in  founduiga  frontier  settlement  after  great  sacrilices  and  privations, 
and  all  without  expense  to  the  govt.  But  now  !\is  resources  are  nearly  ex- 
hausted and  he  must  have  aid  in  order  to  ensure  permanent  success.  /'/.,  vii. 
'2;!-S.  Dee.,  court-martial  of  two  deserters.  Solt'i-aiici,  Doc,  MS.,  l.")8-(i."). 
(Jet.,  Solano's  visit  to  Monterey.  This  vol.,  p.  589.  Salvador  was  appointed 
jnez  de  paz  at  Sonoma  in  Jan.,  takhig  the  oath  in  Maj'.  ^Meanwhile  in  Feb.- 
March  the  people  refused  to  attend  an  election  on  the  plea  that  they  were 
subject  only  to  military  i'.utliority,  for  wliich  the  alcalde  (S.  Vallejo  ?)  appears 


Till':  FRONTERA  DKL  NOU'li:.  T'.M 

Gc'iuu'al  Vall(;j(>',s  jn'omiiient  position  in  ;ill  (hat  coii- 
c'cnu'd  the  iVoiitcra  dc!  iioi'to  ami  of  the  (■((inplctc 
tloc'iiuicntaiy  record  of  otliei'  matters  coiitaiiit'd  in 
the  pa[)ers  of  his  (;olK'etioii.  Vallejo  liad  many  dilli- 
I'ulties  to  contend  with,  hut  his  zeal  and  eneiL',v  in 
this  cause  were  without  parallel  in  California  annal-^: 
and  the  credit  due  him  is  not  impaired  hy  the  fart 
that  the  development  of  his  own  wealth  was  a,  Icid- 
in;^'  incentive.  His  Indian  policy  was  aihnirahle,  iiiid 
in  the  native  chief  Solano  he  I'ound  an  efficient  aid. 
For  the  most  part  at  his  f)wn  ex[iense  lie  suj»portcd 
lh(,'  re^'ular  presidial  company,  oi'i^'ani/ed  another  <»f 
native  warriors,  ke[)t  the  hostile  tribes  in  check  I>y 
■war  and  di[)lomacy,  protected  the  town  and  randios, 
and,  in  spite  of  the  country's  unfortunate  ])olitical 
complications  and  lack  of  pnxspei-ity,  estahlished  a 
i'eelinsjf  of  security  that  in  18;JI)  had  drawn  2a  families 
of  settlers  to  the  northern  frontiei'.  Could  he  have 
had  tlij  cooperation  of  the  friars  he  woulil  ha\  o 
founded  new  missions  in  the  north  and  east.  I  have 
estimated  the  population  of  gente  de  razon,  not  in- 
cluding the  Tlussians,  north  of  the  bay  in  1H40  at 
200  souls.  The  establishments  of  lloss  an(,l  Xew 
Helvetia  during  this  ])eriod,  having  been  treated  in 
special  chapters,  require  no  further  notice  here. 

Turning  to  the  southern  estal)lishnients  of  the  dis- 
trict we  tind  that  Padre  Xarcisco  JJuran  at  San  Jo.-e 

to  have  bcoii  fined  $20.  In  June  Gen.  V.  onlcreil  the  captain  not  to  .sltvu  as 
juez,  clainiint;  that  the  gov.  liail  ui>  power  to  appoint  a  military  olliuer  to 
tivil  positions.  Mont.  Arrh.,  MS.,  ix.  10;  Ihpl.  St.  I'ap.,  MS.,  xvii.  "7; 
Id.,.  Urn.  P.  .0  J.,  iii.  '-'(i-O;  I<1.,  Mont.,  iv.  9li;  iJo'-.  Hid.  Cal,  MS.,  i.  ;;:h. 
Vallcjo'.s  efforts  to  founil  a  new  lino  of  frontier  niission.s,  particularly  one  at 
iSUi  lvO.-<a.  The  friars  eouhl  not  be  induced  to  umlcrtako  the  task,  and  t!ie 
gov.  was  not  very  warm  in. support  of  tlio  niea.sure.  Vol.  iv. ,  p.  4S;  Fcriiiui'/' z, 
L'u<ax,  MS.,  88-90,  with  a  letter  of  1'.  Qiiijas. 

1840.  tjalv.  Vallejo  coiumandant;  cavalry  and  infantry  companies  as  lnv 
fore.  In  April  there  was  a  .serious  rising  of  the  native  infantry,  who  attacked 
the  cavalry,  and  being  repulsed  joined  the  hostile  cliiefs  of  savage  trilns. 
They  were  in  turn  attacked  by  I'ina  and  Solano  with  a  force  of  soldiers  and 
friendly  Ind.,  and  were  defeated  with  much  loss.  Sub.seijuently  two  s;iViigo 
chiefs  and  9  other  Ind.  were  shot.  Vallejo  believed  the  rebels  had  an  und-  r- 
stiuiiling  with  the  Sacramento  tribes.  Vol.  iv.,  p.  I'i,  7-t.  Aug.  "JUth,  (j-.d-r 
of  Mex.  govt  ti  constitute  the  uorthera  frontier  into  a  comaudaucia  milivar. 
Vulkjo,  Doc,  MS.,  X.  223. 


' 


724 


LOCAL  AXNALS  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


mission  was  succcxidod  in  1833  by  tlic  Zacatecan 
Padre  Josd  Maria  do  Jesus  Gonzalez  Rubio,  wlio  re- 
mained tlirouij^houfc  the  decade.  This  mission  for  the 
whole  decade  was  probably  the  most  prosperous  in 
CalU'ornia  both  before  and  after  secularization.  Its 
hii(hest  population  of  1,8GG  souls  was  reached  in  1831, 
and  though  the  number  fell  to  about   1,400  in   1834'-' 

-'Statistics  of  S.  .Tosu  mi-ision  l.S.'n-2(no  fi5urcsfor  1S33-4).  Decrease  of 
pop.  1,74.'.  to  l,4.")(i  (ill  18;!;{,  but  I.S8()  in  1S;{1  j.  JSaptisins  .'{Go  (.TW  iiicl.  'JO;) 
aciuits  ill  IS.Sl).  :\IaiTia,L,'esl-20.  JJcatlis  3!t8.  Increase  of  lar^e  stock  ]:}.:i!jy 
to  l.'!,7l(>,  lioi-,s('s  and  mules  J, .300 to  1,'2,J0;  slieep  remained  at  i:i,O00.  Crops 
al)oiit  iU.SOO  l)us!i.  eacli  year. 

Statistics  of  ISIJo-iO.  Statement  of  T.  Oonxalez  that  the  mission  had 
].S,(>0()  cattle,  l.'),0;»0  sheep,  l,!t'JO  horses,  and  eilects  valued  at -JO-OOO.  T"i//'o; 
in  </<(!.  FtirmT,  Juno  1,  180!).  Inventory  of  .Ian.  1."),  ISIST.  Cij'lits  (chief 
dil)toi's  Wni  <i ulnae  l?.'>30,  S.  Rafael  mission  !?l.-iiG,  the  eanunii^'f  i'crnandez 
( !)  S.'iS.'),  anil  dept.  govt  §1),  1 17),  §!),  117.  Buildings,  includiiii;  ccrrals,  etc., 
.*!|(),700.  Utensils  and  furniture  .§"240.  Mannfacturinij  apparatus  and  mate- 
rial, also  liides,  tallow,  lard,  wagons,  and  ;5,G0i)f.in.  of  grain,  80,108.  Ooods 
ill  warcliouse  .^17,810.  Oi-ehard  iiiid  vineyard  at  the  mission,  0,000  vines, 
ahout  000  fruit  trees,  .S7,47"2;  id.,  S.  Cayetano,  al)t  GOO  trees,  inch  IG  olive- 
trees,  Si,r)I4.  Farming  tools  6282.  Live-.stoek,  .S1S,000  cattle,  2,074  l.orscs, 
]  l,0(i.")  sheep,  30  mules,  15  asses,  77  swine,  .$08,077.  Boat  §100.  Total  "aln- 
ation  .SI  ")G,;j2r).  Debt  (chief  creditors  J.  A.  Aguirre  §402,  Antonio  ^Moi'^nii 
S'i77),  S07.1.  Balance  Sl.w.H.^O.  Original  with  auti)graphs  of  J.  ,T.  Vallejo 
and  I'adre  Gonzalez,  in  Vnllvjo.  Dor.,  MS.,  xxxii.  G4;  also  St.  P<(p,,  Min^.,. 
JIS.,  vii.  40-O1.  1837-S.  No  records.  1830.  I'op,  ;n  .Aug.  according  to  llart- 
iielFs  count  .")S0  .souls.  LI.,  x.  12.  Mairch  2d,  po\'.  ortlers  the  loan  of  3,000 
sheep  to  the  Solano  estahlishinent  for  5  years.  /'/.,  x.  14.  Aug.  28tli,  pr^ip- 
erty  available  fcjr  trade  or  for  distrilnition  to  tin  Ind.  S;{0,000.  /(/.,  vii,  4S. 
Se[it.  1st,  acct  cf  supi)lies  to  govt  and  cscolta  (no  period  specilied,  ]H)s.sibly 
since  ls;!7)  §10,800.  /'/.,  43.  1840.  Live-atock  20,000  cattle,  I,"),000  sheep, 
1,120  horses,  !.' mules,  1.30swine,  2  asses.  Other  pro])erty  (en.sercs)  .§23,570. 
(.'redits  §3,452  (as  1o  'wliat  had  bi'coinc  of  the  acct  of  §i.),000  against  tlie  govt 
t'.ic  rcadermavadoptaMV  theory  he  likes  except  tliat  it  haillieen  ]iaid).  Debts 
$4,434.  A/.,  37-10;  ,1/vr,  JJoc,  MS.,  28-0;  I'ico,  Pa/,.,  J/m.,  MS  ,  47-51. 

Statistics  of  1707-1834.  Total  of  ba])tism3  (1,737,  of  \vliich  4,  !82  Iiid. 
ftdults,  2,488  Ind.  children,  G7  child,  derazon;  annual  average  177.  Marriau'cs 
1.0^1,  of  wliich  4  do  razon.  Deaths  5.100,  of  which  3,524"lnd.  adults;  1..5.'.4 
Ind.  children,  4  and  27  derazon;  annual  average  131;  averagcdcath  rate  12.17 
per  cent  of  jiop.  Lai'LTcst  pop.  1,S8G  in  1831 ;  males  always  in  excess  of  femah's; 
children  [  to  )..  Largest  no.  of  cattle  18,000  in  182(1;  'horses  1,425  in  1834; 
mules  100  i'l  18.30;  .sheep  20,000  in  182G;  all  kinds  .35,000  in  1820.  Total 
proiluct  of  wheat  13,080  bu.sh.  yield  10  fold;  barV'y  10,750  bush.,  20  fold; 
maize  17,200  btsh.,  80  fold;  beans  3,700  bush.,  25  fold;  miscel.  grains  8,800 
bisli.,  .33  fold. 

Summary  of  events,  etc.  1831.  Status  under  Eclio.and fa's  plan  not  carried 
out  This  vol.,  p.  30G-7.  1832.  1*.  Diiran  on  the  jiroposc.  ■eglameiito.  /</., 
310.  May  7tli,  Duran  in  great  trouble  because  tlu;  Ind.  die  so  f.ist.  They 
seem  'm;is  fr.igiles  que  elvidrio. '  He  has  appointed  5  brys  to  report  cases  of 
sickness,  and  has  had  them  well  Hogged  to  mak  ;  the.  i  attend  to  tho  duty, 
yet  now  and  then  some  Ind.  slips  out  of  the  world  witho>.t  tho  sacranients. 
,S.  Jo.^r,  /Ah.  ^fifi.,  MS.,  27.  1S33.  P.  (ionzalez  succeeds  Duran.  the  latter  re- 
porting this  mission  in  .a  condition  for  partial  secularization.  Tliis  vol. ,  p.  318, 
333.     S.  J.  was  to  be  joined  to  Solano  and  S.  Rafael  as  a  parish  of  1st  class. 


SAN  JOSF,  MISSION.  725 

and  to  580  in  1840 — with  probably  200  scattered  in 
tho  district — yet  crops  were  unitbrndy  ^.ood,  the  yifld 
being  larger  in  proportion  to  tho  seed  sown  than  els'j- 
wherc,  and  live-stock  increased  steadily  to  the  end. 
Secularization  was  effected  in  183G-7,  Jesus  Vullcjo 
having  charge  as  administrator  until  April  1840,  wluu 
he  was  succeeded  by  Jose  Maria  Amador.  Tlie  in- 
ventory made  at  the  time  of  tran,;fer  showed  a  total 
valuation,  not  including  lands  or  church  property,  of 
$155,000  over  and  above  debts;  and  the  fragmentary 

Lh,  348.  1834-5.  No  records.  1S3G.  iSccularizatiou  oij'orcil;  .Testis  Vallcjo 
takes  partial  possession  as  ailiiiinistrator  ill  ])ec.  /(/.,4'_'();  iv.  47.  IS;>7.  i'"<'r- 
inal  delivery  of  the  property  hy  I'.  Gutif '  re/,  to  Vallejo  hy  inventory  as  alrcaily 
eited,  Jan.  ir)tli.  Feb.  l.'Uli,  V.  ordered  to  proceed  to  distrilmtioii  of  l(/t:i. 
Val/cjo,  Doc,  M.S.,  xxxii.  71.  Cattle  delivend  to  Willamette  eo.  Wil.  iv.  p. 
8(!.  1838.  June,  mission  dama<;e(ll)y  an  ('artli(|iiakii.  Id., IS.  July  1st,  spni- 
inen  of  grant  of  a  lot  by  tlic  admin,  to  X.  C!ioloi;on,  as  per  order  of  I'VI).  l:>, 
lS;i7,  as  above.  Valbjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxx.  94.  ItSoD.  Ault,  liith,  .1.  Vallejo  to 
tl:e  j,'eneral,  complaining  that  .Vlvarado  and  .linieno  at  Monterey  soeni  dis- 
jioscd  to  let  the  missiuns  j^o  to  ruin,  lie  wislic  s  to  save  S.  .lose,  or  if  it  eaiit 
bo  <lonc  to  let  it  be  ruined  in  eliargo  of  some  other  admin.  Id.,  iii.  40.  Ilai  t- 
nell  arrived  f)n  liis  tour  of  iuspeeticiu  Aug.  'JOth.  He  had  exjiectod  some 
trouble  with  Vallejo,  tjie  nature  of  wliieh  is  not  explained,  ami  had  even  licen 
furnished  with  an  i>rder  for  troop!  from  the  pueblo  uudt;r  Antonio  Iluelna. 
But  hcwas  well  received  and  was  nmeh  jileased  with  the  prosperous  eondition 
of  the  establishment  at  lirst  si,i,dit,  as  he  writes  on  tiio  'Jlst,  the  fnd.  bcin;^  well 
elollicd  and  the  stureiiouso  well  liUed.  It  seems  that  Don  Jesus  had  either 
as!;ed  tj  be  ndieved,  or  it  had  been  resolved  to  i-emove  him,  sinee  11.  ask.i  t!ie 
govt  to  select  some  .suitable  admin.,  as  ho  cannot  approve  Carlos  (.'astro  fur 
the  place.  Hnrtiwll,  Jh  -iu,  MS.,  ;3<J-40;  S.  Joai  Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  ;!4.  Uii!o:-- 
funatcly  the  inveuiory  i:.  lissing.  Aug.  'JStli  aseries  of  iustrujtions  by  Hart- 
iicU  for  the  admiu.,  which  scliu  to  imply  that  Vallejo  had  Iteen  somewhat  ti-o 
independent  ill  his  management,  inclined  Lo  .severe  punishments,  to  piivate 
speculation,  ii>  ;,'lcct  of  \vorslii|),  and  careless  methods  of  keeping  account.-. 
Sf.  Pctji.,  J//Vs'.',  xMS.,  vii.  40-2;  x.  i;{-14.  Aug.  'J'Jth,  II.  to  govt,  has  toe. id 
the  accounts  in  bad  order  as  elsewhere:,  tho  Ind.  diseoutented  and  desliii m 
(a  v.'ondcrful  change  in  8  days  1),  punishments  too  severe,  majordomo  brutal- 
aduiinis'i.itor  carries  oil' property  to  his  own  rancho.  L/.,  x.  12.  Vanej^was 
..utliori/ed  in  Sept.  to  spend  .';<2, ODD  iu  gonds  fur  the  Ind.,  but  npcnt  .s_>,Su,) 
before  he  got  the  jtermission,  at  which  and  other  minor  informalities  llartncU 
sout  reprimands  in  Nov.  Some  blankets  and  (  iier  ar^icle.-t  wcvo  or-.icr-.'d  f'lr- 
iiialied  to  Soledad.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  viii.  I7.">;  llafludl,  Diifot,  MS.,  ."iO- 
1.  1S40.  Vallejo  still  in  charge.  According  to  the  reglam.  nf  March  some  uf 
tlic  property  ut  this  mission  was  to  be  distrihuteil  to  tlie  oldest  Ind.,  ami  a 
clerk  Tvas  to  bo  put  iu  charge  of  the  estate.  There  isnu  record  of  llartncd  s 
visit  in  April,  but  his  instructions  to  the  majorlomo  and  elcri;  on  routinu 
duiics  arc  dated  Aju'il  2;!d.  Vol.  iv.,  p.  (11.  And  on  the  same  date  the  prop- 
erty was  turned  over  to  .lose  Maria  .-\mador  ai  majordom  i,  the  iiivi-ntory 
being  signed  by  .Josii  Antonio  Ivstiada  (doubtless  the  elerkl  a  ruego  do  Amu- 
dor.  .S/.I'ap.,'MiK.i.,  ^IS.,  vii.  .■!7-8.  Oct.  24th,  order  of  govt  to  lend  .1.  11. 
Alvarado  3(X)  hek'ers  and  2.')  liuUs  for  i")  years!  iJr/if.  Uo\,  xi.  41).  l)a\i<, 
O'limjtHVii,  MS.,  2S-{>,  mentions  a  slaughter  of  2,0L)l)  cattle  for  their  hides  and 
tallow. 


i;-^  ^ 


lllffl 


?:C  LOCAL  AXXALS  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 

statistics  of  later  years  indicate  no  falling-ofF  in  any 
kind  of  property.  This  is  the  more  remarkable  as 
the  wealth  of  San  Josd  made  it  a  shinin<j:  mark  for 
govermnent  demands,  and  large  amounts  of  live-stodc 
and  other  [)roporty  were  loaned  to  private  inthvidaals 
niul  to  other  ex-missions.  Don  Jesus,  though  some- 
what independent  of  supervision  and  informal  in  his 
methods,  must  be  regarded  as  a  very  efficient  man- 
ager. It  is  probable,  however,  that  in  1840  the  ebb 
of  prosperity  had  begun  and  that  the  elements  of  aj)- 
ju'oaching  decadence  were  somewhat  more  apparent 
tlian  is  indicated  by  the  imperfect  records  that  have 
been  preserved. 

At  Santa  Clara  Padre  Viador  concluded  his  mis- 
sionary service  of  nearly  40  years  in  1833,  when  he 
left  the  country.  His  successor  was  the  Zacatecan 
prefect  Padre  Francisco  Garcia  Diego  who  served  to 
the  end  of  1835  with  an  associate  from  1834  in  tlie 
jterson  of  Padre  liafael  de  Jesus  Moreno,  after  whose 
death  in  1839  Padre  Mercado  took  charij^e  of  the  ex- 
mission."^     Statistical    reports    by    the    missionaries 


M 


"'^.Tos(^  Viader  was  born  r\±  Oallincs,  Catalonia,  on  Aiip.  27,  170."),  and  Im-- 
cvinu!  a  Franciscan  at  ]{arcclona  in  ]\Iay  17S8,  sailinj;  for  .Mcxic(j  in  17:''>,  :ni  I 
s'.irtiu^^  from  t!ic  oolltv^o  of  S.  I'V'rnamlo  f(jr('al.  in  Feb.  17.l(>.  His  on'.y  ms- 
siniary  service  was  at  Sla  Clara  from  I7!"ito  \SX\,  Jlis  siiporiorH  acconleil  1  i 
iiim  more  t!ian  medium  merit  and  aiiility  hotli  in  tempoi'al  and  (spiritual 
I'liairs,  Aiitohio;/.  Aiitmi.  di>  /os'  I'adrit,  ^IS. ;  Snrriii,  Inf.,  1:-H7,  MS.,  (i'i- 
!»:  I'lnjrrfit,  Inf.,  ISJli,  MS.,  l.'?S.  Padre  Viader  was  a  large  man  of  li;M! 
p!iysi(nie;  snmewliat  reserved  and  stern  in  manner  with  stranj^ers,  Imt  wcU 
liked  liy  all  acquaintances,  witli  whom  his  manner  was  always  frank  and  courte- 
ous; very  strict  in  all  matters  pei'tainin.ij  to  tlio  faith  and  rcli;^ious  oher\anec;, 
noted  for  the  si/.e  of  thj  cruoilix  hanL'inf  always  \\  ith  the  rosary  from  his 
f.'irdle;  a  diligent  and  eil'ectix'c  man  of  l)nsincss,  devoted  to  the  temporal  proa- 
pei'ity  (.f  his  mission,  anil  not  always  inipres.scd  with  the  sanctity  of  the  reve- 
nue law.s.  His  diaries  of  two  expeditions  totiio  IMo  do  Merced  and  in  search 
of  S'.i tcs  for  new  missions  in  ISIO  appear  in  my  list  of  authorities.  It  is  re- 
lated than  one  night  about  ISI-l  while  gr>ing  to  attend  a  dying  neophyte  la- 
was  attacked  by  three  Ind.  whv)  tried  to  kill  him  but  were  instead  overcome 
by  his  great  physical  sti'cngth,  becoming  subseipiently  the  padre's  faithful 
aud  useful  allies.  In  ISIS  he  made  a  tour  ti>  S.  F.  and  S.  Rafael  as  secretary 
tithe  padre  prefeeto.  In  IS"Jl  ho  was  present  u.t  S.  Juan  Ikuitista  at  tho 
Liying  of  the  corner-stone  and  dedication  of  the  new  church.  In  KS'Jtl  ho  de- 
clined to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance.  Swan  in  a  ne\\s|)aper  sketch  often  re- 
lirinteil  mentions  tho  valuable  services  attributed  to  Viader  in  coiniection 
with  tlu!  drought  of  bS'JS-.'Ji),  which  ho  is  said  to  have  foretold.  In  early 
year*  ho  had  desired  ti)  retire,  but  hnd  consented  to  remain  at  tho  reipiest  of 
superiors  and  neophytes.     Of   his  departure  in  1S;J3  on  the  coming  of   tho 


SAXTA  CLARA. 


727 


cca.-^o  for  the  mo.-;t  [)art  in  18:12,  wliun  tlio  neo[)liyto 
population  liad  fallen  to  1,125,  l)eiiig  [jossibly  HOO  in 
1834,  and  at  the  end  of  the  decade  about  2i)0  with 
probably    150   scattered   in  the    ditstrict.-^     Down    to 

Zacatecanos  we  liiivc  no  ilctails;  but  in  Oct.  1835  Vivmond  at  Mox.  wrote  of 
lii.s  safe  arrival  at  llabana,  whence  lie  jn'ohably  went  to  .Sjiain. 

Kaiael  .le  Jesus  .Moreno  was  a  Mexican  Franciscan  of  tlic  Guadalupe  col- 
lege, Ziicateuas,  who  came  witii  tlie  other.s  in  ]fi',V,]  and  served  at  Sta  ( *lara 
until  lS;il),  being  also  jiresident  and  vice-prefect  of  the  Z:icatecan  fiiar.-;  ia 
]S;i(J-S.  The  fact  that  lie  w;is  cliosen  for  si  responsible  a  i)o.sitio;i  indicates 
that  he  was  a  man  of  some  ability,  but  otherwise  no  information  direct  or  in- 
direct aljout  him  appears  in  any  records  that  I  liave  ceen.  He  died  on  Ji:no 
8,  Ituil),  at  Mission  .San  Jose  where  he  had  ,.'oue  for  liis  liealth  a  litth^  earlier, 
Manuel  Jinieno  wroteat  the  time  that  liis  ifb  ess  was  caused  by  a  fit  of  angei-, 
anil  his  death  by  a  mercurial  potion  prescribed  by  an  English  d(jctor.  ilo 
was  biirie<l  in  San  Jose  mission  chui-ch  by  1'.  Gonzalez  on  thcitth.  S.Josr,  l/ih. 
Mix.,  MS.,  •I'J-M. 

"  Sta  (,'lara  statistics  of  1831-2  (figures  fo'-  1833— i  missing).  Decrease  of 
pop.,  1,22(5  t(j  1,12.")  (SOO  in  IS34  according  to  Jiall  and  (ilee.son);  liaptisnis, 
5.");  marriages,  34;  deaths,  155.  Increase  in  l.'.''gc  .stock,  9,788  to  1(),T0."> 
(14,2:iyin  18;M);  horses  and  mules,  788  to  705  (1,230  in  18.34);  sheep,  S.UOO 
to  y,.")(>;)  (15,000  in  1834).     Crops  4.1,30  bush,  in  1831;  5,.kS0  bnsh.  in  1S32. 

.Statistics  of  1835-40.  Mission  supplies  to  the  cscolta  for  7  moiitlis  to 
Aprd,  1835,  S273.  JJcjd.  St.  Pap.,  Bin.  (J.  .0  T.,  MS.,  iii.  89.  To  S.  V.  pre- 
sidio, Jan. -Oct.,  SU)3.  Arch.  Ar:.oh.,  M8.,  v.  pt  ii.  7.  1837.  Salary  list. 
Admin.  .?1,50>),  teacher  S500,  majordomo  §192,  tanner  §240,  clerk  .'?240, 
Ijc.jides  expenses  of  the  padre  and  supplies  to  the  com.  of  the  escolta.  <SV. 
Pep.,  J/f's-i.,  Ms.,  vii.  30-1.  1839.  Receipts  for  year,  including  balance  ia 
Jan.,  .S2;>,3,S5;  expend.,  .§10,007.  /(/.,  20-2.  Sept.  2d  property  avaihdile  f.ir 
trade  or  distribution,  5,G20  cattle,  0,500  sheep,  353  horses,  .30  swine,  ],(3S(> 
fan.  grain,  1,0.)0  arr.  dried  meat,  500  arr.  wool,  347  arr.  t.allow,  'J74  arr.  lard, 
415  liides,  and  (jther  articles,  no  value  given.  /'/. ,  28-9;  also  iu  llnrtiic/l, 
l)i  iiir),  MS.,  29,  v,-here  tiio  number  of  Ind.  is  given  as  291.  Debt  in  March 
.S!,i.)2,  credits  .§:V.n7.  Debt  in  Sept.  .§1,428.  St.  Pap.,  .I/;.s.s.,  .MS.,  vii.  ;!  ». 
Tiio  ad:nin.  bougiit  of  a  s!iip  §1,10.3  worth  of  goods  for  tiie  liid.  without  i)er- 
r.iis.don,  for  whicli  he  was  blamed.  /(/.,33;  llartitilt.  D'lario,  .MS.,  5i.'.  Isi'j. 
Rjeeipi:.!  (not  apparently  incl.  balance  of  .Fan. )  §12,537,  expend.  .'^2,507.  St. 
}'a;>.,  Mi.'i!i.,  J\1S.,  vii.  2.{-25.  May  15tii,  inventory  of  property  turned  over 
by  Ivitrada  to  Alviso,  .3,717  cattle,  218  horses,  4.8(J7  sheep,  510  fan.  grain, 
2'J  arr.  tallow,  20  arr.  wool,  and  other  miscel.  articles,  no  value  given;  ilebU 
.§3,940.  /(/.,  33-0;  Pk-o,  Pap.  MU.,  :M.S.,  47  51.  The  cliief  creditors  bein.; 
Mig.  I'edrorena  §1,490,  J.  .\.  Aguirre  §1,.379,  and  Tiios  Shaw  .§.")S.5. 

"statistics  of  1777-1834.  Total  of  baptisms  S,()40,  of  which  4,534  Ind. 
adults,  3,177  Ind.  children,  0  and  923  de  razon;  annual  avmage  133.  .Mar- 
ri;i;;es  2,518,  of  which  182  de  razon.  Deaths  (!,9J0,  of  which  4. 15'2  Inl, 
adults,  2, ,329  Ind.  children,  137  and  332  de  razon;  annual  average  111;  a\'cr- 
agj  death  rate  12.03  per  cent  of  pop.  Largest  ])op.  1,511  (':)h\  179>(l,4(i4  in 
1!>J7):  males  largely  in  excess  of  females;  ehildl'eil  .',  to  ,!,.  Largest  li  i.  of 
c\tae  14,.5J0  in  1828;  horses  2,S()0  in  ISll;  nudes  45ln  IS-_'7;  sh.'cp  15,59: 1  in 
ISJS;  gala's  5,)0  in  1780;  swin.;  (iJ  in  ISiO;  all  Uiinls.  30,9;'.:!  aiiim.iN  in  iSivS. 
Tot:d  product  of  wheat  175,800  busli.,  yicM  17  fold;  barley  21.270  Imsh., 
32  fold;  maize  4(i,45')  bush.,  98  fold;  beans  5, .500  bush.,  17  i  >\d:  niis.xl. 
grains  11,40)  bush.,  21   fold. 

.Suin:nary  of  events,  etc.  1831.  Visits  of  Guv.  Victoria.  This  vol.,  p. 
183-200.  .Status  under  l''cheandia"s  decree  not  enforced.  //.,30!i  7.  Dav's, 
(i/':iij/-^c-<,  M.S..  It.,  spea!;s  of  a  slaughter  of  horses  early  in  this  decade. 
1832.     P.  Viader  accused  of  buying  smuggled  goods.  This  vol.,  305.     1833.. 


728 


LOCAL  AXXALS  OF  SAX  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


1834  tliero  was  a  ccain  in  live-stock  and  tlie  crops 
were  l;iro-o.  Secularization  was  effected  at  the  bei>iii- 
nino-  of  1837  by  Rainou  Estrada,  who  served  as  ad- 
luiiur^trator  until  May,  1840,  when  he  was  succeeded 
by  Ignacio  Alviso.  The  inventories  of  the  transfer  I 
have  not  been  able  to  find;  but  lists  oi'  effects  in  1839  - 
40  show  that  two  thirds  of  the  cattle  and  sheej)  had 
disappeared,  and  apparently  all  other  available  pro[)er- 
ty  ol'  any  value.  This  had  been  one  of  the  richest 
establislmients,  and  its  downfall  iiad  been  remarkably 
rapid. 


II: 


m 


Viader  left  Cal.  and  was  succeeded  by  PP.  Gai'ci'a  Diego  and  ^Moreno.  Juan 
I'lado  Mesa  was  com.  of  the  escolta  down  to  the  time  of  secularization. 
K.jcolta  involved  in  a  revolt  against  Vallejo  at  S.  F.  Jd.,2iS.  Aug.  Ttli, 
padre  complains  to  alcalde  that  tlic  neophytes  go  to  the  puchlo  and  get  drunk 
■\vitli  notable  prejudice  to  their  souls  and  bodies.  .S'.  Joii',  Arch.,  ^IS. ,  i.  'yl. 
Lat.  and  long,  by  Douglas.  Tliis  vol.,  404.  ISIU.  Sta  Clara,  with  tlio 
pueblo,  to  form  a  parisli  of  1st  class  under  tlic  reglamento.  This  vol.,  p. 
348.  1S3.">.  P.  (Jarcia  Diego  departs  at  end  of  clie  year.  .Jos6  Z.  Fernandez, 
ti^aclicr,  resigns  in  Sept.  Many  neophytes  were  given  licenses  of  emancipa- 
tion. /(/.,  834.  .Specimen  of  March  0th,  the  Ind.  being  jierniitted  to  live  at 
Solano.  Vallejo,  /Joe,  MS.,  iii.  17.  July.  Sale  of  liijuor  forl)idden.  /•/., 
CI.  Sept.  P.  Moreno  to  gov.,  says  tliat  if  tiiey  go  on  granting  licenses,  the 
mission  will  soon  have  no  gente.  Arck.  Arr.oh.,  MS.,  v.  pt.  ii.  14.  ISJJO. 
Order  of  secularization  in  Dec.  Jost5  Ramon  Estrada  appointed  comisionado. 
Vol.  iv.,  p.  47.  1807.  Estrada  took  possession  early  this  year  and  became 
administrador  as  well  as  comisionado;  Ijut  in  some  documents  tlie  admin,  is 
cidleil  Josi5  Mariano  Estrada.  March  18th.  Estrada  to  alcalde,  says  lie  canio 
iv\  a<lmin.  and  not  as  executioner;  is  preparing  a  full  report;  something  )nust 
1)0  done  to  protect  tlio  poor  Ind.  The  killing  of  8  Ind.  is  referred  to.  S.  Jose 
Arch.,  MS.,  vi.  US.  Vallejo'.s  visit  in  March;  interview  with  Alvarado  in 
June;  ari'est  of  rel)cls.  Tliis  vol.,  p.  518,  .O'J'J,  o'io,  ]]e!clier,  I'o:/.,  i.  117, 
says:  '  The  mission  is  fast  falling  to  decay,  and  scarcely  common  civility  was 
f^liowntous.'  1888.  Earthquake  in  June.  Vol.  iv.,  )).  78.  1880.  The  gov- 
ernor's marriage.  This  vol.,  iii.  r)08.  Jos6  Pcila,  teacher.  Monl.  Arch.,  MS., 
i;c.  10.  Marcli-April.  Order  to  send  8,000  sheep  to  Sonoma  as  a  loan  for  ."> 
years,  against  which  tliolnd.  protested,  and  the  siieep  were  not  sent.  St.  I'l'p., 
il/^•.•.v.,  MS.,  ix.,  .57-8;  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  vi.  47").  Two  of  the  sprightliest 
Ind.  delivered  to  the  schr  Valifurnid  by  general's  order.  /(/.,  8.10.  .3ulv. 
'J'rouliles  with  the  Indians,  several  killed.  Vol.  iv.,  p.  7r)-().  In  Sept.  Hart- 
ncll  found  the  Ind.  di.'jcontented,  clamorous  for  a  new  admin.,  complaining 
that  they  received  no  rations  or  clothing,  thongli  tliey  seemed  in  good  condi- 
tion. They  demanded  that  no  morcranchos  should  bo  granted  from  missiou 
lands,  particnlai'ly  the  one  asked  for  Viy  Fiii'bes,  S.  Miguel,  and  Paso  do  S. 
Francisquito  asked  for  by  Pina.  H.  tliought  tlio  salary  of  §,")00  to  a  teacher 
for  (I  or  N  small  children  siiould  bosaved.  JJiario,  !MS, , 'J0-.80.  1840.  Estrada 
was  succeeded  in  May  liy  Ignacio  .Viviso.  .S7.  /'<»/).  J/(.s.s.,  vii.  88.  Sebastian 
Peralta,  mnjordomo.  July.  P.  Mercado  protests  against  an  order  to  search 
his  house  and  church,  for  music  to  celclirato  the  fiesta  of  in  lependence.  /(/., 
ix.  .U-.").  Nov.  10.  No  produce  left  except  hides.  All  industries  suspended. 
Id.,  53.     Some  of  the  an-csted  foreigners  conlined  here.  Vol.  iv.,  p.  23. 


PUEBLO  OF  SAN  JOSE. 


729 


er()|)S 


The  pno1)l()  of  San  Josd  do  Guadalupe,  also  called 
San  Jose  de  Alvarado  after  183()  in  honor  of  the  gov- 
ernor, with  the  ranchos  of  its  jurisdiction,  increased 
in  population  I'roni  540  at  the  b(!ginning  of  the  decade 
to  750  at  the  end."*  Both  numbers  probably  included 
some  Indians,  and  there  are  no  means  of  deterniiu- 
ing  the  proportion  of  the  population  living  on  the 
ranchos  which  have  been  named  in  this  chapter. 
Municipal  affairs  continued  under  the  direction  of  an 
ayuntaniiento  of  alcalde,  two  regidores,  and  a  si'ndico, 
elected  annually  until  1839.  The  successive  alcaldes 
were  Mariano  Duarte,  Ignacio  Ceballos,  Salvio  Pa- 
checo,  Pedro  Chabolla,  Antonio  M.  Pico,  Jose  M. 
Alviso,  Juan  Alvires,  and  Dolores  Pacheco.  Some 
details  are  appended.^''      In  1839  the  ayuntaniiento 

"'  A  iiadron  of  1831  shows  a  pop.  of  524.  //rtW'.s  Ilhf.  S. ./.,  118;  S/aClnm 
Co.  Hi':!,.  AUnx,  9;  and  several  newspaper  articles.  In  1833-4  the  ecu.siis 
show.s  ()02  !<oula,  of  wliieii  number,  however,  171  were  Indiana;  ami  it  is  not 
luiHliely  that  a  like  no.  in  other  padrones  were  Ind.,  though  there  is  ni>  in  li- 
catiou  of  it.  Tlie  (J02  did  not  include  7  families  wlio  it  was  thought  nii,i,'!it 
belong  to  S.  F.  It  should  also  he  noticeil  that  several  larye  iinelios  of  what 
is  no\v  soutJKrn  Sta  Clara  Co.  were  in  the  Monterey  jurisdiction,  and  not  in- 
cluded in  these  lists.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  lien.,  P.  y  ,/.,  MS.,  i.  4G.  I S3u.  List 
of  123  men  l)et\veen  the  ages  of  1")  and  .")0,  7  being  foreigners,  Val/i'io,  Dor., 
MS.,  x.viii.  22.  Feb.  1,  1840,  pop,  039.  l)(p/.  St.  Paj>.',  S.  J.,  .MS.,  vii.  LS. 
1341,  pop.  93(J.  .S'.  Jo.'ir,  Padroti,  !MS.  This  padron  seems  to  include  no 
Indians;  Init  it  does  include  the  contra  costa  iuhaliitants,  about  150  in  num- 
ber. There  is  some  doubt  about  my  ligures  for  1830  (see  vol.  ii.,  p.  002),  tho 
pop.  of  540  perhaps  inehuliug  Indians. 

■''^lunicipal  government,  list  of  odieials,  and  criminal  record  of  S.  .Tosi';. 
1S31.  Alcalde  ^lariano  Duarte;  regidores  Leandro  Flores,  Antoiuo  lloilri- 
gucz,  and  Fernando  Felix;  sindico  Jose  Luis  Chabolla,  secretary  .lose  Ueyes 
Jjorreycsa,  depositario  Luis  IVndta.  Jh'pf.  ,St.  Pap.,  ]>.  M.,  MS.,  Ixxiii.  14- 
19.  1832.  Alcalde  Ignacio  Ceballos;  regidores  (prol)ably  Felix  or  Rodriguez 
holding  over)  and  Joaquin  Higuera.  L'as/ro,  Dnr.,  >LS.,  i.  8;  S.  J.  Arrh.,  .MS., 
i.  41;  ii.  55.  Sec.  Salvio  I'acheco.  J)ept.  St.  /V?n.,  ,s'.  ,/,,  MS.,  iv.  105.  Aug. 
Jose  el  Cantor  to  be  .«ent  to  Mont.  S(>pt. ,  the  mail  of  tho  22(1  of  each  month 
suspended,  leaving  that  of  t!io  llth.  /'/.,  105-0. 

1833.  Alcalde  Salvio  Pacliecu;  ri'gidores  (Joanni'v  llignora)  and  Mixiino 
^lartinez  (Sebastian  IViidta  al^o  called  regidor);  sec.  Jose  lierrcyesa,  jne/,  de 
campo  Francisco  I'alomares;  Luis  Peralta  mentioned  as  jnez  de  paz  (?),  .\ii- 
tonio  M.  Fico  '  majordom  >  do  propios.'  S.  J.  Arch.,  v.  i.;  vi.  1(3;  J)(pt.  St. 
Pop.,  S.  J.,  MS.,  iv.  132,  138.  Feb.,  guardia  ami  jail  to  lie  repaired;  mean- 
while prisoners  to  be  sent  to  Sta  Clara.  No  one  to  bo  alloweil  to  ■  at  down 
trees  iu  the  alameilu.  March,  ayant.  funds  to  bo  used  for  the  purchase  of 
powder  and  lead.  Uec.  surplus  funds  (I)  to  ^t^^  sent  to  the  govt  at  Mont. 
The  nuinbi  r  of  regidores  cannot  bo  increased  at  present.  LL,  115-10,  140. 
Aug.,  h\n<\n  lid  fan  to  to  b:'  given  to  the  most  iudustrious;  not  to  l>e  taken 
from  owners,  but  tho  latter  must  cultivate  or  rent  them.  LL,  121;  1<I.,  Pxn., 
P.  ((• ./.,  vi.  13.  S(^pt.,  the  ayunt.  ha.)  no  power  to  compel  vagrants  to  work 
for  tho  public.    Id.,  15.     Aatouio  Chabolla  to  be  nllowod  to  cultivate  tho 


'At 


I 

I 


730 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


was  (lisw)lvccl  here  as  olsowhorc,  and  Dolores  Pacheco 
served  as  juez  de  paz  in  18.39-40.  The  jurisdiction 
of  the  avuutaiuiento  extended  al'ter   1834  from  the 

Ycrba  J'liena  ejiilos  without  prejudice  to  tlie  common  use  of  wood,  water, 
etc.  hi,  S.  J.,  i\.  1M7;  Doc.  Hid.  Gal.,  :S1S.,  i.  4\2. 

1S;U.  Alcalde  I'edro  ChaljoUa;  regidoii-s  Muxiino  and  Ignacio  Martinez 
(the  election  of  Toimis  I'acheco  being  declared  null),  sec.  Salvi.i  racheco,  and 
.losi''  Fernandez  from  .July.  JJ(ijf.  St.  J'ap.,  S.  J.,  MS.,  ix.  ]4'2,  14(i,  1-18,  l.~)'>. 
Alcalde  permitted  l>y  gov.  to  go  to  S.  Rafael  for  0  days;  a  regidor  niu.st  he 
punished  like  any  otlier  man,  and  cannot  leave  town  without  permission. 
Jd.,  I4S,  J.")l.  May  l.'/tli,  nninicipal  regulations  issued  l>y  the  alcalde.  D'/'f. 
St.  P'l/'.,  MS.,  iii.  I(j."]-G.  Citizens  not  to  go  in  pursuit  of  hor.se  tiiievcs, 
except  in  company  with  ti'oops.  /</.,  S.  J.,  iv.  143.  .June  1:2th,  Si;c.  Zani  i- 
rano  reports  that  the  civil  and  political  jurisdiction  of  (jjor  ])arte  del)  t!io 
]i  leljlo  of  S.  .Jose  has  always  been  tmdei'stoud  to  extend  'from  the  l^aguna 
ranclio  to  Sta  Clara,  and  on  the  otlier  side  comprising  all  the  ranches  as  f.ir 
as  the  strait  of  Carquines,  toward  the  viila  do  Braneiforto  as  far  as  the  sum- 
mit ot  the  sierra  which  divides  them.'  St.  Pap.,  M.  ct-  (!.,  MS.,  ii.  218.  And 
on  June  'JSth  the  gov.  fixes  the  limits,  not  very  clearly,  as  follows:  ''J'ho 
demarcation  toward  the  pueblo  of  S.  .Jose  Guadalupe  will  begin  from  the 
line  fixed  for  that  of  S.  F.  at  the  rancho  of  the  Castros  '  (S.  Lorenzo  and  S. 
J^eandro?  but  these  ranches  not  included)  'from  the  missions  of  Stii  Clara,  and 
S.  Jose  and  the  .said  rancho  and  settlements  (congregaciones)  of  tjic  centra  .is 
far  as  la  gentilidad  toward  the  tnlares,  following  the  cordillera  and  the 
valley  to  the  Laguna  rancho,  near  the  sierra  of  Sta  Cruz,  the  summit  of  whicii 
will  serve  as  dividing  line  bctwcon  S.  Jose  and  ]]rancifortc.'  /'/.,  '2"20. 

ISm.  Alcalde  Antonio  Maria  Pico;  regidorcs  (Ignacio  Martinez)  and 
Leandro  Rochin,  sindico  Luis  Chabolla,  sec.  .Josti  Berreyesa,  depositario 
Jose  Noriega.  Jan.  loth,  municipal  and  police  regulations  in  21  articles. 
St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  xi.  "Jli-O.  i'etition  of  inliab.  of  Centra  Costa  to  bo 
transferred  from  S.  F.  jurisdiction  to  that  of  S.  ijosij.  This  vol.,  p.  2!)1. 

1S.'{().  Alcalde  .Jos6  Maria  Alviso;  regidorcs  (Leandro  Roi'hin)  and  Nico- 
Lis  Rerreye.sa,  sindico  Francisco  Archuleta,  sec.  .Jose  IJerreye.sa.  liecord  of 
electio!is  l)cc.  \'.i,  21,  183.'),  in  Castro,  Dnr.,  MS.,  i.  23-.").  March,  padre  com- 
plains  that  i.n-n  at  S.  Ignacio  ranciio  sell  li(pior  to  the  Iml.  S.  Jour,  Arch.,  MS. , 
i.  1 1.  Sept.  10th,  meeting  of  ayunt.  to  complain  of  the  padres  of  S.  Josi'i  ami 
Sta  ("lara  who  put  obstacles  in  the  way  of  justice  and  assumed  authi'iicy 
not  belonging  to  vhem;  it  was  voted  to  call  on  the  gov.  to  ol)ligo  the  pailics 
to  give  up  to  the  lourt  two  Ind.  oU'endcrs,  Mateo  and  Estanislao.  St.  J'ap., 
M.  <(■(/.,  MS.,  ii.  3!J7-8.  Only  one  prisoner  in  June.  In  Feb.  the  ah^aldo 
was  excused  from  strving  by  the  gov.,  but  no  successor  is  named.  Dept.  Si. 
Pap.,  S.  J.,  MS.,  iv.  113;  V.  9. 

1S37.  Alcalde  J.iaa  .\lvires;  regidorcs  (Nicohii  Berreyesa)  and  .loini 
Burton.  Antonio  Roi'riguez  is  also  i.ieutioned  in  Nov.  as  alcalde  (?K  Sta  ('ruz 
Arrli.,  MS.,  44.  Burton  a'  ted  as  juez  much  of  the  year.  .Jan.  Ultli,  muni- 
cipal regulations  publislied  by  the  ayunt.  Vnlhjn,  Dor.,  MS.,  xxxii.  (iS. 
Doc.  21st,  nine  citizens  for  all  petitioned  that  no  grants  of  land  should  be 
made  until  the  pueblo  lands  could  be  marked  out.  A  petition  for  the  assign- 
ing of  these  lands  was  sent  to  the  gov.  on  the  23d  by  the  alcaldi^;  and  on 
the  24th  the  gov.  authoriA'd  the  .ayunt.  to  api>oint  a  eonnnission  to  make  Ji 
map.  llalTsi  lli<t.  S.  ./.,  P2,-)  et  sei], 

1838.  .\lealde  Dolores  Pacheco.  No  other  member  of  the  ayunt,  named. 
In  March  the  ayunt.  appointed  (Juillenno  Castro,  Wni  (Julnai  ,  and  Salvio  Pa- 
checo as  eomisionados  to  siUTcy  the  pueblo  lands,  which  they  did  with  all 
duo  formalities,  and  the  map  and  report  were  sent  to  the  gov. ;  but  there  is  no 
evidence  of  any  subse(|uent  contirmation.  According  to  this  survey,  some  of 
the  original    landmarks  had  been   incorrectly  pLced.     Full  account  of  the 


SAX  JOSI':  DE  GUADALUPE. 


731 


ranohos  of  San  Loandro  and  LasPulL>'as  in  tlionortli, 
tt<  La^'una  Suoa  h\  the  soulh,  oxcla<lin_L;'  all  these  ran- 
ches, and  iVoni  tha  suniniit  of  the  Santa  Cruz  moun- 
tains eastward  to  the  tularos.  That  of  tlie  juzgado 
from  1839  included  also  in  a  sense  the  contra  costa 
ranchos  up  to  Car(j[uines  strait,  since  the  juez  of  that 
district  was  auxiliary  to  him  of  San  Jose  and  not  of 
San  Francisco.  San  Josd  was  also  made  temporarily 
cabecera  of  the  partido,  but  no  sub-jn'efect  was  ap- 


t.  nanH-il. 

uith  all 

ic  is  no 

sotiiu  of 

lit  oi  the 


survey  and  lines  adopted  in  lldlFn  llial.  S.  J.,  \'2^-li2.     Mimic,  receipts  find 
expend.,  8."5-(>.  •'>'.  -A  Arch.,  loMsupap.,  T>\). 

ISli!).  Alcalde  .Jose  Xoriej:;!;  rej^idore^  Toinds  Paclicco  nnd  Win  Onliiac, 
sfndit'ii  ])icg()  Forbes,  see.  .losO  Z.  Fernandez,  coliiisario  de  j)olicia  Anas- 
tasio  Cort(5s.  In  accordance  with  an  order  of  .hino  l.itli,  tiio  ayunt.  dissolved 
itself  on  the  lStli;and  Dolores  I'aclieeo  took  charge  of  municipal  atliiirs  as 
juez  de  paz.  Dfjit.  St.  Pap.,  S.  ■/.,  MS.,  v.  •2(i;  Goiivz,  Dor.,  MS.,  40. 
Jose  /.  Fernandez  was  at  the  saiiu;  time  appointed  juez  de  paz  suplento,  and 
in  July  Antonio  Suiiol  was  appointed  sindico,  or  ti'casurerof  the  jiizgudo,  and 
I'cdro  Mesa  now  or  eai'lier  was  juez  de  eauipo.  Jan.  'i'.ltli.  Prefect  to  gov. 
coin])lains  of  the  citizens  who  are  aceustonicd  to  sign  a  tlircateniiig  protest 
against  anj'  act  of  the  ayunt.  that  does  not  please  them,  which  does  great 
harm.  .S'.  J.  Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  2i\.  March.  Decoi'd  of  elections;  certain  vo- 
cales  who  did  not  attend  were  tinrd  ,S2  each;  names  of  otticurs  and  primary 
electors  given;  elector  do  partulo,  Jost^'  Fernandez,  suplente  Salviu  I'aeheco. 
/(/.,  vi.  CfA-C).  ^larch  14th.  Ayunt.  petitions  gov.  that  S.  Jos6  be  made 
cabecera  of  the  partido  instead  of  San  I'Vaneisco.  Action  on  this  matter  vas 
postiioncd;  but  in  Sept.  S.  .Tosi'  was  declared  temporarily  the  cabecera. 
Dci't.  St.  Pa]).,  MS.,  iv.  -241);  Uoc.  //iyf.  VaL,  .MS.,  i.  ;J9S;',S\  Jo.^6  Ar-h., 
Ms.,  ii.  IS.  April.  .\  sohlier  arrested  and  fine<l  by  the  alcalde.  (!en.  \'.i- 
llejo  decides  that  ho  had  no  right  to  do  it  and  the  line  need  not  bo  paid. 
Va'lijii,  J>o<.,  MS.,  vi.  .'ioT.  I'lifect  thinks  two  jueces  do  paz  needed  iu 
town,  and  another  if  tlu  contra  costa  ranchos  are  added  to  tlie  juiis<liction. 
.V,  ./.  Ar'h.,  MS.  iii.  iS.  Capt.  Salvio  I'aclioco  of  tho  civic  guard  was  put 
nncler  r.rrost  for  oll'cnsive  expressions  in  a  letter  to  f!en.  Vallcjo;  but  at  tho 
same  time  was  required  to  go  to  Mont,  as  elector,  being  obliged  to  resume 
his  state  of  arrest  on  return.  V(illi'j~),  />oc.,  MS.,  vi.  4'Jli.  May.  Criminal 
])rocecdings  against  an  Ind.  girl  and  her  accomplice  for  killing  an  Ind.  at 
^Milpitas.  D'pt.  St.  Pop.,  S.  J.,  vii.  I.S.  Anot!i"i-  against  .lose  . I.  Castro  f  m- 
killing  .'vnr.staKio  CorU's  in  a  gambling  quarrel.  /'/.,  17.  June.  Sfndico'sre- 
]ioit  of  receipts  and  expend.,  Slo4.  S.  ./.  Arch.,  loose  pap.,  MS.,  I!l:fir 
next  si \'  mo.,  receiiits  )?'J:]7,  expend.  .SU'It.  1<I.,  17.  July  .'{Otli.  Police  reg- 
idation.s.  S.  J.  Arch..  MS,,  ii.  (12. 

I. '-14(1.  Juez  lie  paz  Diil)re-  I'acheco,  suplente  .lose  Z.  Fernantlez,  sindico 
probably  Sunol.  In  Ih pi.  St.  /'"p.,  MS.,  xvii.  4!l,  is  a  rej'ort  of  Sec.  I'crnan- 
dezof  an  election  of  l>ec.  lit,  ls;}!l,  of  .\ntonio.M.  I'ico  ami  Felix  Buelnaa.s  1st 
and  'Jd  alcalde  (?J.  June  14tli.  Alcalde  calls  attention  to  the  law  tliat  all  bat 
owners  and  servants  living  on  i-anclios  must  belong  to  the  lu'arest  town;  tlvrc- 
fore proprietors  must  dismiss  ill  agre^jados  under  penalty  of  a  tine  of  .SO reals. 
I\[oiit.  Arch.,  Ms.,  ix.  "21.  March  Ist.  Sindico's  account,  cxy)enscs  S2!t;), 
receipts  in  taxes  and  lines,  c;U3.  S,  J.  Ar-h.,  loo.se  pap.,  '22.  May  '2d. 
Juez  sends  (again?)  to  gov.  the  jilan  and  exi>cdi(>nte  of  the  town  ejiitos.  S'.  ./. 
Arch.,  MS.,  .'!().  June  4th.  Si  nds  list  of  foreigners  in  the  jurisdiction.  //., 
;-!'J.  .Tuly  4tli.  (tov.  tells  the  juez  of  contra  costa  that  he  is  auxiliary  to  the 
juez  de  partido  of  S,  Jose.  iJei'.  I'ec,  xi.  17. 


'  Iii 


Ii 


7.3i! 


LOCAL  ANNALS  01'  SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


l)()iiito(l  till  after  1840.  The  record  of  events  in  town 
ibr  the  decade  is  well  nijjfli  <a  blank,  tlu)U!4'li  I  append 
the  summary.-"  Of  industrial  progress  we  know 
nothinj^  bej-ond  the  increase  in  population  lor  the  ju- 
risdiction as  already  given,  and  the  fact  that  the  sum 
of  .^)2,0()0  was  spent  on  a  church.  No  visitors  during 
this  period  have  furnished  either  descriptive  matter 
or  narratives  of  their  visits.  The  people  tot)k  but 
slight  part  in  the  revolutionary  and  sectional  warfare 
of  1830-8;  l)ut  raidinii'  bnnds  of  Indian  horse-thieves 
furnished  constant  matc'rial  for  excitement  and  semi- 
military  ardor,  most  of  the  vecinos  enrolling  them- 
selves in  two  companies  of  militia. 

''"Sumrrjiiry  iiiul  imlcx  of  events,  etc.  1S,31.  Part  taken  l>y  S.  Joi3(S 
ngaiiiHt  (lov.  X'ictiiria;  tiial  of  Alcalde  Duarte;  adhesion  to  the  S.  Dief,'oplan. 
'J'lii.s  vol.,  p.  IS7"S,  ISM-"),  '2\-2.  KSoii.  Slight  part  taken  in  the  Zainoi-auo 
revolt.  /'/.,  '2'2',\~l.  IS.'iH.  llxpudition  against  the  Moqueliinnierf  hid.  /i/., 
3.)0,  ^9i.  18.S5.  Sliyiit  refci'i.'ncu  to  expid.  aj^'ainst  ]nd.  hfii'se-tliii'vcs.  ,S\ 
Ju.i''  Anh.,  M.S.,  i.  40;  I'ttlomttrcs,  J/'-m.,  MS.,  1-  l.'J.  In  .June  I'adrc  Morc- 
Jio  iufoirncd  the  g(jv.  that  he  was  hiiildiiiga  puehlc  church -with  contrihution^ 
from  the  citizens  etc.,  and  asked  for  the  tithes  for  this  purpose.  Figueroa  in 
I'eply  sent  a  libranza  of  Jr-iO  as  a  personal  eontril)n*^^ion,  and  authorized  tlio 
people  to  devote  their  tithes  to  the  Iniilding  fund,  tiiougli  the  payment  of 
tithes  was  no  longer  obligatory.  There  was  some  additional  correspondence, 
and  in  1838  (Jen.  Vallejo  also  authorized  the  use  of  the  tithes;  but  it  does  not 
;ippear  that  anj'  funds  were  obtained  from  this  source  until  18oi),  in  which 
year  ^'ijO.V)  weic  received  and  cxjiended.  In  IS-tO  Gov.  Alvarado  renewed 
tiie  concession,  and  in  July  the  work  was  still  going  on.  Arch.,  Arzob.,  MS.,  v. 
pt.  ii.  !)-10,  -Jl);  J)cpt.  St.  Pap.,  v.  0;  /(/.,  S.  J.,  iv.  170;  Gomez,  Dor.,  MS., 
'2;),f!8;  Vdl/ijo,  Doc,  v.  '200;  xxxii.  .So.S;  xxxiii.  170;  S.J.  Arch.,  MS.,  iii. .'«,;}«. 
ISIKi.  Alvarado  here  preparing  for  revolution.  This  vol.,  p.  45{).  183(5-40. 
Ind.  affairs,  including  one  or  more  expeditions  and  raids  in  nearly  every  year. 
Vol.  iv,  74-0.  1837.  Recruiting  a  militia  force.  This  vol.,  p.  oil.  Trou- 
bles connected  with  the  arrest  of  A.  M.  Pico.  Id.,  013-14,  5'23-7.  Rumors 
of  con.spiracy  in  Nov.  /(/.,  573.  There  were  two  .militia  companies  organized 
at  S.  Josd,  each  of  44  men,  rank  and  lilc.  The  ofticcrs  of  the  1st  were  cajit. 
Salvio  Pacheco,  lieut  A.  M.  Pico  and  Guillermo  Castro,  alf.  TomAs  Paclicco 
and  .Josi)  M.  Alviso.Tr. ;  and  of  the  2d,  Capt.  Jose  ^I.  Alviso,  lieut.  Agustin 
IJernal  and  Ignacio  Martinez,  alf.  Inocencio  Romero  and  Fulgencio  Higuera 
Capt.  Jesus  Vallejo  w.as  mil.  comandantc.  Vallejo,  Doc,  M.S.,  xxiv.  8,  !); 
<S'.  J.  Arch.,  MS.,  vi.  2().  The  force  was  dis.=,olvod  iw  1840.  ])cpt.  St.  Pop., 
pen.,  P.  (D  /.,  MS.,  iii.  13.  1S3S.  Eartlujuake  in  June,  a  house  shaken 
down.  Vol.  iv.  p.  78.  Aug.,  .Tuan  Carrasco  found  dead  of  hunger  at  Arroyo 
^locho.  iS'.  /.  Arr/t.,  MS.,  v.  32,  Nov.,  celebration  of  news  of  accession  of 
Alvarado  and  Vallejo.  This  vol.,  p.  077.  1840.  Arrest  of  foreigners.  Vol. 
iv.  p.  11.  Ind.  making  trouble  at  Sutter's.  Id.,  138,  Douglas,  Journal, 
MS. ,  88,  estimates  the  exports  »i  hides,  tallow,  and  grain  at  !j80,0(J0. 


oos  not 

which 

renowcil 

M.S.,  V. 

,  MS., 

83(5-40. 

y  yc.li-. 

Ti'ou- 
Rumois 
cjinizud 

(.■iijit, 

A.L'Ustiii 
liyiiera 
S,  !t; 

P<'l>., 
.sIi.tUi'ii 
Arroyo 
ssioii  of 
Vol. 
ournul, 


riONEER  REGI.STER  AND  INDEX. 
1542-1848. 

CONTINUED   ALPHADETICALLY  FKOM   VOLUME   II. 

F.al)l)ol,  184."),  ono  of  Frc^'inont'.s  niuii  'i'y-l.  iv.  583.  raljrc^at  (Naiuiso), 
1S1!>,  Spiiii.  lic'iit  of  tlio  Miizatlaii  cavalry,  who  served  chielly  at  .Sta  li.,  iichig 
often  nicniioncd  ia  the  military  rccoids  clown  to  '30;  'jciii^  Husiiondcd  for  a 
time  ill  ''JT-S  o;i  acccjunt  of  lii.s.Span.  hii'tli,  thoii^li  lie  took  the  oath  and  j.'ii\o 
no  cause  of  suspicion;  letired  from  mil.  .service  in  '33.   ii.  '2.")4,  3.'!(!,  301,  411, 


533-4,  .-)7-.'-3,  .")7.-).  07. 


)1 -3.   In  'liU  he  was  (i7  year.s  old,  had  hciii  thr.e 


times  marrieil,  had  a  dan;^htcr  in  ."-^in.  to  wiumi  i;o  allowed  oni!  third  of  Ins 
pay,  and  tv.o  nuiidl  children  hy  hi.s  la.st  wile.  He  hecamc  a  trader  at  .Sta  Ji., 
and  in  '43  wa.i  grantee  of  tlie  ('atcra  or  I'o/.itas  lancho.  iii.  (i.");  iv.  Ml;  uicnt. 
in  '44.  i''.  408.  1  have  no  later  i'ec(jrd  than  '4.'),  but  think  the  old  lieiit  was 
murdered  hy  rolihers  socjn  after  '48. 

Fage.s  (I'edro),  17()0,  Span,  licut  of  Catalan  volunteers,  who  aeeomp.  the 
Int  e.xpcd.  as  coin,  of  the  torccs  that  came  i)y  sea;  nul.  com.  of  C'al.  July  '70 
to  Mav  '71,  lieiiiy  capt.  from  '71;  came  hack  as  gov.  and  com.  gen.  of  ("al. 
Sept.  'S-2  to  April  '!)!,  being  colonel  from  '8i);  in  the  city  of  Mex.  '!)4,  the  date 
of  his  death  not  lieing  known.  .See  l)iog.  i.  '181-7;  his  \'oi/ai/i'  and  other  writ- 
ings, i.  list  (>f  auth..  Ill,  3'.)0,  408,  443,  480;  mention  '00-74,  including  his 
cxplor.  of  S.l'\  ]5;iy  and  his  quarrels  with  V.  Serra.  i.  1 17,  110,  1:28,  131,  i;!l, 
1.3(),  140-1,  147,  lol,  lo3,  108-0,  171--',  I7.")-0,  178-9,  181-9-J,  lO.VO,  'JOV, 'JIO, 
213,  'Jl.j,  '-'17  10,  '-'-'3,  l>J.-)-7,  '-'-JO,  231-'2,  -240,  283-0,  200,  380,  071;  ii.  41; 
nicnt.  in  '81-2,  including  his  api)t  as  gov.  and  operations  on  tiie  Colorado,  i. 
.'503,  300-70,  .■)7.3,  370,  378,  383-.');  mention  in  1783-90,  gen.  record,  includ. 
fau'.ily  troubles,  i.  387-408;  mission  aflaira  during  his  rule.  1.409-2.");  foreign 
relations  and  eommeroc.  i.  420-40;  occasional  ment.  in  eon.  with  local  mat- 
ters, i.  4.J0  80;  17iil-2,  end  of  rule,  departure,  hiog.  i.  481-7;  additional  icf- 
crcnees.  i.  402,  .VU,  583,  00.'),  009,  010,  02."),  ()()l-2,  000-7;  ii.  44.  Don  I'edro 
was  a  central  ligure  in  early  Califoinian  annals;  his  character  has  Leeu  to  inc 
a  most  .attractive  one;  but  I  lefer  the  reader  to  i.  4S0-7,  for  my  views  on  the 
subject.       I'agins  (Lucius),  1847,  owner  of  a  .S.F.  lot. 

Fairbanks  ( !  lemy ),  IS  17,  ( 'o.  A,  Morni.  lUt.  (v.  409);  at  Tayson,  Utah,  '.82. 
F.  (W.ll.),  1848,  nat.  of  Vt,  who  came  by  sea  with  his  cousins,  named  lley- 
li'.aii,  at  the  age  of  10;  in  the  mines  to  '.").">;  10  years  in  N'.Y.;  at  Toni;des  ".SJ 
with  wife,  Belinda  Scanlan,  and  4  children.  MdriaCo.  ///'s/.,  493.  Fairihi  d 
(Ephraini),  1S47,  prob.  oveil.  iiniuig.  v.  .").")0;  blaeksndth  and  wagon-iua!ie: , 
who  worlicdat  N.  llelv.  '47-9;  at  Sac.  in  '71.  F.  (Wmll.),  ISKJ,  connected 
witli  the  Mormon  settlement  on  tiie  .Stanislaus  in  '40  7,  though  j)rob.  i\)l  a 
Mormon;  settled  at  Stockton  '47;  county  surveyor  and  supervisor  '7''''  9. 
Fairfax  (D.M. ),  1.847,  mi<l.  on  the  ( 'nhnnhnx,  acting  master  of  tlie  Kile.  Fair- 
iield  (Levi),  Ks48,  miner  from  whom  (Jov.  Mason  obtained  specimens  of  gol  I. 
Fala  (Francis),  1847,  owner  of  lot  at  S.F.  Fales  (Bounty),  1S40-  7,  doul^.i.il 
name,  Cal.   claims  (v.  402).       Falker  (.loscph  K.),   1844,   Auier.   who  got  a 

Jiass  for  1  year.  Falknc-  (F.IJ.),  1848,  clerk  of  Stnrky,  .Junion,  &  Co.  at  . 
?\  Fallc't  (1.S47),  at  N.  llelv.  Fallon  (Daniel),  1820,  nn-  of  the  Aihnn.  iii. 
145.  F.  (1).),  1840-7,  in  list  of  Cal.  claims  (v.  402).  F.  (.Jeremiah),  1«47, 
owner  of  S.F.  lot;  also  at  S,  Jose'. 

Fallon  Crhomas),  1844,  Canadian  generally  said  to  have  come  with  I'r.'- 
mont,  though  there  is  some  doubt  in  the  mattt^r.  iv.  4.">3;  also  said  by  tlie 
county  histories  to  have  lived  for  a  lime  in  Butte  Co.  The  earliest  original 

C7JJ) 


:|  i  i 


7:it 


PIONKEU  ItlXllsTER  AND  INDEX. 


roi'.)nli  of  Ills  |iicKcnco  (ire  isi  Out. -Nov.  '4.">,  wlicn  Iio  was  lit  Bmncifoitr,  u,i;0 
■id.  Ill  'Ki  1k'  took  part  in  cnlisliiij;  men  aoutli  of  the  bay  t<»  coi))K;iiiti'  \vi;li  ilio 
r.L'.ir  lililiiistei'.s.  v.  I;>7;  ami  in  .luly,  luiii;;  known  as  'ca]itain,'  raisud  tliu  U. 
S.  I';iu  at  .'^.  .lon(''.  V.  "Jl.'i-d.  I^atir  in  '1(1-7  In;  nfi'vcil  in  L'o.  F,  Cal.  liat.,  en- 
listing  ut  S.  Juan  in  Out.  (v.  'A'tS);  Kuvrial  tiiiicM  nauRil  in  tlie  X.  Ililr.  J)Uinj 
M.J-T;  ill  tliu  li'jt  of  Cal.  (.laiinanta  (v.  4011);  in  '4.S  !)a  HUcci'SHful  miner;  iiiiiyur 
of  S.  .fos(?  in  '."il ;  aliseiit  in  'I'exas  '."I'J- 1;  later  a  capitalist  of  S.F.  and  .S.  Jose, 
V.  li'.  le  lie  Htill  lives  in  'S.').  Jlis  lnt  wife,  liy  whom  liu  Iwnl  5  eliililieii.  was,  I 
tliiiiU,  a  ilan;,'litei'  of  Mieliael  Loil^e,  the  Irish  jiioiieer  of  ''J'J.  She  olitained  a 
(livoree,  a.s  did  the  'Jd  wife;  and  in  \SI-.')  the  amorous  old  captain  had  to  ]iay 
damages  in  a  liieacli-of-pi(jniise,  suit.  V.  (Win  (J.),  ISl."),  Irish  tiiijipur, 
kncnvn  as  '  .Mountaineer,'  '  l>ig,'  or  •  Lu  (Jros'  Fallon,  who  eamc  from  N.  .Mcx. 
with  a  party  of  which  littlo  is  known,  and  in  Feb.  '4.'>  took  part  witli  tho 
('.■;Iif.  agi.inst  rdicheltoi'ena  in  the  south,  iv.  4!lt"),  ."jST.  In  Aug.  he  Avas  at  X. 
Iklv.  intending  to  .start  soon  for  tiie  states;  early  in '4<i  he  found  I'"rciiioiit'.-) 
men  in  tlio  S.  ,loa(|.  \'al.  v.  (i;  in  June  joined  the  Bears  in  the  capture  (jf  .So- 
noma, and  his  signature  appears  in  the  original  inocl.  of  June  i4th  in  my 
possession,  v.  1 10,  1 14.  He  served  prob.  in  (Jo.  F,  Cal.  llat.  (v.  JJ.'iS),  and  had 
a  Cal.  claim  of  !J5.")0  for  a  mule  (v.  4(!'_');  was  a  member  of  the  4th  l)onncr  re- 
licl,  and  his  iliary,  piiblisiicd  in  the  .S'/m/-,  was  the  foundation  of  tiie  absurd 
charges  against  Kesibiirg.  v.  .")41-,'».  He  went  east  with  (ieii.  Kearny  as  guide. 
\.  4.j2;  and  in  the  S.F.  ( 'dlif.  of  iSept.  "J,  '4S,  we  read  that  he  had  started  alono 
from  F't  Hall  for  Cal,,  and  it  was  feared  he  had  been  killed  by  liid. 

Falls  (Ivichard  .f.),  l.S4(i,  nat.  of  X.Y. ;  sergtCo.  C,  bst  U.S.  dragoons,  mIio 
KfMved  nii<ler  Kearny  at  S.  I'ascual,  the  H.  (iabriel,  and  the  Mesa  '4(i-7.  v. 
.">47.  He  remained  in  Cal.  after  his  disch.,  living  on  a  Xapa  farm  till  '0"-',  w  heii 
lie  went  east  to  .seive  in  the  war  with  distinction  and  woiiinls  for  .'(  yearn,  ris- 
ing to  the  rank  of  colonel.  Iveturning  to  Cal,  he  was  in  'U'J  an  ollicer  in  tho 
custoindiouse;  and  in  VSH-5  a  sergt  of  police  in  S.  F.  Hia  daughter,  Ivy  I. 
Falls,  was  appointed  postmistress  at  Vallejo  in  'ti'J.  Faniin  (Igii.),  bs47i 
doubtful  name  of  an  I^nglishman  at  X.  Hclv. 

laiinier  (M.),  1S40,  doubtful  name  oi  tho  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  SoS).  Fanning 
(II.F.),  KS47,  resid.  of  .Stockton.  Tinhhnm.  V.  (li.C),  lS4(i,  Co.  F,  Cal. 
ijat.  (v.  358);  enlist  at  S.  Juan,  Oct.  F'arias  (.Fosij  Maria),  settler  at  Los 
Ang.  '15.  ii.  350;  still  there  ';W  4a.  F.  (Santiago),  1827,  Hcotclinian,  bapt. 
at  S.  Diego;  prob.  James  '  Mcl-'erion,'  q.v.  Furlej'-  (.Viider.sou).  1840,  Co.  F, 
Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  prob.  an  overl.  iniinig.,  cl.  for  a  Xapa  ranclio  '5'J.  I'\ 
((!eo.),  1847,  Co.  B,  X^.Y.Vol.  (v.  49!));  at  Tho  Dalles,  Or.,  '8-J.  F.,  1840, 
said  by  Lanccy  to  have  eonie  with  Kearny;  owner  of  a  S.  I'\  lot  '47.  F. 
(John  F.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  490);  died  at  Portland,  Or.,  '09.  Hist. 
Or.,  i.  030.  F.  (John  (I.),  1847,  father  of  John  F.,  Co.  IJ,  X.Y.Vol. ;  d.  8.F. 
'49.  F.  (Thos  P.),  1847,  Co.  B,  X.Y.Yol;  at  Portland,  Or.,  '8--'.  Farncsio 
(Francisco),  1805,  priest  fioin  Manila,  at  Alont.,  .sent  to  Mex.  ii.  31,  100. 

I"\irnham  (Thos  Jellerson),  1840,  nat.  of  Me,  who  came  overl.  to  Or.  in  '30, 
and  to  Cal.  via  Honolulu  on  tho  Don,  Qiii.ioti',  returning  east  by  S.  Bias  and 
across  Mex.,  and  writing  books  on  Or.,  Mex.,  and  Cal.  as  a  result.  See  iii. 
OSO;  iv.  2,  4,  G-7,  10,  15-17,  '2.5-8,  9.!',  103,  117,  120,  150-7,  19'_',  '-'(iO.  ¥.  was 
a  lawyer  of  .some  ability,  and  a  writer  of  somewhat  fertile  imagination.  His 
Moik  on  Cal.  is  criticised  elsewhere  in  this  work;  liero  it  must  sullicc  to  .'^ay 
that  in  all  those  parts  resting  on  his  own  observations  it  is  worthless  trash, 
and  in  all  that  relates  to  the  Californian  people  a  tissue  of  falsehoods.  He 
came  back  to  Cal.  in  '47 — perhaps  in  '40,  as  he  took  part  in  a  public  meeting 
at  S.F.  in  .lunc  '47,  v.  455— and  died  at  S.  F.  in  Sept.  '48,  ago  42.  He  left  i 
widow  and  3  children  in  X.Y.  The  former,  VAiza  W.  Farnliam,  came  to  (Jal. 
by  sea  in  '50,  and  in  '50  published  her  California  Imlonrs  (Uid  Out,  a  pleasing 
picture  of  life  on  the  Pacific  coast.  She  was  a  woman  bent  on  doing  the  world 
as  much  good  as  possible,  and  one  of  her  liol)bies  was  tho  bringing  eastern 
girls  to  Cab  in  (pust  of  husbands.  She  died  in  "04  at  the  age  of  49.  Farns- 
worth  (J.B. ),  1839,  Engl,  at  Mont.  aco.  to  newsp.  item  of  '72.  F.  (.J.  ^I. ), 
1840,  doubtful  memb.  of  tho  Mormon  col.  v.  547.       Faruuiu,  1848,  nir  of  a 


FARNX'M— FELIX. 


735 


vosicl  lit  Stii  Cruz  (in.l  Mont.       Fan-  (I'liilii)),  1847,  Co.  0,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  I'.KI); 
(I.  (it  hutch  Flat  '.s;j. 

i'arv.cll  (Milwanl  Aiigiintii.s),  l.S4i*,  lUiston  printer  and  .sailor  wiio  caino 
from  lloiioliilu  willi  (Japt.  ('oopcr  on  tliu  ('u'linniiK,  ]H'\\\ii\M  i\n  niutf,  with 
luUcis  from  Kcynolds  to  Laridn,  agu  '27.  iv.  lUI.  In  '4:{  lie  wa.t  niitiirali/cd, 
iind  in  "44  got  a  grant  of  tiio  Arroyo  (,'liico  ranclio,  liiitto  Co.  iv.  (i7l>;  1  iiavo 
a  letter  of  '4.">  from  liis  brotlier  ilipseph  11.  in  Uoxt.  to  tiic  i'.S.  consul  a.sliing 
for  inlorniation  aijout  liiin.  He  went  east  overl.  in  '4.'),  Becking  relief  irom 
v.eak  eyes,  returning  in  '4S;  was  for  ii  time  in  cluiige  of  Sntter'.s  l;uinili  run- 
ning on  the  Sac,  and  die(l  at  S.  !•".  in  .Inn.  '41(,  F.  (Janu's),  1,S4(),  doulitt'ul 
name  in  Farnham'.s  list  of  arrested  foreigners,  iv.  17.  Futouto  (Fzra),  jvty, 
Co.  15,  .Moiin.  Hat.  (v.  4(j!l);  re;  nl.  Faueon  (Kdwanl  ]!.),  ls;r>,  nir  of  the 
r.oston  ships  Alert  and  /'l';irnii  ';r)-7.  iii.  .'!S|.  :w;}:  iv.  10."),  141.  Wm  H. 
'j'homes  informs  me  that  Ca])t.  F.  is  still  living  in  Mass.  '8.">.  i''aullcr  (.)o- 
liann),  1.S47,  nuisieian  of  X.V.Vol.  (v.4!»!));  d.  Wash.  '04.  Faulkner  (.lanus 
v.),  IH47.  Co.  (J,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  40!));  at  .S.  .los.'. '.-)t)an(r74;  S.F.  71;  in  Or.  '78. 

l"'auntleroy  (Daingeiliehl),  1844,  iiat.  of  \'a,  h.  17il!';  eapt.  of  state  militia 
aliout  IS,'!8;  purser  U.S.N,  from  '311;  on  the  S'tntniiith  '44-7.  iv.  4."il!.  'I'iio 
tervieo  that  has  made  liim  hest  known  in  Cal.  was  as  capt.  of  a  eomji.  of  vol- 
i.nteer  dragoons  to  which  was  intrusted  the  ])i-esei'vation  of  order  in  the 
Mont,  district  July-Sept.  '40,  F.  commanding  the  garrison  of  S.  .luiin  U.  and 
making  an  exped,  against  hostile  Ind.  v.  Xi^,  •-'47-8,  •_'.'j4,  •J!i;t-4.  Died  iit 
I'cnsacola  navy-yard  in  'ij.'l.  liis  son  W.II.F.,  in  interviews  and  letters  of 
'77,  heing  tlien  in  S.F.,  ^jave  me  information  about  his  fatlicr's  life. 

Faura  {.losi''),  17!(8,  Span,  friar  wIkj  served  12  ycai's  as  missionary  at  S. 
Lui)  Uey  and  S.  .fiian  (Jap.  Biog.  ii.  110;  iiLcnt.  i.  r)(J4,  577,  0."4,  0.')7;  ii.  1 10, 
l.".!)-00.  Faust  (JoliulS.),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  08.');  in  May  intinding 
to  stait  from  Sonoma  with  a  ]iarty  to  c-xploro  'I'linidad  I5ay;  in  Marcli  '48 
digging  wells  at  lienicia.  v.  07.'1;  d.  at  the  Yuba  mines  Aug.  18th.  Faus- 
tino,  184"),  lca<ler  in  a  disturbance  at  Los  Ang.  iv.  ,')'_'3.  Fautrel,  1M.S7,  mr 
of  the  Naitcii.  iv.  105.  Faxon  (Wni.  T.),  1840,  Amer.  trader  who  came  liy 
seaand  took  chargcof  Larkin's  stoi'c  at  Mont. '41.  iv.  I'JO.  HewcuttoHon.  in 
'4'2  but  returned  in  '44,  his  name  IVcquently  occurring  in  commercial  corrisp. 
He  left  tlio  country  on  the  Valifoniia  in  '4(i,  and  in  a  later  letter  Capt.  Ar- 
thcr  gave  .i  very  unfavorable  report  of  his  conduct  on  the  voyage. 

Febiger  (Geo.  Car.son),  1840,  lieut  on  the  J)a/i',  on  lantl  service  at  S.F. 
F.  (John  C),  1840,  pa.ssed  mid.  on  the  JJiid  ;  at  Wash.  '78.  Feil(.r.),  I8;)7, 
owner  of  S.F.  lot.  iii.  705;  doubtful  name.  Feliciano  (Alejo),  1777,  «ir- 
viento  at  S.F.  i.  '297.  Felipe,  executed  at  Sta.  H.  '24.  F.  (A.),  1848, 
passp.  from  Hon. 

Felix,  sec  list  in  i.  735-0  of  those  who  came  before  1800.  Felix  (Anas- 
t:isio),  at  Los  Ang.  '40.  F.  (Antonio),  at  Los  Ang.  ':i'.t,  age  '28.  !■'.  (Anto- 
nio), soldier  at  S.F.  '44,  ago  '21.  F.  (Diego),  at  Mont.  '30,  age  '20,  wife; 
Maria  del  I'osario,  child  Andrt's;  niaj.  at  San  Antonio  "3!>.  iii.  088;  executed 
for  the  murder  of  his  wife '40.  iii.  ()70.  F.  (Dolores),  alf('re/,  of  cavalry  at 
Mont.  '45.  iv.  052.  Still  at  Mont.  '48.  F.  (Domin;;o),  murdcrecl  by  iiis  v.ifo 
and  her  paramour  at  Los  Ang.  '30,  a  crime  that  resiUtcd  in  tiie  1st  ( 'al.  vig- 
ilance com.  iii.  417-1!*,  031.  F.  (Domingo),  militia  sergt  at  S.F.  '.'{7  and 
later;  owner  of  S.F.  lot  '43,  and  grantee  of  S.  Mateo  ranclio  '44.  iv.  00!),  071, 
(J73,  070,  0S3;  still  at  S.F.  'o't,  a  witness  in  tlie  Santilhin  ea.sc.  F.  (Dorotco), 
settler  at  Los  Ang.  180.3.  ii.  350.  F.  (Fernando),  regidor  at  S.  .Jose '31.  iii. 
72;);  at  S.  Mateo  '.35;  grantee  of  Xovato  '.3!).  iii.  712,  and  of  Sanel  '44.  iv. 
073;  age  40  in  '44;  meut.  by  llevere.  '40.  ii.  2!)7.  F.  (Francisco),  settler  at 
Los  Ang.  171)1.  ii.  3.")0.  F.  (Uipolito),  French,  at  Braiicif.  '45,  ago  27.  F, 
(Ignacio),  sohlier  at  Sta.  B.  befijre  '37.  F.  (.lacoba).  cl.  of  .8.  Fran,  ranclio. 
iii.  033.  F.  (Jesus),  nux.  alcalde  at  S.  Jose  '30.  iii.  030.  F.  (Jos('),  settler 
at  Los  Aug.  '13-10;  ii.  349,  354.  F.  (Joscj),  at  S.F.  and  Son.  '42-4,  age  15- 
20.  F.  (Josi''),  juez  dc  cainpo  .S.  Jost5.  v.  00"2.  F'.  (Jose  Antonio),  killed 
by  Ind.  about  ''24.  F.  (.Tos(5  Antonio),  at  Los  Ang.  '40.  1"\  (Juan),  soldier 
at  Sta.  B.  '32.     F.   (Juan),  ui  Los  Aug.  '39,  ago  67.       F.  (Juan),   killed  by 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


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33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)  $72-4503 


.<li 


.Xf'^ 


736 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


Intl.  nt  RcfuRio  '45.  iv.  042.  F.  (Juan  Job6),  at  Brancif.  '-JS-^S,  age  at  l.iltcr 
date  4o;  wife  Antonia  Castro,  child.  Itafacla,  Miguel  b.  ''2'J,  Leon  '25,  Angel 
'27,  Antonio  \i'2,  Victoria  '31,  Josefa  '30;  jui;z  do  paz  iu  '4'A.  ii.  G77;  iv.  Gu3. 
F.  (.lulian),  at  S.  Mateo  '35.  F.  (Leonardo),  soldier  at  S.F.  '19-27;  arrested 
at  Mont.  '^7.  iii.  525.  F.  (Luciano),  sentinel  at  S.  Duen.  '19.  ii.  333;  in 
rcvult  at  8ta  B.  '29.  iii.  78;  at  the  Natividud  light  '4«;  in  49  juez  dc  policfa 
nt  iS.  Luis  Ob.  F.  (Luis),  soldier  at  S.F.  '44,  age  17.  F.  (Luis),  soldier  ut 
Sta  B.  '32-7,  wife  Secundina  Cordero,  3  children.  F.  (Manuel),  in  Los  Aug. 
dist.  '40-50.  F.  (Nicolds),  at  Los  Ang.  '40.  F.  (Rafael),  at  S.  Mateo  '25; 
S.F.  militia  '37;  in  '41  in  S.  <lm6  dist.,  ngc  44,  wife  Juana  Amdzquita,  child. 
Ramon  b.  '28,  Urbano  '29,  Macario  ".i\,  Julia  '27,  Sinlorosa  '34,  Joso  d.  '40. 
F.  (Uafacl),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '39-42;  detailed  in  '41  to  aceomp.  capt. 
Ciistaficdato  Mcx. ;  grantee  of  Pescadero,  S.  Joaq.,  '43.  iv.  072;  meut.  in  '40. 
F.  (Santiago),  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '40,  age  30,  wife  Juana  Riola,  child.  Juan, 
Andrea,  Alonza,  and  Ascension.  F.  (Tonuis),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  '37. 
F.  (Vicente),  inviilido  corp.  in  charge  of  Los  Ang.  us  comisionado  much  of 
tiie  time  1785-1800.  i.  347,  401,  479,  001;  owner  of  the  Felix  rancho,  1802-10. 
ii.  Ill,  18.1,  ;i53.  F.  (Vicente),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  '37,  wife  Fi'omena 
Vulcnzucla;  5  children;  in  '30  maj.  at  Buena  Esixn-nnza  rancho.  iii.  077; 
widower,  age  20,  child.  C'lisiana,  <jcr<')nimo,  .Tuan,  and  Josi?;  grantee  of  Moro 
y  Cayucos,  S.  Luis  Ob.,  '42.  iv.  055;  in  trouble  with  the  auth.  at  S.  Luis  '47. 
Pcrlmps  2  or  3  men  of  this  name. 

Fcllom  (Caius  Julius),  1845(?),  Danish  sailor,  brother  of  Matthew,  who 
came  to  Cal.  in  '52  and  again  in  '02,  and  at  S.  JosO  in  '78  claimed  to  liavo 
touched  at  Sta  B.  before  '40  on  the  whaler  Warerly.  S.  J.  I'ion.  Jul.  0,  '78. 
F.  (Matthew,  or  Felipe),  1821  (?),  Danish  hatter  and  sailor,  who  landed  from  a 
whaler  all  the  way  from  '21  to  '24  ace.  to  dif.  records,  ii.  444,  520-7.  He  set- 
tlcil  in  the  Gilroy  region,  and  married  after  '34,  when  his  age  was  32.  Felipe 
was  prob.  his  liaptismal  name  in  Cal.;  on  Larkin'alwoUs  '41-7:  in  '42 making 
Boap  at  (Jilroy's;  in  '40  juez  at  S.  Juan  B.  v.  040.  Ho  is  said  to  have  Ijccomc 
rich  in  lands  ond  cattle,  and  t"  '  lied  in  '08  or  '73.       Fellows  (C.J.),  1845, 

doubtful  arrival,  iv.  587.       1  mi  W.),  1847,Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  409); 

rci'nl.       Fendero  (Jesus),  Mc  •lierof  the  piquetc  do  Hidalgo  at  Mont.  '30, 

age  2!».       Fenley  (Daniel),  Ks4,,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Ferguson,  1840,  doubtful  memb.  of  the  Mormon  Col.  v.  547.  F.  (Adrian), 
1835,  at  S.  Jose;  prob.  Geo.  A.,  q.  v.  F.  (Daniel),  1824,  Irish  shoemaker 
from  N.  Mcx.  ii.  520;  iii.  150;  joined  the  comp.  cxtranjera  at  Mont.  '32.  iii. 
221 ;  in  '30  a  resid.  of  Los  Ang.,  ago  30,  with  a  Cul.  wife.  Ho  was  one  of  tho 
vigilantes  (iii.  4.30);  but  failed  to  secure  a  lot;  and  in  '39  or  earlier  came 
north,  lii-s  name  appearing  on  Larkiu's  books  in  '39-40.  He  was  murdered  in 
Salinas  Val.  '41  l>y  Arana,  tho  paramour  of  F.'s  wife.  Carmen  Ruiz.  iv.  280, 
053.  F.  (Geo.  A.),  1831,  Anier.  sailor,  cooper,  and  lumberman,  who  de- 
serted from  the  Fanny,  working  at  S.  Rafael,  S.  F.  iv.  708-9,  Mont,  in  '33, 
and  S.  Jose  from  '34.  iii.  405;  arrested  but  not  exiled  in  '40.  iv.  17;  in  the 
contra  costa  '44;  signed  the  S.  Jos(5  call  to  foreigners  '45.  iv.  599;  lot  at  S.F. 
'47;  perhaps  ha<l  a  store  at  Stockton  '48;  in  '78-83  a  resid.  of  Maylield.  F. 
(James),  1847,  sergt-maj.  of  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477,  483;  in  '58  adj. -gen.  Utah; 
delivered  a  lecture  in  Liverpool  '55.  F.  (.lesse),  1828,  Amer.  trapper  of 
Pattie's  party,  who  remained  in  Cal.,  settling  at  Los  Ang.;  married  a  Rendon 
iu  ';il ;  named  iu  '30  as  n  trader,  ago  30;  sai<l  to  have  died  in  L.  Cal.  a  few 
years  later,  ii.  558;  iii.  10.3,  178.  F.  (J.C.),  1840,  overl.  immig.,  named  by 
Bryant;  Co.  C,  Cal.  liat.,  enlisting  at  S.  Juan  in  Oct.  (v.  358);  Josepli  F.  had 
a  Cul.  claim  (v.  402);  Josiah  F.  was  a  witness  in  tho  Cal.  claims  and  iu  the 
Fi'i'inimt  court-martial,  v.  454.  These  mny  have  bt^n  all  the  same  man;  but 
there  was  also  a  Ferguson  at  Sonoma  in  Juno  l)efore  the  arrival  of  the  immig. 
V.  1 10.  128.       Fermor  (Edward),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Fernandez  (Antonio),  regidor  of  Mont.  '27-8.  ii.  012.  F.  (Diego),  1827, 
8j)an.  trader  on  tho  Wnrcrl;/;  teacher  at  Sta  B.  '30.  ii.  574;  wife  llrigida 
>»avano,  2  child.;  widower  in  '30,  ago  51,  3  child.;  maj.  ut  Purisima  '42.  iv. 
C48.      F.  (Dionisio),  grantee  with  bia  bro.  Miiximo  of  laud  iu  Butte  '40.  v. 


07 

ii 
i't 


or 
thu 


FERXANLiEZ-FIELD. 


10 

it 


075.  F.  (Francisco),  1S'J.'>,  Spun,  from  the  xXquiin;  ordered  away  in  '28-30. 
iii.  ")1.  V.  ((ii'cgorio),  17iJ4,  Span,  friar,  wlio  servecl  af  .S.  Luis  ()1).  and 
ruri.iiiiiii,  letirin;^  ISO."),  liiog.  ii.  \-\\;  nieiit.  i.  547,  570, 1)75,  OS!);  ii.  l.VJ-(»0. 

I't'rnanik'/.  (Jos(5),  1817,  Span,  wiilor  who  cantu  from  Peru  with  Rociiuefuuil 
as  a  sailor  on  the  BonhluU,  and  scrvuil  in  the  S.  F.  comp.  as  soldier  and  cor- 
jjuiul  in  'li)-'27,  going  with  ArgucUo  in  '"Jl  on  the  exped.  to  the  north,  ii.  'IWl, 
1!89,  440.  In  '"JS-O,  like  other  Span.,  he  was  in  some  trouble  with  the  Mox. 
iuitli.  but  was  allowed  to  remain,  iii.  51 -'J,  75;  in  '"M  sec.  of  the  ayunt.  at  S. 
Jo86.  iii.  730;  in  '.SO  partido  elector,  iii.  .5JM),  7.il;  in  '44  sindico.  iv.  OiS,"»;  iu 
'40  juoz  dc  paz,  capt.  of  defeusores,  serving  in  the  south  under  C.istro  to  Aug., 
and  lifter  U.S.  occupation  mer.ib.  of  the  council,  v.  140,  iiVi,  002,  004;  in  '4'J 
2d  alcalde.  In  later  years  he  resided  at  Sta  Clara,  Ixjing  a  witness  in  the  X. 
Alniadcn  and  many  other  cases.  In  '74  ho  dictated  lii.s  recollections  of  early 
day.s,  a  moat  interesting  narrative  called  ('onat  de  Cali/oriiiu.  lie  died  a  year 
or  two  later,  over  75  years  of  age.  t'apt.  F.  was  a  man  who  always  merited 
the  leapect  and  cste ^m  of  those  who  knew  him. 

Fernandez  (Jos6  Maria),  1700,  Span,  friar,  who  served  at  S.  F.,  but  was 
obligt'd  to  retire  in  '1)7,  insane  from  the  etfects  of  a  blow  on  the  head.  i.  712- 
lli;  also  i.  577,  711.  F.  (Jose  Perez),  sec  '  I'erez  Fernandez.'  F.  (Jost') 
Zeiion),  1S.)4,  Mex.  teacher  who  came  in  the  H.  &  P.  col.,  iii.  203,  teaching  for 
a  short  time  at  .Sta  Clara,  iii.  728.  In  ';>!)  he  was  sec.  of  the  S.  .losti  ayunt. 
and  suplcnte  juez  de  paz.  iii.  7;>1 ;  in  '40-1  sec.  of  tiie  junta  and  ad  int.  of  the 
govt.  iii.  004,  193;  and  grantee  of  Quito  rancho,  Sta  Clara,  in  '41.  iv.  072;  in 
'42  juez  de  paz  at  Mont.,  administering  justice  in  a  way  not  quite  satisfactory 
to  Com.  Jones,  and  going  south  with  Jimeno  Casarin  as  sec.  iv.  3!),  2i)4,  Oo.'J, 
0.")0;  in  '44  .see.  of  the  assembly  down  to  his  death  iu  Aug.  iv.  410.  F. 
(Manuel),  1794,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  Sta  Clara  and  Sta  Cruz,  retiring  in 
1708.  IJiog.  i.  498;  luent.  i.  570-7,  018,  723.  F.  (Mariano),  artillery  corporal 
atS.D.  1803-0.  ii.  102-3.  F.  (Mariano),  of  the  custom-house  guard  at  Mont. 
'45,  perhaps  the  same.  F.  (Miixiino),  grantee  of  rancho  iu  Butte,  and  S.  F. 
lot  '40.  V.  075,  084.  F.  (Pedro),  builder  of  1st  frame  house  at  S.  Jo8«5  '41. 
iv.  084.  F.  (Sabiis),  Mex.  corporal  sent  to  Cal.  for  the  Mont.  eomp.  '37; 
employed  at  Sonoma  as  licut  iu  com.  of  an  Ind.  comp.  iii.  511;  iv.  72.  F. 
(Sanlii'.go),  soldier  of  S.  F,  comp.  '41. 

Fernandez  del  Campo  (.To8(5),  1828,  Mex.  lient  in  com.  of  Cal.  artill.,  sta- 
tioned at  Mont.;  arrested  by  insurgents  '29;  died  in  '31.  ii.  008,  074;  iii.  08, 
70,89,  1!K),  239.  Fernandez  de  San  Vicente  (Agustin),  1822,  Mex.  priest 
and  cauunigo,  sent  tA  Cal.  as  commissioner  by  Iturbido  to  superintend  the 
change  <jf  govt;  skillful  in  politics  and  intrigue,  a  bon-vivant  and  gambler, 
whose  character  was  not  admired  by  the  friars.  lie  departed  in  '2.'{,  and  a  ivw 
years  later  was  vicar  at  Sta  V6,  N.  Mex.  ii.  457-70,  483,  4!MJ,  5.')0,  591.  .")97, 
031,  04.3-4,  001;  iii.  11.  Fernando,  ncoph.  grantee  of  llincou  del  Aiisal  '44. 
Fernando,  at  Soledad  '27.   li.  023. 

Fcrrelo  (Bartolonn?),  1.542,  piloto  mayor  in  com.  of  one  of  Cabrillo's  vessels 
ill  the  discov.  of  Cal.;  com.  of  the  exped.  after  Cabrillo'.-i  death,  continuing 
the  voyage  to  the  north,  i.  77-81.  Ferrer  (Antonio),  1825,  oil  the  A'ia. 
iii.  20.  Fenill  (Thos  J.),  1840,  Fauntldoys  dragoons  (v.  232,  247).  I\tz- 
clioror  (Christian),  1847,  musicjian  of  X.  Y.\'ol.  (v.  499).  Fetzer  (John),  I84d, 
Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  3;J(»). 

Fich  (Henry),  1840,  owner  of  S.F.  lot;  i)rob.  Hen.  1).  'Fitch,'  q.v.  Fitk- 
ctt  (S.H.),  1847,  nat.  of  X.Y.;  niemb.  of  S.  J»)a([.  pioneers 'S4.  Fiilal;,'o 
(Salvador),  1790,  Span,  naval  lieut.  com.  of  the  transports  and  (■xj)l(ir.  visi^els 
S.  Carlos  and  Priiicc/ia,  on  the  Cal.  coast  and  at  Xootka  1790-.").  i.  414,  ."»U0, 
509,  513,  517,  524,  5a3,  535,  543,  list,  of  autli.;  also  Jliit.  X.  \V.  Coast,  inde-:. 
Fiel  (W.H.),  1840,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons,  trans,  from  Co.  K.;  killed  at  S. 
Pascual.  V.  340.  Field  (U.  Oscar),  1847.  nat.  of  Penn.,  captured  as  a  bi.y 
by  Ind.,  and  later  interpreter  and  courier  for  the  govt.  Said  to  have  come  to 
Cal.  '47;  in  Sac.  Val.  '48;  at  S.F.  from  '50.  Kied  at  S.F.  '04.  Unlhih,.  F. 
(Daniel),  1847,  (^o.  F,  X.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  F.  (.lolin),  1847,  ditto.  F.  (Sam- 
uel), 1845,  overl.  iinmig.,  perhaps  of  the  Grigsby-lde  party,  iv.  579. 
Bin.  Cal.,  Vol..  III.    47 


73S 


rioxHER  r;i:GisTER  axd  index. 


Fife  (Tolin),  1R47,  r>.  C,  Jlorin.  Bnt.  (v.  4C>9).  V.  (I'otcr).  LS47,  Co.  B, 
ilitto.  l'.  (Win),  KSII,  Suotcli  ottcr-lnnKeT  i;i  Sta  J>.  r(.';^ii)ii  from  '•!."»,  !ii)(l 
i(!-i  '/.  scviral  yLursciii'liiT.  iv.  'Si'.);  v.  .'{17;  v.ciit  to  tlio  iiiiiit'M  'IS,  Imt  rcsutiiiil 
I.i  <  lnuiling  to  '."),S  ami  lati-r;  iiiuiilercil  by  ;v  Soiioran  at  Sta,  IJ.  in  '(!(}.  FIKt, 
stu  '  I'li'il'i  r.'  I'iiit'ld  (Ira),  1S4S,  furnislicil  spcciiiiciiaof  yoldtodov.  Mason; 
l>r()I>.  saint!  as  following.  F.  (Levi),  1S47,  Co.  C,  Menu.  Bat.  (v.  4(»0);  in 
iSiitt"r's  cniitloy  '47-S. 

Fi'j;uer  (.Joan),  177-,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Galiriol,  San  Lui.-i  01)., 
find  S.  Dif.u'o,  (lyin','in  I7.st.  Kiog.  i.  4.m;  ni-jut.  i.  107,  lOJ-:!.  I'.W,  -JTJ. 'JOO, 
M'i,  ;iSS,  4.)7-!*,  (Jr)4,  IO(J-7.  Figneroa  (Felipe),  soldier  at  Sta  l>.  ';!J,  wifo 
Ignaeiii  Loi)ez;  Btill  ut  Sta  1!.  in  7)0.  F.  (rraueit,oo),  IH.'iU,  .\]e.\.  eapt.  who 
cinio  v.itli  his  hrolher,  the  gov.,  and  was  appointed  eiintiulor  at  .Monl.  in  '.'If. 
iii.  •J.lft,  '.MO,  ,'!7S.  In  ';!(>  he  lived  I'.t  Mont.,  ajo  :)2,  wife  .Maria  <le  Jesus  Falo- 
in.'ues,  age  IS,  son  (.iiiadalnpc  1).  ';>(>;  in  '."{7  involved  in  the  revolt  against  Al- 
vanido.  iii.  5i;{,  ,5"2l>-(!;  from  ';<!•  in  eharge  of  his  hroUier's  Alamitns  raneho 
near  Los  Ang.  iii.  (!:!.'{,  ().'>7.  In  '4l-(j  he  was  a  nier.dierof  the  asse'iihly,  inirg 
pre.sident  of  tliut  body  undi  r  Fiorer,' adniinistniticn,  and  taking  s)!i)o  part 
against  the  U.S.  iv.  ;{(il,  411,  4!».")-(i.  .VJI;  v.  ;!7-S,  4:>-."i0,  I'iH,  :V2\-±  Don 
Franeiseo  was  eity  treasurer  of  lios  Ang.  in  'oO.  F.  ((.Juadalupej,  grantee  of 
Corral  do  Tierra  '3(5. 

Figneroa  (.lose),  I8:!3,  Mex.  hrigadier-gen.  who  hail  Iieen  eoni.  gen.  of  Son. 
and  Sin.,  and  who  was  gov.  and  eoni.  gen.  of  (,'al.  from  .Ian.  14,  ';!.S,  t )  liis 
<Ienth  on  Sept.  '2[),  '."i.").  See  lull  aeeount  of  his  ari'ival,  rule,  and  death,  iiielnd- 
ing  his  troubles  with  llijar,  I'adres,  an<l  Apaliitegui,  in  iii.  •2;>4-'.);>,  c:q)ee.  on 
l)iog.  and  eliaraeter,  'J.'ii,  'J!Mi-7;  also  ment.  i.  OGv!;  ii.  MS,  .0!)4;  iii.  IC,  ;'.;;.'«, 
414,  (ii;{,  O.'W,  ti.-)2,  (il)!)-7l;  acts  and  policy  i  i  niission  and  Ind.  ail'aiv.j.  iii. 
I-{|S,  .Til-Ild,  :?.'>!(-(>"2,  O'JO;  eoinmereial  and  iinancial  all'airs.  iii.  ."{(is-;  i);  the 
Kussians.  iv.  lOI-II.  Figneroa  is  known  as  the  best  of  Califcrnia'.s  Me.\.  g  jV- 
crnors,  and  in  many  respeets  merits  his  reputation.  Ho  was  an  intelligent 
man,  of  good  intentions  and  liberal  views;  not  a  mo<Icl  in  respcet  of  private 
morality,  and  not  nlway.s  to  be  fully  trusted;  well  versed  in  the  arts  ot  mak- 
ing fi'iends  and  of  gaining  popnkr.'ity  by  overcoming  imaginary  obstacli  .<;  was 
fv)rtunate  in  the  eircumstiinees  under  which  hewascaUed  to  rule  tliecMuntry; 
r.;id  nuule  no  serious  mistakes.  F.  (Manuel),  settler  at  Lo.s  .Aug.  in  '7'.>.  i. 
4(il.  Filibert  (Franeiseo),  IH-J"),  Span,  from  the  Aqiiili'n,  in  list  sent  to  Mex. 
':2S;  perhaps  not  sent  away.  iii.  ."tl. 

Fineh  (-lohn),  ISIJS,  lOngl.  tinker  and  blaeksiuith  who  came  to  Mont,  by 
Bea,  age  28.  iv.  I  111.  From  '40  he  lived  at  S.l'\,  getting  a  lot,  and  keeping 
a  saloon  and  bowling-alley  at  the  cor.  of  Washington  and  Kearny  .streets. 
V.  (JS:i.  Ho  was  niore  oonmionly  known  as  John  'Tinker';  died  Aug.  'JO,  '47. 
Fineh,  IS47,  im  of  the  Com.  .Sfu.hhm.  Fiudla  (Jamen),  1847,  overl.  imniig. 
null  carpenter  from  Mo.,  v>-ho  worked  at  S.F.  and  became  the  owner  of  many 
town  lots  in  '47-8.  v.  .joO.  Went  to  the  mines  in  '4S-i);  later  ia  the  real  estato 
businexs  at  S.K.,  where  in  '78  ho  dictated  for  my  use  his  Slu'imnit  of  Hnrhj 
Lrriiti*,  and  where  1  think  he  still  lives  in  '8.').  Findlay  (Jehn),  1847,  < 'o.  K, 
Monn.  lUt.  (v.  4(;»).  F.  (Wm),  1840,  lieut  and  lulier  eapt.  of  Co.  A.  ("al. 
liat.  v.  .'{(il,  4:i4;  went  east  with  Stockton  or  Kearny  in '47.  v.  \oA;  at  Wa.di. 
n.^  a  witness  Jan.  '48;  pcrliaps  the  Wm  Finlay  at  S.  ,Jos(i  '54  accredited  to  '4/i. 
Aniiid.'i  of  S.r.,  8-J2. 

Fine  (J.  11.),  I84(),  nat.  of  Ky;  claimant  for  Suisun  rancho.  iv.  G7-I;  died 
nt  I'aso  (ie  Robles  in  '7!',  age  .'jS.  F.  (Quia?),  1847,  lilaeksmitli  at  Bcnicia; 
member  of  Sonoma  council;  died  in  '48.  v.  (itiS,  (»7;2-H.  Fink  (Nicholas), 
lSI{(i,  German  shoomaker  who  came  to  Los  Ang.  with  a  Mex.  passp.  of  '."i."); 
ngo  .iO,  and  single  in  '40,  when,  having  a  shop  in  town,  ho  was  rubbed  and 
murdered,  the  'A  assassins  being  executed  '41.  iv.  118,  '280,  0'2U-;iO. 

Finlay  (Thomas),  1847,  Co.  1>,  Monn.  ]$at.  (v.  409).  Finlnyson  (Duncan), 
1833,  agent  of  the  II.B.  Co.,  touched  nt  S.F.  on  the  Dri/ml.  iii.  38-2,  404. 
Finley  (Asa  W.),  1840,  ovcrl.  iminig.  with  wife  and  '2  children;  served  under 
Aram  at  Sta  Clara  (v.  .')78);  a  farmer  at  S.  .lost'  for  17  years;  later  in  l.inn 
\'al,,  Kern  Co.,  where  ho  was  in  "!0,  having  *2  sons,  3  married  daughters,  Mrs 


FIXL A YSOX  -FITCH. 


%0 


Henry  Pascoc,  L.  A.  13ear<lsley,  and  J.  1".  Av'ilkeH  in  Koi-n  Co.,  ami  '2  <l:iu;,Ii- 
toi'i  in  Or.  Jla/^crsjiclil  <!<tzit!e.  TinKy,  l!>4*,  ii  lia'.f-LiTtd  a;jji.;tiint  nl  l-.i- 
fr;inil)oi.><i'.  Yolo  <'v.  Iliyl.  V.  (.lanic:!,  ISi.S,  (>\,ncr  lif  luta  at  S.|-'.  V. 
(.)i)li:i),  JH47,  Co.  l'\  ;\1  \J.!^.  ar<ill.  (v.  r.l.s).  F.  (.John  M.),  1S4S.  of  lirui  F., 
Johnson,  &  Co.,  trailers  at  S.F.  v.  0S((.  F.  (llicharil),  I.S4iS,  niintr  tVoin 
Or.,  where  he  still  lived  in  "Ji'J.  Finley  (S.),  l8J(i,  Cal.  elaini  of  !?!.">  for  a  riilo 
(v.  4(J2).  Fippard  ((Jhas),  ISU.'J,  Kngl.  carpentfr  fron.  the  Cutuliiut,  who 
uskcd  for  a  carta  in  '^il,  and  waf.  still  at  Mont.  '85.  iii.  40!). 

Fisli  (VVni),  IblU,  douhtful  name  in  a  Los  An;^.  list.  Fislicr,  or  Norris, 
ISliS,  negro  of  JJonchard's  foi'ce  "ho  rem.  in  Cal.  There  is  no  definite  rci-ord 
of  his  later  career,  he  being  jierliaps  confouniled  in  such  vague  allusions  as 
exist  with  the  following,  ii. '_'4S,  li'JU.  F.,orFisar,  18"Jo,  negro  from  IVnn., 
■wlio  came  to  Sta  li.  on  the  Sla  J'usa;  in  '2!)  at  Los  Ang.,  a  farmer  'A't  years 
old,  without  religion,  but  of  good  conduct,  iii.  'M;  ment.  by  Coroncl,  for 
V.  iioni  he  had  worUi.'d,  in  '4(i-7;  and  perhaps  by  Foster  in  '48-'.).  It  is  jiossi- 
blc,  however,  that  this  F.  and  the  preceding  were  the  sjune.  F.,  I84(i,  of 
Cal.  Uat.,  said  to  liavo  l)cen  attacked  bj"  Iml.  near  Ix>s  Ang.  in '47.  I'Vhivnit'-i 
Coiirt-mnrtkit,  '2'Xi.  F.,  1847,  nn-  of  the  Cali/oniiu.  v.  570.  F.,  184.^,  at 
Sutter's  Fort  from  the  (piickbilvcr  mines. 

Fisher  (.Vdam),  184.'>,  named  by  IJaldridge  as  a  memb.  of  tlie  Chilcs-Waikcr 
inmiig.  party.  F.  (Daniel),  1S45,  signer  of  the  S.  Jose  call  to  forcigniM-s.  i\. 
51)1).  F.  (Daniel),  1847,  asst  qnartcrniaster  in  !>tockton'a  15at.  Jan.  v.  ItS'i. 
F.  (F.),  IvS;)!),  captain  ment.  in  Larkin's  aocts  as  being  at  Mont.  Aul'.  F. 
(Herman),  1818,  Cennan  resid.  of  .Sononiii  Co.  '7.'{-7.  Son.  Co.  Jl'isl.  V. 
(Joseph  11.),  I84(!,  one  of  the  Mormon  col.,  who  rem.  in  Cal.  v.  51G.  Fisher 
(Mary  Ann),  1840,  ditto;  died  in  tlie  faith  at  Mission  S.  Jo8(?.  v.  54(!.  F. 
('Ihomas  M.),  lN4(i,  son  of  Wui,  age  4,  who  settled  in  Sta  Clara  Co.,  married 
Ajnia  Hanks  in  '(Jl,  and  was  still  living,  in  '81,  near  Gilroy,  with  5  ciiil<h-iii. 

Fisher  (Wni),  184.">,  nat.  of  Mass.  who  lived  manj'years  at  Cape  S.  Lucas, 
L.  Cal.,  marrying  Lil)erata  (.'e.sena,  trading  on  the  coast,  j)ossibly  visiting 
L'pp^'r  t.'al.  earlier,  luit  apparently  coming  for  the  1st  time  in  '45,  when  he  g'lt^ 
a  S.I'',  lot,  and  is  mentioned  in  Larkin's  corresp.  iv.  587,  CGI),  084.  It  was 
prob.  on  this  visit  that  he  purchased  tlie  .Vlvires,  or  Laguna  Scca,  ranclio  near 
S.  J»si\  for  which  his  heirs  wiie  claimants  in  later  years,  iii.  71-.  In  'Ki  I;o 
brought  his  family  and  .lettled  at  Laguna  ."^eca,  being  also  engaged  in  tiado 
ftt  S.  Jos('';  it  was  on  his  ninclio  that  Fr.'mont  encanipeil.  v.  0,  000;  in  Dec. 
'4i)  mend),  of  council,  v.  004,  iiaving  declined  the  ofiice  of  alcalde,  v.  (iO.*.  in 
'4;(  he  .sold  his  S.  Jose  business  to  Kcldeii,  and  dietl  in  '50.  His  chilih'en  wi  ro 
!Mary  C.  wifeof  1>.  Murphy,  'I'hos  M..  Cipriano  \V.  (liied).  and  I'loga  I'lii  ii(;), 
ns  nr.nied  in  Sta  Clara  Co.  Hint.  '\'\w  v.iilow  married  (ieo.  H.  IJall  of  N.  V. 
F.  (Win),  \^'2\  nn-  of  tlie  Ji'<-rc,r<  r;i.  iii.  14S.  F.  (Wmi,  ISiiO,  at  Los  Aug. 
ii.  5.V>.  Fishpan  (V),  (.loiin),  I S4(i,  I'auntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  12.'$'J,  'JI7l. 
Fisk  (l)aniel),  1844,  deserter  from  tiie  Warnii.  Fiskc  (F.),  1841,  mid.  on 
tlie  U.S.  St  Louin. 

Filch  (Henry  Delano),  IV-'O,  nat.  of  New  IJedford.  .Ma.ss.,  b.  17!);>,  vho 
came  to  Cal.  as  mr  of  Viiniond's  Mex.  liiig.  Murid  L-tli  r.  iii.  147,  170.  In 
'iI7  he  announced  his  intention  of  lieconiing  a  Mex.  citizen;  in  '"20  was  Ij.ip- 
tii:ed  at  S.  Diego  as  Furiipie  Domingo  Fitcli;  and  was  married  at  \'alpar.ii,io 
in  July  of  tlie  same  year  to  Joscfa  Cai'rillo,  daughter  of  Don  Joaipiiii  of  S. 
Diego.  l''or  an  account  of  his  romantic  elopement,  return,  and  ecclesiastical 
trial,  sec  iii.  140-4;  ii.  551,  50'J,  500,  015.  in  '."{O-l  lie  was  nu'  of  the  I^i'oii'jr, 
iii.  40,  147,  .'IS;},  ids  home  being  at  S.  Diego  after  his  family  troubles  had  been 
setlled;  in  '.'J2alreadyap)ilying  for  lands  north  of  S.F.  bay.  Su}).  (lorl  S/.  Pn/i., 
viii.  .'17;  sons  were  born  ';{(),  ';{•_*,  '.'14;  naturalized  in  ",\^.  He  had  a  store  at  S. 
Diego;  sindico  in  '."5.  iii.  015;  com.  <le  policla';?0.  iii.  010;  allbrded  som.'aiil 
— moistened  pow<ler,  etc.— to  the  surcnos  in  the  political  cinarrels  of  ';i7-i\ 
iii.  405,  .'■)5.'l;  in  '.'10-40  jiresid.  of  election  and  juez  <le  pa/,  iii.  ()14,  Olij  17. 
Ill  '40  Ca]it.  I'itch  went  to  Hon.  as  sup.  of  the  Cctli/nnii't,  and  at  tlie  1»1. 
bought  of  I'eirce  &,  IJrewer  ftn-  '2,5W)  hides  a  half-interest  in  the  J/o/w,  wliidi 
lie  brouglit  to  Cul.,  renumvil  her  tho  A  i/'^(t,  uud  inuUo  u  trip  to  Mu^utluu  iu 


I 

'H' 


740 


PIONEER  REOISTKn  AND  INDEX. 


'11.  i".  ]02,  10'),  200,  210,  r>G7.  Stearns,  MoKiiiley,  ami  Teinplo  wore  liis 
jMi'tiKJiH  ill  tliia  vi'iituri'.  uiitl  I'aty  :i  little  later.  In  '41  lie  wa.s  gniiitee  of  tlie 
Sdtiiydiiii  laneliu,  iv.  074;  v.  207,  358,  later  llealualiiiig,  wliicli  was  imt  in 
<liar;,'e  of  liis  agent.s,  as  he  still  lived  atS.  Dieyo,  luiiig  iiiueli  of  the  tune  at 
« 'a.  liceeptorat  .S.I>.  '4.")-(j;  made  a  survey  of  luwii  laiiiU;  jiiez  depaz  "4(i-7, 
{.'innti'e  of  lands  at  S.F. ,  l.eing  al.so  iiieut.  in  lonneetio'i  with  variou.s  matters. 
i\'.  .•(45,  557,  (i20;  v.  2(i7,  317,  (il8-20,  «.">»~()0,  (i7i».  lio  died  at  S.  Diego  in 
'40,  and  was  the  last  ijersoii  luiried  on  I'resiilio  Hill.  ('apt.  Fitch  was  one  of 
the  earliest,  most  proinincnt,  and  most  ]>opular  <if  the  early  pioneers;  straight- 
forward in  his  dealings,  generous  in  disposition,  frank  and  cheerful  in  niiin- 
livv,  ill  physiipie  a  very  tall  man  inelineil  to  corj)ulcncy.  Dana  is  the  only  iii.mi 
tliat  has  anything  iinfavorahle  to  say  of  him,  and  it  is  hinted  that  D.,  a  wild 
young  sailor  dispofMl  to  put  on  airs  hy  reason  of  his  education  and  high  eoii- 
iiections,  was  once  rather  summarily  ejeeted  from  Don  Enrique's  house,  when 
he  and  his  eoinpauions  applied  for  grog.  I  have  hundreds  of  the  captain's 
Imsincss  find  per.sonal  letters  in  the  colleetioiis  of  Vallejnand  Cooper,  liesides 
Ji!i  iiiiiiKiisc  vol.  of  the  Fitch,  J)or.  Hixt.  Viil.,  presented  hy  his  widow  in  '75. 
])iina  .losefa— liorn  at  S.  D.  1810,  and  haptizeil  as  Maria  Ant.  Natalia  I'^lijia 
Carrillo,  lieing  called  J osefa  later  because  her  godiiiothtr  forgot  the  naiiic:-, 
and  tli(pught  that  one  of  thcin  was  .)o.sefal-  moved  to  the  Hcaldshurg  raiiclio 
Kooii  after  her  husband's  death,  and  was  still  living  there  in  '."sO,  dictating  for 
jiiy  use  ill  '75  a  most  interesting  X<trra<  iou,  bcsiilcs  presenting  the  doc.  cited 
above,  including  her  marriage  certilicate  and  the  captain's  naturalization  la- 
pcrs.  There  were  11  children,  as  follows:  Henry  Iv  b.  ',".0,  Fred.  '.'(2,  Win  '."il, 
doseph  ■;$(),  .losefa  '37,  John  B.  '30,  Lsabella  "■40,  (  ha  lies  '42,  Michael  '44, 
Man'a  Ant.  Natalia  '45,  and  Anita  '4S.  The  last  two  died  in  '50-4;  .losefa 
bi'camc  the  'vife  of  Joiiii  (!iant  and  u  locally  famous  singer;  Isabella  maiiied 
•lohn  Dala.'fh;  Win,  in  '75,  had  a  vineyard  on  Ifussiau  Iiivcr;  .loliii  IJ.  was  a 
iiewsjiaper  man,  who  visited  my  Liiirary  in  'S3. 

Fitch,  1847,  nir  of  the  AniidJin.  v.  57').  F.  (Wortliiiigton  L.),  1S47, 
<•(..  li,  N.Y'.Vol.  (V.  400);  d.  S.F.  '."lO.  Fitzhiigh  (.lohn  W.),  1848,  immig. 
who.se  wid(jw  livetl  at  Siielling  in '77.  ^'.  •/.  I'imi.  Fitzpatriek  (.lohn),  l.s;i(>, 
Fiigl.  on  a  Los  Aug.  list,  age  40.  F.  (Tiios),  well-known  trapper  and  guide; 
iiossibly  came  to  (ill.  before  '40;  guide  of  Dartlcson  party  '41  anil  Frciuunt 
44,  but  did  not  come  to  Cal.  then.  iii.  31)2:  iv.  2(J8,  437.  Fitzsinimoiis 
(.fames),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  400). 

Flaco  (.luan),  see  .lohn  ]5rown.  Fhindrew  (.1.1).),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon. 
Flaiining{II.T. ),  1845,  iiat.  of  N.Y. ;  on  the  U.S.  Poiiimoufh;  later  member  of 
S.  .Toaq.  pioneers,  iv.  587.  Fleet  (\Vm  JI.),  1847,  lot  at  S.F.  Fleetwood 
(Kobert),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  400).  Flemming  (James),  1820,  Irish 
'j.ick-at-all-tra<le8,' age  40,  working  for  Cooi)er  at  Mont,  iii,  170;  in  '.'SO  liv- 
ing with  Larkiii,  age  .52!  often  named  in  records  of  '.'JO-S.  In  '41-4  he  apjwars 
in  the  Sonoma  an<l  Bodega  regions.  Flctchcn-,  1570,  chaplain  of  Francis 
Drake's  vessel,  and  author  of  a  narrative  of  the  voyage,  i.  85  ct  seij.  1'. 
(PhiLiniler),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  4(t!t);  recnl.  Fieury  (Ernest  <le). 
18  !8,  the  Baron  tie  Lisle,  a  ]''reiicli  traveller  and  ollicer  in  Mex.  under  ^la;<i- 
miliaii;  said  to  have  visited  Ci'.l.  in  '48;  died  in  N.Y.  '(57.  Alia. 

l'"liiig  ((!uy  Freeman).  1820,  nat.  of  -Me,  on  the  Coiirirr  '20  8.  iii.  170.  In 
'31  he  came  back  from  the  Sandwich  Islands  to  settle  permanently,  at  the  age 
of ;{!,  getting  a  carta  from  (Jov.  Victoria,  and  in  '32  j(jiniiig  the  coiiii).  extr;.n- 
iir.i  at  Mont.  iii.  221.  From  that  time  liis  name  often  appears  on  f..;irkiii"s 
books  and  other  records.  He  worked  at  his  trade  as  blacksmith  .at  Mont.,  and 
ill  '30  at  the  Buenavista  ranelio,  being  then  only  20  years  old,  ace.  to  the 
pailron.  In  '40  he  hail  ii  shop  at  Natividad,  and  is  accredited  by  tradition 
V  itli  having  refused  to  iron  the  foreign  exiles,  though  .lohn  CliamlH;rlain  says 
this  was  not  so,  as  Fling  was  ab.seiit  at  the  time.  iv.  28.  I  find  no  deilnite 
trace  of  him  in  '41-7,  but  he  was  prob.  engaged  in  hunting,  as  he  is  said  to 
bave  been  with  (ico.  Yount  in  Napa  Val.,  and  to  have  siiciit  much  of  his 
time  among  the  Ind.  He  lived  atSonoina  foi  some  years;  went  to  Napa  about 
'.">0,  ami  died  in  the  county  inlirmary  in  '70,  at  the  reputed  age  of  80  years. 


FLIXT-rLCGGK. 


741 


Hon. 

i-of 

ivi  lod 

risli 

liv- 

It'lliS 

1'. 
le). 


Flint  (Amos  K.),  1M7,  Co.  F,  ;M  I'.  S.  artill.  (v.  51S).  F.  (Isaac  A.), 
1S4.'>,  ovfil.  iiiiiiiig.  jifrlmiis  of  tliu  (iriL;.-il)j -i<lt!  party,  wlio  pruli.  wt  iit  Iim.  k 
ea.^t  witli  (Jlyiiiau  in  '10.  iv.  ,")7I*;  v.  .")•_'(!.  F.  (Wiiii,  ISlii,  il.nilitt'iil  iiiiMiilpir 
of  tilt'  Miiriaon  lol.  v.  .">I7.  Floiiilxiy  (Joliii),  l:'ll,  lialf-liioi'il  Iml.  u;i'l 
oviil.  iiiiiiii^'.  of  the  Stevens  party,  ace.  to  Sclialliiiliuixei'  ami  noiiu- of  tlio 
(.iiiiiity  liiatorius.  iv.  4-15.  Flood  (Joliii),  1S47,  t'o.  A,  X.V.N'ol.  (v.  4',»!l);  at 
«.F.  "71-4. 

Florc's  (.Viiiaiido),  IS.'JO,  Mex.  convict;  lutcr  one  of  Miiii'ictii'.s  Ijaiid.  F, 
(.\ntonio),  HH)'2,  jiiloto  of  one  of  \'i/eaiiio".i  veti>e!.>i;  dii'il  im  tlii' voy.  i.  !).S, 
104.       F.(l5einarilo).  settler  at  S.F.  I7!»l    KStK).  i.  7lti.       F.  (l"ranci.seo),  I7'.U, 


sur),'eon  o 


f  .Mil 


u.spina  .s  expe 


4!)0. 


Jose  I71»7-1.S(X).   i.  ,Vi(i.        F.  ((iinne.sindo),  I.S;U,  Mt 


F.  (Fi'ancioco),  .soldier  at  mis.-. ion  .'^. 


ipt.  and  I)revet  iii'U*;- 


col,  who  came  a.s  ii  kind  of  political  exile  with  tlii^  II.  &  I'.  c(d.  iii.  -lili.  In 
'."{."(-tj  uiaj.  and  adnun.  of  .S.F.  iii.  .S.")4,  7I4-1.">;  in  ';!!)-4'.',  liaviii,;  liien  rein- 
stated in  his  mil.  I'ank,  he  wa.s  com.  of  the  post  at  .Mont.  iii.  071 :  iv.  'V.i,  {)'r2; 
in  ■4'2-0  com.  at  ISta  IJ. ;  in  '4.")  leader  in  uu  outhreak  of  the  tnxip.s.  iv.  .")H, 
041 ;  v.  317,  O.'JO.  Capt.  F.  continued  to  reside  at  Sia  1$.  until  shut  and  killed 
in  '00.  His  widow  and  daughter  were  still  at  Sta  \\.  in  '7S.  F.  (Ilciinine- 
tiildo),  killed  I7!»4.  i.  4.")4.       F.  (Isidro),  8(ddieratS.  .luan  15.  lielorc  1600.  i. 


o.-)8. 


F.  (J. 


4:)!). 


(.Jo.sc  Dern.),  sirviente  at  .Soledad  I7".M-'S00.    i. 

Flores  (Jose  .Maria),  IS4'J,  .Mex.  capt.  in  the  lii'.tallon  lijn,  who  ciiiiie  with 
^Miclieltorena  as  seci-etary.  iv.  'JMO;  in  '44  named  as  instructor  of  the  Sta  |J. 
ilcfensores  {':}.  iv.  407;  hut  sent  to  .Mi'X.  as  comi-iion:ido  l>y  t!ie  ;:ov.  I  )  olitaiu 
aid.  iv.  402,  414,  'CA,  MA,  ."iOH.  lJetin'nin.i<  in  "4.1,  he  reniaiiicd  alter  Michel- 
toreiia's  departure,  and  was  tlie  eou^nls.■^ioner  .sent  liy  Castro  to  tiiat  wiJi 
Stockton  in  Aug.  iv.  .")!.'!;  v.  41,  "JOS-!),  "JsO.  On  the  revolt  of  the  ( 'alilurniaiia 
in  Scjit.,  l'"h;rcs  was  niaile  gov,  and  com.  gen.  from  Oct.,  in  this  ca).a(iiy  di- 
ri'ctiiig  all  the  operatii  ns  of  this  linal  campai;.cn  of  the  war,  and  liually  re- 
treating to  Sonora  in  .Ian.  "47.  See  v.  ;17-S,  309-lV),  ."VJ!)  oil,  ;;i;.-),  ;!.S'.I-410, 
."((Ki-.l.  In  breaking  his  (larole,  1  Jen.  Flores  of  course  committed  a  nio.sL  di-slnm- 
orable  act,  though  much  may  be  saiil  in  defence  of  the  general  rising  against 
the  U.S.  In  other  respects  he  acted  with  commendable  eneri.-y,  skill,  and  pa- 
triotism under  dillicult  circumstances,  meriting  but  little  of  the  ridicule  and 
abu.se  of  which  he  has  been  the  object.  After  leaving  Cal.  he  served  in  tlio 
Mex.  army,  being  in  '4!>-3()  sub-inspector,  and  in  Td  et  sei,.  com.  gen.  of  the 
nddtary  eoloniea  of  the  west;  visiting  Cal.  in '.'")0  to  bring  hiHfauiil>;  but  I 
t!iink  his  wife,  a  daughter  of  A.  V.  Zainorano,  did  not  leave  Cal.  He  was  at 
Mazathm  in  'u.'),  and  is  said  to  have  died  there  in  '(iO,  Ln.i  An;/.  Co.  Ui-il.,  21, 
lliongh  a  culouel  of  tho  same  uamo  was  serving  in  Mi^hoacan  in  '07  again->t 
Maximilian. 

Flores  (Sos&  Maria),  at  S.  Josc'^  '-2.').  ii.  fiO.');  i:i  '41.  age  4S,  v  ife  .[(.^..f.i  So- 
pulvccla,  child.  Miguel  b.  '2.'{,  Sebastian  "M,  Cdriuen  '27.  Jose  .Maria '."i2.  .luau 
1>.  ''M,  tiose  ';{7,  I'aula  '40,  Fernando  '41;  ji;i/  d.!  polici'a  '4:{.  i ,-.  0\.'i:  i;i  'I(J 
Jiicz  do  catnpo  at  S.  F.  v.  (ilS.  I\  (.los.'  .Maiia),  soldicrat  .Sta  l>.  fi'ou\  K'iS. 
1''.  (.[(jse  Maria),  grantee  of  Licbrc  raucho  "4(1,  al.so  claimant  in  Ti;!.  v.  ().;2. 
F.  (.I().st5  Miguel),  maj.  at  S.  (J.iliricl,  I7!ll  0.  i.  004.  1'.  (.lois,' S. ),  .".Icn.  .i.i- 
\  ict '2!>-.'U.  F.  (Leanilro).  soidicM- in  S.  F.  couip.  'I!l-J!l;  rcgidor  at  S,  .loso 
'.■'I.  iii.  "212,  720;  in  '41,  age  42,  wife  Itoinana  .Maranez,  child,  .losi'  .Vnt.  b. 
';!.'{,  Maria  .Vnt.  'Ki,  .Maiia  del  Sac  ■2('),  Ucl'ugio  'M;  in  '41!  juez  del  cauiijo. 
iv.  OS."t.  F.  (M.),  1S4S,  pass]),  fi'om  lion.  F.  (.M;iinul),  arti'dcrviiian  at 
Sta  IJ.  '24.  ii.  .J.'t2.  F.  (.Manuel),  in  Hidalgo  pi(|uete  at  .Mont.  'JJO.  F. 
(.Miguel),  son  of  Josi5  Maria,  at  S.  .lost''  from  ■2;{  to  '77,  when  he  gave  me  his 
Ji'di'rnlos  Uixldriro".  v.  l;{7.  F.  (Teodosio),  alcalde  of  .S.  ,losi'  -ami  also  of 
Mont?— in  '20.  ii.  378,  (ill;  at  S.  Jose '4 1 ,  age  .V2.  F.  (N'ictoriaiio),  sir\  icnto 
at  S.F.  1777.  i.  2!I7.  Florin  (.loscph),  bS.'f.'J,  Canailian  gardener fiouit.'oloni- 
bia  at  Los  Aug.  "M,  '40,  age  27,  .'51,  and  married,  iii.  40!J,  One  record  i)utM  liii 
arrival  in  '30. 

Fliiggo  (Clias  W.),  1841,  rjerman  of  the  Bartleson  iminig.  i)arty  who  went 
1st  to  Or.,  I)nt  came  ilowu  by  laml  to  Cal.  before  the  end  of  t!ic  ye:ii'.  iv.  20:>, 
27tJ,  270.  In  '42-3  he  was  employed  by  .Sutter,  who  hail  known  hiui  before, 


742 


riOXKER  IlKOISTER  AND  INDEX. 


rs  (•](  rU  mill  iiilvisd',  V.  Lciii-j  a  iiinii  of  many  nccomplisl  nicnts  rin<l  linviiij» 
BDiiio  kii(nvlo(l.,'o  (if  l:i\v.  llii  «;is  Miit  liy  .Sutter  to  conciliate  Miclicltorcna. 
i\ .  .".S!);  gut  a  lot  at  ?vl''.  iv.  (JOIt,  i'i'S;  vuh  iiatunilizcil  at  the  end  of  M.";  and 
ill '4  J  \v:is  j,'rant('c  <if  a  raiiclio  on  I'ca'Jur  liivcr.  iv.  (J70-1.  He  opened  a  store 
jit  Jjos  Aiiu'. ;  used  lii.>i  iiillaence  for  Sutter  and  Mielieltorenn.  iv.  400;  and  iit 
till.'  eiul  of  'l.'j  went  to  Honolulu,  returninj,'  on  the  JJov  Quixote,  carly  in  Mii. 
Ho  had  a  (.'al.  claim  (v.  -Ki'J),  continuing  in  trade  at  Los  An;,'.,  and  serviii;,' 
IKS  a  messenger  from  I'lorcs  to  (Stockton  in  .Ian.  '47.  v.  3S7.  He  is  mentioned 
vitii  a  uife  (■;)  at  N.  llelv.  in  Sept.  '47.  -V.  II<lv.  JJluri/,  110;  perhaps  iin 
error.  At  the  end  of  '4S  ho  left  C'al.,  though  McKinley,  his  partner,  made 
td'iirts  to  prevent  his  departure,  and  is  said  to  have  ;;one  to  (Jerniany  with  a 
eonsid.ralilc  sum  of  momy.  Though  admired  for  liiHacconijilishments,  he  had 
(iuarrt'lli<l  sooner  or  later  with  most  of  those  who  were  intimate  with  him, 
allowing  divers  eccentricities  of  conduct.  In  the  winter  of  'ol-'i  he  returned 
ill  Lo:i  Aug.,  secluding  hiniself  from  old  friends,  acting  strangely  in  other 
rcspei'ts,  ;:nd  evitl^ntly  insane.  In  Sept.  '.V2  hi:  wandereil  od'into  the  country 
r.nil  u;is  found  dead  some  \'2  miles  from  town.  l''lundin  (.loscph),  ISl:.', 
I'rcnrli  jitiw.nrd  of  a  hospitnl  in  Oakland  '77,  said  to  have  visited  S.F.  in.lunc 
'IJ.  iv.  ;M1;  S.J.J'i'm.  Flying  (Andrew),  1S47,  Co.  F,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  4'JU); 
tit  St.i  15.  '71  -S-J. 

Fogo  (Manuel),  IS-J."),  Span,  from  the  Ash;  still  in  Cal.  '.SO.  iii.  27.  .")1-'-'. 
Foisy  (.M.(i,. ),  IcSKi,  Or.  picmeei  of  '44;  a  ])rinter  still  in  Or.  '7<>,  for  whom  it 
is  claimed  that  ho  piit)lisheil  (?)  the  C'lili/uriiidii  at  Mont.  Hist.  Or.,  i.  4tj7. 
He  m;iy  jiossihly  have  hcen  a  jirintcr  on  that  paper  in  '40  or  '47,  hnt  proh. 
not.  V.  -J!):!.  Foley  (Alfred),  IS47,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4!)!»).  F.  (.Michael), 
ISIO,  Irish,  of  the  Ciil.  ISat.  (v.  :i.')S);  owner  of  S.F.  lot '47.  v.  (iS.">;  said  to 
li:i  \'e  liecn  killed  in  a  brawl  at  the  mission  a  few  yciirs  later.  Folgcr  ( Edwanl 
1\).  1.S47,  at  S.F..  agent,  or  ijcrhnps  jiartner,  of  (ielston  &  Co.  F.  (\Vm  ]).), 
I'vt7,  on  roll  (jf  Soc.  Cal.  I'ion.  l'\)il;insl)ec  (S. ),  IS4ti,  donhtfnl  newsp.  nient. 
of  a  ShiistaCo.  jnon.  FoUcn  (.Tidian).  184."),  i)etitioner  for  hind  for  a  colony; 
litiiiiips  not  in  (.'al.  iv.  .■)71.  l'"ollctt  (\Vm  A.l,  1S47,  Co.  15,  Moim.  liat.  (v. 
'>r,V);  in  Ariz.  'Si.  F.  (Wm  T.),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  But.;  at  St  Ccorge, 
Utah,  'S-J. 

Fiilsom  (.Tosei)h  Lilihey),  1847,  nat.  of  X.  H.,  graduate  of  West  Point  in 
'40,  and  later  instructor  in  that  institution;  came  to  Cal.  as  capt.  U.S.A.  and 
ji>ist  (juartcrmaster  in  the  X.Y.Vol.;  and  was  chief  of  thoQ.  M.  depai-tmcnt 
station  at  S.F.,  heing  also  collector  of  the  port  for  a  time  in  '47  !).  v.  {(S,  ,")'•;{, 
r>ll-l."!,  (J.'iO,  0.')l)-00,  ()7.'5.  (^apt.  F.  invcsteil  all  the  money  he  could  raise  in 
town  lots,  which  in  a  few  years  made  him  a  rich  man.  Dtn-ing  a  trip  to  the 
east  in  '4!)  he  was  smart  and  lucky  enough  to  lind  the  heirs  of  Wni  A.  Leid- 
esdiirH'ancl  huy  of  them  for  a  song  their  title  to  the  immense  LeidcsdorfF  es- 
t.itc  in  S.l''.  He  thus  heeame  one  of  the  wealthiest  men  in  Cal.,  owning  largo 
estates  in  the  country,  including  the  Amcr.  lUver  raneho  on  which  the  town 
.if  ImiIsoui  now  hears  his  name,  as  docs  Folsom  Street  in  S.F.  His  rc])ntalion 
j<  tli.it  of  a  most  enterprising  man  of  business,  an  honorable  gentleman  of  su- 
jxM'ior  ednciition  and  rclinemcnt,  somewhat  formal  and  haughty  in  njanncr. 
lie  died  at  Mission  San  .]os6  in  '.">  at  the  age  of  S8.  F.  (Wm  H.),  1847,  Co. 
H.  X.Y.Vol  (v.  4!I0);  inX.Y.  city  '82. 

Font  (Jose),  17!>i>,  Span,  lieut  of  Ciitalan  volunteers,  coiii.  of  the  comp. 
lifter  Albcrni's  death,  also  com.  at  S.  Dicffo  '!I9.  Left  Cal.  with  the  ijal.  Vol. 
1s1>:J.  i.  r.41,  047-8;  ii.  5,  18-19,  78.  107,  l.")3.  F.  (I'cdro),  17;.")-C,  Span, 
fiiar,  prob.  of  the  Qneri-taro  Franciscans,  who  was  chaplain  of  Anzn's  expcd, 
to  <  'al.,  of  which  lie  left  an  important  JJiario  and  map.  i.  '2.")8-01,  202-4,  207- 
}', -JSO-O,  .^iO;  ii.  44.  Pontes  (I'cdvo),  sirviente  at  S.F.  1777.  .297.  For- 
liagh,  1847,  at  ]5enicia.  v.  ()72;  prob.  'Forbush,'  q.v. 

Forbes  (.Alexander),  Scotch  merchant  of  Topic;  author  of  \hc  standard 
Work  on  t'dli/oniia  pnb.  in  '.'59.  iv.  ir)0-2.  He  had  never  visited  Cal.,  though 
iiieilitating  a  visit  in  '20.  iii.  170.  It  is  statcil,  however,  thnt  later,  in  '40-8, 
111!  came  to  (^al.  in  con.  with  the  X^.  Almaden  afl'airs;  but  I  have  no  defiiiito 
record  of  his  presence.  He  has  often  been  confounded  by  writers  with  Junies 


FORBES-FORD. 


74S 


A.  Forbes.  F.  (Eli  B.).  1S17,  Co.  K,  X.Y. V..1.  (v.  409);  carpenter  at  Mont. 
'47-.S.       F.  (Hector  :M.),  l.'vJT,  to.  I),  N.V.Vol.  (v.  4!ll»). 

Foi'dcs  (.Jiiiiii's  Alex.),  liSifl,  iiat.  of  Siotlaml,  who  iiiiil  lived  for.son.i'  years 
in  Sjian.  countries,  luol).  in  Chili  oi'  I'eru.  Tlio  (irst  that  is  «liliniiely  knuv.u 
of  liiin  i.i  tliat  in  a  tiip  to  the  ii;l.  of  tiie  S.  Anier.  coast  lie  wa.-i  \Mnkiil, 
liiekrd  iiji  by  the  A'l/.w^t  at  or  near  lliu  (ialapi'^os,  anil  transferi'eil  t"  tlij 
whaler  Ihimi/,  which  biouj^iit  him,  lating  a.s  4tii  mate,  by  way  of  tlie  Mar- 
((luwis  to  S.  1'".  in  Oct.  ';il,  or  jiossibly  ','>().  iii.  4().">.  In  '',i2  lie  v.uh  aetiii;,'  as  li 
kind  of  clerk  or  majordonio  foi'  1'.  N'iadt  r  at  Sta  Clara;  early  in  'Xi  asl.i  il  fur 
natuialization,  whicii  he  ol)taiiied  in  April  '.'54,  and  in  Jnly  married  Ana  .\]u- 
i;a,  danj^hter  of  Juan  C.  (ialindo,  being  then  '.'7  years  olil,  and  liavini;  a«  wit- 
nesses (;eo.  Feryiison  and  .bis  W.  Weeks,  v. ho  had  come  witii  him  on  tlio 
Fiuimi.  For  .seveial  years  his  name  does  not  aii])ear,  but  he  was  doubtless  <ii- 
}:a,!,'ed  in  trade  anil  larniiJig  at  .S.  Jose,  where  fioni  "M  he  acted  as  a^'ent  f  ii* 
th.^  K.ll.Co.,  being  elector  in  '.'!^(  and  sindico  in  'lift,  trying  in  '40 — to  obtain 
a  loan  of  niis.sion  sheep  in  eonip.  with  Dr  Marsh,  signing  bonds  for  somo 
of  the  Ijiirtleson  nnniig.,  and,  aec.  to  the  padrvn  of  '41,  having  two  sons,  CV.r- 
lis  b.  ';!7,  and  .Alejandro  in  '.'W.  iii.  "."jI;  iv.  .Si],  117,  •J17-b'<.  •-'7.'),  ()S4.  in  '42 
l'orl)es  was  appointed  British  vice-consul  at  Mont.,  assuming  the  olUce  in  Oct. 
'■b'f,  and  perl'oii;.ing  some  acts  in  his  olUcial  capacity  in  the  next  few  yea:s, 
tliough  not  residing  at  Mont.  iv.  o.S4,  479,  TtOI^,  (i."il.  Oranti'e  of  the  l'otre;o 
de  !St:i  Clara  '44.  iv.  073;  in  '4.'i-Uat  S.F.  in  charge  of  tiie  ir.B.Co.  ])roptr:y 
.nfter  Kae's  death,  having  apparently  used  his  inilnenee  against  Suttir  ai.d 
Miclieltorena,  being  involved  in  a  controversy  with  Leide?dorir,  and  olituin- 
iiig  for  himself  and  wife  some  beach  lots  in  town.  v.  4S(i,  .'jIIO-I.  04!),  (17;i-HJ. 
In  '40  Larkii>  reported  F.  to  the  Wash,  govt  as  a  man  of  moilerate  ])ii>perty, 
whose  private  interests  and  ollicial  position  clashed,  but  who  wished  tiie  U. 
S.  to  have  Cal.  F.  asserted  at  the  time,  and  in  later  year.i,  that  he  had  noth- 
ing to  do  with  schemes  for  an  English  protectorate,  and  it  is  certain  that  t'.ioLO 
si'lieuiea,  as  well  as  the  vice-consurs  agency,  have  been  greatly  exaggerated. 
v.  OS,  70,  014.  In  the  troubles  of  '4l>-7  he  took  but  slight  part.  v.  'JD-S,  ;J7,-!, 
380,  SS'J.  Gov.  Mason  declined  to  permit  F.,  as  vice-consul,  to  introduce 
goods  free  of  duties.  Don  I)iegowasan  intelligent  man  of  good  education, 
whose  knowledge  of  Spanish  gave  him  an  advantage,  tliougli  he  never  lost  his 
broad  Scotch  accent,  and  whose  leeord  in  early  times  was  an  excellent  one, 
though  many  writers  have  exaggerated  his  prominence.  After  the  U.S.  occu- 
pation, he  became  interested  in  the  Xew  Almaden  mines,  and  was  involved 
in  the  complicated  litigation  that  lasted  for  years,  to  the  serious  detriment  of 
his  financial  hopes,  of  his  leputation,  and  especially  of  his  temper.  In  lat^r 
years  he  led  a  life  of  retirement,  nursing  his  intense,  and  pcrhajis  n(jt  un- 
founded, bitterness  against  all  that  was  American,  and  died  at  Oakland  in 
'!>!,  at  the  age  of  77.  His  children,  as  named  by  his  son  in  'S"),  were  Cirloo 
11. ,  residing  at  Los  Aug.  with  10  children,  Martha  (deceased),  James  Alex., 
Jr,  Michael,  Frederick,  James  Alonzo,  Luis  Felipe  (deceased),  Maria  (.'lara, 
Juan  Tek'sforo,  Margaret,  Francis  H.,  and  Alfred  O.  James  Alex.,  Jr,  was  ed- 
ncated  at  Sta  Clara  college,  has  l)ceu  state  translator  of  the  laws,  and  in  "fi.j 
for  sonic  years  has  been  employed  as  translator  and  keeper  of  tiie  arehivi  s  in 
the  U.S.  surveyor-general's  ollice.  'l"hough  not  in  charge  when  my  search  of 
the  archives  was  made,  he  has  alTorded  me  aid  on  several  points. 

Forbes  (John),  1833,  Engl,  on  Larkin's  books  "AW-o.  iii.  40U.  F.  (Robert 
]>.),  18"Jo,  inr  of  the  KUe.  iii.  148.  Visiting  S.F.  again  in  '70,  he  delivered  a 
lecture  whicli  included  reminiscences  of  'io;  and  in  '78  he  published  his  I'l  r- 
foiiul  liemiHiHcmcefi,  which  descrilics  both  the  visits  and  the  lecture;  .^itill 
living  at  Milton,  Mass.,  in  '85.  F.  (\Vm),  I8.'i,">,  Engl,  who  woi'ked  for  Lar- 
kin  at  Mont.  '3')-  0.  iii.  413;  one  of  the  exiles  of  '40.  iv.  18;  perhaps  cl.  for  a 
Sonoma  Co.  rancho 'i52.  iv.  071.  Forbush  (IJenj.),  1847,  from  Hon.  on  the 
J-Jiiphemia;  at  Lcuicia;  perhaps  Forbagh.  F.  (Lorin),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morni. 
Iiat.  (v.  400). 

Ford  (Henry  L.),  lS4"J-4,  nat.  of  Vt  or  X.H.,  who  prob.  eanie  by  sea.  He 
claimed  to  have  come  in  '4J:  the  1st  original  reeerd  is  a  cerlilicate  of  his  U.S. 


: 


744 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


citizPiisUip,  (latwl  at  Mont.  April  10,  '4i.  iv. 


I  at  .-Mont.  April  1!),  '41. 
men  in  tlii'  .Miciic'.tori'i 


341.  lie  Hcoms  to  linvo  lionn  one 
of  ('apt.  Uuntt'8  men  in  tlii'  .Siiciic'.tori'na  cunipiii).'n  of  '45  (v.  4S4),  iim)  wiis 
proniineiit  iiniong  the  Jje.irH  in  '4(1,  tiii<in^'  part  in  the  Ntealinj^  of  Arec'M  lloI■.sc■^4 
mid  tlio  eapturc  of  Sonoma,  v.  7S,  107,  1 1(»,  147.  As  licut  of  tiic  Ui  ir  army 
lie  eommuixled  in  the  ligiit  at  Oloinpuli.  thu  (jnly  ono  of  tiio  revolt,  v.  l.-j.'j, 
Iii4-!);  wont  south  with  Frijniont;  retnrncd  with  Ma<ldox  in  Aug.;  and  later 
b  rvetl  in  the  final  campaign  as  cajit.  of  Co.  11,  Vn].  IJat.  v.  184,  "JiS'i.  "Jslt,  'Mi\, 
4;'.4.  In  '48  he  settled  in  Tehama  Co.,  where  in  '51  iio  niairied  Su.san  Wilson, 
and  in  '."i(i  waa  accidentally  shot  and  killed  at  the  age  of  ',V,i.  Ford's  narrative 
of  the  /ti'iir  Flwi  1,'rrol/,  a  MS.  furnislie<l  to  me  l.y  l{ev.  S.  H.  Wilic  y,  for 
v.li'iMi  it  waa  written  in  '51,  is  noticed  in  v.  18!>.  Not  much  is  definitely 
l.iiown  of  Ford,  Init  he  appears  to  have  been  a  good  man  of  Ktrt)ng  pr'ejudiccs. 
F.  (Henry).  Is47,  pei'haps  of  N.Y.Vol.  under  another  name.  F.  (-lohn), 
1SJ7,  nnof  the  Furori/r.  iii.  147.  F.  (Xoah  K.),  1847,  in  letter  listatS.F. 
'47-8.  F.  (Patrick),  1847,  Co.  F,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  4<J<));  a  deserter  in  '48;  killed 
liy  Uofriie  Kiv.  Jnil.  'tiO.       Forero  (lliimon),  tlouhtfnl  name  in  a  S.I'",  list  ".'i'l. 

Forney  (I'eter),  184(i,  Co.  (;,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  {■>:  XW).  Forrest  (H.), 
1S4I,  elerk  on  the  U.S.  St  Lutli.  F.  (French),  1840-1,  com.  of  th<!  U.S.  St 
Ijiiuix.  iv.  .'l(!-7,  10<i;  connnodoro  in  C(jnfed.  navy  '(!•_'.  F.  (Hichard),  184(1, 
lieut  on  the  /'(ir/tnioiilh  and  Liniii/.  F.  (Sam.),  1.S48,  hit  at  .s.  F.  For- 
rester (Ceo.  11.  IL),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4!HI).  Forsgreeu  (lolin), 
1S47,  Co.  1),  Morm.  liat.  (v.  4()!»). 

Forster  (.Fohu),  IS.'W,  nat.  of  Fn^land,  wlio  came  to(>uaymas  in  '.'51,  and 
in  'l{I{  on  the  Facto — belonging  to  his  uncle  .lames  .Tohn.son — to  Cal.,  return- 
ing to  Sonora  on  the  vessel  as  master,  ami  coming  back  to  Los  Ang.  by  land 
the  same  year.  iii.  Uli5,  38'2,  ;?S!>,  Ii!t7,  50!).  He  made  other  trips  to  Son.  for 
his  uncle,  and  in  ",Vi  announced  his  intention  tcn-emain  permanently,  claiming 
7  years'  residence  in  Mex.  territory  and  4  in  Vm\.;  in  '.'{7  married  Isidoi-a,  nis- 
tcr  of  I'io  I'ico;  in  '40-3  at  S.  I'edro  as  shipping  agent,  part  of  tiietime  c:ipt. 
of  the  port.  iv.  ',V1~,  (»3(>.  In  '44  he  settled  at  S.  Juant'ap.,  purchasing  the 
ex-ndssion  estate  in  '45,  and  living  there  for  20  years,  iv.  553,  5.j8,  O'-M,  (i"27; 
grantee  of  rancho  de  hi Nacion '45.  iv.  (i'JI;  jnezde  paz '45-7.  iv.  (il!7;  v.  (J'iS- 
4;  in  '4(>  for  a  time  in  charge  of  S.  Luis  Key,  baving  tro\d)le  with  Fremont, 
and  aiding  Cov.  I'ico  to  escape,  v.  •2(17, '278,  (J20;  grantee  of  Trabuco.  iv.  (i;!5; 
had  a  Cal.  claim  (v.  402);  aiiled  Stockton  in  the  campaign  of  '47.  v.  .'iSS.  In 
'(•4  Forster  bought  the  Sta  Margarita  rancho  of  Pio  Pico,  where  he  spent  tho 
rest  of  his  life,  dying  in  '84  nt  the  age  of  70.  Don  .Juan  was  a  man  w  ho  was 
liked  and  respected  by  all  who  knew  him,  (hat  is,  by  everybody  in  southern 
Cal.  and  hundreds  nu)re,  a  genial  ranehero,  famous  for  the  hospitalities  of  his 
Sta  Margarita  home,  lie  wa.'?  for  many  years  a  man  of  immense  wealth; 
formed  several  plans  for  coloid^ation  on  a  grand  scale,  which  were  never  car- 
ried out;  but  was  harassed  in  tho  later  j-ears  by  litigation  and  other  troubles; 
and  the  estate  was  sold  before  his  death.  At  his  rancho  in  '74  he  gave  me  a 
narrative  of  early  experiences;  and  in  '78  dictated  his  more  com\ilcte  Pinuefr 
J)af(i,  giving  also  a  few  original  papers.  His  wife  died  a  short  time  before  bia 
death.  In  '40,  ace.  to  the  S.  Juan  padron,  there  were  0  ehihlren:  Knierico  and 
Dolores  (pei'haps  error  of  copyist),  Marcos  Antonio  b.  '40,  Francisco  '42,  Ana 
Maria  '43,  ,Tuan  Fernando '45.  Francisco,  or  'Chico,'  killed  by  a  woman  at 
Lo.'i  Angeles  after  '80.  Mark  Ant(jny  and  .John  still  live  in  S.  Diego  Co.  't>ri. 
Two  of  Don  Juan's  brothers,  Hugh  and  Thomas,  came  to  Cal.  after  '48. 
I'ort,  see  '  Ford.'  Forsyth  (Thomas),  1834,  Irish  ship- carpenter  who  came  oa 
the  LemHir;  still  at  Mont.  '37. 

Fortuni  (Huenaventura),  1806,  Span,  friar  who  served  34  j'ears  as  a  mis- 
sionary in  Cal.,  chiefly  at  S.  Jose  and  Solano,  dying  at  Sta  li.  in  '40.  J'liog. 
iii.  ti.-)0;  ment.  ii.  1,?8,  l.-)9-G0,  322,  375,  304,  505,"5'J8-!),(i23,  G.V.;  iii.  00,318, 
340,  022-3,  058,  GOO,  710;  iv.  G3,  00.  Fosdick  (Jay),  1840,  of  the  Donncr 
party  from  111. ;  died  in  the mts.  v.  5.S0,  534,  5.37.  His  wife,  Sarah  (haves,  sur- 
vived, marrying  Wni  Ritchie  in  '48,  and  Samuel  Spiers  in  '50;  died  near 
Watsonvillc  in  '71. 

I'ostcr,  1833,  one  of  Hall  J.  KcUcy'a  companions  in  the  trip  across  Mex., 


FOSTER-FOWLER. 


745 


M'hom  K.  (lonounces  as  n  rancal,  niid  who,  an  lio  Icarnorl,  cnmn  to  Mont,  on  a 
wliultT,  W118  ordered  uway,  HhippiMl  on  a  nmn-of-Miir,  and  in  trj  iiij;  to  dcs.rt 
van  drowned  in  ttiu  buy  as  u  inniiMlinicnt  for  liiis  uins.  ill.  -lO!);  lu'ihiipH  (Jhas 
or  Kil.  C  dfscribt'd  as  Amur,  ut  Mont,  in  ",H.  I'".,  Is4li,  (»f  I'",  it  I'attcisnn, 
Cal.  claim  (v.  40-*).  F.  (Honj.  F.).  1847,  Co.  C,  N. Y.Vol.  (v.  4;i!l);  a  prinur 
nntl  part  proprietor  of  tlio  I'ali/oriiiau  in  '48;  later  foreman  in  the  Alia  ollica 
and  connected  with  the  Slniiddnl  and  otiier  S.  F.  papers;  making  two  trips 
to  the  iSundw.  Isi.  lie  went  east  and  died  ut  I'ortsmuuth,  IS'.H.,  in  'do,  at  tbu 
ago  of  4y. 

Fo.ster  (Geo.),  1S40,  a  Mo.  immij,'.  prob.  of  this  year,  who  was  killed  at 
Nutividad  in  Nov.  v.  .307.  He  wa.s  known  as  Captain  Foster.  Fossibly  camo 
earlier,  though  those  wjio  imply  this  seem  to  coutoiind  iiim  with  another  man. 
F.  (Jame.s),  1S41,  mid.  on  the  LI.  S.  St  Louis,  F.  (Jolm),  1847,  apparently 
soil  lumber  at  Mont.  F.  (John  li.),  I84S,  named  liy  Lanecy  as  a  brother  of 
the  man  killed  at  Natividad.  F.  (Joseph),  1840,  Co.  F,  Cal.  I'lUt.  (v.  H.'iS), 
enli.sting  at  S.  Juan,  Oct.;  possibly  identical  with  (Jeo.  F.  (.Joseph),  1847, 
nii'inber  of  the  4th,  and  perhaps  1st,  Donner  relief,  v.  5118,  541 ;  said  to  havo 
been  a  sailor.  F.  (Joseph),  1840,  Engl,  who  kept  a  saloon  in  S.F.  ViU-0;  lost 
n  leg  in  '40;  died  in  'oO.  J/crnld;  perhaps  siime  as  preceding.  F.  (.loseph 
E. ),  1844,  ovcrl.  immig.  of  the  Stevens  paity.  iv.  44'!,  4."».'{;  named  ut  K'. 
ilelv.  '4.")-0;  served  in  Co.  li,  Cal.  IJat.  (v.  HoS);  prob.  identical  with  one  of 
the  preceding.  F.  (Joseph  11.),  1840,  in  the  vicinity  of  Sta  Cruz.  F.  (O. 
II.).  1840,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  :J.">S). 

Fo.ster  (.Stephen  Clark),  liS47,  nat.  of  Mc,  b.  in 'ilO;  graduate  of  Yalo  in 
'40;  teacher  and  medical  student  in  \'a,  Ala,  and  Jiti;  i)hy.'-ician  in  Mo.;  trailer 
in  N.  ]\Iex.  and  Sonora;  come  to  Cal.  as  interpreter  witii  the  Morm.  liiit. 
v.  4Slt.  Ho  was  alcalde  at  Los  Ang.  in  '48-1).  v.  tdO,  0:20-7;  meiiib.  of  tiio 
constit.  Convention  in  '4'J,  also  jirefeet;  member  v  f  the  Cal.  senate  ',')0-.'{; 
luemb.  of  Los  Ang.  council  '.')l,  '."»S;  mayor  'o4,  '.')0.  lie  married  a  Lugo,  and 
in  still  living  at  Lo;j  Ang.  in  '8.').  He  has  written  to  some  extent  on  piuiieer 
topics  fur  the  new.spapers.  ii.  '22],  'J!*"J;  and  in  '77  furnished  for  my  use  a, 
fragment  on  /.o-i  Ainjdc.i  iii',i7-'J.  He  has  had  much  to  do  with  tlie  Span. 
nrehivi'S  of  the  south,  in  familiarity  w  ith  which  he  is  excelled  by  few,  if  any. 
His  ollicial  record  in  tlic  early  time,  and  so  far  as  I  know  in  later  ycurn,  has 
been  .a  good  one.  He  was  a  man  of  remarkable  natural  abilities  ami  of  lino 
education.  His  prominent  position  in  the  past  ua  a  public  man  makes  it 
necessary  to  add  that  in  respect  of  morality  and  sobriety  his  conduct  in  later 
tiuies  is  not  exemplary.  F.  (Wm  M.),  1840,  surviving  mcmb.  of  the  Donner 
party,  from  Penn.  w  ith  wife  and  infant  son  tieorge,  tho  latter  dying  in  tiio 
lilts.  F.  was  also  ai*  active  men\b.  of  the  4th  relief  party,  v.  r)IU-5,  040-1.  At 
N.  Hclv.  '47;  had  i.  ''urniturc  store  at  S.F.  '47-8.  v.  078;  later  kept  a  stnro 
at  tho  mines,  giving  nis  name  to  Foster's  Bar.  He  died  at  S.F.  in  '74.  His 
wife,  Sarah  A.  C  Murphv,  was  living  at  Marysvillo  with  her  brother  in  '80. 
F.  (Wm  S.),  1847,  Co.  A,' N. Y.Vol.  (v.  490). 

Fourcude  (Richard),  1841,  named  in  Larkin's  books  '41-8;  called  also  Al- 
bert R.,  and  John  11.  Fouchade.  iv.  270.  Fourgcaud  ((^.).  1847,  brotiier  of 
Mctor  J.,  and  overl.  immig.  at  N.  Hclv.;  owner  of  lot  at  S.F.  F.  (Victor 
J.),  1847,  nat.  of  N.C.,  physician  at  St  Louis,  and  ovcrl.  immig.,  witii  his  wife, 
son,  and  brother,  v.  o.')0.  He  practised  medicine  at  S.F.  in  '47-8,  being  a 
school  trustee  and  otherwise  prominent,  v.  Cil,  OoO-7,  080;  also  owner  of 
town  lots,  and  author  of  an  article  on  tho  Prospectn  of  Cal.  in  tlw  Stiir  ul  '48. 
Ho  moved  later  to  Sac,  but  returned  about  '03,  and  died  at  S.F.  in  '7">  at  tiio 
ngc  of  GO.  His  widow  died  in  '8,'},  ago  74.  Fourri  (Francois  le),  1831,  from 
N.  Mex.  in  tho  Wolfskill  party,  iii.  387. 

Fowler,  1840,  Amcr.  of  the  Bear  party  murdered  by  the  Californians  near 
Sta  Rosa  in  June.  v.  110,  160-4.  I  cannot  identify  him;  possibly  Wm,  Jr,  of 
'44;  called  B.  Fowler  of  '45;  also  George.  F.  (Henry),  1S44,  son  of  Wm, 
nat.  of  III.  who  camo  overl.  to  Or.  in  '43  and  to  Cal.  i.i  tiio  Kelsey  party 
with  his  tathcr  and  brother,  iv.  444-5.  In  '45  ho  worked  for  Sutter,  asked 
for  naturalization,  and  perhaps  settled  in  Napa.  With  his  father  he  purchased, 


i 


740 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDi:X. 


later,  a  farm  near  Calistoga;  and  in  71  was  a  resident  of  Nuiwi  City.  F.  (James 
J'j. ),  1IS4I,  I'caid.  of  Sonoma  (jo,  '.")! -77;  nut.  of  \.Y.  Son.  Co.  Uixl.  V.  (.\v- 
ruHliii),  IH4U,  of  tiio  Mormon  col.  witli  4  ciiildrcu.  v.  r;4U;  roni.  in  Cul.  1'. 
(John),  184.*),  overl.  in)niig.  wlio  joined  the  Bears,  v.  Ill;  vent  south  ^vilii 
Firmont,  but  returned  with  a  broken  arm  in  Nov.  '40.  Tliis  is  liis  own  Htatc- 
iiieiit  in  a  nurativo  of  tlio  lienr  ring  given  by  liim  at  Napa  in  '7H.  lie  may 
be  a  brother  of  Henry,  or  possibly  tlic  name  may  be  John  Ifunry.  Then:  v.aa 
ft  .J.  \V.  Fowler  in  the  Cul.  But.  F.  (John  S.),  1847,  nat.  of  N.J.;  I'd  alcalde 
ot  Sac.  '48-0;  died  at  Sac.  'GO,  ace  42. 

Fowlor  (VVm),  1844,  nat.  of  N.Y.,  from  111.  to  Or.  in  '4.1,  and  to  C:d.  in 
tho  K(l.sey  party  with  2  or  more  sons.  iv.  444-5.  Ho  brought  a  letter  of  ree- 
oinmendation  as  a  good  catholic  and  carpenter  from  1*.  Dimero  of  tlie  Wa!a- 
met  to  I'.  Qnijus.  Worked  for  a  time  ut  Sonoma,  after  sncnding  sumc  time  in 
]'o[)o  Valley;  was  at  N.  JIclv.  in  '47,  and  linally  with  his  son  Henry  boii;.'lit 
a  farm  of  Dr  Bale  neur  (.'alistof;a,  where  at  the  age  of  72  he  married  a  "Jd  wife, 
and  (lied  in  '05,  at  tho  age  of  80.  F.  (Win,  Jr),  1844,  son  of  Win,  v  ho  camo 
ill  tli(!  same  party  from  (Jr.,  and  worked  as  a  carpenter  at  Sonoma,  N.  Helv., 
and  S.  ILnfacl.  iv.  444-5.  In  (Jr.  ho  married  Rebecca  Kelscy,  who  left  him  on 
arrival  in  Oil.  Application  was  made  to  LarUin  for  a  divorce,  and  despite  his 
lack  of  authority  to  grant  it,  she  was  niariicd  by  Sutter  to  another  man.  As 
I  linil  no  record  of  F.  after  '40,  it  is  \  ossiblo  that  ho  was  tho  man  killed  Avitli 
Cowie  during  tho  Bear  revolt.  F.  ( Wm),  immig.  of  the  Bartleson  party,  '41, 
going  to  (Jr.  iv.  200;  perhaps  tho  Wm  named  above.  F.  (W.),  184.S,  mr  of 
the  JJiiiraomt.  iv.  505.  Fowrklinot  (Jacobo),  1844,  otter-hunter  at  Los  Ang., 
prob.  'I'rankfort.' 

Fox  M.),  1848,  passp.  from  Honolulu.  Foxcn  (Benj.),  1820,  Engl,  sailor 
who  came  on  the  CowiiVr  and  left  that  vessel  in  '28.  iii.  170;  ii.  573.  He  was 
bapti/cd  as  Wm  Domingo,  though  often  called  Julian;  married  Eduarda 
Oaiina  (or  (Jlivcra);  was  naturalized  in  '37,  when  ho  was  38  years  old,  and  had  3 
eiiildren,  being  in  trade  at  Sta  B.  A  few  years  later  ho  became  owner  of  the 
I'inarjnaic  raiicho,  iii.  050,  where  ho  spent  the  rest  of  his  life,  dying  in  '74  and 
leaving  10  children  and  a  large  estate.  He  was  a  rough  and  violent  man,  often 
iu  trouble  with  other  rough  men  and  with  tho  authorities,  being  sentenced  to 
4  years  in  prison  in  '43  for  ki'  ng  Agustiu  Di'ivila.  v.  Oil,  013;  yet  accredited 
with  good  qualities,  such  as  b'  .very  and  honesty.  His  three  d.auf^hters  nmriicd 
re  pectively  C.  W.  (Joodchild,  F.  Wickcndcn,  and  John  R.  Stone.  His  son, 
^V'm  J.  J.,  born  in  '3.%  was  in  '83  a  ranchero  iu  Sta  B.  Co.  Portrait  of  Benj. 
und  his  wife  in  Sta  B,  Co.  Hid.,  322. 

Fraezhcr  (Geo.),  sec  'Frazer.'  Framier  (R.),  1840,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  35S). 
Franco  (Joseph),  1840,  doubtful  mcnib.  of  the  Mormon  col.  v.  547.  Francis 
(Alex.),  1842,  Florida  Ind.,  deserter  from  the  U.S.  Cijave  '43.       F.  (Wni), 

1517,  lot  atS.F,       Francisco,  neoph.  at  S.  Diego  1775.  i.  253.       Francisco, 

1518,  negro  of  Bouchard's  force  captured  at  Mont.  ii.  232.  Franco  (Jose), 
convict  settler  1707.  i-  GOO.  F.  (Juan  Jos<5),  a  recruit  who  camo  with  Joc6 
do  la  (tucrra  y  Noriega  and  J.  J.  de  la  Tone  in  1801.  F.  (Pablo),  conviet 
settler  1708;  at  Los  Ang.  '10.  i.  GOO;  ii.  354.  Franec  (Win),  1845,  doubtful 
name  of  an  Irishman  at  Brancifortc,  ago  45,  single. 

Frank  (Manuel),  1841,  1st  frame  house  at  S.  Josi5  built  for.  iv.  084. 
Frankfort  (.Jacob),  1841,  German  ttiilorfrom  N.  Mex.  in  the  Workman  party, 
iv.  27S-0;  at  Los  Ang.  '40;  up  and  down  the  coast  '47-8,  making  a  trip  to 
Hon.  and  back  ou  tho  Gen.  Kearny  and  Emiine,  and  obtaining  a  lot  at  S.  F. 
Franz  (Fred  W.),  1845,  at  Mont.  "iv.  587;  lot  at  S.  F.  '47.  Frapp,  '32-40, 
doubtful  name  of  a  trapper  chief,  iii.  302.       Frare  (Wm),  1844,  Irish,  wb.o 

fot  a  pass  for  1  year;  prob.  same  as  'Frere,'  q.v.  Frascr,  see  'Frazcr.' 
'rawell  (Ephraim  P.),  1833,  Phil,  tailor  who  deserted  from  the  whaler  Jlcl- 
v<'tiui>,  and  worked  at  his  trade  atdif.  points  round  S.F.  bay.  iii.  400.  He  was 
met  by  Wilkes  at  Mission  S.  Jos6  in  '41;  lived  from  '43  at  S.  Jos(?,  where  ho 
died  about  '78;  name  also  written  'Fravel.'  Frayer  (Henry  or  Eugene), 
1844,  German  who  got  a  pass. 

Frazcr  (Abner),  1845,  Amer.  carpenter  from  Or.  in  the  McMahon-CIymao 


(l 


FRAZER-FRfiMOXT. 


747 


party,  nnd  rctnrncd  to  Or.  in  MO,  vhcrc  ho  still  lived  nfter  '7.'.  iv.  !^7'2,  52fl; 
vritten  uIbd  '  IVuzier.'  F.  (Alex.),  1.^-7,  sij-'ns  ns  a  witness  at  Mont,  F. 
((Jeo,  \V.),  iS'.yj,  Ainer.  trapper  witii  Wulkcrs  imrty.  iii.  .''!M;  iv.  40;».  llci« 
iiiciit.  in  Jlont.  rccnnls  of  '31-5;  in  '40  exiled  to  S.  IIIji.m,  Imt  rcturm  .1,  ob- 
tainina  eartas  in  '41-2,  when  ho  lived  near  Sta  Cruz.  iv.  IS,  .'ll!;  in  '4'.\  tit 
AlvisoB;  in  '45  signed  the  call  to  forci;^ncr8  at  H,  Josi-.  iv.  Ci'M;  appliotl  for 
laml  at  H.  ,lm6  '40;  visited  N.  llelv.  '4o-S;  ut  Ktoekton  '47-8.  Naiiio  iilso 
written  'Fraczhcr,'  which  was  pcrh.ips  the  correct  form.  F.  (M.),  l.s;t(J, 
Itiinhernian  at  S.  Rafael,  iv.  118.  F.  (Thos),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morni.  Hat.  (v. 
4(19);  in  Sutter's  employ  '47-8;  nanio  proh.  'Frazicr.'  F.  (Win),  1S4.">, 
Anier.  farmer  from  Or,  in  the  McM.-Ciyman  Jiarty;  ])rob.  went  back  'Kiwitii 
Abntr  F.,  who  was  perhaps  his  brother,  iv.  57--H,  5'J(i. 

Freilerick  (.J.).  lS4(i,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Hat.  yv.  H.>).  Frcdinplnirjf  (II.),  ISIS, 
jias.sp.  from  Honolulu.  Freeborn  (John),  1S47,  to.  r'  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  W.'i); 
l)ass<p.  from  lion.  '48.  Freeman,  1837,  nir  of  tlu  /  dinn.  iv.  104.  F. 
(iJuric).  1S44,  Amcr.  who  obtained  a  carta  at  Mont  F.  (Flijah),  1817, 
y'oim.  liat.  (V.  4G'J);  jirob.  not  in  Cal.  F.  (F.),  i'.o.  (!,  Cal.  liit.  (v.  IWS). 
enlisting  at  !S.  Joso,  Isov.  F.  (Isam),  1840,  d  "  ')tful  nimo  of  a  ii  dirali/ed 
foreigner  at  ISta  IJ.  F.  (Richard),  1840,  bnu;^  ,  a  house  of  Cci.;.  Fitch  at  S. 
D'O'^o.  V.  (Truman),  1844,  Amcr.  ago'.'."),  in  a  S.F.  pa  iron.  F.  (\Vt,  lb-18, 
)'■  .sp.  from  Hon.  Freer  (Matthew),  1818,  hanged  at  S.  JosiS  for  highway 
rolibery  and  attempted  niunlei.  v.  00:1-4. 

Frt'mont  (John  Ciiarlcs),  1844,  nat.  of  Gn,  h.  in  ']",,  sometime  teacher  of 
mathematics  and  surveyor,  lieut  oi  toji.  cnjiin'-ers  from  '38,  nnd  husbainl  of 
a  daughter  of  Thos  H.  Benton  from  '41.  Ho  is  in  soniu  respects  tlio  most 
famous  of  all  the  pioneers  named  in  this  register,  nnd  his  Californi.-a  c;u'eer 
was  tho  foundation  of  his  fame.  Full  details  of  that  career  will  bo  found  in 
other  volumes  of  this  work.  His  three  exploring  expcd.  of  '4'J,  '43  4,  and  '4ri, 
in  the  'Jd  and  3d  of  which  ho  reached  Cal.,  arc  described,  with  their  n^sults, 
in  iv.  434-44,  4.VJ,  581-,''),  G70.  Exploring  and  mapping  regions  before  kiiov.n 
only  to  trappers  nnd  immigrants,  narrating  his  laoors  with  modesty  and  fi,ll 
credit  to  those  who  preceded  nnd  accompanied  him,  ho  gained  much  credit  at 
home  and  abroad  for  his  skill  in  tho  field  and  for  his  reports.  As  tho  iiiiuucr 
of  f  cicntific  exploration  in  tho  far  west,  he  deserves  only  praise.  Tho  ridicule 
of  which  he  has  been  tho  object  in  this  connection  resulted  mainly  fiom  tlio 
campaign  of  'oO,  in  which  his  achievements  as  pathfinder  were  so  magnified 
for  ell'cct  in  the  east  as  to  cxcito  tho  jealousy  of  western  pioneers,  a  ireling 
fomeiiteil  by  partisans  for  political  purposes.  Frd-mont's  acts  of  Jan. -May  '40 
in  Cal.  are  given  in  v.  1-20,  58-0,  044,  OGO.  Being  permitted  by  (ien.  Castro 
to  i( st  his  men  and  animals  in  tho  S.  Joaquin  Valley  for  a  continuation  of  his 
exploring  trip  to  Or.,  ho  forfeited  tlie  privilege  by  marching  his  party  into  .S. 
Jose  and  encamping  for  a  week  at  Fisher's  rancho;  grossly  insulted  tlie  alculdo 
who,  in  the  discharge  of  his  routine  duties,  served  a  legal  notice  on  him;  and 
finally  marched  over  the  Sta  Cruz  Mts  nnd  down  the  coast — for  Oregon!  AV'lien 
tho  authorities  very  properly  ordered  him  to  leave  Cal.,  ho  fortified  a  position 
on  Oavilan  Peak  and  raised  the  U.  >S.  (lag.  This  was  foolisli  bravado,  as  ho 
realized  after  a  day  or  two  of  rejection,  in  connection  with  Consul  Larkius 
advice  and  tho  sight  of  military  preparations  at  San  Juan;  so  he  ran  away  in 
tho  night.  Tho  current  version  of  Castro's  broken  promise  and  subsdiiKiit 
cowardly  bluster  is  pure  fiction,  but  it  has  long  served  its  purpose — that  of 
covering  Fremont's  folly.  lie  was  overtaken  on  the  Or.  frontier  bydcspatelies 
from  Wash,  which  required  him  to  "cmain  in  Cal.  His  part  in  the  ]3oar  revL;lt 
of  June-July  is  recorded  in  v.  77-1.  A  That  most  indefensible  rising  of  t';o 
settlers,  which  interrupted  negotiations  for  a  pa':ific  change  of  flag,  would  not 
have  occurred  but  for  F.'s  promise  of  active  support  when  needed;  therefore 
he  must  bo  held  responsible,  not  only  for  tho  bloodshed  and  bitterness  of  feel- 
ing that  attended  the  conflict  of  '40^7,  but  for  the  much  more  disastrous  state 
of  affairs  that,  hut  for  tho  sheerest  good  luck,  must  have  resulted.  liis alleged 
motives  were  thrco  fold:  1st,  Tho  welfare  of  Amcr.  settlers  threatened  witii 
oppression  nnd  exoulsion — a  mere  pretext,  since  the  danger  was  wholly  imagi- 


743 


nONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


iiat'y,  as  F.  an<l  the  Icadors  well  knew,  though  a  few  settlers  were  led  to  be- 
lieve it  real;  '_V1,  the  necessity  of  prompt  (ictiou  to  siive  C'al.  from  England — 
r.ii  i'xciii<c  invented  later,  whicli  has  had  a  success  out  of  all  proportion  tu  its 
nieiits,  for  had  Enj^and  entertained  the  idea  of  a  protectorate  the  settlers'  re- 
volt ■Would  have  allbrdtd  the  best  possil)le  occasion  for  interference;  ami  ;!d, 
the  receipt  of  instructions  fn.m  Wash,  to  seize  the  iirst  opportunity  to  wrest 
C'al.  from  Mcx.  In  a  statement  of  '85 — a  AIS.  furnished  by  (ieu.  and  Mrs  E. 
U>  Dr  Josiah  lioyce,  anil  by  tlic  kindness  of  the  latter  added,  with  theuulhors' 
consent,  to  my  collection — he  relies  mainly  on  this  Sd  plea,  and  alleges  posi- 
tively, as  lie  and  his  fiieuds  have  always  implied,  that  he  received  siicli  in- 
!  truotions,  guanledly  cxprcsucd  by  Sec.  iiuchanun,  and  more  openly  by  llentou 
ill  a  ]iriv;i-tc  letter.  This  is  simply  not  true.  I  have  the  instructions  sent  fioni 
AVash.  in  '45,  both  the  orif;ina!,  signed  by  liuchauan,  and  the  copy  written 
Ijy  (jillespie  from  memory  on  arrival,  and  they  contain  not  a  word  to  ju.'itify 
;;ny  but  conciliatory  measures.  The  lieut  disobeyed  the  letter  and  spirit  of  his 
orders,  unless  deceived  by  Gillespie  at  Lcnton's  instigation.  Jlis  real  motivo 
■was  a  desire  to  make  himself  more  prominent  in  the  approaching  occupation 
by  tiie  U.S.  than  he  could  be  if  the  whole  matter  were  left  to  Lurkin  and  Iho 
naval  oiliccrs.  Doubtless  he  drew  his  insi)iration  largely  from  his  brilliant 
father-in-law.  lie  saw  several  plausible  avenues  of  escape  from  disgrace  sliould 
there  be  no  war  or  should  matters  otherwise  go  wrong;  but  it  is  likely  tl;at 
the  young  filibuster  was  far  from  anticipating  the  full  measure  of  success  tliat 
good  fortune  was  to  give  his  deception.  Once  comniitted  to  the  IJear  cause, 
he  acted  in  most  respects  with  commendable  energy  and  consistency;  yet  it 
must  be  stated  that  he  meanly  assumed  for  himself  credit  for  the  Dears'  war- 
like acts,  in  which  he  took  no  active  part;  that  never  in  his  Cal.  career  was  ho 
in  the  actual  presence  of  an  armed  foe;  that  in  his  S.  Rafael  campaign,  repre- 
sented by  him  as  a  grand  victory,  he  was  completely  outwitted  by  Joa(j.  do 
la  Torre;  and  that  tlie  murder  of  the  Ilaro  brothers  and  Dcrreycsa  is  an  inef- 
faceable stain  on  his  record.  This  deed  F.  and  his  friends  have  chosen  to  ignore 
as  far  as  possible,  alluding  to  it  as  a  trivial  occurrence  incidental  to  a  state  of 
war,  falsely  representing  the  Ilaros  as  spies,  on  whose  bodies  murderous  in- 
structions from  (.,'astro  wci-o  found;  and  finally,  F.  has  the  assurance  to  refer 
to  it  as  the  act  of  his  Delawares  out  ou  a  scout,  unknown  to  him  till  later. 
For  his  part  in  the  concjuest  proper,  fi-otn  July  '-Hi  to  Jan.  '17,  sec  v.  'ilil, 
24()-r.;{,  'JOG-?,  -283,  280-7,  '-"JO,  '20o,  302,  'Mi  5,  .Sr)7-G(),  ;i72-(;,  :!S,-)-410.  412, 
()17,  (J.'!0,  (134,  G.'jO.  At  Mont.,  though  (_'oni.  Sloat  would  not  ado[)t  his  views, 
r.  found  in  Stockton  a  filibuster  after  his  ow  n  heart,  willing  to  incor]M)rato 
the  Gavilan  episode  and  the  Dear  revolt  in  the  sacred  cause  of  the  U.S.  As 
major  of  the  Cal.  battalion,  lie  aided  in  the  occupation  of  S.  Diego  and  Iajs 
Aug.  in  Aug.,  returning  north  as  mil.  com.  of  Cal.  Later  ho  reorganized  tlie 
battalion,  and  marched  south  to  take  part  in  the  hiial  campaign,  concluiled 
by  his  treaty  of  Caluienga  in  Jan.  '47.  In  all  this  period  the  major  and  enm- 
modore  merely  overcame  obstacles  of  their  own  creation,  but  tlie  former  elli- 
eicntly  jicrformedsomewhatdiliicult  duties,  and  merits  but  little  of  the  blamo 
and  derision  heaped  upon  him  for  his  methods  of  obtaining  supplies,  foi'  his 
disastrous  crossing  <if  the  Sta  Ines  Mountain,  and  for  his  cautious  appior.ch 
to  Iais  Aug.  His  policy  at  Caluienga  deserves  no  more  severe  ailjcctivo  than 
the  slangy  one  of 'cheeky.'  Next  we  have  his  proceedings  at  the  cajiital  in 
.);;:!, -May  as  gov.  of  Cal.  by  Stockton's  appointnient,  and  his  connectinn  Vi  ilh 
the  complicated  controversies  of  the  commodore  and  general,  as  related  in  v. 
421-08.  In  general  terms,  it  may  be  sai<l  of  th'se  (juarrels  that  Kearny  was  iu 
tlie  right,  Stockton  in  the  wrong,  and  Fremont  Iirst  right,  then  wrong.  Tlioiigh 
tcchnioally  disobej-ing  mil.  oiders,  F.  could  not,  consistently  with  th'!  honor 
tliat  should  prevail  among  filibusters  as  well  as  thieves,  abandon  the  eliief 
who  had  fathered  his  cause  and  given  him  ollice;  but  at  last  hi^i  disobedieiieo 
was  renewed  in  so  offensive  a  form  as  to  move  Kearny  to  wrath  and  the  fullest 
exercise  of  his  authority.  Crossing  the  continent  in  disgrace,  he  was  eoii- 
denined  by  court-martial  to  dismissal  from  the  arm}-,  v.  4.").")-(!2.  'J'lie  verdict 
was  technically  a,  just  one,  but  the  licut-colonul  refused  to  accept  the  presi- 


FRLIMONT-FRIXK. 


749 


dent's  profforo.l  pardon,  ITo  liatl  just  then  no  fiirthrr  use  for  tlic  army;  tlio 
trial  liad  l)con  a  siilt'iulid  advertisement;  anil  the  jiopular  venlici  liad  donlit- 
k.ss  l>c<n  in  his  favor.  'Jlic  evidence  l)ad  been  slulfiilly  made  to  include  ■■■.a 
mucli  as  j)09«:ilile  of  sneli  (,"al.  annals  as  could  ho  made  tf>  appear  flatteriiv,'  to 
I'le  accused  and  unfavorable  to  his  rivals;  but  if  tiie  accusers  had  had  ii;o 
v.ish  ami  power  to  present  all  the  facts  in  their  true  light,  the  p.  pular  hero's 
career  niiv;ht  have  been  nipped  in  the  bud.  Something  will  l)c  said  in  vol.  vi, 
of  his  later  career  so  far  as  it  pertains  to  Cal. ;  of  the  rest  my  study  has  Ikcu 
comparatively  superlicial;  yet  I  find  no  indicatic)n  of  qualities  not  clearly 
Bh'nvn  in  the  early  record.  In  a  4th  cxplor.  cxped.  of  '48  many  of  his  men 
2itrished  in  the  snow  before  reaching  N.  Me\.,  but  tiie  leader  kept  on  aiul 
readied  C;d.  in  '49.  He  accepted  an  appointment  as  commissioner  of  tlio 
boundary  survey,  hut  l)cforc  beginning  work  was  elected,  in  '50,  to  the  U.  S. 
senate;  from  Cal.,  doing  im  harm  during  his  brief  term  as  senator,  wliicli  ex- 

iiired  in  .Maroh  Til.  In  '5"2.  epciiding  a  year  in  I'^nrope,  he  was  once  put  in  a 
-.ondon  jail  on  charges  growing  out  of  his  Cal.  operations  of  '47.  In  W^-i  iio 
made  a  r»th  and  last  exploring  tonr  across  the  continent  lictween  US"  and  ',VJ'. 
He  had  liought  of  cx-Gov.  Alvarado  in  '4G  the  famous  Mariposas  estate,  wl;ic!i 
now  bade  fair  to  make  liim  the  I'ichest  man  in  America;  and  in  ',")('(  he  waa 
nominated  for  the  presidency  by  the  iTpublieans.  He  had  no  (jualifieatiotis 
for  the  ofRce,  but  it  was  hr.ped,  with  nuich  reason,  that  his  fame  as  'patii- 
fmdcr'and  'conqueror  of  Cal.' would  make  him  an  available  candidate.  At 
this  period  appeared  many  biographic  sketches,  notably  those  of  I'.igelow, 
Sunickcr,  and  Upham.  Defeated  by  Buchanan,  he  lived  a  year  or  two  in  (,'al., 
vi-sited  Europe,  and  in  '01-2  served  in  the  war  as  maj.-gen.  of  volunteers;  but 
the  govt  not  appreciating  his  military  genius,  he  resigned,  aiul  devoted  him- 
self to  grand  schemes  of  speculation  in  connection  with  railroads,  being  tem- 
porarily the  can<lidate  of  a  few  dissatisfied  republicans  for  tlin  presidency, 
and  in  '7>1  sentenced  to  fine  and  imprisonment  for  fraud  by  a  French  court. 
In  'T'^,  when  reduced  to  cxtretue  poverty,  he  was  ap|)ointed  gov.  of  .Arix., 
Bcrving  for  a  brief  tenn,  and  sul)sef|uently  resuming  his  speculations,  whicli 
are  always  on  the  point  of  making  liim  rich.  In  '8.')  he  resides  with  his  wife 
in  N.  V.  City,  a  venerable  couple  with  s(!veral  grown  children.  Fremont  did 
more  than  any  other  to  prevent  or  retard  the  cr)inpiest  of  Cal.,  yet  his  f  iino 
as  'conqueror'  is  the  corner-stone  of  his  greatness,  and  in  all  tlie  structure 
there  are  few  block.s  more  solid.  He  is  to  be  regarded  as  an  adventurer  of 
marvellous  good  fortune,  if  it  be  good  fortune  for  a,  man  of  moderate  abilitii-s 
to  be  made  conspicuous  I,  fore  ths  world,  or  to  enjoy  opporrunities  tliat  can- 
not be  utilized.  He  was,  moreover,  intelligent,  well  educated,  lirilliaiit  within 
certain  limits,  f)f  gentlemaidy  manners,  personal'y  magnetic,  full  of  enthti  n- 
asm.  Aliuso  has  done  nviro  for  him  than  eulogy;  and  doubtless  from  Iiis 
standpoint  he  har<  been  a  successful  man. 

Ficiieh  (Hrasmns  I).).  lS4fl,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons  (v.  rt.V.);  nat  nf  X. 
Y.,  educated  as  a  jihysician,  a  miner  '48-0.  at  S.  .losi''  '50-S,  tiien  at  Cliico 
and  the  (,'oso  mines;  from  '()!>  a  farmer  in  S.  Diego,  where  he  still  lived  in  '.Sii, 
age  (10,  witli  liiswife,  C.S.  Cowles.  ,S'.  I>ri>.  ('«.  Hist.  F.  (H.),  IS);,  lieuton 
tlio  U.S.  ColiivihiiK.  F.  (WniK  bS'27,  Amer.  trader  of  Honolulu  at  Mout.  in 
'-7,  '30;  sup.  of  the  Eiiropi'  in  '.■>(!-7,  aiding  Alvarado  in  liis  rm-ojiilion.  \'ciy 
likely  \  ;sitcd  Cal.  on  other  occasions,  iii.  4()1;  iv.  KKi,  141.  Fieio  (.Mo;. 
W.).  184'J,  Amer.  who  got  a  oarta,  in  ".\'2  ace.  to  one  record;  named  in  (';;!. 
till  '44.  iv.  341.  Fresehe  (Francis),  1S47,  Co.  (!,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4'.)!»  ;  al.S.l'. 
'74.  Froverdon  (Wm).  1.S4S,  doul)tful  name  of  a  lumberman  at  S.  Jo.si'. 
Frew  (Alex.),  IS'28,  trader  on  the  coast;  d.  before '.'?'J. 

Frias  (Mariano),  Mex.  soldier  at  Mout.  '33-0,  age  33.  Friclier  (bill!!), 
1S4'2,  Amer.  blacksmith  at  S.F.,  age  30.  Frink  (Chris.  L.),  :s4S,  at  .M.);it. 
F.  (Daniel),  1S47,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  490);  miner  in  HI  Dorado  "48;  made  a 
trip  to  Chile  and  back;  lumberman  in  Sonoma  Co.  '40-."iO;  later  owner  of  ])uit 
of  Nicasio  ranclio,  Marin  Co.  iv.  Cu'2;  justice  of  the  peiice  and  assoe.  judge; 
memb.  of  Icgisl.  "70;  married  in  ''y'2  to  Fai.line  If.  Reynolds;  living  'S.'l  at 
Mountain  View,  Sta  Clara  Co.,  with  G  children.  Portrait  in  Sla  Clam  Co, 


750 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


ir:M.,  2.-0.  Frisbie  (Eleazer),  1S17,  scrgt  Co.  IT,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  204;  kept  a 
sioii)  at  Sonoma  '4ij-o0;  settled  in  Solano  Co.,  and  lived  at  Vallejo  in  'S2 
uilli  liis  wife,  Carrie  E.  Klink,  and  7  children;  a  brother  of  John  I). 

Frisbie  (John  B.),  1847,  capt.  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  tJ04,  G07;  nat  of  N.Y., 
b.  in  '23;  a  lawyer,  politician,  and  militia  officer  in  N.  Y.  After  leaving  tlio 
mil.  service  Capt.  F.  was  a  candidate  for  lieut-gov.  ia  '40;  married  a  daughter 
of  Gen.  Vallejo;  and  became  a  prominent  business  man  of  the  town  of  Vallejo, 
interested  in  the  building  of  railroads,  president  of  a  bank,  and  a  man  of  con- 
siderable wealth;  in  'GO  sent  the  1st  cargo  of  wheat  to  Europe;  a  member  of 
the  legislature  in  '07.  Losing  his  fortune  just  before  1880,  lie  moved  with  his 
family  t9  Mexico,  where  he  still  resides  in  '83,  being  engaged  in  mining  oper- 
ations. He  furnished  me  his  lieminiscenres,  containing  information  on  Mcx.  as 
well  as  on  early  times  in  Cal.  Portrait  in  Solano  Co.  JJist.,  48.  Fiiund 
(Henry  J. ),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  400);  died  before  '82.  Froelich  (Rosa), 
lfi47,  in  Amador  Co.  from  '54.  Frost  (Lafayette  N.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Worm. 
Bat.  (v.  409);  d.  S.  Diego  Sept.  Fructuoso,  grantee  of  Potrero  do  S.  Carlos 
'37.  iii.  078.  Frymiro  (Walter),  1840,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Fucntcs 
(.Jos(5  M.),  grantee  of  Potrero  '43.  iv.  072.  Fuller  (Hazel),  1832,  Amer.  black- 
smith, deserter  from  the  whaler  Friendn;  still  at  Mont.  '34.  iii.  408. 

Fuller  (John  Casimiro),  1823,  Engl,  sailor  on  the  Rovvr;  prob.  made  other 
visits;  well  known  from  about  '27;  on  Larkin's  books  at  Mont,  from  '33.  Ho 
had  been  baptized  at  S,  Bias,  and  married — apparently  at  Sta  B — to  Concep- 
cion  Avila;  in  '30  at  Mont,  with  wife  and  a  daughter,  born  in  '30  at  the  .Sand- 
wich Isl.  In  '37  he  got  a  lot  at  S.  F.  iii.  705;  v.  078;  but  also  bought  of 
Watson  the  Belfcran  house  at  Mont.,  retransferred  2  years  later;  moved  to  S. 
F.  in  '.38;  had  a  house  there  in  '40.  iii.  009,  078;  being  also  sindico.  iii.  705; 
worked  for  Dawson  at  Sonoma  '30;  in  Farnliam's  list  of  arrested  loi-eigncra 
'40.  iv.  17;  naturalized  '41,  being  also  sindico.  iv.  C05;  from  40  to  45  years 
old  in  '42,  when  ho  had  5  children,  2  of  whom  werj  Concepcion  and  Santiago. 
His  name  appears  often  in  S.F.  records  to  '47,  when  ho  took  part  in  efforts  for 
the  relief  of  the  Donner  party,  v.  539,  and  advertised  that  he  would  not  be  re- 
sponsible for  his  wife's  debts;  and  ho  seems  to  have  died  in  '49.  He  was  a 
butclier  and  cook  well  known  to  all  the  early  traders;  an  alley  in  the  city 
still  bears  his  name;  and  his  widow  and  children  were  still  at  S.F.  in  '03. 

Fuller  (Thos),  1831,  Engl,  carpenter,  landed  sick  at  Mont.,  and  still  thero 
in  '40,  age  34.  iii.  40.5.  F.  (Wm  M.),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  lotat 
S.F. ;  claimant  in  '53  for  a  Marin  Co.  rancho.  iv.  074.  Fulma  (Mores),  IS40, 
came  to  S.  Josd.  IIuU.  Funk  (.John),  1847,  Vo.  B,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  in 
Shasta  Co.  '74;  doubtful  name.  Furbush,  1847,  came  from  Hon.  on  the  Eu- 
])/iemia;  prob.  'Forbush,'  q.v.  Fuster  (Vicente),  1773,  Span,  friar  who 
served  chiefly  at  S.  Diego  and  S.  Juan  Cap.,  dyiiia  in  1800.  See  biog.  i.  057; 
munt.  i.  194-5,  250-3,  200-7,  300,  302,  377,  388,425,458,  575,  577;  ii.  100-10. 

Gabel  (Ludovico),  1843,  German  sailor  from  Boston  on  the  Admittance, 
under  the  name  of  Itobt  Foster,  known  as  'Bob  the  fisherman;'  d.  at  Mont. 
'72,  Stvaii.  Gabriel  (Ralph),  1847,  at  S.F.  to  '70.  Alta.  Gafan  (Ci'irlos  V.), 
1837,  mr  of  the  Veloz  AMurmno.  iv.  100.  Gaitau  (Caj'etano),  at  Jamacha 
rancho  '30.  iii.  Oil.  (J.  (Jos(5  M.),  Mex.  convict  '29-35.  Gajiola  (.)os(5 
Ant.),  sec.  of  ayunt.  at  Mont.  '29.  ii.  012;  clerk  at  Solcdad  '.30.  iii.  090-1; 
sec.  at  S.  J(.s(5  '42-.3.  iv.  084.  G.  (Valentin),  alforez  and  habilitado  at  ilont. 
'45-0.  iv.  052;  v.  41.  Galbraith  (Isaac),  1820,  Amer.  blacksmith  and 
hunter  who  came  with  Jed.  Smith's  party  and  settled  at  San  Gabriel,  ii.  558; 
iii.  15o,  155-0,  158,  100,  170;  a  ci;tck  shot,  and  a  man  of  gigantic  size  and 
ctrength.  I  find  no  record  of  him  after  '29,  when  his  age  was  34.  Galo 
(Jose|>h),  1841-2,  mr  of  the  State  of  Oreifon.  iv.  508.  G.  (Joseph),  1831, 
doubtful  member  of  Young's  party,  iii.  388. 

Gale  (Wm  Alden),  1810,  Boston  trader,  who  Ist  visited  Cal.  as  clerk  on 
tlie  Albatross,  which  did  a  large  business  in  furs  at  the  Farallones.  ii.  93-4. 
In  '22-3  he  came  back  as  sup.  of  the  Sachem,  the  pioneer  in  the  hide  trade 
with  Boston,  ii.  474-5,  478,  492-3,  014.  Again  ho  returned  iu  '25-7,  still  on 


GALE-GAMBLE. 


751 


the  Sachem,  taking  back  as  wife  Marcelinft  Estiidillo,  the  1st  Cul.  woman  to 
visit  tlio  'Inib,'  who  seems  never  to  luive  letunicil  to  Cal.  iii.  24,  C'J,  118, 
148.  Ills  next  trip  v.as  ou  the  LrooLHiir  in  '^D-IiO;  and  his  last  on  tlu'  I'.oxuirt 
'.';2,  when  he  rcniaincil  on  tiie  coast  as  iigc'-it  cf  Bryant  &  Sturgis's  ships  till 
'3u,  getting  a  earta  in  'oS.  iii.  I:i7-H,  14(i,  3S1.  He  clietl  in  Mass.  '41.  llewaa 
a  nioiit  popiihi'-  trailer,  famous  for  the  zeal  witli  wliicli  lie  drove  his  bargains 
in  broken  Spanish.  Uis  most  eomuion  nickname  was  Cuatro  Ojos,  l)y  reason 
of  his  spcctacies;  but  his  name  was  also  translated  into  Tormcnta,  'a  gale;' 
and  he  was  sometimes  called  Cambahiche,  or  'barter.'  (ialente  (l-Lafael), 
1817,  lot  at  S.F.  Gali  (Francisco),  l.")S4,  Span,  voyager  dow  n  the  Cal.  coast. 
i.  04-0.  Caliano  (Dionisio),  17!>-,  Span.  C(;ni.  of  the  Sulil  and  M(.ckawi  in 
an  explor.  exped.  to  Cal.  and  the  N.AV.  Coast;  killed  at  Trafalgar,  i.  4!H). 
500-'J;  sec  also  HIM.  X.  W.  t'omt,  i. 

GaIindo(i$auti8ta),  soldier  at  S.l'\  '."57;  at  S.  Jo8(5'41,age27,  wife  Alvisa  (?) 
Moreno.  G.  (Crisostomo),  at  S.  JosiJ  '41,  age  07,  wife  JaeoLa  Bcrnal, 
child.  Francisco  b.  '24,  Antonio  '2(>,  Josd  '29,  Agustin  'SI,  Juan  ';5'.(.  liis 
daughter  Ana  Marfa  married  J.  A.  Forbes;  and  the  family  lionie  was  at 
Milpitas;  grantee  and  cl.  of  S.  Jos(5  mission  land.  v.  GCii.  The  full  name  was 
Juan  (,'.  Sec  also  Josi5  Jesus  and  Juan.  G.  (Eusebio),  b.  at  S.F.  1802;  sol- 
dier in  S.F.  comp.  '28-'J;  ment.  in  '40.  iv.  23;  jucz  do  paz  at  Sta  Clara  '45. 
iv.  GS;}.  Still  at  Sta  Clara  in  '77,  when  he  gave  me  some  historical  Aintntei, 
G.  (Francisco),  son  of  Crisostomo  or  Jose  Jesus;  in  Alameda  < 'o.  '78.  G. 
(Francisco),  Span,  not  required  to  quit  Cal.  in  '.SO.  iii.  52.  G.  (Jos(j),  sol- 
tUer  of  S.F.  comp.  ';57-4.'{.  iv.  CG7.  G.  (JosC),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '3S-!>. 
G.  (Jos(3  Ant.),  grantee  of  Lacuna de  la  Merced  and  Sauzalito  ';{5.  iii.  7I2-I.'i; 
corp.  S.F.  militia  '37;  killed  Jo.sij  I'eralta  at  S.F.  in  '38.  G.  (Jos(5  de  Jesuu), 
dicil  at  Milpitas  in  '77,  at  the  reputed  age  of  100;  his  son  Francisco  was  then 
a  resid.  of  Oakland;  and  his  daughter  J  nana  was  the  wife  of  Jos6  ^1.  Alviso 
and  later  of  Jos(5  Uridias,  still  living  in  '77.  Jose  Jesus  may  have  becnCrisus- 
toiiio,  q.v.,  whose  age  in  '77  would  have  been  103.  G.  (Juan),  corporal  ia 
S.F.  comp.  '19-2'.);  very  likely  Juan  Crisostomo,  q.v.  G.  (Leandro),  regidor 
at  S.  Josii  '22.  ii.  004;  militiaman  and  elector  at  S.F.  '37.  iii.  705;  lot  at  S.F. 
nii.saiou  '40.  iv.  700;  in  '42  at  S.F.,  ago  55,  wife  Dominga  Alatnan,  child. 
Scfcriiio  b.  '."0,  ^laria  "3.3,  Antonio  '35,  I'rancisco  '38,  Grcgoria  '39,  (ienaro 
'40,  and  Mariano  '41 ;  militia  corporal  '44;  juez  do  campo  and  grantee  of  a  lot 
•40.  V.  043,  084.  G.  (Manuel),  1825,  Span,  officer  on  the  Comtantc  iii.  20. 
G.  (Xasario),  son  of  Leandro;  soldier,  Corp.,  and  ^5ergt  of  S.F.  comp.  '32-43. 
iii.  507,  007,  078;  in  ',">5  near  mission  S.  Joai'',  age  40.  G.  (Nicolas),  settler 
at  S.F.  1701-1800.  i.  710.  G.  (Rafael),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  1797-1800.  i. 
.r>r;'J;  a'.so  '34-7,  perhaps  another  man.  Galista  (.lose  Ant.),  Mex.  clerk  at 
Moi;t.  '30,  a!j;o  50,  wife  Andrea  Jimeno,  child.  Dario  b.  '22  at  Mont.,  Vahiii- 
tia  '24,  DomUila  '27,  Jose  '29,  Felipe  '31,  Maria  G.  '.33,  Jose  Ant.  '30. 

(jallagher  (.fohn),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Voh  (v.  499);  an  Irish  farmer  in  So- 
noma  Co.  '71-83,  when  he  was  at  Bodega.  Gallant  (Victor),  184(),  ('o.  E, 
Cal.  Bat.  (v.  .■J58),  enlist,  at  Sonoma,  Oct.  Gallaido  (Aiiastasio),  Mex.  con- 
vict '29-35.  G.  (Felix),  at  Los  Aug.  '3(i.  iii.  491;  and  '40.  v.  312;  2  of  tlio 
name  in '40.  G.  (.lose  Ant.),  a  !-ettltr  at  Brancif.  1797.  i.  509.  (i.(.Iuai)), 
sohlier  killed  by  Ind.  at  the  Colorado  1781.  i.  .'159-02.  vJ.  (.luaii),  ilex, 
shoemaker,  and  leader  in  the  Apaliitegui  revolt  of  '35.  iii.  2S2-0;  still  at  Los 
Ang.  to  '40,  when  he  was  alcalde,  iii.  .'i04,  504;  v.  50,  143,  025-0;  claimant  in 
'52  for  land  granted  '38.  (!.  (Rafael),  at  Los  Ang.  from  '30;  juez  do  paz  '43. 
iv.  0.'13;  regidor  '47.  v.  020.  G.  (Simon),  at  Los  Ang.  '48.  (iailego  (Car- 
los), settler  ou  the  Colorado,  kilkd  1781.  i.  3.")9-02.  "G.,  trader  forbidden  to 
hold  rallies  1798.  i.  042.  (!.  (I'ablo),  at  Sonoma  '44,  age  35.  (ialle<rcs, 
drowned  at  Sta  B.  '.'10.  ii.  .'■)70.  Galu8ha(Flon  A.),  1817,  Co.  F,  X.V.Vol. 
(v.  499);  d.  at  Rochester,  X.Y.,  before 'S3.  Galway  (.James),  1847  (''),  said  to 
have  come  with  his  parents  at  the  ago  of  5;  page  in  the  convention  of  '49; 
with  Walker  in  Nic. ;  licut  in  war  of  '01-5;  etlitor  of  Sta  Cruz  Journal;  d.  ia 
'70.  Sla  Clara  \ewH,  Sept.  24,  '70. 

Gamble  (Wm),  1841,  a  young  naturalist  sent  out  from  Phil,  by  Nuttall  to 


!  I!" 


isst 


PIONEER  REGIoTER  AND  INDEX. 


'Hi 


collect  specimens;  caino  from  N.  Mcx.  in  tlio  Workman  pnrty.  iv.  27P'-0. 
Ijcing  (inimcially  crippled,  lie  was  employed  liy  Com.  Jones  in  '42  as  clcik  oa 
t'lo  (  i/niic,  and  perhaps  went  away  ou  tliat  vessel;  in  '44  at  Callao;  said  by 
Given  to  have  ret.  to  Cal.  about  '4!».  G.  (Win  M.),  1845,  mid.  on  the  U.  S. 
Portsmouth.  Ganion  (Jose  M.),  1844,  nir  of  the  Trinidad,  iv.  509.  G. 
(Tiioa),  18'JO,  at  Mont.  Gandara  (Pedro),  apparently  a  clerk  of  Pcdrorona 
'40-1.  Gann  (Nicholas),  1847,  overl.  iminig.  with  wifo  Ruth,  to  >»hom,  in 
camp  at  .Stockton,  Oct.,  was  born  the  1st  child  la  S.  Joaq.,  named  Wm;  at 
Gilroy  '79-82.  Gannon  (Thos),  1847,  Co,  F,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  Sta  B. 
'55.       Ganscvoort  (Stanwix),  1845,  mid.  on  U.S.  PortHtnoulh. 

Gantt  (.John),  1843,  member  of  the  Chiles- Walker  immij;.  party,  iv.  ."JOS- 
4,  400.  In  earlier  times  said  to  have  been  an  ofliccr  in  tiie  U.S.  army.  Capt. 
G.  commanded  Sutter's  force  in  Micheltorcna's  service  '44-.">;  and  after  the 
campaign  made  a  contract  to  attack  Ind.  horse-thieves  for  a  share  of  the  re- 
covered animals,  iv.  480,  48.5-G,  50G-7,  510-17,  54.'}.  In  Sept.  '40  Bryant 
found  him  ill  at  Dr  Marsh's  rancho,  and  it  is  likely  that  sickness  prcvciittd 
his  taking  part  in  the  troubles  of  '40-7.  In  '47  he  wrote  from  Sonoma  asking 
an  ap]iointmcut  as  sub-Ind.  agent,  and  from  Yount's  place  in  Napa,  proposing 
to  build  a  saw-mill  on  his  'mountain  tract;'  in  '48  ui  linn  G.  &  Ilannah  at 
Napa;  in  '49  mining  on  Feather  River;  died  in  Nai^a  Val.  later  in  '49. 

(Jaraycoechea  (Jose:-),  at  S.  F.  1795.  i.  700.  GarccTs  (Francisco  T.  II.), 
1774,  Span,  friarof  Qucr6taro  college,  and  missionary  in  Sonorafrom '08;  ■witli 
Anza  in  his  exped.  to  Cal.  1774-0;  the  1st  to  explore  the  Tulare  valley  and 
tJie  route  f rom  Mojave  to  S.  Gabriel;  later  missionary  at  the  Colorado  pueblos, 
where  he  was  killed  by  the  Ind.  in  17S1.  i.  '221-3,  258-02,  273-8,  354-07, 
573.  and  list  of  auth.  ii.  4.3-4. 

Garcfa  (Anastasio),  a  desperado  who  killed  Joaq.  de  la  Torre  and  several 
other  men  in  the  Sta  B.  region  ^oo.  G.  (Anselmo),  at  .S.  JoS(5  '47.  G. 
(Antonio),  at  Los  Ang.  '40.  G.  (Bernardino),  son  of  Francisco,  age  19  in 
'41,  when  ho  enlisted  in  the  S.F.  comp.  at  Sonoma,  iv.  007.  He  was  the  des- 
perado, '  Four-fingered  Jack,'  who  killed  Cowie  and  Fowler  in  '40.  v.  101-2; 
also  meat,  at  Natividad.  v.  370;  Cal.  claim  of  .^1,375;  I  think  he  was  hanged 
in  later  years.  G.  (Bibiaua  Romero  dc),  widow  at  J.  Jose  '41,  ago  21,  child. 
Jos(5  Ant.  b.  '34,  Francisco '30.  G.  (Bruno),  settleratLos  Ang.  1790.  ii.  350. 
G.  (Carlos),  ditto  1813.       G.  (Carmen),  Cal.  claim  §2,1,52  (v.  402). 

Garcia  (Diego),  1787,  Span,  friar,  who  served  chiefly  at  S.F.  and  retired  in 
'97.  Biog.  i.  713;  ment.  i.  388,  474,  40S-.500,  .575,  577.  G.  (Dionisio),  Mex. 
sold,  at  Mont.  '30,  age  37;  owner  of  S.  F.  lots  '39^0.  v.  070,  082.  G. 
(Kugenio),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  '32.  G.  (Faustiuo),  at  Mont.  '47.  G.  (Felipe), 
Span.  sold,  of  the  Mont.  oomp.  before  17S0;  had  a  garden  at  Mont,  about 
1815.  ii.  209;  his  wife  was  Pctr.a  Lugo  (or  Riucon),  and  they  had  20  children. 
G.  (Fe'.ipc  Santiago),  rcgidor  at  Los  Ang.  1789-90.  i.  401;  perhaps  same  asj 
preceding,  G,  (Felipe  Santiago),  son  of  preceding,  b.  at  Mont.  1782;  in  '35, 
40,  jucz  dc  campo.  iii.  074;  v.  037;  in  '30  at  Mont.,  wife  Jacinta  Fernandez, 
Jesus  b.  '22,  Antouia  '25,  Manuel  Estijvan  '27,  Encarnauion 
gave  Taylor,  Dlsfov.  and  Founder-',  ii.  25,  his  recollections; 
Cal,  claim  in  '40  of  $1,042  (v.  402);  still  living  after  '00.  G.  (Felipe),  in  Los 
Aug.  region  '40,  ago  25.  G.  (Francisco),  maj.  at  Sta  B.  1811-1820.  ii.  .304. 
G.  (Francisco),  Span,  invalido  of  Sta  B.  comp.  in  '28-9,  age  00.  iii.  51.  G. 
(Fruai'Isco),  soldier  of  S.  F.  '34-,").  («.  (Francisco),  Mcx.  at  Mont.  '30,  ago 
34,  wifo  Josefa  Gonzalez,  child.  Bernabi5  1).  '23,  Pedro  '25,  Jo8(5  '20,  Epitacio 
'28,  Lugarda  '30,  Bonifaeia  '31,  Maria  Jesus  '33,  Micaela  '.34;  grantee  of 
rauchoM  in  Mont,  and  iSta  Clara  '42,  '45.  iv.  0.55, 073;  juez  at  S.  Feliciano  '4."»- 
C;  iv.  02.5,0.34,  037.  Cal.  claims  of  814,025  and  .?2, 170  in  '40-7.  (v.  402);  .still 
in  Mont.  Co.  '50.  G.  (Francisco),  at  Los  Ang  '415.  G.  (Francisco),  one  of 
the  Jiuk  Fowcrs  gang  hanged  near  S.  Luis  Ob.  about  '55;  ment.  in  '40.  v.  102; 
perhaps  confounded  with  Bernardino.  G.  (G.ibriel),  at  the  S.  Pascual  light 
40.  v.  3.VJ;  a  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  '37.  t!.  (Ililarion),  maj.  at  S.  Diego 
'30.  ii.  549;  alfcjrez  at  Sta  B.  ".39-40.  iii.  583;  iv.  042;  v.  35. 

Garcfa  (Inocente),  son  of  Felipe,  b.  at  Los  Aug.  1791;  soldier  in  Mont. 


child.  .Tosi!  dc 
'29.   In  '54  he 


CARCIA-GAREOLO. 


7S3 


comp.  from  1807,  scn-ing  in  tlic  oscolta  of  S.  iligucl  and  Solcdail;  from  '13 
trader  and  sfvap-uiukcr;  nuij.  of  S.  .Juan  B.  ''2'2-'i.  ii.  G'24;  mcnt.  at  Moiit.  '"JS- 
30.  ii.  Cl'2;  ill.  41;  took  p;irt  in  Alvarado'a  revolt  of  '30,  and  in  Ind.  expcd, 
of  '.37-9.  iii.  4o7,  4G0.  4(i!);  iv.  7.');  admin,  of  S.  Migui.l  '37-4.1.  iii.  Sof),  .')S7, 
G>S."»;  iv.  Ii.")!);  arrested  liy  Friimont  '4(].  v.  375-0.  He  went  to  tlic  miiios  in  'IS; 
and  for  years  supposed  himself  to  be  owner  of  a  ratieho  near  S.  Luis  Ob.,  bi'.t 
lost  it.  His  wife  was  ^lai'ia  del  (.'arnien  Ifamirez,  and  there  were  many  e!iil- 
(Inn.  In  '78  living  at  S.  Luis  in  poverty,  strong  in  body  and  mind,  thor.g'i  fS 
years  old,  and  of  good  lepute.  Il<;  gave  me  his  lluho't  Uistorlro'i,  a  MS,  full 
of  interesting  details  of  the  old  soldier's  life  and  observations,  ii.  '23_*,  :'."S-9, 
3S(i.  Ju  '85  I  have  not  heard  of  las  death.  V>.  (Jacinto),  soldier  at  li.F. 
'-'7-40.       ().  (Jesus),  at  Los  Aug.  '40.       ii.  (Joai].),  sent  to  .Mex.  '.'lO.  iii.  !^".. 

(jareia  (Jose),  KSOO,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  ."S.  Luis  Key,  anil  retired  i:i 
1808.  Uiog.  ii.  108;  ment.  i.  .'>77;  ii.  l">!)-«0.  <i.  (Jose),  .settler  at  Lo.!  A':g. 
J8U8,  ii.  .'i.'iO.  (!.  (Jose),  soldier  at  S.l''.  ''iS-S.'l.  <!.  (.lose),  sent  v.a  prisunr 
to  Sonora '37.  iii.  038.  (!.  (Jose'),  eame  in  '30  from  .S.  Amer. ;  flogged  f.)r 
forgery  at  Tdimt.  '37:  elcik  at  S,  ,Ios(5  '41 -"J.  iv.  0S4-5;  ment.  in  '40.  v.  ;">_']; 
said  to  have  been  killed  at  Xatividad.  v.  37-.  O.  (Jose  Ant.),  1st  death  at 
Sta  Clara,  i.  .300.  Ci.  (.Josi?  Ant.),  petitioner  for  l.inds  for  N.  Me.v.  coloiiy 
'4.').  iv.  .")72,  0.'>5,  037.  <!.  (Josii  Dolores),  ment.  at  Stall.  '48,  in  eon.  v.iLii 
the  (,'anon  I'ei'dido.  v.  588.  (J.  (.lose  K,),  son  of  Joso  Maria,  worked  at  Sta 
]J.  for  Capt.  Kobbins  '45;  served  under  (.'arrillo  and  Flores  '40.  v.  400;  took 
part  in  hilling  the  cannon  in  "48;  and  in  '78  gave  me  hisi;';/(.sO(//o-.'.  tJ.  ( losiS 
Manuel),  lots  at  S.F.  '30.  (J.  (.lose  Maria),  nat.  of  Sonora,  of  Span,  parent- 
age; si'ndico  at  Sta  li.  '31-'2.  iii.  0.'>3,  'Jl'i;  maj.  and  admin,  of  Sta  l>.  '34-0. 
iii.  340,  3r)3.  0.')7-S;  alcalde  in  "34.  iii.  054.  Jlis  wife  was  Maria  Ant.  Ayala. 
(1.  (.Jose  Miguel),  militiaman  at  S.F.  '37;  at  S.  Jose  '41,  ago  "21,  wife  lEafacIa 
Miranda,  child,  (juadalupo  b.  '30.  G.  (.lose  Xorbcrto),  murdered  at  S.  Juaii 
]{.  '44.  iv.  002.  (.;.  (Juan),  soldier  at  S.F.  1707-1800.  i.  .550.  (i.  (.Juan), 
soldier  at  Mont.  '30,  age  -0.  (t.  (Juan  and  .luan  Jose),  at  Los  Ang.  '40. 
<i.  (Juan  ]}.),  soldier  of  S.  F.  comp.  '34-42.  (i.  (Julian),  at  Los  Ang.  '40; 
S.  Luis  Ob.  '.-)8.  (!.  (Luis),  at  Brancif.  '.'iO.  ii.  ()27;  at  S.  Joso  '41,  age  28. 
<J.  (Lu/.),  coniisionado  at  Brancif.  '!,'>.  ii.  300;  invalido  '28,  wife  Rosalia  Vax- 
(piez,  child.  Rulino,  Antonio,  Jose  ]\Iaria. 

Oarcia  (M.),  grantee  of  S.  Miguel  raneho  '40.  v.  037.  O.  (Manuel),  1822, 
mr  of  the  S.F.  <f,>  Paula,  ii.  457,  474.  O.  (Manuel),  at  Los  Aug.  "40.  (J. 
(Marcelino),  1844,  one  of  the  Ikit.  lijo.  iv.  280,  405;  in  '77  at  Salinas  City, 
wheie  he  gave  me  his  A/iini/c  mbrc  Mirlultorcini.  <!.  (Matias  and  Miguel), 
at  Los  Ang.  '40.  (!.  (M.iximot,  soldier  of  the  piijucte  de  Hidalgo  at  Mont. 
'30,  ag(!  45.  (i.  (.Miguel),  grantee  of  S.  Miguel  '4(i.  (!.  (Xorbcrto),  at  Sa- 
linas '3(!,  uge  35,  wife  .Maria  Victoria  (Jf)mez,  child.  Maria  Francita  b.  '20, 
Rita  '23,  JoKi'!  '25,  .hian  .lose  '28,  (iuadahipo  "31,  Teodora  '34.  (i.  (I'ascual), 
soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  "37.  (r.  (Pa-scual),  at  L;i.  Brea  '.'iO,  age  40,  wife  Juli- 
ana Sanchez.  (J,  (I'edro),  1842,  licut  of  the  batallon  lijo.  iv.  3'i9.  (L 
(I'edro  lionzalez),  armorer  and  instructor  1702-5.  i.  015,  084.  (4.  (Rafael), 
soldier  of  S.  F.  comp.  '2.'i-3r>;  at  S.  Rafael  "24.  ii.  598;  grantee  of  Taiiiiilea 
nnd  ISaulinas  '30.  iii.  713;  grantee  of  land  in  Mendocino  '44.  iv.  072;  raid  on 
the  Ind.  '4.5.  iv.  .541.  070.  He  died  in  '00  in  Marin  Co.,  age  75.  (!.  (R;;fae!), 
at  Los  Ang.  '40;  soldier  at  Sta  B.  '.'i2.  (!.  (Ramon),  at  S.  Jose  '41,  iige  27. 
(J.  (Beyes),  in  piquetc  de  Hidalgo  at  Mont.  '30.  (r.  (Rosalio),  .son  of  Felipe; 
Went  to  Chili  to  avoid  mil.  seivicc.  C  (Salvador),  Span,  .sailor  of  the  .l>/«; 
lem.  in  Cal.  iii.  51-2.  G.  (Tomds).  soldier  at  SUi  B.  before  '37.  G.  (Tri- 
lion),  grantee  of  A.tiisc.adero  '42.  iv.  055. 

(iarcia  Diego  (Francisco),  1833,  Mcx.  friar  of  the  Zaciitcc.inos,  who  served 
nt  Sta  Clara  to '35,  being  prefect  of  the  northern  ndssions,  and  in  '41  eamo 
back  as  bishop  of  Cal.,  dying  in  '40.  Biog.  v.  0.32-3;  ment.  iii.  318-24,  :'.2S- 
30,  338,  .347-8,  .351-2,  720;  iv.  0.3-.5,  10.>-0.  219,  .332-8,  .372-4,  424-7,  510, 
f).>4,  50.5,  010,  040.  Gard  (Clias  and  John),  I84S,  at  ilont.  Gardner  (Geo. 
W.),  1844,  nirof  the  XaiiturLrf.  iv.  507.  G.  (Wyman),  1840,  at  Mont.  (?). 
G.,  1848,  worked  for  John  Williama  ou  Buttts  Cr.  Gareolo  (X'aleutiu),  licut 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  III.    48 


784 


nONEER  REGISTER  AND  IXDEX. 


in  Cal.  '45  (?).  Garfina  (Manuel),  1842,  Mex.  lieut  in  the  batallon  fijo  '42-5. 
iv.  289;  grantee  of  S.  IVcual  '43.  iv.  (j:15;  rem.  in  Cn\.,  and  took  part  in  the 
war  against  the  U.S.  '415-7,  going  to  Mex.  with  Horos.  iv.  513;  v.  41,  4'»,  .IIG, 
oOl,  407.  Ho  came  back  to  Cal.,  and  was  county  treasurer  of  Los  Aug.  '.lO-l; 
in  later  yiars  U.S.  con.sul  at  Mai^atlan,  where  ho  still  lived,  perhaps,  in  '77. 
(J.  (Salvador),  Span,  at  S.  Juso  '41,  age  41,  wife  Crecencia  Cibrian,  cliihl.  Sal- 
viulor  1..  ."^l,  Ascension  '3!j,  Jos6  Jcsus,  '34,  Felicidad  '29,  Encarnacion  '.{0, 
Carmon  ".iS,  Joscfa  '40.  Guribay  (Gertrudis),  accused  of  murder  at  Mont. 
';14.  iii.  G7:i.  Garner  (Philip),  1847,  Go,  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  4G9).  G.  (U.), 
18^8,  landed  at  Sta  B.  (?).  G.  (Wni  A.),  1847,  ditto,  made  bricks  and  dug 
a  well  at  S.  Diego. 

Canier  (Win  Robert),  1824,  nat.  of  London,  b.  in  1803,  who  deserted  fioin 
an  English  v.lialcr  at  Sta  B.,  the  date  being  often  given  as  '20.  ii.  52(i.  In  '29 
lie  was  refused  naturalization;  in  '31  married  a  daughter  of  Maimcl  Butron; 
in  '32  joined  the  coinp.  extranjera  at  Mont.  iii.  221.  Ho  was  a  luniberninn, 
and  appears  on  Larkin's  books  from  '33;  in '3G-7  was  a  lieut  of  (iiahaiirs 
comp.  in  Alvarado's  service,  iii.  458-9,  512;  and  in  '39  was  naturalized,  then 
living  at  S.  Juan  B.  His  part  in  the  Graham  afiair  of  '40  is  recorded  in  iv.  ;"- 
G,  10,  12,  21,  27,  he  being  the  man  who  revealed  the  plot  of  Graham  and  his 
r..ssociatc'S.  It  is  not  quite  clear  whether  ho  simply  acted  in  good  faith  a.s  a 
ilex,  citizen,  was  prompted  by  hostility  to  G.,  or  was  entrapped  by  C'a.s'.ro 
into  confession  for  self-protection.  Continuing  his  lumber  business  for  a  feu- 
years,  in  '44-8  he  kept  a  boarding-houso  at  Mont.,  being  also  at  times  (.Icik, 
policeman,  translator,  auctioneer,  and  alcahle's  sec,  besides  serving  appar- 
ently in  the  campaign  against  Micheltorena.  iv.  495;  v.  037.  He  went  to  tiia 
mines  with  Colton,  and  with  his  sons  made  several  mining  trips,  and  then 
movod  to  S.  Luis  Ob.,  from  v.'hich  point,  in  '49,  ho  made  an  expcd.  aj:aiii;  t 
the  Ind.  of  the  interior  and  was  killed  with  G  of  his  men.  His  son  Jusi5  C,  b. 
about  '32,  in  a  letter  of  '75,  gave  me  some  information  about  his  father;  i\ls(j 
to  tlio  S.  JoHd  Pion.  of  '78,  when  he  lived  at  S.  Josi5,  as  he  does  still,  perhaps, 
in  '85.  In  their  anger  at  the  affair  of  '40,  Graham  and  his  friends  accused  Gar- 
ner not  only  of  treachery  in  that  matter,  but  of  having  been  an  Australian 
convict,  murderer,  and  desperado;  but  in  the  absence  of  proofs,  it  h  will  to 
judge  the  man's  character  by  his  Cal.  record,  which  is  in  every  respect  bitter 
tiiau  that  of  his  accusers.  He  is  said  to  have  been  of  a  good  family,  and  was 
an  intelligent  man  of  some  education.       Garnica  del  'Castillo,'  q.v. 

Garra,  Ind.  chief  at  I'auma  '40.  v.  5G7-8.  Garralcta  (Antonio),  clerk  at 
Sta  B.  mission  '39.  iii.  G57.  G.  (Jos6  Ant.),  lieut  of  the  frontier  comp., 
sometimes  visiting  S.  Diego;  killed  in  '41  by  his  'wife.  iv.  GIO.  Garrick 
(Peter),  1S34,  Engl,  carpenter  at  ilont.  in  Spear's  service;  written  Gari-uk 
and  (iarreuk.  Gorriger  (Solomon),  1840,  Co.  E,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  .358),  enlisting 
at  X.  Helv.  Oct.  Garter  (David),  1848,  doubtful  name.  Garuc  (Wm), 
1831,  nat.  of  Sto  Domingo,  from  Hon.;  cooper  at  Los  Aug.  '.30.  iii.  412. 

Gasquct  (Louis),  1845,  French  consul  at  Mont.  '45-7.  iv.  3S5,  587,  590;  v. 
34,  GO,  232-3,  3(54.  Gastelum  (Francisco  J.),  at  Los  Aug.  '39-45.  Caten 
(11.),  184G,  Co.  B,  artill.,  Cal.  liat.  (v.  358).  Gautier  (Julian),  1843,  d.  at 
i.os  Aug.;  his  widow  at  Sonoma,  Dec.  Gavitt  (John),  1847,  lot  at  S.  F. 
Gay  (Geo.),  1832,  Engl,  deserter  from  a  whaler,  iii.  408;  went  to  Or.  in  '35, 
and  came  Ijack  in  '37  in  the  cattle  expcd.  iv.  85;  see  Hist.  Or.,  i.  98. 

Gcddes  (I'aul),  sec  Green  (Talbot  H.).  Gehringcr  (Ardrew),  1847,  Co. 
H,  N.  Y.Vol.  (T.  499);  miner  in  '48-50;  Sta  Clara  farmer  '51-G3;  in  '03-83 
near  Concord,  Contra  Costa.  Geiger  (Wm),  1841,  N.Y.  teacher,  ago  24, 
V  ho  came  from  Hon.  on  tho  llios  iWLitis.  iv.  104,  509;  later  in  the  year  at 
K.  Helv.  Gelabert  (Wm),  1840,  Span,  in  U.S.N. ;  settled  later  at  Stockton, 
where  ho  died  in  '82,  leaving  a  wife  and  3  children.  Gclston  (Roland),  1847, 
mr  of  tho  Whiton,  and  a  S.  F.  merchant  of  G.  &  Co.  in  '47-9;  owner  of  town 
lot  and  building;  in  '53  claimant  for  lands  in  Sac.  and  S.F.  v.  581,  070,  C78, 
C83.  Gcndreau  (Francois),  1S44,  Canadian  in  Sutter's  employ  '45-8;  com. 
of  an  Ind.  comp.  in  '40.  iv.  453;  v.  300.  He,  or  hia  son  Joseph,  w.is  in  the  2d 
Donuer  relief  '47.  v.  C40.  His  wife  was  a  Walla  Walla  Ind.,  and  their  child 


GENDREAU-GILDERT. 


(.,j 


nek 
I'uk 

tiiij,' 
.  m), 

V. 

iitcn 

lit 

V. 

'3u, 


;oni. 
'A 
laid 


was  l)uneil  nt.S.  Josi5  Mission  in  Pec.  '44.  His  name  is  oft;'n  vnttc;i  Gc'::(li;i;i, 
CJcndron,  Ucaiulrcau,  and  I'Vin  Jondro,  (Jcnks,  lS4(i,  iiaiiicd  iit  N.  llil\-. 
Gcnliug  (Joaquin),  doubtful  name  of  a  juez  in  Mont.  dist.  iv.  G."3.  llciim  n 
(Joiin),  1S47,  na'ucd  l)y  Lancoy  as  n  member  of  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (luiua 
y  Aguirio  (Lcrniin),  KM7-1>S,  sup.  of  tlio  Ilcrmoaa  Mixkaiia,  ii.  •JS'J-S,  Al\. 
lieor^'c  (J.),  1848,  from  Hon.  on  tho  JnHnii. 

(icraido  (Rafael),  maj.  at  Sta  B.  1TU3-4.  ii.  120.  Gcrko  (Heniyl,  IS47, 
German  immig.  at  N.  Helv.  and  S.F.  in  Oct.  v.  ooO;  lot  owner  at  iS.F.  '41-S. 
V.  (jr^tJ;  later  a  well-known  vineyardist  in  Teliama  Co.,  v.heru  lie  still  lived  in 
'80.  Gcnnaii  (Antonio),  jncz  do  campo  at  La  Urea  and  grantee  of  Juristuo, 
iii.  074,  070,  711-1'-,  being  TjO  years  old  in  '.'!(!.  wife  Jlana  do  la  J.iiz  IVi:;!, 
cliild.  Antonio  b.  '18,  Juan  '20,  Josi;  '22,  Luis  '24.  In  caily  times  he  Jiail  1m  i  ;i 
a  soldier  at  Sta  B.  G.  (Cayetano),  at  Los  Ang.  '40;  el.  for  the  ranclio  in  ''>:i. 
G.  (Fauslino),  brother  of  Antonio,  at  Mont.  '20.  ii.  012;  ji;cz  do  campo  '31, 
'35.  iii.  072,  074;  grantee  with  Ant.  of  Juristac  '.'{.').  iii.  712;  in  '.'JO  at  La 
]>rca,  age  48,  wife  Marfa  Ant.  Garcia,  ago  40.  Fuustino,  like  his  brother,  lo--t 
all  his  land  under  tho  manipulations  of  Amcr.  sliarpcrs,  and  died  in  poveity 
at  S.  Juan  in  '83,  at  the  ago  of  Q'>,  leaving  his  widow,  aged  87,  but  no  oliil- 
drcn.  G.  (John),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  AKS).  G.  (Jnan),  vccino 
of  S.  Diego,  killed  in  '20.  ii.  r)4y.  G.  (JosiJ  do  los  Santos),  sou  of  Antu;;io, 
b.  at  Sta  B.  '23;  in  '78  at  Tres  Finos,  S.  Benito  Co.,  engaged  in  rai.<ing  eiittlo 
with  his  brother  Luis  0.  German.  Tiio  two  gave  mo  their  rccolkctioiis  of  Cal- 
iforniau  iSnccsof,  which,  on  several  points,  have  jiroved  valuable  mi'.terinl  fir 
history,  iv.  3.'>t),  403;  v.  107.  G.  (Manuel),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  i)e!oro  '.'!7;  at 
Los  Ang.  '30-48.  Geronimo,  Ind.  alcalde  at  Soleilad  '20.  ii.  023.  Gerva- 
Bio  (Jose),  soldier  of  S.  F.  conip.  '37-42.  Ccssen,  1845,  a  German  in  tlie 
Eoiitii.  iv.  490.  Gettinger  (I'eter),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  r.I>). 
Geurron  (J.A.),  1840,  Co.  G.  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  3oS).  Gholston  (Wni  (.'.),  \bW, 
Co.  K,  1st  dragoons;  killed  at  S.  Pascual.  v.  340. 

Gibbins,  1840,  at  Mont.  Gibbon  (L.),  1841,  mid.  on  U.  S.  St  Lonl^. 
Gibbs  (John),  1845,  overl.  immig.  of  tho  Grigsby-Iilo  party,  iv.  r)7ii,  587;  of 
eonimitteo  rcpres.  tho  inmug.  before  Castro,  iv.  000;  prob.  of  tho  J tears,  v. 
110;  settled  in  Napa;  at  N.  Helv.  Xov.  '47.  G.,  1845,  Amcr.  at  Br.uicif., 
ago  40.  Gibson,  1842,  purser  with  Com,  Jones,  iv.  308.  G.  (Il'natio 
dates),  1847-8  (?),  lieut  in  3d  U.S.  artill.;  at  S.  Diego,  S.F.,and  other  (loints 
i:i  Cal.  to  '01;  colonel  in  war  of  '01-5;  in  '77  in  com.  of  Fort  Warilswoith,  X. 
v.;  ]ircsident  of  eastern  assoc.  of  pioneers.  I  find  no  original  record  of  sn'i 
au  ollicer  before '49.  G.  (Joseph),  1831,  Amer.  trapperauil  tailor  ot  'llu- 
quiusor'  (Arkansas!),  from  X.  Mex.  with  Jackson  or  Wolfskill.  iii.  3S7.  40."; 
nt  1.03  Ang.  and  S.  I'edro '34-0;  44  yearsold  in  '30  and  single.  G.  (Maiiuul, 
1845,  Amcr.  farmer  from  Or.  in  tho  McM.-Clyman  ]iarty.  iv.  572,  5>s7;  in  tho 
mines  with  Job  Dye  '48;  died  at  a  date  net  recorded.  G.  (Samuel),  1S4.'), 
Amer.  immig.  from  Or.,  pr-)b.  in  tho  McM.-Clyman  part}',  and  possibly  iden- 
tical with  tho  preceding,  iv.  578,  587.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  pro- 
ceedingaof  tho  Bears,  l)eing  sergt.  v.  110,  153,  103-4,  108;  went  south  wiili 
Fri^niont,  remainiug  with  Gille.spio  at  Los  Ang.  and  S.  Diego,  ranking  r..s  capt. 
in  tho  Cal.  Bat.,  woun<Icd  at  S.  I'ascual,  raid  serving  under  Stockton  in  ti.e 
final  campaign,  v.  320-7,  340,  343-7,  300,  380,  4.34.  lu  '48  he  mi:iid  ( :i 
Feather  Eiver  in  partnership  with  G.l*.  Swift,  and  was  drowned  in  tho  winter 
of  '4S-9.  Bhlncll.       G.  (Thos),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  409). 

GilTord  (James),  1840,  applicant  for  timlier-land  near  S.  Diego.  Gift 
(Geo.  W.),  1848,  uat.  of  'I'enn.;  mid.  on  tiio  U.S.  St  Manj;  left  navy  in  '52; 
banker  at  Sac.  from  '55;  lieut  in  eonfed.  navy  from  '01;  new.sp.ipcr  man  at  S. 
Rafael  and  Napa  till  his  death  in  '79,  leaving  a  wife  and  4  children.  (iii  y 
Taboada  (Luis),  1801,  Mex.  friar  of  S.  Fern.  C(jllege,  who  served  at  many 
missions,  being  founder  of  S.  Rafael,  and  died  nt  S.  Luis  Ob.  '3.3.  Bio'.'.  iii. 
OSO-l,  ment.  ii.  29,  121,  131,  i;!5,  137,  159,  329-30,  337,  351,  355,  .304,'^3G(i, 
387,  394,  425,  502,  G18,  023,  025,  027,  055.  Gilbert  (Albert),  1830,  from  N. 
JIcx.  to  buy  cattle;  in  trouble  v.ith  the  authorities;  M'ent  to  Hon.  on  the 
Voluulecr  in  '32. 


756 


riONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


flilliert  (Eilwurd),  1S47,  N.Y.  printor,  ami  licut  Co.  11,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  ."04. 
"ilo  iiiiide  !i  census  of  S.F.  and  wroio  an  uiticlo  on  tin:  town  imldislicd  in  Vho 
/•jidf.  V.  (ilT,  ').')(i;  was  a  cundidatf  foi'akiilde,  and  dcclini  d  llic  collcctor.^liip. 
V.  .')7.">,  fi.VJ,  O'iJ);  hut  seeuw  to  liave  acted  iia  (JolU'Ctor  Eolsoni'.s  deinity.  Ho 
t'lok  a  prominent  jait  IVom  '48  in  pnlilic  airaii>;  was  liditor  of  tiic  Alto,  from 
i;s  rcgiiming  in  Jan. '1!*.  v.  (I."i!);  was  a  nienilier  of  t!io  eiin.stit.  convention; 
(ind  in  Nov.  '4U  was  elected  aa  tlic  1st  eonpt'essnmn  from  Cal.  One  of  his  edi- 
tniial  article's  drew  out  a  letter  wliich  led  liini  to  eliallengu  (Jen.  Jas  W. 
Denver,  liy  wlioin  lie  was  killed  in  a  iluel  near  Sac.  in  \'>'2  at  tlio  age  (jf  ■'!.'?. 
He  was  ret;ardcd  as  a  man  of  unusual  ability  and  iindiiise.  (J.,  KS4S,  at 
Mont.;  of  lirni  Newell,  Rrady,  it  ().  <i.  (.lanie.s),  i6i'>,  at  N.Helv.  in  Sut- 
U  r's  SLivlce  '4.V(J.  C.  (.lolni),  1,S47,  Co.  I  >,  Morin.  ]5at.  (v.  40!)).  ( !.  ( Wni), 
1S4(),  said  to  have  been  steward  on  the  U.S.  Snvninidh;  at  Stockton  '7U. 

<iilehri.'st  (I'Mwurd),  KSHi,  surgeon  on  the  ('oiiijirM  and  ('i/mic;  justice  of 
tlie  ]:cacc  at  .\iont. ;  acted  as  ,surg.  of  the  Cal.  iJat.  v.  2.'>1,  'Mt],  (VMS.  (iil- 
(lea  (W'ni  JJ.»,  184."i,  Anier.  physician  who  came  overl.  in  the  .Swasey-Todd 
l^arty;  died  at  N.Uelv.  Jan.  '40.  iv.  i")70,  .^)80,  ,''xS7.  <iili  (I'lartolonie),  I7'.'i, 
Span,  friar,  who  nerved  ehielly  at  S.  Ant<jnio  and  retired  in  '!I4.  I'iog.  i.  OS!); 
incut,  i.  4!)0,  .'")()(),  ."i--':{-4,  r)7(),'r)l»7.  liill  (James),  1S40,  Co.  F,  Cal.  J5at.  (v, 
3.VS);  (nli,ti..g  at  S.  .hian  Oct.;  lot  at  S.F.  '47. 

(JilIos])ie  (Archibald  11.),  1840,  nat.  of  Penn.  and  licut.  of  marines  U.S.N., 
•who  was  Kc'it  in  ( ict.  '4.')  fi'om  Wash,  to  Cal.  as  a  Learer  of  iv  duplicate  of 
Bccret  instructions  to  Larkin,  witii  whom  ho  was  to  coopenito,  as  was  I're- 
niont,  in  carrying  out  those  instructions.  He  crossed  ^lex.,  destroying  his 
oliicial  despatch  after  eonimitting  its  contents  to  memory,  and  arrived  at  ^Ntont. 
in  April  '4(i  on  tho  Ci/niie  via  Jlonoluhi,  thence  j)roceeding  to  th<'  Oregon 
fmntier  to  oveitake  Fr.'inont.  v.  '24- '.),  '200,  (iJ'.O,  (U4.  The  oiiginal  of  his  des- 
]>atch  is  now  in  my  pos.session,  and  also  the  copy  written  by  liini  from  niem- 
oiy  at  Mont.  Fremont  claims  to  have  received  a  very  difl'erent  despatch,  and 
there  is  a  bare  possibility  that  (Jillespic  deceived  him.  In  the  various  events 
t'f  -May- Ji'.ly,  O.  took  an  active  part,  being  nuide  adjutant  of  the  (,'al.  ]>at.  at 
its  1st  organization,  v.  7!)-S0,  101-'2,  127,  177,  184,  '247,  '2.")"2-.'J.  (ioing  south 
in  July,  he  was  left  at  Los  Aug.  in  com.  of  the  gai'rison,  and  by  his  unwise 
policy  caused  the  people  to  revolt  and  drive  him  out  in  Oct.  v.  2S0,  .'!Uo-  l.">, 
Ml!).  Joining  Stockton  at  S.  Diego,  ho  was  scut  with  a  rcenforecment  to  meet 
]-.earny,  and  was  wounded  in  the  light  at  S.  I'ascual  in  Dee.  v.  .■i28-!},  .'ilO, 
.'M.'i-7.  Ranking  as  major  of  the  liattalion,  (i.  commanded  a  division  of  Stock- 
ton's army,  and  wasagain  wounded  at  the  S.  (iabriel  in  Jan.  '47.  v.  oGO,  ISSO, 
o!!!-.").  Declining  the  secretaryship  of  state  under  Fremont,  he  was  lelieved 
fioni  duty  in  (,'al  ,  and  r<'ported  to  Com.  IJiddle  in  -May.  v.  -i'.VA.  4H7,  440,  44.'), 
4."/0.  He  went  ea^t  overland  with  Stockton,  and  testiiied  for  Fremont  at  tho 
e.)urt-martial:  al.jo  in  the  Cix\.  claims  investigation,  v.  4.">.S-0.  Ho  seems  to 
have  returned  overland  to  Cal.  in  '48,  and  to  have  spent  much  of  his  later  life 
here,  though  for  some  years  previous  to  '01  he  was  iu  !Mex.,  perlia]is  as  sec. 
of  legation.  1  le  was;  never  prominent  after  '49.  having  to  a  certain  extent  '  lost 
his  grip  '  in  the  battle  of  life.  He  died  at  S.F.  in  '715,  at  the  age  of  00. 

(iillespie  (Chas  \'.),  18!S,  bro.  of  Arch.  H.,  nat.  of  N.  Y.,  who  came  on 
the  L'lii/lc  from  China  with  his  f:\mily,  a  cargo  of  merchandise,  and  2  Chineso 
Bcrvant.?.  He  advertised  in  thuS/arn^  a  merchant  and  ccmveyancer;  and  was 
made  notar3'  xmblio  and  judge  of  election,  v.  OlS,  (i,")2,  080.  He  also  made  iu- 
fjuiries  for  a  rancho,  and  Mrote,  'One  of  r.iy  favorite  projects  is  to  introduce 
Cliiuese  immigrants  into  this  country. '  He  took  a  prominent  part  under  1  low- 
aid  in  settling  the  Leidesdorll'  estate.  In  '8.'»  he  still  lives  in  S.F. ,  where  he 
has  lieen  well  known  a  ^  a  lawyer  and  searcher  of  records.  In  '7.")  he  contrib- 
lited  for  my  use  a  statement  on  the  ViijUanrc  Co/iimiftcc  (iinl  other  topics  of 
early  S.F.  life;  and  later  gave  me  some  items  about  caily  buildings  in  the 
eity.  iirs  (i.  organized  a  sabbath -school  in  '48,  and  has  since  been  prominent 
in  church  ailiiirs.  v.  0.")7.  (J.  (•James),  1828,  mr  of  tho  Tc'rmachii)'.  iii.  14;); 
r.  Mass.  man  who  was  lost  with  the  same  vessel  near  Mazatlan.  For/M.-<'  /Vr.s. 
r.tndu.,  00.       Ci.  (J.),   1848,  nn-  of  a  vessel,  or  sup.       Gilliughani  (Henry), 


G ILLINGIIAM  -G I  VEX. 


757 


111- 

0 

o\v- 

ho 

ib- 

of 

the 

oat 

-t;); 

•c.s. 

h), 


1847.  musicinn  Co.  I,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  400);  owner  of  S.F.  lota  '4S.  Gilmnii  [fi. 
1>. ),  1S4S,  from  Iloiioliilii;  of  (inn  Wctinorc  &  (i.  at  S.  K.  '-IS-!). 

(tilroy  (.Idliii),  l{il4,  Scotcli  sailor,  anil  tiio  1st  forciLjiRr  to  sottlo  ju  rum- 
ncntly  iii  Cal.,  being  left  sick  at  Mont,  by  tlic  />rtr(c  To'fi/.  ii.  'JOl,  "JIS,  'J7-, 
3Si,  .'!)).'{.  J  lis  real  name  was  .loliii  Cameron,  but  liaviuj;  run  away  from  lion-.o 
a:i  !i  minor,  lie  clianged  it  to  uvoiil  being  arrested  iitiil  .sent  baek.  I  lis  jmrenta 
moved  to  Knylan<l  wlieu  Jolin  wua  very  young;  and  indeed,  lie  often  elainied 
to  be  a  native  of  Sunderland,  Engl.  In  Sejit.  '14  lie  was  baptized  at  S.  (Jarir^i 
by  1'.  Sarri'a  as  Juan  Antonio  Marfa  (iili'oy.  In  'IS  Capt.  Guerrn,  ut  Sta  H., 
sent  to  the  viceroy  his  petition  as  an  'Amer.  cooper  '  fur  permission  to  remain 
and  marry  in  Cal.,  which  was  granted  in  '1!);  and  in  '■!  he  was  married  ut  S. 
Juan  \i.  to  Maria  Clar-a  do  la  Asuncion,  daughter  of  Igiiacio  Ortega.  Tlio 
same  year  he  ficcompanied  Capt.  ArgiicUo  in  liis  famous  exped.  'to  the  Co- 
lumbia'as  guide,  or  rather,  interpreter,  for  Amer.  intruderf  were  to  be  nut 
and  talked  to.  ii.  44  l-u.  The  next  wo  hear  of  him  was  in '.'i.'t,  when  he  oli- 
t-ained  naturalization,  proiluciiig  certilicatcs  that  ho  was  a  soup-makir  ami 
millwright  of  good  character,  with  wife  and  4  childriMi,  having  also  some  live- 
stock on  the  S.  Isidro  rancho.  'J'iiis  rancho  was  granted  the  same  year  to  tlio 
Ortegas;  <i.  owned  a  league  of  it,  on  whicii  he  built  an  adobe  house  and  spent 
the  rest  of  his  life.  His  name  appears  on  Larkin's  books  from  ';i4,  when  liis 
age  was  given  as  4.').  In  '.'Jo  he  was  aux.  alcalde  at '  Los  Ortegas.'  iii.  (ij  I;  iiy 
tlie  padroii  of  ".Hi,  age  40,  A\ife  age  'JS,  child.  Nicodcuuis  b.  '"JO,  Miguel  '-JS. 
iv.  1 17;  age  40  in  '40;  not  arrestisl  in  the  (Iraham  all'air;  often  named  in  rec- 
ords of  most  years;  said  to  iia\e  been  .sent  to  Fremont's  (Javilan  camp  in  '4(1. 
V.  IS.  In  '.")1  for  the  bst  time  (iilroy  wrote  to  his  family  in  England,  and  I 
have  the  original  reply — presented  by  Valentin  Alviso — of  his  brother  Alex. 
C.'imeron,  tanner,  at  Xewton  llcatli,  near  Manchester,  dateil  June  'J'J,  '.")2. 
Alex,  is  glad  to  learn  that  he  has  a  brother  living,  for  father,  mother,  and  the 
otlier  brothers  aro  all  dead.  John  tiilroy  was  an  honest,  good-natured  oM 
sailor-raneiicro,  well  liked  l)y  every Ijody,  much  too  fond  of  his  grog  and  cards, 
cureless  and  improvident,  and  as  powerless  in  the  hands  of  land-lawyers  as 
were  the  natives  themselves,  lie  lost  all  his  lands  and  cattle,  but  ho  lived  to 
see  his  old  rauelio  the  site  of  a  nourishing  town,  which  bears  his  adopted 
name,  Cilroy;  and  he  tlicd,  as  poor  as  when  ho  landed  in  Cal.  more  than  half 
a  century  before,  in  '(J!),  at  the  age  of  about  '7">.  I  have  no  definite  record  (;f 
his  sons  since  '4.S.  'Juanita'  (Mcl'herson)  has  given  many  items  on  (j.'s  early 
lii'e,  obtained  fnmi  himself,  in  the  Sla  (JIara  Ar<jus  and  other  papers.  (.!ilt 
(Henry),  1S40,  at  IJrancif.;  prob.  'Hill.' 

Gines,  executed  at  i'urisima  ''24.  Gingery,  1S47,  in  Sutter's  employ  '47- 
8;  millwriglit  and  blacksmith.  Gios  (Jose),  sirv.  S.F.  1777.  i.  21)7.  (iiraid 
(A.),  1840,  lieut  in  com.  of  Co.  B,  artill.,  Cal.  Dat.,  v.  .'Wl,  enlisting  at  S.F, 
Oct.  (t.  (Wm),  184(i,  caino  to  S.  Jose.  Hail.  (Jiraudcau,  1841,  French 
viuieulturist  at  Los  Aug.;  named  by  Mofras.  Giribet  (Miguel),  17Sr>,  Span, 
friar  who  .served  at  S.F.  and  S.  Luis  Ob.,  retiring  in  18{K).  liiog.  i.  08!t;  mcnt. 
i.  .'iSS,  -il'l,  4()'J,  473-4,  573,  o77.  Gitt,  1847,  a  physician  named  in  the  X. 
11,  Iv.  JJiani  '47-8. 

Given  (Isaac  L.),  1841,  nat.  of  Ohio  and  civil  engineer,  who,  on  .a  vi-;it  to 
the  Missouri  River  region  in  '40,  heard  of  C,d.,  and  failing  to  reach  liidc- 
jpendciico  in  time  to  join  tlic  Bartleson  party,  went  to  Sta  I'e.  and  willi  4  of 
his  comrades  joined  the  Workman-Rowland  party,  or  in  a  sense  originated 
that  party,  v.  278-9.  His  1st  work  in  Cal.  was  tosurvey  tlie  Kowland  rancho. 
In  '4'J  he  came  north  to  apply  for  land  for  hini.self;  explored  the  Sac.  Val. 
with  Capt.  Merritt  anil  others;  visited  Xapa  and  Russi.in  Riv.;  and  ret.  to 
Mont,  to  get  naturalization.  Hero  he  foiuul  letters  from  home  which  caused 
him  to  go  east  as  clerk  on  the  Ikili'.  He  came  back  in  '41)  by  tlie  I'aiiama  route, 
worked  as  a  surveyor  at  Sac.,  and  was  later  engaged  for  many  years  in  min- 
ing operations.  His  wife  is  Mary  A.  Tlionies,  sister  of  Hob.  H.  'i'homcs,  a 
pioneer  of  '41.  In  70-8.')  Maj.  Given  resides  at  Oakland,  and  his  Immi'jrant 
of '41  is  a  JIS.  narr.ativo  of  much  value  and  interest.  Given,  1847,  mr  of 
the  Ml  Vernon,  v.  it'Q. 


7,--S 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


fl'niKk' (niovnnni),  lfl27,  Itnl.  trailer  still  nt  Mont.  '20,  n,'^  2."i.  iii.  IT'^. 
(ilea.-,'. 11  (iiiiiHs  11,),  lS4(j,  trader  at  Munt.  '4()-!);  owner  of  IS.F.  lot.  lie  cmiio 
I'l  oi:i  lion,  oil  llic  J)ou  (Juixofr,  nnil  vua  agent  for  I'aty  &  Co. ;  one  record  liaa 
it  that  he  died  in  '(!0.       G.  (John),  1848,  roll  of  Soc.  Cul.  Pion. 

(Ucin  (Curios  T,),  1844,  Gennun  bliieksniitli  who  uiimu  from  Mazatlan  on 
tlio  (  nlij'ornln,  Beltling  at  S.F,.  ohtnining  naturalization  and  a  town  lot  tlio 
"anic  yeiir,  ami  liavin^  a  blacksmith  shop  at  the  cor.  of  Montgom.  and  Paeilic 
hticets  from  '4.j  to  '4!)  and  later,  iv.  4u3,  TiO;},  009;  v.  084;  also  owner  of  a 
Sonfiina  Co.  rancho  in '47;  made  a  trip  to  Honolulu  in  '48.  Later  for  many 
yoar.s  :i  dealer  in  hardware  in  8.F.,  where  ho  still  lives  in  '8.').  Gliddon 
((■eo.  11,),  1840,  sup.  of  the  llanixttiblt',  at  S.F. ,  Sonoma,  Petalunia,  and  N. 
Jk'lv.  '40-8.  < nines  (Jumes  II.),  scrgt-major  of  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477;  did  not 
I'oino  to  Cal.  ( iloi'ia  (.Jacinto),  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  1770.  i.  303.  Glosa  (John), 
1S47.  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  409). 

(llowr  (A(iuilla),  1840,  memb.  of  Ist  Donncr  relief,  v.  538;  owner  of  S.K. 
lots  '47-8.  V.  0S."».  G.  (Wm),  1840,  member  of  the  Mormon  colony  witli 
wife  and  3  children  v.  540.  He  was  the  owner  of  S,F.  lota,  member  of  tlio 
town  council  and  of  the  school  committee  in  '47.  v.  048,  0.">0,  082;  a  mnsoii  and 
builder;  also  com.  for  i^ettliuL;  the  aflairs  of  Brannan  &  Co.;  a  miner  in  '48, 
being  one  of  tlioi^e  who  furnialicd  Gov.  Mason  specimens  of  gold.  He  went  a 
little  later  with  his  family  to  Utah,  where  he  still  lives  in  '8.'>  at  Farmingtoii. 
His  MormoiiK  in  Cul.  is  an  important  source  of  information  on  its  topic,  and 
ho  has  also  sent  me  valuable  items  about  early  buildings  in  .S.F.  G.  (Pi.  < ). ), 
1S41,  purser  on  the  U.S.  <S'<  Louis.  Glynn  (James),  1847,  com.  of  the  U.S. 
rrehle.  v.  .iSO. 

Gochc  (Win),  1838,  Fr.  shoemaker  from  N.  Mex.,  ago  31,  atLos  Ang.  '40. 
iv.  119.  Goddard  (Nioodemus),  1824,  Amer.  shoemaker  on  the  >Sarhrm.  v. 
Ti'Jii;  at  Sta  B.  '40,  ago  31,  single  and  catholic.  Godey  (Alexis),  1844,  iiat. 
ol  Mo.,  of  Fr.  Canadian  parentage,  a  hunter  in  Fr(5mont's  2d,  3d,  and  4lli 
expcd.  iv.  437,  4.13,  583.  Ho  is  named  in  connection  with  several  of  F.'a  opurii- 
ti>ns  in  '40.  v.  4,  15,  22,  24;  went  south  and  remained  with  Gillespie,  was 
for  a  time  in  charge  at  S.  Luis  Bey,  and  took  part  in  the  fight  at  S.  I'us- 
eual,  ranking  as  lieut  in  the  Gal.  Bat.  v.  314,  347,  353,300.  He  wont  cast 
with  his  party  but  came  back  in  '49;  married  a  sister  of  A.  F.  Coroncl,  and 
1  iccamo  a  farmer  and  sheep-raiser,  like  his  old  associate,  Kit  Carson.  As  late  as 
'VS  lie  was  still  living  in  southern  Cal.  Gooway  (J.  M.),  1847,  from  Or.  on 
the  Henry,  GofT  (Daniel),  1840,  one  of  the  exiles  to  S.  Bias,  who  did  not 
return,  iv.  18.  Golden  (Edward),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Gold- 
smith (Sum.),  1845,  doubtful  member  of  FrOmont's  party,  iv.  583;  said  to 
have  died  in  Valparaiso  in  'CO,  leaving  a  fortune.  Ncv.  Gazette,  Goldwaito 
( Richard  M.),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Albany,  N.Y.,  in  '82.  Go- 
lovnin  (V.  M.),  1818,  Russian  visitor  and  author  of  Voy.  of  the  Kamchatka. 
ii.  251,  291,  317-18,  38.3,  410. 

Gomez,  killed  at  Mont.  '31.  iii.  673.  G.  (Ambrosio),  sec.  of  ayunt.  at 
Mont.  v.  0.30-7.  G.  (Felipe),  at  S.F.  '37-44;  owner  of  S.F.  lot  '40.  iii.  70ti; 
ago  57  in  '44.  G.  (Felipe),  son  of  IJafael,  trader  at  Mont.,  and  sometimu 
postmaster,  to  '85.  G.  (Francisco),  1709,  Span,  friar  with  the  Ist  division  of 
the  1st  exped. ;  one  of  the  party  discovering  S.F.  bay;  at  S.  Diego  and  Mont. 
'70;  retired  in  '71.  Mention  i.  127,  130,  140,  147,  151,  107,  175-0,  178.  G. 
(Francisco),  at  Sta  Cruz  1704.  i.  490.  G.  (Francisco),  Mex.  teacher  at  Mont. 
'45.       G.  ((Tuillermo),  policeman  at  Mont.  '40.  v.  037. 

Gomez  (Jos(5  Joaquin),  18.30,  Mex.  trader  who  came  on  the  Leonor;  cus- 
toms officer  and  comisario  sulmltemo  at  Mont.  '31-2.  iii.  224-5,  370,  072;  iu 
'lU  regidor  and  builder  of  the  Peor  es  yada.  iii.  383,  073;  in  '35  regiilor, 
coinisionado  to  secularize  S.  Cdrlos,  and  grantee  of  Los  Verjelea.  iii.  354,  073, 
079,  080;  in  '36  member  of  the  dip.,  being  then  48  years  old,  having  a  wife 
and  children  in  Mex.  iii.  420,  454,  400,  409.  From  '40  his  rancho  of  Verjclcs 
is  often  mentioned,  being  on  the  way  from  Alont.  to  S.  Jos<5;  hero  Larkin  was 
captured  in  '40,  and  the  light  of  Natividad  was  in  the  vicinity;  he  was  also 
giantec  of  Tucho  in  '43.  ii.  GIG;  iv.  134,  212,  453,  G50;  v.  4,  14,  3G4.  In  '40 


gomez-gOngora. 


750 


r)on  Jonquin  wns  reported  to  the  govt  nt  WuhIi.  by  I.nrkin  ns  a  man  of  prop, 
criy  uiid  clmmctcr,  friciully  to  tliu  U.f^. ;  ia  'IS  Los  VcTJolea  was  advcrliM'tl 
for  Halo  fur  the  l)e(ictit  of  creiUtors.  Ho  had  a  son  and  ii  thiuuhtcr,  Dolores,  who 
caino  to  Cul.  after  his  arrival.  Tiiu  hitter  married  and  died  nt  Aloiit.  after  '"S. 
G.  (Jos(5  Maria),  soldier  in  S.F.  eomp.  'l9-'-'li;  killed  by  liid.  '•-"J.  iii.  110. 

(ioniez  (Jos6  Miguel),  I84'J,  Mex.  prii'st  who  served  uacnrato  at  riirisinia  in 
'4'2-4,  and  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  in  '44-.')(J;  claimant  for  .S.  iSimeon  rnnelio.  iv.  .'171, 
4U1,  4-_'fi,  047-8,  C50-7,  OJO;  v.  (ISS-O.  (J.  (Juan),  soldier  of  S.F.  conip.  'lit. 
G.  (Juan),  1834,  nir  of  the  Xntril^tt,  and  of  the  Lcnii'iilaH  "Mi.  iii.  '203-7,  3s;t; 
iv.  104.  ii.  (Juan),  son  of  Kafuel,  resi<l.  of  Mont,  and  S.F.  in  '7i)-8.'»,  wlio 
j;avo  nic  the  privilege  of  copying  a  col.  of  his  father's  JJor.  Hint,  Cat.  G, 
(.Manuel),  Mex.  acrgt  of  nrtill.  at  .S.  V.  and  Mont.  fron>  '10;  licut  from  'lit; 
left  Gul.  in  '22.  Biog.  ii.  470;  ment.  ii.  220-32,  247,  203,  371,  422,  4ol,  4.-)4, 
401.  (t.  (Nicolas),  one  of  the  mission  guard  at  .S.  .luan  Cap,  1770.  i.  303. 
G.  (Pedro),  executed  at  Sta  Cruz '47  for  hilling  his  wife.  v. 041.  G.  (Rafael), 
convict  settler  at  H.  Josd  17U8-1S08.  i.  00<i,  038;  ii.  102. 

(ioine/ (Rafael),  1830,  Mc.x.  lawyer  wlu)  canio  to  Gal.  as  ascsor,  or  legal 
adviser  of  the  govt,  a  relation  of  Joai|uin.  ii.  007,  (i77;  ii.  40,  54.  As  a  sup- 
porter of  (lov.  Victoria,  or  rather  by  his  legal  o))inioNs  in  tiic  criminal  cases 
of  '31,  he  excited  considerable  opposition  among  the  Galifornians,  and  tried  to 
e3cai)e  alter  V'.'a  downfall;  but  faihnl  and  wns  not  molested,  iii.  190-2,  10."), 
213,  000-1;  grantee  of  Hta  Rosii  in  '31.  iii.  713,  721;  iv.  100;  supports  Zamo- 
rano  '32.  iii.  222-3;  action  in  1'.  Mercado'.s  ease  '33.  iii.  324;  supports  Figue- 
ro.i  '.'14.  iii.  277;  but  resigned  his  oflice.  Ho  was  grantee  of  Tularcitos  in  '34. 
iii.  07t';  regidor  at  Mont.  '35.  iii.  073;  memb.  of  tlic  dip.  in  '30,  also  ap- 
pointed agent  in  Mex.,  but  did  not  go.  iii.  420,  4.')4:  being  at  this  time  30 
years  old;  wife  Josefa  Estrada,  ehihl.  Felipe  b.  '33,  Mai'ia  Isabel  '34,  Juan  '35. 
ilin  Diirio  'le  l.'omiH  yotuhles  de  \'J<J  (erroneously  accredited  to  his  son  in  list 
of  auth.)  I  have  found  to  be  a  very  useful  document,  iii.  422.  A  few  year.s 
after  '30,  at  lis  rancho  of  Tularcitos,  he  was  accidentally  killed  by  being  tn- 
taiigled  in  the  reata  of  a  horse  he  was  trying  to  drive  away  from  his  grain. 
Don  Kul'ael  was  a  man  of  good  character  and  a  lawyer  of  much  ability,  who 
ciinie  to  Cal.  in  reality  as  a  kind  of  political  exile.  G.  (Teodoro),  soldier  at 
Soledud  1701-1800.  i.  409.  G.  (Vicente),  1S2.3.  Mex!  guerrillero  chief  in 
the  Wiir  of  independence;  a  fiend  known  as  El  Capador,  who,  however,  be- 
haved well  enough  in  Cal.  during  his  stay  of  a  few  mouths,  iii.  10. 

Gomez  (Vicente  i'crfecto),  1842,  son  of  Jose  Joaijuin  and  nat.  of  Guadala- 
jara, who  came  to  Cal.  as  a  clerk  with  (iov.  Mielieltoreua.  In  '44  ho  was,  or 
at  least  chiimed  later  to  have  been,  the  grantee  of  the  Pauocha  Grande  lan- 
cho.  iv.  05.5,  072.  This  grant,  rejected  by  the  courts,  was  the  foundation  of 
the  famous  McGarragan  claim  to  the  New  lilria  quicksilver  mines;  and  Don 
\'iccnlc  is  the  villain  of  Rret  Harte's  Slori/  of  a  Mine.  Ho  was  ahso  tho 
unsuccessful  claimant  for  Tucho.  iv.  050.  In  '45  he  wos  sec.  of  tho  juzgado  at 
Jlont.  iv.  053;  aided  Manuel  Castro  in  Nov.  '40.  v.  30();  had  a  Cal.  claim  of 
$11,500,  of  which  §500  was  paid  (v.  402l;  and  in  '47-8  was  for  a  time  in 
charge  of  S.  Antonio  mission,  v.  040.  As  a  witness  in  later  land  litigation  ho 
met  with  some  severe  criticism,  much  of  it  tloubtless  undeserved;  and  thou^di 
an  intelligent  clerk  and  good  penman,  knowing  little  English,  he  had  a  hanl 
time  in  the  later  years  to  pay  his  grog  bills.  In  '75-0  he  worked  for  mc  in  tiio 
Library  and  vorious  archives,  doing  much  faithful  service.  Many  were  tlio 
stories  he  told  of  old  times  in  Cal.;  his  fellow-laborers  were  instructed  to 
write  out  his  yarns;  and  the  result  is  a  large  vol.  of  M.S.  called  Gown,  Lo  Quo 
Sahc,  full  of  interest,  and  by  no  means  devoid  of  historic  value.  He  died  ati 
Mont,  in  '84  at  tho  ago  of  about  GO,  a  lietter  man  in  several  respects  than  ha 
has  been  given  credit  for.  Ho  had  no  family. 

Gongora  (Josd  Ant.),  son  of  Jos(5  M.,  b.  1778  at  S.  Antonio;  ment.  in  '22. 
ii.  014;  sergt  of  S.  Diego  comp.  '25-8.  ii.  54.3;  in  '42-3  jucz  at  S.  Dieg  ■'  . 
019-21.  G.  (Jos(5  Maria),  soldier  of  S.D.  comp.  1771;  corp.  of  the  giu.  i  at 
8.  Antonio  '73;  sergt  from  "75;  ment.  in  connection  with  Anza's  expcd.  '70. 
i.  209-71|  287.  In  '79  Gov.  Neve  reported  against  his  promotion;  and  in. '63 


7G0 


riONKKR  ItKOISTrni  AND  INDKX. 


lio  was  mtircd  aa  an  invilliilo  iinil  went  to  Lorito.  lUa  wifo  wan  Rosalia  Mnx- 
iiuianii.  Venluj^o,  iiiai-ric<l  in  '7(i,  iliiil  '7!'  nt  S.  Aiiliiiiio.  (Iciiuii'f^'cii  (■i>>liii 
A.),  IS4(),  c'ojiy  of  iiift  (IcriiKiii  inmniMirt  of  '21  iimdc  ut  Los  All),',  liy  I'iiiU  '10. 

doii/uU'/,  HoMicr  iKJiMiino'l  ut  Stii  l\.  IT'.KI.  i.  (»7<).  (1.  {.Ali-jo  Aiit.),  of 
tln'S.I).  gimnl.  177.1.  i.  -2M.  (i.  (ncrnanlo},  HcttUr  at  S.  Jom^  17i»l-lH0(». 
i.  7ll!;  wit'u  Mmiicu,  I'liilil.  IVtrii  and  Aiitoiiia.  (i.  (Ciiilo),  kjiv.  at  Stii. 
C'lani  I77*i.  i.  .'{(MJ.  (i.  (IHi'j,'o),  i'Sl,  Npati.  lii'ut  in  coin,  ut  Mont.  VSI-,'), 
nnds.l'',  "S,")  7;  an  incoiniu'tent  olliccr,  of  had  oondiict,  si'iit  to  tlio  fiontiiT 
in  '.S7  and  diopp'-d  from  tlio  rolls  in  '»:».  i.  ;{4(>  '2,  4li(i-70,  484,  078;  ii.  41. 
(J.  (hionisio),  itH'2,  .Mux.  ca[»t.  of  tins  iMitulion  tijo  with  .Miclicltormiii.  Xotli- 
in;^  i.s  recorded  of  liiin  in  Cal.  iv.  iJH!).  (I.  (I'cli|)(,'),  at  Hrancif.  '4."»,  ago  '24, 
witi-  Marf.i  Soriu,  child  Antoiiiu.  (>.  (Francisco),  17!>7,  Span.  Iriaf  wlio 
sorvcij  nt  Stii  (Jrnz  and  retired  in  1S0.">.  i.  4!».S,  '(77:  ii.  l.">4-.">,  liV.I-dO.  (J. 
(i''iaiicisco),  settler  at  S.  .lo.ie  l7l)l-ISiM);  ie;4iclof  in  l.SO.'J.  i.  710;  ii.  134. 
<i.  (I'ranciseo),  s(ddier  of  S.K.  coinp. 'I!(-'J4;  uIho  ';>7-4(),  perhaps  another. 
(J.  (l''iiincisco),  eorp.  of  the  guard  at  Stfi  lues  '•.'4.  ii.  .''kS'J.  <t.  (Francisco), 
nt  IJi'ancif,  '2H-;U),  wife  Mai'ui  i'liij^racia,  child.  I'dipe,  Margarita,  and  Nativi- 
dad.  ii.  (i27.  (t.  (Kraii. ),  atS.  Felipe  raiiclio,  Mont., ';J<i,  age  .SO.  (1,  (Fran.), 
Haid  to  have  been  drowned  '44-.">.  (i.  (Francisco).  Cal.  claim  of  jil.'t.HoO, 
'4(i  7  (V.  4(i-').  ii.  (.Jacinto),  aindico  at  Sta  15.  '-'S.  ii.  r,'-2.  (I.  (.Idsc), 
soldier  of  S.F.  conip.  '2:!-:»'.».       (!.  (.lose  Ant.),   at  Sta  Clara  177(1.  i.  :!0(!. 

(ionzalez  (.Jose  Maria  do  .lesns),  ISM.'I,  Mcx.  friar  of  the  (iiiadalupe  colle;.'o 
at  Zacatecas,  n  iiat.  of  (Jnadalajara,  1>.  in  ISOU,  coming  to  t';d.  with  tlio 
other  Zacatecauos  in  ".VA.  He  served  at  S.  .Iohi'-  mission  '.'{.■!-4'J,  heiiig  president 
and  vico-prefect  of  the  northern  inissions  in  ';tS-4.'l.  iii.  .118,  577,  o'.Kt,  7-1;  iv. 
01,  (14,  371',  080.  From  '4:1  he  served  at  Sta  15.  iv.  4Jli,  (U:i.  From  '4(i  he  was 
the  hishop's  vicar,  and  after  the  bishop's  death  the  same  year  was  governor 
of  the  diocese,  v.  ;"»()."»,  (i.'54;  thus  hcing  the  chief  ecclesiastical  nnthority  in 
Cal.  until  the  coming  of  J5ishop  Aleniany  in  '."».•,  and  Fiter  vicar;  president  of 
the  Sta  15.  college  of  J-'ranciseans  '08-7-;  died  ut  Sta  J5.  in  '7."),  tlio  la.st  sur- 
vivor of  the  ('al.  missionaries,  a  man  iesi)ected  and  beloved  by  nil  from  tlio 
beginning  to  the  end  of  his  career;  one  of  the  few  Zacatecauos  who  in  ability, 
missionary  zeal,  and  purity  of  life  were  the  equals  of  thu  Span.  Feriiandinos. 
(lon/.alez  Jlubio  was  his  full  name.  ().  (.J.  M.  .1.),  com.  do  policia  Sta  hu''.s 
'.3.'..  iii.  'J:tl.  a.  (.Juan),  at  15nincif.  '28,  wifo  J'liischia  Tiiito.  U.  (.Inan), 
at  IJrancif.  '.10.  ii.  (127;  niaj.  and  admin,  of  Sta  Cruz  '.'54-9.  iii.  34(1,  ((1»4-."); 
juez  in  '42.  iv.  CO.I;  in  '4."i,  ago  40,  wifo  Maria  Ana  Rodriguez,  both  nat.  of 
C:'.l.,  child,  llamona  b.  '2.1.  Alelania  '20,  Francisea  '.10,  I'etra  '33,  .Juana  '.1.1, 
Toinasa  '.18,  Jiefugia  '40,  liosa  '3(5,  Pedro  '.18,  Gabricla  '42.  G.  (Juan  Jose), 
soldier  in  S.F.  eoinp.  '2.1-33;  grantee  of  I'escadero,  Sta  Cruz,  '33.  iii.  078. 
(t.  (.Tuan  I'ablo),  ollicer  in  Mont,  custoindiouso  '27. 

Conzalcz  (Lcandro),  juez  de  canino  at  Sta  Ii.  '34;  admin,  and  niaj.  of  tho 
mission  '4')-3.  iii.  Gr(7-8;  iv.  043;  In.;  w^ifo  was  Josefa  Guevara,  with  4  child, 
before  '3"  still  at  Sta  IJ.  '50.  (J.  (Maecdonio),  Mex.  half-breed  alf<5rez  on 
the  L.  C  frontier  from  about  '30;  a  famous  Ind.  tighter,  who  took  sonio 
part  witli  ho  surefios  in  tho  troubles  of  '37-40,  being  onco  arrested  and  sent 
to  Sonon  iii.  .54!),  000-7;  iv.  08-1).  In  later  years  lie  lived  in  Cal.,  and  was 
in  S.  Diei  Co.  '04,  ngc  over  70.  G.  (Manuel),  settlor  nt  S.  .Jost5  and  S.F. 
from  1777;  'oaldo  of  S.  .Tos6  '85.  v.  297,  312,  350,  478;  wifo  Gertrudis  Acc- 
bcdo,  chile.  Vrancisco,  Romualdo,  Antonia,  in  '93.  (t.  (Manuel),  settler  at 
Los  Ang.  '  .  ii.  350.  G.  (Manuel),  nt  Sta  15.  '.17.  iii.  057;  perhaps  still 
there  in  '52  G.  (Manuel),  exccutcdnt  Mont,  for  murder  '42.  iv.  G.")3-4,  080. 
G.  (Mauric  ),  son  of  Rafael,  appointed  guarda  of  Mont,  customs  '29,  but  did 
not  come  from  Mcx.  till  '40.  iii.  130;  iv.  31;  grantee  of  Cliolam,  S.  Luis  Ob. 
iv.  055;  with  Michcltorena  in  '45.  iv.  511.  In  '77,  living  nt  Mont,  with  his 
wifo,  tho  daughter  of  Mnnnel  Crespo,  he  gave  mo  his  Memorhu,  and  a  col.  of 
Pa}ielen  Oriijinalci,  that  had  belonged  to  his  father;  still  living  in  '85.  G. 
(Miguel),  1825,  Mex.  capt.  of  artill.,  comandanto  de  arnias  at  Mont.  '20-8,  a 
bad  fellow,  if  wo  credit  tho  Californians,  often  in  trouble,  and  finally  sent 
away  iu  '30.  His  daughter,  Ildefousa  G.  do  Hcrrera.  was  inoro  or  less  a  famoua 


CONZALi:/  -fiOUHOX. 


TM 


dmrnctor  tit  Mont.  iii.  :!0-4l;  also  ii.  "(J.  CO:.,  (!'N.  n^  ]]^  oW,  O'JI,  CTIj 
iii.  I."i,  4  J,  m,  I.;  I,  4:}7.  i  I  is  full  iiaiiio  win  (i..ii/,:ilr/  .Ic  Avila.  (J.  (I'.iM..), 
of  tvnia  for  coiitadnr  ''.'7.  iii.  l><'i.  (i.  (IVilio),  171)1,  Hnrg.  in  Muluxi>inu'ii 
t'xpo.l.  i.  4  IK). 

<i(>ii/,'ili'/  (liiifucl),  I.s;),'{,  Mcx.  nilniin.  of  ciiHtoiuH  nml  Kuli-comisniio  at 
^loiit.  '.'l.'l^,  iiaviii;^'  li('('iMi|i|)i>in:>'(l  in  '"_'!(,  Iiiit  coniin:.;  to  Cal.  with  l'"i;^iii  mrv 
in  "XX  iii.  Kl,  i;f(l,  -SM-H,  lMO,  U70-7,  4:t7.  «7'-'.  Hin  hlurin  in  an  iinimrtant 
r('i:orti  of  '.'i'J-:i.  lid  liail  lii'cn  a  liriit  in  tiiu  war  of  iniluiU'iKloncc,  ami  van  an 
i;;niii'aiit  man  of  j^ood  cliarat'ter.  in  ",\~i  lii;  whh  ali'alilo  at  Mont.  iii.  ti7.<.  Ill; 
also  governor'^  Ht'c.  iii,  4(i.'l;  antl  granti-e  of  S.  JtiHto,  ii.  (57S,  licini;  tiicn  48 
years  olil,  wife  CAnnen  Sifmi,  a  Alex.  Ho  was  anvMti'il  in  tlio  troiiliics  of  ';i7. 
lii.  .(I.'i;  couiandanti!  do  I'l'lailoifs at  thi)  <'U.>ftfini-liou.st) 'U7  4(1.  iv.  .'11!!),  !i7, -10, 
3."»7,  .'t77,  4:1 1,  ">77;  v.  ri7();  niemlMr  of  tlio  junfai  ';i!(-4.'l,  luing  also  iKli|,';Uo  to 
thu-  cousi'jo  j,'tniral  of  '4(1.  iii.  51K),  (H)4;  iv.  •-'!)4-.'i,  'MO,  400;  v.  4,'>,  (il ;  (^raiiteo 
of  S.  Miguiliti!  in  '41,  ting  cl.  in  '.">;<.  iv.  (>.'i();  liail  a  Cal.  <;likiin  of  .*!J(>,_(M), 
I<arkin  I'l'poi'tiMl  iiiin  nH  a  man  of  ]iropi'i'ty  ami  intlucnce.  lie  dii'd  at  Mont, 
in  '(W,  at  till!  aL'o  of  S'J.  Jliu  J)oc.  Hist.  ('(tl.  wcru  given  nio  l>y  iiis  son  M;ui- 
J'.'io;  his  dauglitur,  Ana  (!.  d('  CaHtaftart's,  was  a  woman  witii  a  will.  iii.  4;>7- 
8.  (i.  (Itafai'I),  -Jd  alcalde  at  S.  Juan  il.  ':(.'>.  iii.  (iO'J.  ii.  (Kafarl),  xon  of 
IJaf.  ({eiardo,  1).  nt  Sta  U.  in  1707.  sold,  of  tiic  Stn,  iJ.  comp.  'l(i-'.'7.  ii.  '-';.':i, 
S.T),  'SM'H,  :i:»7,  4'>'0,  noS,  :>:«(.  in  '-JO-S^  ho  wuh  alcddo  of  Sta  1?.,  and  au.iiu 
in  ':{.")  and  '4.'i.  ii.  !)~'2;  iii.  7H,  '21'J,  (i.*i.>-4;  iv.  04'J;  admin,  and  maj.  <'f  .'^. 
r>uen.  ';W-4'J.  iii.  (J()0-l;  iv.  (144-.">.  His  wife  was  Antonia  (Juevara,  and  tiioro 
Vfi-i;  n  child,  hoforo  '.'17.  In  '7S  ho  was  still  living  at  Sta  15.,  where  ho  gavo 
nic  an  interesting  narrative  of  his  early  Kxpirlvuchtn.  (i.  (Ilafael  (J.),  Slex. 
Boldicr  before  I.SOO;  wife  Tomasa  (Jninteros.  (1.  (Ramon  T. ),  clerk  of  Celia 
at  l.os  Ang.  '40;  at  Sta  Ines  '44.  iv.  4'_M;  perhiips  at  S.  Luis  Oh.  '.W. 

(ion/alcz  (Teotloro),  IS'2.'),  Mex,  who  lived  at  Mont,  from  his  arrival; 
licensed  to  limit  ottera  '.'W.  iii.  .174;  in  '.'Ki  regidor  and  acting  alcalde  diiriii'^ 
tlio  tt'oiihloH  with  Oov.  t'hico.  iii.  4.'10,  (»7.'>;  grantee  in  '.'Ki  of  Kincon  de  h\ 
I'ucnto  Mild  Sur  Chiiiuito.  iii.  (!7H;  being  then  .'iO  years  ohi,  wife  <liiailaln))0 
Villi;in(d  do  Itico,  the  mother  of  Francisco  Uico.  Alcalde  in  '.S7;  at  liiiena- 
vi«ta  '40;  jucz  do  paz  '4'2-:$;  aux.  de  policia  in  '40.  iii..r)'2,"»;  iv.  '24,  (i.'l7,  O.").'}- 
4,  (i.")0.  He  became  a  man  of  wealth  and  good  standing  in  Cal.;  and  in '7H, 
thongli  his  memory  wiis  failing  with  age,  gave  mo  some  information  about  tho 
IliVitliiihiucH  <lo  ('ill.  His  death  occurred  a  few  years  later.  His  boils  Jlariaiio 
and  Alfredo  were  prominently  ccmiicctc<l  with  the  Monterey  and  Saliniis  11. 
1?.,  and  in  '85  reside  in  S.I"',  with  their  mother.  (i.  (Tiburcio),  at  Mont.  '.'{(>, 
ago  28,  iiat.  of  Cal.,  wife  Cru/  Kspinosa,  child.  Hamonaand  Jose.  Oonzalvo 
(M.),  18-18,  jiassp.  from  Honolulu. 

CJooiliino,  184.'l,  mate  of  the  Adm'illniice,  »lied  at  son  on  the  passage  homo 
'4.').  CJoodsell  (.1.),  1840,  on  ihtiCyar.e,  acting  commandant's  clerk.  (iuod- 
spoed  ((Jaliai),  1824,  sailor  and  mate  on  the /I'oivr '24-6.  (Toodwell  {.fames 
F.),  1847,  Co.  II,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  400).  (}.  (.Tames  T.),  1847,  Co.  (l,  N.Y.Vol. 
Goodwin,  1847,  nirof  the  Ewline  from  Hon.,  witii  wife.  v.  r)78.  C.  (.\iidrcw), 
1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  15at.  (v.  4(10).  (t.  (l9i«H').  IS-^O,  one  of  the  Mormon 
col.,  with  0  children,  his  wife  dying  on  tho  voyage,  v.  .^^(i;  nat.  of  C(mn.,  and 
a  nrisoi:  «-lio  built  a  house  for  I.Jirkiii.  SiMit  cast  to  report  to  I'irigham  Young 
on  Cal.  prospects;  interviewed  in  Utah  '78  by  Codmau.  /loiiiid  Trip.  11(8-201. 
Goodyear  (Andrew).  1847,  nat.  of  Conn,  aiul  ovcrl.  iuimig. ;  at  Ben itia  from 
'40;  still  living  in  '70.  C.  (Miles),  1847,  trapper  and  trader  j.t  Los  Aug., 
with  a  Cal.  claim  of  !?1,S00  (v.  402);  n  nat.  of  Conn,  who  died  in  '40;  perhaps 
a  brother  of  Andrew.       Goosebfli,  1800,  mr  of  the  Co/iiar/t.  ii.  81. 

Gordon,  1844.  officer  on  H.B.M.S.  Moih^t,;  G.  (A.  J.),  1840,  nat.  of  Mo. 
and  overl.  imrnig. ;  prob.  son  of  Joseph;  perhaps  the  G.  rt  N.  Hclv.  from 
Bcnicia  '47;  in  Sonoma  Co.  from  '48;  in  Mendocino '77.  G.  (Benj.),  1848, 
in  tho  mines  on  Aiticr.  Kiv. ;  at  S.  Josrt  '.10.  G.  (B.H.),  1840.  married  a 
daughter  of  Ed.  Pylc;  father  of  .lohn  M.  tr.  of  Los  Gatos  in  '80.  G.  (Oilman), 
1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  409).  G.  (G.  van),  184G,  nat.  of  Mich.;  in  S. 
Luis  Ob.  'G0-S3.      G.  (Ira  van),  1846,  nat.  of  Penn.  and  overl.  immig.,  prob. 


702 


PIONEER  REGISXr.R  AND  INDEX. 


with  Harlan,  wliosc  <lan^'litcr  Rebecca  he  manied  in  '41 ;  one  of  Aram's  men 
at  Sta  Clara;  hjtatS.F.  '47;  uftcr  several  changes  of  residence  and  employ - 
nieut,  became  ii  farmer  from  'G8  in  S.  Luis  Ob.,  where  he  still  lived  'S3.  15y 
some  uiitliorities  he  has  been  accredited  to  '43.  iv.  393,  400.  Either  identical 
with  or  a  brotlier  of  tlio  precciling  or  following.  G.  (John  van),  1840,  per- 
liaps  same  as  G.,  at  N.  Ilelv.  May;  not  of  '43.  iv.  393,  400.  G.  (Jolni), 
18-1'),  com.  of  H.IJ.M.S.  Ariicrka.  iv.  uU-'.  G.  (Jacob),  1840,  overl.  immig. 
with  Young,  v.  iViO,  with  family;  perhaps  went  to  Or. ;  perhaps  one  of  tlio 
van  (i.'s.  G.  (Joseph),  1840,  ovcrl.  immig.  mcnt.  by  IJryant;  with  fani.; 
perhaps  went  to  Or.  or  back  east.  v.  5'28-y.  G.  (Julian),  1844,  in  Sonoma 
di.st.  '44-(i;  age  45  in  '40.  G.  (Jemima),  1847,  owner  of  S.  F.  lot.  (J. 
(Nicholas),  1843,  blacksmith  at  Mont.  '4:)-8.  iv.  o87.  G.  (Robert),  1840, 
came  from  Hon.  on  the  Etizabcth;  in  '47-8  editor  of  the  Calif oriiicm  at  >S. I'"., 
and  judge  of  election,  v.  Cr>0,  G.")8;  at  Sac.  '48-9,  active  in  politics. 

(iordon  (Wni),  1841,  nat.  of  Ohio,  who  became  a  Mcx.  citizen  in  N.  Mex., 
whci'o  he  married  ^laria  Lucero,  and  came  to  Gal.  in  the  Rowland-Workman 
party,  iv.  277-9.  In '42  came  nortJi  to  Sonoma,  original  patisp.  in  myco!.; 
and  in  '43  was  grantee  of  Quesesosi  rancho  on  ( 'acheCr.,  becoming  t!ic  ])ionecr 
settler  of  Yolo  Co.  Here  he  lived  till  about  '00,  then  moved  to  Cobb  Yaiky, 
Lake  Co.,  wliere  he  died  in  '70,  at  the  age  of  7").  J I  is  wife  died  in  '44,  litr 
sister  being  the  wife  of  Cyrus  Alexander;  and  in  'o.")  (J.  married  Elizabeth 
Corum.  One  of  his  daughters,  Mrs  Sarali  Ingraham,  died  in  Gordon  Val.  'OS; 
another,  Isabel,  was  the  wife  of  Nallian  Coombs.  'Uncle  IJilly'  liad  been  a 
trapper  in  his  early  years,  and  continued  to  bo  fond  of  the  huntinCal.;  a 
rough,  uneducated,  honest,  and  hospitable  man.  In  '43-0  his  place  on  Cache 
Cr.  was  a  general  rendezvous  for  scttlci'S  and  hunters,  and  is  oftener  men- 
tioned than  any  other  place  except  Sutter's  Fort  and  Sonoma.  It  was  in  t'ao 
vicinity  of  tiie  modern  town  of  Fremont.  Portrait  Yolo  Co.  J/ixt.,  20;  ment. 
iv.  r)~'.),  072;  v.  iii.  072.  (Jorgonio,  neoph.  who  killed  his  wife  at  S.  llucn. 
'17.  ii.  424.  G.  (Josi'),  grantee  of  I'urfsima,  Sta  Clara,  in  '40.  iii.  712. 
Gorgy  (1). ),  doubtful  name  of  a  Russian  owner  of  land  )iear  Bodega  '37.  ii.  0;5S. 

Gorman  (Geo.),  1843,  at  Mont.  G.  (John),  1831,  Irish,  from  Hon.  v.itli 
a  letter  from  I'.  Sliort.  iii.  405;  joined  the  comp.  extranjera  in  '32.  iii.  221 ; 
got  a  lot  in  '35;  in  '30  at  Hartnell's  rancho,  age  50  and  single.  (Jormly  (Mar- 
tin F.),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  claimant  for  a  Marin  Co.  rancho.  iv. 
074;  mr  of  the  Jionloiilnii,  and  killed  by  explosion  of  the  Secrctarif  in  '54. 
Goss,  1847,  on  tlie  Citririici/  Lnxn  from  Hon. 

Gould,  1848,  nn-  of  tJic  M(tn/  I'raiireH.  G.  (John  C),  1847,  Co.  C,  ^lorm. 
Bat.  (v.  409).  G.  (John  I!.).  1840,  a.ssistod  in  printing  the  Mont.  Cali/hr- 
mail.  v.  293.       G.  (Samuel),   1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  llat.  (v.  489).       Gouldin, 

1847,  doubtful  name,  Alameda  (Jo.  '55-78.  Goulet  (G.),  1845,  in  Sutter's 
employ  '45-0;  arul  Geo.  Goutler  had  a  Cal.  claim  of  8(>!)  for  shoeing  horses 
(v.  402).  Gourvillo  (.lean),  1830,  Fr.  laborer  at  Los  Verjeles  rancho,  age  27. 
(loycoechea  (Felipe),  1783,  Mex.  licut  and  com.  of  the  Sta  B.  comp.  1784- 
1802,  being  brevet  capt.  from  1797;  habilitado  gen.  of  Cal.  in  Mex.  1802-5; 
gov.  of  L.  Cal.  1800-14,  where  he  died  at  Loreto.  A  prominent  and  able  oili- 
ccr.  IJiog.  ii.  110-17;  ment.  i.  list  of  autli.,  390,  401-3,  404-0,  484,  501-2, 
517,  521-2,  532,  537,  542,  573,  583,  588-94,  039;  ii.  28,  30,  32-3,  30,  111, 
154-0,  180,  188,  005,  009. 

Grablc  (Benj.).  1841  (?),  .lat.  of  Ohio;  d.  S.  Luis  Ob.  70.  iv.  279;  date  of 
arrival  proh.  a  misprint  in  Cal.  Christ.  Adv.,  Jul.  31),  '70.  (Jrady  (Thomas), 
184(!,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  .330).  Graf  (Joseph),  184S,  overl.  imnng. 
with  wife,  who  settled  at  Nicolaus;  a  teamster.  Grail' (Geo.  J.),  1847,  Co. 
E,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.P.  '74-82.  Grafton  (Ed.  C),  1845,  mid.  on  the 
U.S.  Poiismoulk;  acting lieut  Co.  C,  Stockton's  bat.  '40-7.  v.  385.       Graham, 

1848,  from  Or.  with  Martin;  supposed  to  have  been  killed  by  Ind.  tiic  same 
year  at  Murderers  bar.  G.  (Chas  K.),  1847,  mid.  on  the  U.  S.  Columhm; 
maj.-gen.  in  war  of  '01-5;  surveyor  of  port  of  N.  Y.  '79.  G.  (Geo.),  1847, 
Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (V.  499);  passp.  from  Hon.  '48. 

Graham  (Isaac),  1833-5,  nat.  of  Ky,  and  for  many  years  a  trapper  in  the 


GRAHAM— GRALBATCH. 


7G3 


':'4. 


ijur- 
idiii, 

ttcr'a 

VMiA 

•21. 

oin- 

01-2, 

111, 


Co. 

tlio 
liiiiii, 
saiiio 
thitn; 
1847, 

the 


great  hasin  and  N.Mex.,  whence  he  is  generally  said  to  Imve  come  to  C;il.  in 
';{lt.  iii.  388,  40!).  I  have  fyiiml  no  details  of  his  arrival,  wliii^h  was  very  liively 
in  'l!4  or  '35.  lu  "Mi  he  luul  a  distillery  and  drinkinj,'-iilaci;  at  Xatividad,  and 
from  the  loafers  ubont  his  place,  chielly  deserting  sailor;!,  raised  a  conip.  of 
'  riilenien  '  to  suj)port  Alvarado  in  his  revolution,  going  s,iuth  in  that  canse  in 
'37.  See  fnll  debiils  in  iii.  4r)4-0,  491,  5'J4,  G85.  In  '38  he  was  condemned  to 
8  months  in  the  chain-gang  for  killing  cattle  on  Gomez'  ranclio.  Mont.  Arch.; 
and  in  '3'J  he  and  Nailc  tried  to  organize  a  comp.  to  cross  tlie  mts  eastward. 
In  '40,  with  a  dozen  of  his  associates  and  enougli  other  foreigners  to  make  tip 
the  number  of  47,  G.  was  sent  to  8.  IJIas  on  a  charge  of  plotting  against  tho 
govt;  hut  with  18  of  the  exiles  came  back  the  next  year.  iv.  '2-41,05,  1  l(i, 
348.  The  current  versions  of  this  afl'air,  as  fully  explained  elsewhere,  have  but 
a  slight  foundation  in  truth;  the  exiles  were  for  the  most  part  foreigners  of 
the  worst  class,  who  had  come  to  Cal.  in  <lefiancc  of  the  laws;  and  wliile  tho 
definite  charges  of  conspiracy  could  not  be  proved,  the  arrest  was  only  tech- 
nical, and  in  tho  case  of  a  few,  an  outrage,  for  which  Gov.  Alvarado  waa 
willing  that  Mex.  should  pay  damages.  Statements  that  Alvarado  broke  his 
promises  to  G.,  and  that  the  prisoners  were  brutally  treated,  have  no  better 
louiid;ition  than  the  absurd  ravings  of  Farnhain  and  the  comph'ints  of  tho 
victims  hungry  for  damages.  After  his  return,  G.,  witii  Majors  and  others, 
bouL'ht  the  Sayante  rancho  near  8ta  Cruz,  built  a  saw-mill,  and  engaged  also 
to  sonic  extent  in  tanning.  His  name  appears  constantly  on  Larkin's  books. 
He  made  desperate  eflbrts  to  get  damages  from  Mex.  through  the  U.  8.  govt 
for  his  exile;  it  is  a  popular  tradition  that  he  succeeded  in  getting  §3G,000, 
and  possibly  he  did  in  later  years  get  a  siniiU  sum,  buo  I  find  no  definite  evi- 
denc<>  to  that  effect,  iv.  40-1.  In '43  he  otlcred  his  support  ami  that  of  his 
associates — without  their  knowledge — to  Gov.  Miclicltorcna,  who  declined  at 
iirst.  iv.  35(J;  but  he  finally  went  south  with  Sutter's  force  in  defense  of  the 
gov.  in  '44-.');  iv.  4~'2,  47S,  483,  480,  507.  In  '45  ho  induced  a  young  Ameri- 
can woman  to  live  with  hiin,  her  mother  making  an  effort  through  Consul 
Laikin  and  the  alcalde  to  oblige  him  to  marry,  but  apparently  without  suc- 
cess; though  G.  claimed  that  .she  was  his  wife,  and  she  so  ajipears  in  the  pa- 
dron  of  '45,  when  G.  was  40  years  old.  I  have  uiucii  of  the  original  eorresp.  con- 
nected with  the  .scandal.  At  this  time  '20  of  (i.'r,  foreign  fellow-citizens  signed 
a  puition  to  the  prefect  for  his  expulsion  from  the  community,  as  a  dissolute, 
la\\  IcMS,  (juarrnlruimc  corruptor  of  the  public  peace  and  morals.  I  think  tliu 
woman  left  him  in  '4!t,  about  tlie  time  that  some  of  his  children  by  a  former 
marriage  caino  to  Cal.  The  case  of  (irahaiii  \3  Kou.ssillon  in  '40  was  the  Ish 
tried  by  a  jury  in  Cal.  v.  280.  After  the  U.S.  occupation,  G.  continued  to  livo 
on  his  !-"a  Cruz  rancho,  for  which  he  was  the  claimant,  iv.  OJli;  and  died  at 
>8.  F.  in  03  at  the  age  of  nearly  70.  Two  of  his  daughters,  very  respectable 
jieoplc,  live  in  Sta  Cruz  Co.  '85;  and  his  brother  also  resided  in  Cal.  for  many 
years.  Kesiicctiiig  (Jr.iham's  character,  much  is  said  in  my  narrative  of  tl;o 
events  of  '40.  l>ut.  for  the  unmerited  praise  that  has  been  so  profusely  acconhil 
him,  and  his  own  never-ending  abuse  of  lietter  men,  it  might  be  in  doubtful 
taste  to  dwell  on  the  man's  true  charaeter.  In  X.  Mex.  and  on  the  plaiiu^, 
where  he  was  well  known  by  Xi<lever,  1!.  ]).  Wilson,  .lob  Dy(N  and  others,  lio 
had  tho  worst  of  repntations,  amply  juslilied  by  his  career  in  Cal.  At  the  be  :| , 
he  was  alond-moiithed,  unprincipled,  prolliL;ate,  and  reckless  man,  whose;  only 
good  (pialities  seem  to  have  been  the  personal  bravery  and  prodiqal  iiospital- 
ity  of  his  class,  with  undoubted  skill  as  a  hunter,  and  a  degree  of  industry. 

(irahain  (John),  1701,  Doston  boy  .if  Midaspina's  exind.  who  died  at  Mont., 
called  Grocm.  i.  401.  (r.  (.lolin),  1841,  lieuton  the  U.S.  Si  Luni-i.  ^i.  (Law- 
rence 1*.),  1848,  brevet  major  'Jd  U.  8.  drag.,  in  com.  of  a  dragoon  battalion 
from  Mex,  arriv'-^g  at  the  end  of  Dec;  mil.  com.  of  the  soutlx.-rn  dist  in  '10. 
v.  5'J-_',  018.  G.  (\Vm),  1841,  doubtful  name  at  8.  Jqs6.  Biihri'll.  Grajerv 
(Ar.tonio),  Mex.  lieut  in  com.  of  the  8.  Diego  comp.  1703-9;  eapt.  from  "OS; 
conduct  far  from  exemplary;  left  Cal.  Jan.  1800,  and  died  at  sea  3  days  after 
Bailing  Biog.  i.  070;  meiit.  i.  .WJ,  532,  538,  543,  503,  58S-94,  030,  034,  0.".:t, 
G50,  730.       Gralbatch  (NVni),  1825,  Engl,  sailor  and  cooper  who  landed  at 


704 


riOXEER  REGISTER  AXD  INDEX. 


Mont.  ii.  000;  iii.  20.  In  '20  ho  kept  a  shop  with  Geo.  Allen  and  applierl  for 


ii;itiiraliz;ition,  n-je  'J(i;  a  muiiih.  of  tlic  cimip.  extraiijera 


iii.  '2-2\;  on 


Larl;iu'.s  boolis  from  '',\^.  In  '3(i  lie  lived  i.t  S.  lKi(h'0  ranclio,  l>eing  then  sinj^'lc, 
but  married  before  '40.  I  find  no  later  record  than  C^t.  '41 ;  generally  called 
Ciravbatch  or  Graybaek,  but  I  liave  his  antograpbs.  (iranibis  (Fred.),  1847, 
chief  musician  N.  Y.  Vol.  v.  r>03;  d.  before  '8l'.  Grams  (Philip),  1S47,  fo. 
K,  X.Y.Vol.  (V.  400);  died  atllihvankee,  Wis.,  '80.  Granados  (Fran.),  1S40, 
f.ux.  do  policia.  Mont.  V.  037.  Grant,  1844,  off.  on  H.B.M..S.il/o(/('.>'/c  (i. 
(!!.).  184."),  doubtfnl  name  of  the  Grigsby-lde  immig.  part\'.  iv.  570;  prob. 
went  to  Or.  G.  (James),  lH'2o,  Engl,  waterman,  ago  '25,  protestant  and  sin- 
gle'; in  ^lont.  dist.  '25-0.  iii.  20.       G.  (Tlios),  1S:52,  got  a  carta,  iii.  40S. 

G  raves  (Franklin  W. ),  1 840,  member  of  the  Donncr  party  from  111. ,  accom- 
panied by  wife  Elizabeth,  3  sons,  and  (5  daughteis.  The  father,  mother,  and 
ono  son — Franklin  W.,  Jr,  ago  5 — died  in  the  Sierra,  v.  528,  530,  534,  5;;7. 
Eight  of  the  children  survived.  Jonatiian  B.,  age  7,  and  Elizabeth,  Jr,  died 
near  Sutter's  Fort  in  '47.  v.  530,  534.  Wm  C.  was,  in  '80-1,  a  blacksmitli  afc 
Calistoga,  and  in  '84  writes  me  from  Merrimac,  Plumas  Co.;  he  also  wrote  for 
t!ic  newspapers  a  narrittive  of  C'roKniiig  the  I'lahis  i»  '.'/i.  v.  530,  534,  530, 
541.  Eleanor  Jnarricd  Wm  McDonald  in  '40,  and  in  '81  lived  at  Knight's  Val., 
Sonoma,  with  8  cldldrcn.  v.  5.'30,  534.  Mary  Ann  married  Ed.  Pyle  in  '47, 
and  .1.  T.  Clarke  iri  '52,  and  in  '81  lived  at  White  River,  'J'ulare,  with  5  children. 
Lovina  marrie<l  John  Cyrus  in  '50,  and  in  '81  lived  near  Calistoga  with  5 
children.  Nancy  married  R.  W.  Williamson  in  '55,  and  in  '81  lived  at  Los 
Gatos,  also  with  5  children.  A  married  daughter,  also  a  survivor,  was  .Mrs 
'Fosdick,' q.v.       G.  (lliram),  1848,  at  S.F.  ace.  to  Ids  later  testimony. 

(!ray  (Andrew  F.  V.),  1840,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  ( 'on;/ rest ;  com.  of  the  force 
sent  by  Stockton  to  Kearny's  relief  at  S.  Pascnal;  served  as  S.'saido  in  tho 
tinal  campaign  of  '47;  went  cast  overland  with  despatches;  and  testified  at  tho 
Fremont  court-martial  in  ^\'asil.  v.  328,  350,  385,  420,  450.  G.  (Alonzo), 
1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4!)0).  G.  (E.),  1847,  mr  of  the  Antonila.  v.  .")7(i. 
G.  (E.  L.),  184(»,  from  H(jn.  on  the  L'liphcmia;  perhaps  same  as  preceding. 
ii.  (G.  R.),  1841,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  St  Louis.  (}.  ((i.L.),  1847,  at  Hon.  from 
Cal.  twice,  1st  on  the  Ciirroirii  Lass,  2d  on  tlie  G<'n,  Kcnriii/.  G.  (James 
A.).  1S47,  Co.  D,  N.Y'.Vol.  (v.  400);  nat.  of  Penn.;  and  mei'iib.  of  1st  C;!l. 
legisl.  '40-50;  resid.  at  Salinas  City  '82.  G.  (John  P.),  1847,  came  from  Va 
with  letters  from  Fauntleroy  and  Minor  to  Larkin:  at  N.Helv.  '48,  interested 
in  mines.  G.  (L.  C),  1847,  trader  on  the  coast  '47-8  from  Honolulu  on  tlio 
0<ii.  lO'drn;/,  Louise,  and  Undine;  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  070;  at  Renieia  '40- 
50,  and  perhaps  the  S.  C  (iray  whoso  lecture  in  Iknicia  is  published  in  tho 
S.Jniio  Co.  Hist.,  140;  still  living,  I  think,  in  '85.  G.  (Robt),  1788,  mr  of  tho 
WdshiuijtQ}},  sighting  tlie  i'al.  'oast  on  Ids  way  north,  i.  445,  400;  aco  Hist, 
X.  W.  Coast.  G.  (\Vm),  1837,  lu'nberman  and  militiaman  at  Sonoma.  (r. 
(Wm  1).),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  400). 

Gi'ayson  ( Andrew. 1.),  1840,  nat.  of  La,  and  overl.  innnii,'. — being  at  tho 
start  in  com.  of  a  small  party — with  wife  and  child,  living  fur  a  time  in  tho 
L'pper  Sac.  Val.  v.  528.  Active  in  raising  men  for  tlio  Cal.  Rat.,  in  which  ho 
r,'.id;ed  as  lieut;  but  remained  in  the  north,  and  took  ]iart  in  the  campaign 
against  Sanciiez.  v.  3.V,),  .'Slil,  383.  Mrs<!.  seems  to  have  remained  at  Sonoma, 
where  she  is  named  as  a.  witness  in  Jan.  '47.  In  '47-8  (I.  obtained  lots  at  ISe- 
niciaand  S.F.,  where  lie  kept  a  little  stationery  shop  in  the  City  Hotel,  v. 
072,  080;  also  acting  as  ('apt.  Folsom's  agent  at  Corte  Madera,  Marin  Co., 
ajid  soon  founding—on  paper — tlie  town  of  Graysonville  on  the  S.  .loaq.  ]{iv. 
In  these  days,  thougli  a  gaudjler  and  associate  of  Lippint'ott,  McDougal,  and 
other  like  ciiaraetcrs,  he  was  regarded  as  a  man  of  good  abilities  and  cliiir- 
aeter.  In  '50  lie  settled  at  S.  .lose  and  gave  his  attention  to  the  study  of  orni- 
thology, in  which  branch,  and  as  an  artist,  ho  became  widely  known  to  scica- 
tilic  men  in  all  parts  of  tiie  world.  In  '57  he  went  with  his  wife  to  Mex.,  and 
died  at  ^lazatlan  in  '00  at  the  age  of  50.  His  doscrip.  and  paintinjrs  of  I'ac. 
coast  birds  liavo  as  yet,  nnfortunatcly,  remained  un]nililislied.  His  wichiw 
returned  to  Cal.,  married  Dr  G.  R.  Crane,  and  was  still  living  at  St  lleleua 


GRAYSOX— GKEEN. 


7Go 


t'.io 

!io 
Iio 
;,'!» 

lie- 
V. 

I)., 

;iv. 

i:ir- 
iii- 

a 

no. 


in  '77,  as  she  is,  I  think,  in  '85.  G.  (Xed),  184G,  at  S.  Josd  'o4.  Ainmis  of 
S.F.,  8'2'2;  ])t'i'hii])s  the  iirccetlins  or  hit*  son. 

Greuu  (Alfred  A.),  1847,  Co.  15,  X.Y.Vol.  v.  513,  010;  anat.  of  Xuw  llrnns- 
vick,  wlio  after  a  brief  experience  in  tlie  mines  became  a  somewhat  protiii- 
iient  lawyer  at  S.F.,  being  at  one  time  niemb.  of  tlie  legishiture,  and  Mell 
known  in  eonuection  witli  the  pnebh)  land  question,  Santillan  elaiin.  and  viiji- 
lance  eonimitteo.  In  '78  ho  gave  me  a  narrative  of  tiie  Advciiturcn  of  (t  '-/<""■. 
containint;  many  interesting  details  of  early  S.F.  annals;  still  living  in  S.l'". 
'82,  and  1  think  in  '8.').  There  is  Hnine  confusion  in  the  records  between  liiin 
and  II.  A.  Green,  at  Sonoma  in  '47-8.  G.  (Alonzo),  1848  (?),  doubtful  date 
of  a  Konora  settler.  G.  (Cambridge),  lS;i'2,  one  of  Young's  trapix;rs,  who 
killed  a  man  nanied  Aiulerson,  and  is  said  to  have  been  inipri.soned  <at  Los  Aug. ; 
also  liad  a  brotlier  in  the  same  party,  iii.  3S8.  G.  (Daniel  S.  orC),  184(i, 
Burgeon  on  tiie  U.  S.  Dale;  in  eonfed.  service  '01-.').  (}.  (Ephrain.),  1S47, 
i\).  J5,  .Morni.  ]5at.  (v.  4(1!));  at  Sutter's  and  in  the  Tnines  '48.  (}.  (Francis), 
18.'U),  Anier.  age  40,  in  a  Los  Aug.  list;  perhaps  at  Sta  Cruz  '39.  G.  ((ieo. 
^V.),  18-J!),  on  the  BrookliiH:  iii.  i;}8-!»;  li\ing  in  Mass.  '72.  G.  (Harry), 
1848,  )iamed  l)y  Glover  as  a  Mormon  who  went  to  Utiih  '41).  G.  (Henry  A. ), 
1844  (?),  a  lumberman  ami  builder— possibly  the  G.  at  8ta  Cruz  '39 — named 
in  various  records  of  '44-(»  at  Mont,  and  Sta  Cruz.  iv.  4.m;  Gal.  claim  of  !i^70 
(\ .  4(i'2).  In  '47  he  was  at  Sonoma,  being  a  member  of  the  town  council,  v. 
()l)8,  and  employed  in  pre[)aring  material,  under  a  contract  with  Larkin,  for 
houses  which  were  erected  at  iJcnicia  in  '48.  v.  C71-3.  There  was  a  Mrs  G., 
perhaps  his  wife,  at  Sonoma  in  '47.  G.  (H.F.A.),  1848,  at  Mont.,  ace.  to 
consulate  arch.  (r.  (Hugh  W.),  1847,  purser  on  the  U.  S.  Iiiilrpriidnia: 
(i.  (.lacob),  1840,  Swiss  trapper  at  X.  Helv.  '4G-7;  Cal.  claim  $2.>  (v.  4(i2); 
iiient.  by  Ward  in  '48.  G.  (J.L.),  IS48,  owner  of  a  S.F.  hit.  G.  (.lames), 
1847,  doubtful  member  of  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.F.  '74.  G.  (.Tames),  \HM, 
jicrhaps  of  Yoiuig's  party,  iii.  388.  (J.  (.James  M.),  184."),  nat.  of  Comi.,  wlio 
came  on  a  whaler,  iv.  087;  long  a  rcsid.  of  Hon.,  and  nir  of  vessels  running 
to  Cal.;  memb.  of  lirni  C.  A.  Williams  &  Co. ;  also  shii)-cliandlcr  at  S.  F.; 
(lied  in  Stockton  insane  asylum  '08.  Xewspapers.  G.  (-lolin),  1847,  Co.  i', 
:Morm.  15at.  (v.  4(i!)).  G.  (.John  I).),  1S47,  rcsid.  at  Sta  Cruz,  ace.  to  the 
county  hist.  G.  (.Judson),  184(),  oveil.  innnig.  with  Steph.  Cooper.  G. 
(Lewis),  1840  (?),  at  Los  Ang.  '59-70.  G.  (Miciiael),  1840,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S. 
dragoons  (v.  3;{(;).       G.  (T.C.),  1847,  at  N.  Hl-1v. 

(ireen  (Talbot  H.),  1841,  nat.  of  I'enn.,  and  overl.  immig.  of  the  Bartleson 
larty.  iv.  '208,  270,  27">,  '279.    Ivirly  in  '42  he  entered  Larkin's  sei'vice  at 


I 


iMont.  as  clerk;  and  in  May  '43  made  a  contiact  to  carry  on  J^.'s  business  for 
fine  year  for  !?400  and  .")  per  cent  of  the  profits.  Tiiis  arrangement  w;is  contin- 
ued to  the  end  of  '4.'),  and  in  Jan.  '40  G.  made  a  c<iutract  for  3  years  to  take 
the  business,  witli  i?iO,000  worth  of  goods,  for  one  tiiird  of  the  profits,  v.  .">.")- 
0.  I  have  mucii  of  his  business  coi'resp.  In  '44  lie  got  a  renewal  of  his  pass- 
port, po.ssibly  naturalization;  in  '4()  served  on  the  1st  jury,  v.  2S9,  and  was 
grantee  of  land  near  Mont.  v.  037;  and  in  'l!)-7  was  collector  of  the  pint, 
having  also  a  Cal.  claim  of  ^lO.S.V),  and  obtaining  a  lot  at  S.  F.  v. '2S!»,  4.';."J, 
407,  o70,  r>7"2.  He  made  a  tiip  to  Mazatlaii,  and  contiihuted  items  fur  the 
Colifiifuian.  In  '4S  visiteil  the  mines.  From  .Ian.  '49  iie  was  a  nienilier  of  tlio 
S.  1''.  tinii  of  Melius  ifc  Howard,  a  piosperonsand  popular  man  of  luisiiifss,  mc  in- 
ber  of  \.\\v  town  e()un(il,  and  taking  an  active  part  in  political  aliliirs.  He 
married  tlie  widow  Montgomery,  of  the  Stevens  imniig.  party  of  '44,  by  whnin 
he  iiad  a  son,  in  '8.')  state  lilirarian  at  Sac.,  his  motiier,  nnw  Mrs  ^Vallis,  bring 
a  resident  of  Mayliel  1.  in  "."il  Green,  being  then  a  )iriimiiieiit  ciuididate  for 
mayor,  was  recognizeil  and  denounced  as  I'aul  Gecldrs  of  I'enn.,  adifault- 
i:ig  bank  clerk,  who  had  left  a  wife  and  ehildrert  in  the  east.  'I'iieriMs  no 
ngreement  about  the  circumstances  of  the  diseoverj'.  Tlie  chiirge  proveil  true, 
but  G.  protested  his  innocence,  anil  went  east  via  i'ananiii  for  the  avnwiil 
juirpose  of  clearing  his  repntiition,  being  escorted  to  the  boat  liy  a  largt^  iniii- 

Iiany  of  prominent  eitizeiH.   Tliere  are  several  cimfused  versions  of   his  later 
ife.  I  have  his  letter  to  Larkiu  iit  'o.'k  in  which  he  expresses  shame  and  pen- 


jm 


PIOXiiKR  REGISTER  AND  INDEX, 


it(MU!C  for  tlic  deception  he  liad  practisctl;  snys  lie  lias  lost  $3,200  fi'i".ii  iiIs 
Iniiili,  ami  i»  'peiiuiless  ami  ik'stitiiti-,  with  miirits  lirokun  and  t'nt",>;y  goi  e;' 
lii';;s  Jj.,  '  for  (Jod'.s  aaliu,' to  si'iij  hiiii  liis  wliari!  of  tlio  proceeds  of  the  (.  al. 
claims  and  otlicr  debts;  eonfesHe:^  that  he  has  deceived  Thompson;  butintjiids 
to  Imy  a  small  farm  in  Tenn.  Some  day  he  will  send  a  Inll  history  oi  his  life. 
In  ',')!•  he  visited  C'al.  ami  was  seen  by  Wni  1'".  AVhite  — whose  Orvi/s  J'irliire 
vf  I'toii.  Timi",  l'Jl-;{I,  contains  a  f,'ood  account  of  (I.'s  life — anil  in  ".")■"•  ho 
writes  to  I^rkin  from  N.Y.  that  he  had  settled  with  Mr  II.  (Howard  ';);  that 
Ml'  15.  (Hrannan)  had  settled  tlie  I'enn.  atl'air;  ami  that  he  is  about  to  start 
for  Tcnn.  Ho  is  understood  to  hav(^  njoined  his  1st  wife  and  to  be  still  liviiij^ 
in  'S,">.  In  the  .S'.  ./.  I'loii.  of  Apr.  'Jl,  '77,  it  is  stiteil  that  (j.  had  been  for 
scnio  time  asst  see.  of  the  U.S.  senate,  and  tiiat  he  visited  ("al.  in  '7<i.  J.,ieiit 
MaiUlox  accused  Cirecn  of  dishonorable  eondnet  in  '4(i-7,  and  there  are  soiiio 
ulii^lit  indications  that  liis  IVnii.  defalcation  was  not  his  only  transgression; 
but  liisCal.  record,  as  a  whole,  wa  i  excellent. 

(ircen  (Theodore  i'.),  ISKi,  lieiit  on  the  U.S.  ConrfrcM.  G.  (Wm),  1840, 
one  of  the  S.  ISlas  exiles,  arrested  in  the  south,  iv.  14,  18.  (1.  (Wni  (I), 
1S17,  fV).  C,  N.V.Vol.  (V.  lit!));  d.  S.  Rafael  '71.  (ireenman  (J.  ]).),  1S4S, 
passp.  from  llonohilu.  (ireenock,  iSiO,  nient.  by  Revere  as  the  froiitiir 
eettii'r  on  a  jonrney  from  Xajia  V;d.  to  Clear  Lake.  1  think  there  m;i.v  bo 
iiome  connection  between  this  name  and  '(iuenoc,'  that  of  .i  J.,tdto  Co.  ranclio 
granted  in  '4.')  to  (leo.  'Ikocl;.'  (iuenoe  is  still  the  name  in  use. 

(Ircenwood  (Calb),  1S44,  trapjier  and  mountaineer,  who,  with  his  two 
sons,  Rritain  ami  .loliii,  liy  a  Crow  wife,  guided  the  Stevens  ininiig.  party 
across  the  )'laius;  and  iierfoiined  like  service  for  other  parties  in  '40-0,  lieing 
t.ent  to  I't  J  bill  to  divert  tiu^  Dr.  iniuiig.  toCal.  They  served  in  Sutter's  force 
'4");  Uryant  met  the  old  man  in  Uake  Co.  '4(1,  when  he  claimed  to  be  .S.'t  years 
old;  liritain  was  with  the  'Id  Donncr  relief  of  '47,  and  lived  in  Mendocino  Co. 
'84;  S.  S.  (ircenwood,  ai)parent!y  one  of  tlie  .'(,  is  said  to  have  been  a  nat.  of 
Nova  Scotia,  to  have  come  v.itii  Uremont,  and  to  have  been  justice  of  the 
peace  and  assessor  at  Sac,  m  here  he  died  in  '78.  John  served  in  (Jo.  1'],  Cal. 
J?at.  (v.  .'!r>8>,  and  had  a  trading-post  in  (Jreeinvood  Val,  '48.  It  is  impossible 
to  distinguish  between  tin;  H,  or  to  locate  anyone  of  them  at  any  delinito 
time.  iv."44r>,  4.");f-4,  480.  r.:!<»,  57J,  070. 

(iretforj' (.Folin),  1844,  Engl,  in  Cal.  '44-0;  came  back  in  '.")">;  in  Sonomiv 
Co.  'OT  SO  with  wife  and  ;t  child.  Son.  Co.  7/^v^,(j^)l.  (J.  (Robertl,  1840,  Co, 
K,  1st  U.S.  drag.,  killed  at  S.  Tascual.  v.  340.  G.  (Thos),  184H,  at  S.  F. 
from  lIo.:iolnlu.  Gregsoii  (.lames),  184."),  Engl,  who  eanie  to  Phil,  as  a  boy, 
and  oM'ii.  to  Cal.  in  the  (Jrigsl)y-lde  party,  with  his  wife,  I'Uizabeth  Marshall, 
and  her  two  brothers,  mother,  and  sister,  v.  070,  r>87.  In  'bl-S  he  workid  as 
a  blacksmitii  for  Sutter,  serving  in  the  Sac.  garrison  during  the  Bear  revolt. 
V.  711;  and  later  in  Co.  15,  Cal.  liat.  (v.  3,")8),  being  perhaps  at  the  X'atividad 
light,  ami  taking  part  in  tlio  southern  campaign  of  '40-7.  Returning,  he  re- 
sumed work  fur  Sutter,  got  a  lot  at  S.K.  v.  08.1,  and  was  at  work  at  the  fa- 
mous mill  when  goUl  was  discovered.  Mrs  (!.  is  mcntioneil  in  '47  as  passcii  .rcr 
on  the  1st  stcamlioat  to  Sac.  v.  571'.  In '.')0-80  ho  lived  indrecn  \'al.,  Sniiiun:!, 
Co.,  with  0  ehilthen.  His  daughter,  Annie,  b.  Sept.  3,  '4(»,  married  lio'oert 
Keid  of  S.  Luis  Ob.;  another,  Mary  Ellen,  b.  '48,  marrieil  ^IcChristian.  I'lob. 
still  alive  in  '8.'>.  1  have  a  MS.  S/iifviiinit  from  hiin.  Portrait  in  Son.  <  'o.  Ili^l., 
rtOO.  (r.  (Wm),  1834,  Aiuer.,  age  •JO,  in  Spear's  service  at  Mont.  (lieimdl, 
1848,  in  list  of  htters,  S.F.  c'renis,  bS'JI,  mr  of  the  S!</loc(l),  at  Sta  15.  ii. 
410.  Grey  (Wm),  18;;7,  in  S.  F.  militia.  (J.  (Louisa  C.),  1848,  wife  of 
'W.L.O.,  d.  .Stockton  '70,  age  ."il;  nain<  d  as  1st  Amer.  child  liorn  in  Sonoma. 

(irien  ((^ail),  1844,  blacksmith  ri  Mont.  (irillin,  1847,  from  Honolulu 
on  the  Kiiiihiniia;  in  '48  mr  of  tlie  Arhl.  v.  570.  G.  (.Folin  S.),  1840,  assb 
surg.  U.  S.  A.  from  '40,  piob.  nat.  of  Ky,  who  came  with  Kearny  from  N. 
Mex.,  being  jiresent  in  the  lights  of  S.  Pascnal,  S.  (iabriel,  anil  the  Mesa.  v. 
33(1-7,  38.">.  His  Journal  of  '40-7  is  ono  of  the  best  autlioritica  extant,  and  ia 
supplemented  by  his  original  X'or.  ///x/.  Cnl.  in  my  collection.  Ho  was  sta- 
tioned at  S.D.  and  Los  Ang.  in  charyo  of  the  mil.  hospital;  visited  the  niiuca 


hi 


GRIFFIN— GRIMES. 


oil  leave  of  ahscncc  in  '40,  l)ccamc  interested  with  Vallejoand  Fridbie  in  Naprv 
lands,  anil  was  stationed  at  ISenicia  till  '.VJ,  when  he  was  transferred  to  tlio 
so.itii;  went  oast  in  '.').'{,  and  in  "."(4  I'e.signcd  antl  settled  at  Los  Ang.,  where  ho 
haa  since  resitled  and  practiced  iiicdiciiie  down  to  'S.").       (J.  (M.).  1847,  at  S. 

F.  from  Honolulu.  G.  (I'etcr  K. ),  1844,  Atner.  at  Mont.,  getting  a  jjass  for 
a  year.  G.  (Sam.  P.),  IS4ti,  mid.  on  tUa  \J. ii.  Savautiah;  serving  in  garrison 
at  S.  Jos(^,  V.  378,  wiiere  he  applied  for  land. 

(irillith  (Calvin  ('.),  liS4."»,  nat.  of  N.C.,  who  came  with  his  parents  in  the 
Grigsbylde  party,  iv.  .")7!),  5S7.  He  .served  with  the  Bears,  v.  1 10,  and  in  tho 
C.il.  I'at.  (v.  3.')S),  later  Ix'coniing  a  miner  and  fanner.  In 'SI  he  livc<I  atRutii- 
erforil,  Nai)!i  Co.,  witli  his  w  ife,  Lyilia  L('nsil)augh,  mar.  in  '55,  and  7  children. 

G.  (i'\(!.),  184(1,  in  Cal.  I'at.,  and  named  in  a  list  of  Hears;  perhaps  a  lirother 
of  (,'alvin.  (t.  (.James  A.),  1845,  ovcrl.  imniig.  of  Grigshy-Ido  party,  witii 
wiff,  I'^li/aheth  1!.,  and  (Jiie  or  more  sons.  ]jon<!s  given  hy  Yount  Nov.  I'Jth. 
iv.  .^>7!»,  5S7.  Tho  family  settled  in  Napa  Val. ;  Cal.  claim  of  §1,()00  foriepair- 
ing  barracks  (v.  4(i'2);  died  in  iSonoma  08.  G.  (.Jonathan),  184(i,  one  of  tlio 
Morni.  (Jol.  with  wife  and  2  children,  v.  54G;  lot  at  S.F.  '47;  MrsG.  and  son 
at  Mont.  '48.  (J.  did  not  go  to  Utah.  G.  (Thonuis),  184G,  doubtful  name  of 
a  ]?ear;  possiiily  a  son  of  James  A.  G.  (Joseph),  doubtful  uauio  of  u  trapper 
in  S.  Joacp  Val.  in  very  early  times.    Monf.  Co.  I  Hit.,  2!). 

Grigsby  (Franklin  F.),  1S15,  Co.  K,  Cal.  Rat.  '40-7  (v.  358);  prob.  a  son 
of  Johnand  immig.  of  '45.  G.  (Gianville  W.),  1845,  ditto.  G.  (John),  1845, 
nat.  of  Tenn.,  came  to  Cal.  from  Mo.  in  tiic  immig.  party  that  bears  his  name, 
witii  his  family,  iv.  578-81,  587.  He  was  one  of  the  most  active  in  fonjentingtho 
Rear  revolt  of '40;  was  for  a  few  hours  leader  at  Sonoma  on  Juno  14tli;  com.  tho 
guard  tiiat  took  the  prisoners  to  N.  Ilelv. ;  and  after  the  U.  S.  occup.  was  in 
com.  of  the  Sonoma  garrison,  being  capt.  of  Co.  R,  Cal.  15at.  v.  lUt,  114-1!), 
ItU,  lOS,  17.-,,  184,  i.'4_'-;i, 'JOO, '2!»8.  After  the  reorganization  of  tho  battaliim 
in  Nov.  Capt.  G.  com.  Co.  E,  in  the  .southern  campaign,  v.  3.58-01.  He  had  a 
Cal.  claim  (v.  402);  and  in  '47  is  nientioned  in  connection  with  politicrd  allairs 
at  Sonoma,  v.  4.'5;i,  OUi).  He  settled  in  Napa,  where  he  eontinued  to  live  till 
about '72,  when  he  went  to  Te.xas,  and  died  in  Mo.  '70,  at  the  age  of  70.  'I'liero 
is  a  strange  lack  of  information  al)out  him  and  his  family  after  '40.  Two  of 
the  name,  perhaps  his  sons,  have  been  mentioned;  his  daugliter  was  the  wifo 
of  Win  Kdgiiigton;  ami  he  had  a  brother  Jesse  in  Cal.  I  have  copies  of  a  sm.ill 
col.  of  (irii/if)!/  Pciirrti  furnished  by  the  Sonoma  I'ion.  Soc.  (Jrijalva  (.luau 
I'ablo),  1770,  Mex.  sergt  with  Anza'.s  expcd.;  served  at  S.F.  '7()-80;  alf.  of  S. 
])iego  comp.  'SO  'Jti;  retired  as  lient  '90-1800,  tho  date  of  his  (leatli.  His 
daiightei's  married  Ant.  Voiba  and  I'edro  I'eralta.  IJiog.  ii.  104;  meiit.  i.  2.-)S, 
202-70,  280-7,  2!»0-7,  ;!5!),  :{(;2,  4.V2,  472:'.,  517,  5.-,:{,  047,  052  H,  (;o:i;  ii.  57. 
C!.  (Luciano),  at  Los  .Vug.  in  '."J.'l. 

(Jrimes  (Kliab),  18,'!8,  nat.  of  Mass.;  li('iit  on  a  privateer  in  the  war  of 
1812;  later  for  20  years  Ji  well-know  n  men  liant  of  Honolulu,  of  (inn  1''.  &  11. 
Grimes,  iv.  141.  In 'H8  he  visited  Cal.  on  the  /.VtswAt.'*,  of  which  he  was 
owner,  and  went  to  IJostou.  iv.  105,  117,  1 10.  His  next  visit  was  on  tho  schr 
Ciliforiiin,  in  '42,  at  which  time  he  selected  a  raiieho  in  tlie  Sae.  Val.,  wlii'li, 
after  he  hail  returned  from  a  trip  to  Hon.  on  tlie  I'dinn,  was  granted  to  liiiii 
in  '44.  iv.  (i72.  I'rom  this  tinu?  ( 'a|>t.  < !.  may  be  regarded  as  a  perinanent  resid. 
of  S.I''.,  thongli  he  made  another  trip  to  Hon.  on  the  J)on  Quiro/r  in  '47.  Ho 
had  a,  lot  and  house,  wan  a  well-known  trader,  and  was  a  menib.  of  the  ligisl. 
ouneil  in  '17.  v.  4.'i;{,  05!!,  078,  (ISO.  G.  ^:  Sinclair  had  a  Cal.  claim  for  horses 
(v.  ■Ki2).  For  some  years  lie  made  'Kent  Hall'  hii  home  while  in  town,  and 
kept  there  a  case  of  extra  fine  liipiors,  which  nothing  would  induce  tiio  oM 
man  to  open  for  convivial  purposes  but  a  story  that  could  arouse  his  interest; 
hence  there  was  a  continual  rivalry  in  yarn-spinning  among  tho  younger  mer- 
chants. As  a  boat  was  going  uj)  the  Sac,  after  the  gold  excitement,  the  occu- 
p.mts  were  asked  who  was  left  at  S.  F. ,  and  '  nobody  but  old  Grimes  '  was  tho 
reply;  but  '  old  Grimes  '  died  in  Oct.  '48,  at  the  age  of  09.  G.  (Hiram).  1847, 
nephew  and  partner  of  Eliab  at  Honolulu;  partner  of  Win.  H.  Davis  in  '4."»- 
G;  came  to  Cal.  in  Feb.  '47  on  the  Don  Quixote;  and  again  on  tho  Euphemia 


I  I 


708 


riOXrER  REGISTER  AND  IXDEX. 


m 


ill  July  -with  liis  wife  nnd  rhilil.  Often  iiunied  in  S.F.  aiiniils  of  '48-9;  clium- 
aiit  fur  several  laiichos.  iv.  (Ji'^-S;  ntill  in  Cal.  'o-l.  (i.  (A.  J.  uudB.)i  1M7- 
8,  «li)iiljtful  mention;  luol).  confoiuuletl  with  tlic  ))receilin^'. 

(Jiinishaw  (Win  Robinson),  1S4S,  nut.  of  X.V.  city,  I),  in  18'2C  of  Engl, 
imienta;  wiilor  on  tiie  Jn'tac  W'liUoii,  and  after  univiil  on  the  tender  Aiit'ii, 
I'.S.  \. ;  also  nn-  of  tlio  launch  Suaunita,  on  the  trip  up  the  Sac.  v.  r)SO.  He 
worked  as  liook-kecper  for  ]>rannan&Co.  nt  Sac.  in  '4S-!);  and  from  Nov.  '40 
vas  I'.artiur  of  Win  J>aylor  in  a  Ktoi'c  or  Ind.  tradiny-post  on  tiio  L'osuinncs. 
iJaylor  having  died  in  '.")(),  G.  married  his  widow  in  'ol,  and  continued  to 
riside  on  the  ranclio,  where  in  '7-  he  wrote  for  me  his  Aarrativi'.  Tliis  i.-<  not 
(inly  an  iuterosting  sketch  of  his  own  life  and  adventures,  but  one  of  the 
best  accounts  cxt.'int  of  t!io  events  of  '48-r)0  in  the  Sac.  region.  Still  living  in 
'80,  with  7  childi'cn,  ^\m  R.,  Jr,  Thos  W.,  J'hinna  (Mrs  ^V.  D.  Lawton  of  S.F.), 
George,  Francis,  Frederick,  and  Walter.  (jrhniell,  1848,  from  Hon.  on  tlio 
iSlurlhi;/.  (}.  ((.'has  ('.),  1847,  Co.  G,  X.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  4!)9);  d.  before  '82. 
Griswolu  (Theodore),  1847,  at  X.llclv.;  lotatS.F.;  named  in '48. 

Groom,  1701,  sec  'Graham.'  i.  4!tl.  Groh  (Jacob),  1847,  Co.  F,  .",d  artill. 
(v.  TibS).  (irogan  (Alex.),  1S48,  from  Valparaiso  with  letter  from  Atherton; 
clerk  for  C.  L.  Ross  at  S.F.  '48-0;  still  in  S.K  after  '80.  Grovo  ( Wm),  1«4S, 
licutofS.F.  guards.  (irovecot,  1840,  periia|i8  in  Sta  Clara.  Grover(Sam.), 
1810,  Mass.  sailor  bapt.  at  S.  Carlos,  ii.  '270-7.  Gr"w  ( Wn)),  1847,  Bcrgt  Co. 
If,  X.Y.Vol.  V.  ■)04;  at  Yrcka '78;  at  ]>eadwood,  Xyukota,  '83.  Guadalupo 
(Jose  M.),  soldier  at  S.  Miguel  1707.  i.  000.  Guat  (Santiago),  1830,  jucz  do 
tic  canipo  at  Mont.  iii.  078;  prob.  James  'Watt.'  Guchapa,  Ind.  cliief  at 
S.  Miguel  1804.  ii.  l.JO. 

(iiierra  (Antonio  Maria),  son  of  Josi5  do  la  G.  y  N.,  b.  '25;  reg.  and  sec.  of 
nyiint.  '40;  niemb.  of  the  Cal.  senate  in  'oil,  several  times  mayor  of  Sta.  B., 
holding  other  local  olliccs;  in  the  war  of  '01-5  a  capt.  of  Cal.  volunteers  serv- 
ing in  Ariz.  He  is  said  to  have  been  one  of  the  ablest  of  tho  family;  but  in 
later  years  the  loss  of  his  pal.ate  and  of  his  eyesight  obliged  him  to  lead  a  life  of 
ivtiicmcnt.  Ho  never  married,  and  died  at  Sta  R.  in  '81  at  tho  ago  of  50. 
G.  (iJ.iutista),  1831,  from  X.  Mcx.  with  Wulfskill.  iii.  387.  G.  (Francisco), 
Foil  of  Jose  do  la  (!.  y  X.,  b.  'IS;  ace.  to  t"  j  padron  of  '32  tlicvo  were  two 
I'ranciscos;  from  '43  member  of  the  junta,  elector  at  Sta  R.  '45,  taking  a  some- 
what prominent  part  in  political  and  mil.  allairs  in  '40-7,  and  involved  in 
the  iiuaginaiy  Sta  15.  revolt  of  '48.  iv.  301,  522,  540;  v.  38-9,  404,  5SG.  Ho 
took  no  pains  to  conceal  his  hostility  to  Amcr.,  but  after  tlio  change  of  Hag 
was  muyor  of  Sta  R.  for  several  years  from '51.  Ho  inherited  a  rancho,  but 
(lied  poor  in  '78.  His  1st  wife  was  Maria  Asuncion  Sejiulveda,  by  whom  ho 
had  Fiaiicisco,  Jr  (county  assessor  of  Sta  15.  in  '82),  and  Maria  Antonia;  tho 
21  wife  was  Concepcion  Sepulveila,  sister  of  tho  1st,  and  her  children  wcro 
Jiiaii,  Osbuldo,  Jose,  Hercules,  I'aljlo,  Anibal,  Anita  (Mrs  F.  W.  Tiiompson), 
Erliuda,  Rosa,  and  Diana.  There  wero  also  two  natural  children  legitimated. 
G.  (^^([uiii),  son  of  G.  y  X.,  b.  '22;  onco  shcritl";  no  family;  d.  before  '70. 

Guerra  (.Jos6  Antonio),  son  of  G.  y  X.,  b.  1805;  cadet  in  tho  Sta  R.  comp. 
MS-2S.  ii.  572,  571);  accomp.  his  father  to  Mcx.  '10;  sindico '29  and  alcaldo 
'3.'!.  ii.  572;  iii.  054;  elector  in  '34.  From  '35  a  meinb.  of  the  dip.,  taking  a 
proiniiicnt  part  in  support  of  Alvarados  govt  in  '30-7.  iii.  '291,  420,  454-.), 
iiil,  500;  in  '{57-40  capt.  of  the  port  of  Sta  15.,  being  made  ca[it.  by  Vallcjo, 
niid  at  times  acting  as  mil.  com.  iii.  58,t,  001-2,  051,  054;  iv.  98;  vocal  of  tlio 
(lip.,  and  grantee  of  Los  Alamos  '39.  iii.  585,  0."i5.  Prop,  for  sub-prefect  "41. 
iv.  (i41 ;  admin,  at  i'urisima  '41-2.  iv.  047-^i;  where  there  were  serious  charges 
against  him  by  i'.  Abella  and  others.  In  '43  ho  was  capt.  of  tho  port,  and  in 
'44  receptor,  iv.  431 -'2,  040,  042;  ami  in  '44-0  a  mcmb.  of  the  as.seinbly,  bi;- 
iiig  in  '45  leader  in  an  outbreak  at  Sta  R.  iv.  410,  407-S,  541,  5.j9;  v.  37-  8, 
142,  '204,  2S0,  321-2.  In  '48  took  part  in  tho  atl'air  of  tiio  lost  cannon  at  Sta 
]5.  v.  588.  In  later  yeai-s  ho  was  several  times  shcritFof  8.  Luis  Ob.,  lioldiiijj 
that  ollicc— or  Ilia  son — in '09.  Ho  had  tlio  whim  of  signing  his  name  J(jS(S 
Koriega,  as  he  had  no  right  to  <lo.  Don  Joa6  Antonio's  record  was,  in  several 
respects,  not  of  the  best,  though  there  is  nothing  very  bad  to  be  said  of  him. 


GUEREA— GUEKRA  Y  NORIEGA. 


Ilia  wife  was  ilaria  Concrpcion  Ortega,  and  his  chiMren — G  of  tlicni  l)orn  l)c- 
foro  '40 — were  Jobc  Ant.  J.,  llaniou  (slicrill'  of  S.  Luis  Ob.),  Alujmulro,  (lui- 
llermo,  Uolurcs,  Cularina,  .Sola  (?),  Cristinn,  and  Jiiaiia.  G.  (.Iiian  J.),  .son 
(if  G.  y  N.,  b.  about  ISIO,  cduc.  in  l-higlaiul;  later  at  the  Mont,  .school  under 
llartut,)!  and  P.  Slioit;  died  in  'y.'i,  unmarried;  nient.  i.  4;)'_'.  I  have  a  long 
letter,  iu  good  Englisii,  written  by  him  in  '123  from  Stonyliurst  College,  En^:^l. 
G.  (Miixhno),  said  to  have  been  e.\iled  iu  '2i),  a.iid  again  in  'o'J.  iii.  78,  84-5, 
580.  G.  (Miguel),  son  of  G.  y  N.,  b.  '2,i,  wife  Trinid.id  Ortejra,  child.  Gas- 
par,  Ulpiiino,  Leon,  JMaria  (wife  of  Alex,  .S.  Taylor),  Joscfa,  Olimpia,  Joaquina, 
aud  i'auiina.  Died  at  Sta  13.  in  '78. 

Gucrra  (Pablo),  son  of  G.  y  N.,  b.  '10,  educated  in  Hartnell's  school  at 
Mont.,  whcro  hcia  mcnt.  in  thopadronof  '.'}0.  IIisbapti.smal  name  was  Pablo 
Andri  a  Antonio  Maria  Saturnino;  and  in  '40  ho  is  called  Pablo Gaspar.  Erom 
';J8  he  was  vista,  and  from  '4'2  contador  aud  acting  administrator  of  the  Mont, 
custom-house,  iii.  Tj'JS;  iv,  97,  GOO,  ;;39,  3.33,  3..7,  'Ml,  377,  431,  5.J0,  570,  nOO; 
in  '41  grantee  of  Nicasio  rancho.  iv.  G72;  iu  '45  elector  do  partido.  iv.  SI.'), 
540,  GJl.  In  '40  Don  Pablo  was  active  against  the  Anier.,  trying  to  reconcile 
tlic  ho.stilc  factions  of  his  people,  aud  favoring  an  Engl,  protectorate,  v.  43-4, 
01,  Go-'J.  On  the  raising  of  tlio  U.  S.  ilag  he  went  south;  served  as  Castro's 
couiuiisaioucr  to  Stockton,  v.  235,  208-1);  and  after  Castro's  depai'ture  re- 
turned to  iNlont.,  where  he  was  arrested  in  Nov.  on  the  outbreak  of  Florcs' 
revolt,  and  kept  a  prisoner  till  Eeb.  '47.  v.  3G3.  lie  was  alcalde  of  8ta  B.  ia 
'47,  aud  was  suspected  of  complicity  in  a  revolutionary  movement  in  '48.  v. 
C31,  5S0.  Ilia  next  jjublic  service  was  as  memb.  of  the  constit.  convention  in 
'4'J;  aud  subsequently  he  was  state  senator  for  several  terms,  acting  lieut-gov., 
U.S.  marshal,  and  district  judge  from '04  to  within  a  short  time  before  his 
death,  iu  '74.  Don  Pablo  was  by  far  the  mcRt  prominent  of  the  Gucrra  family, 
except  his  father;  a  man  of  good  ability  and  education;  of  gcttleniauly  man- 
ners, though  somewhat  haughty  and  overbearing,  a  good  speaker  in  .Spanish 
and  En^'lisli;  and  one  whose  family  name  gave  him  an  inllucncc  in  the  .south 
greater  tlian  ho  could  othe-wiso  have  acquired.  It  has  been  custonuiry  to  eu- 
logi:;o  him  far  beyond  his  merits;  he  was  a  politician  of  not  the  best  type, 
trimming  his  sails  adroitly  to  catch  the  breeze  of  popularity,  and  changing 
somev.liat  abruptly  from  secessionist  to  union  man  in  the  race  for  office;  yet 
hi.'j  rcconl  iu  ohice  seems  always  to  have  been  an  honorable  one.  In  private 
life  also  ho  is  reported  to  Ikivc  been  liberal  and  honest,  though  health  and 
property  were  largely  sacrificed  to  his  fondness  for  brandy  and  cards,  llo 
nuuricd  Joscfa  Moreno  in  '47  at  S.  Carlos;  his  children  were  Francisca  (Mrs 
Diblilcc),  JJcllina,  Ernina,  Paulina,  and  a  son  whose  name  I  do  not  find. 

Gucrra  y  Noriega  (Jos^  do  l;i),  1801,  nat.  of  Spain,  b.  Mar.  0,  1779,  son  of 
Juan  Jos(j  do  la  G.  (died  1820)  and  Maria  Teresa  do  Noriega  (died  1815),  botii, 
and  especially  the  mother,  of  old  and  distinguished  Span,  families.  In  boy- 
hood ho  Auslied  to  be  a  friar,  a  freak  that  caused  his  parents  much  sorrov, ; 
but  soon  he  weui  to  JIcx.  to  bo  a  clerk  iu  the  store  of  his  uncle,  Pedro  Noriega. 
In  170. i  he  left  the  .store— much  to  the  displeasure  of  l>on  Pedro,  who  aftor- 
wanls  relented  and  gave  him  much  aid — aud  bccauio  iis;t  in  the  oflice  nf 
Ilabilitailo  gen.  Cureaha,  by  v.hoso  inllueiict^  he  was  enrolled  as  cadet  ii>  tlio 
ar;;iy  and  ai,taeh?d  to  the  S.  IJiego  comp.  Respecting  this  and  most  oilier 
]  arts  of  his  life  I  have  more  original  corresp.  than  I  liav  room  to  luiii/e.  In 
JCCv)  ho  w.is  promoted  to  alfcrcz  of  tl;e  Jlont.  eoiiip.,  and  cauie  to  Cal.  on  tiie 
Coiircjicioii  in  Aug.  1801.  At  Jilont.  he  was  habilit»do,  and  acting  com.  much 
of  the  time,  iu  1^U2-G,  being  mentioned  in  con.  with  many  minor  airaiis.  ii. 
CO,  73,  li;j-3,  i;!5,  140,  150,  153,  155;  having  in  1804,  with  lU'riiussioii  of  the 
king,  married  Antouia,  daughter  of  Raimuudo  Canillo,  with  the  ondiuou 
t!;at  she  aud  her  children  Siiould  not  be  eniitled  to  montcpio  unless  he  were 
killed  in  battle.  In  ISOG  he  was  promoted  to  licut  of  the  Sta  1).  comp.,  and 
sent  to  S.  iJiego  as  liabilitado  in  lSOG-0,  being  knocked  down  in  a  cju;;r- 
rel  wiih  Lieut  Ruiz,  which  greatly  .ilarmcd  his  iriends  as  likely  to  iuteifcro 
with  his  rapid  promotion,  ii.  85,99-100,  117.540.  From  180H  he  received 
large  cousigunicnts  of  goods  from  his  undo  Pedro  ii»  Mex.,  the  sale  of  which 
Uiat.  C.\;..,  Vol.  IU.    19 


770 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


fjro'itly  iin]irovo(l  liis  financial  condition,  ii.  ISfi.  In  ISlOlii^  w.t;  poiit  to'Mor. 
as  lialiilitado  jfun.  of  the  Cals,  ))Ut  l)oing  iirrcstod  by  in.surf;enta  at  8.  lJ!a^=,  v.  as 
uiialilo  to  reacli  the  capital,  and  returned  to  C'al.  in  '11,  takin.'^  liia  iKjsition  at 
Si  a  J'..,  ami  continuin'^  Iii3  eoninii'icial  operations,  th()iii.;li  going  to  S.  Uio'.jo 
H-iiiii  as  halniitadoiii 'i;}-irj.  ii.  1)8,  1S8-'.),  107-8,  3-11,  41'J--.M.  From  '1.")  ho 
wa  1  com.  at  Sta  ]J.,  taking  part  in  the  arrest  of  foreign  si)nii,;gler8,  in  dcfcn- 
piv(!  operations  arrainst  Bouehard,  having  a  quarrel  with  P.  Senan,  and  Ining 
promoted  to  Capt.  in  '18.  ii.  '2-22~5,  '2:io-4-2,  '21o,  2S4-r.,  31",  3.';.',  SOI,  r,y_', 
4','),  410,  4'J4.  In  'ID  he  was  sent  again  to  Mox.  as  reprea.  of  the  ('al.  coinpa- 
iiie.T  to  obtain  supplies,  and  prob.  with  a  hope  of  getting  an  appoin'Lniiut  as 
g  iv.,  icturning  in  '20  alter  aeoomplishing  very  little,  though  all  that  va'ipos- 
ei'ilc.  ii.  2(>0--,  2G'>,  3';l,  V22.  lie  was  busied,  bcsitles  his  ollicial  duties,  in 
'2!  2  in  obtaining  ranchoa,  ((uarrelling  with  the  friaia  on  the  subject,  and  ;,'ct- 
tin;;  a  grant  of  Concjo  in  '-:.'.  ii.  441,  .'liiO,  r)(i!)-70,  TiSO.  In  '22  he  was  iicindi- 
dato  for  gov.,  and  but  for  his  Spun,  birth  and  Canonigo  I'ernandoz'  conse- 
quent opposition,  would  have  been  chosi.i;  being  also  favored  ijy  thefiiars 
fur  congressman,  ii.  4,jl,  4."3-4,  4().")-8.  There  is  no  truth  in  the  statement  of 
Wiikea.  LF.S.  Explor.  Expid.,  v.  173,  on  this  matter,  and  i>ut  little  in  tiiat  of 
Pctit-Tliouars,  To//.,  ii.  !)0;  though  his  disappointment  niay  have  had  an  in- 
fluence on  Don  Jose's  later  policy  between  iSiesicans  and  natives.  Jlention  in 
'23-'),  including  his  acts  in  suppressing  thclnd.  revoltof  '24.  ii.  4!).'),  T)!!), ;");;(), 
r),')3,  ij3(]- 7,  5(!l,  570;  iii.  27.  ila  was  elected  dip.  to  congress  in  '27.  ami 
against  the  advice  of  many  went  to  Mex.  in  '28,  but  was  nor.  given  his  seat, 
returned  in  '2!),  aiul  was  for  some  time,  as  a  Span.,  nominally  suspended  from 
his  command,  ii.  570-1,  574-5,  (»7l>;  iii.  33-4,  51-2,  01,  127;  iv.  343.  In  '2.')- 
30  ho  bought  a  schr,  pcrha])s  liad  another  built,  and  bought  the  cargo  of  a 
wi-ecked  vessel,  iii.  140,  140.  lie  did  not  join  tlie  movement  against  Victorin 
i;i  '.SI.  iii.  205,  210;  controlled  the  policy  of  Cdrlos  Carrillo  in  congress,  iii. 
214;  and  in  all  these  years  acted  as  a  kind  of  treasurer  and  confidential  ad- 
vi.sci"  of  the  friars— si'ndico  apostolico;  accused  in  '34  of  being  cugaged  in  a, 
ooiKvpiraey  against  the  govt.  iii.  250,  257-8.  In  the  sectional  troubles  of  '30-8 
( 'apt.  Vi.  was  a  lirm  supporter  of  Alvarado's  cause,  thougli  personally  a  friend 
of  ('arrillo.  Alvarado  wished  to  make  him  com.  gen.,  and  <lid  grant  liim  tlio 
,S.  Julian  or  Nacional  rancho.  iii.  430,  402,  510,  533,  550,  582,  050-1.  In  '3'J 
he  made  vain  attempts  to  collect  his  back  pay,  being  still  com.  at  Sta  15.  iii. 
5.^4,  051;  and  having  to  his  credit,  including  extra  allowances,  51  yeai's,  9 
inoiiths,  and  1  day  of  mil.  service  on  Jlay  10th.  In  '40  he  asked  for  retirement 
i.ccause  he  could  not  get  the  §12,000  duo  him,  nor  the  promotion  to  wliic'n  ho 
was  cnlitle<l,  and  because  of  liia  ailments  and  ago  of  02.  IIo  iiiially  retired 
f;oin  tlic  mil.  service  on  April  I,  '42.  Mcnt.  in  '40-2.  iii.  055;  iv.  191),  032, 
(llO-l;  nicnt.  '44-0.  iv.  403,  408,  530;  v.  282.  Though  not  friendly  to  the  U. 
S.,  he  kept  (juiet  for  the  most  part,  and  did  not  indulge  in  any  oH'enaivc  parti- 
sanship. l:i  later  years  he  was  claimant  for  several  ranchos.  iv.  043,  055-0; 
living  quietly  at  8ta  1>.,  and  Ijcing  a  man  of  great  wealth,  moat  of  which  hia 
eons  nianagcd  to  scpiandcr  even  bcforo  their  father's  death.  He  died  in  '58, 
leaving  over  100  direct  descendants.  I^one  of  the  pioneers  here  registered 
ixertid  for  so  long  a  period  so  wide  and  good  an  influence  as  Capt.  do  la 
(iucrra.  He  was  a  man  of  excellent  character  and  conduct  throughout  his 
career,  though  no  great  or  brilliant  achievements  can  be  placed  to  his  credit, 
tlioitgli  he  had  the  advantage  of  rich  and  influential  friends  from  the  finst,  and 
t'lough  his  Span,  birth  prevented  his  reaching  the  highest  rank;  yet  his  hon- 
(  at  anil  eflicient  performance  of  each  duty,  his  well-balanced  judgment,  hia 
dignilicd  conservatism,  command  admiration.  At  Sta  15.  ho  was  known  as  the 
jiatriavcli,  to  whom  the  people  wcro  wont  to  apply  as  a  matter  of  course  to 
settle  their  controversies;  and  ho  was  fanio  a  for  hischaritios.  No  man  in  Cal. 
ever  eamo  so  near,  by  peaceful,  legitimate  means,  abaoluto  control  of  his  dis- 
trict, lie  did  not  purchase  populai'ity  at  the  cost  of  independence,  for  many 
were  his  controversies,  even  with  the  friars,  tliough  their  life-long  friend  and 
a  dcrout  churchman.  The  Gtirrnu  Doc.  Ilisi.  Cal.,  copies  of  which  I  was  pcr- 
inittfd  'vO  make  by  the  kiuducsa  of  Mr  Dibblec,  executor  of  the  estate,  arc  tiie 


GUERRA  Y  NORIEGA-GULNAC. 


771 


most  extensive  nncl  valuable  family  nrchivca  in  Cal.  except  those  of  Va'Jijo. 
In  person,  Don  JostS  was  short  and  stout,  with  a  Hat  nose  and  an  ugly  face. 
His  intimate  fiienda  in  their  letters  were  fond  of  applying;  nicknanios.  (Ion. 
Carcaba  and  tho  leading  friars  usid  such  endearing  epithets  as  corrohudo, 
chaio  maldito,  chatojlojo,  etc.  On  account  of  pride  in  liis  wife's  family  ho  had 
a  fondness  for  her  name,  and  was  as  often  called  C'apt.  Noriega  a;)  by  his 
propernanie;  inthecasoof  his  sons  this  became  ridiculous  afl'ectation.  His 
wife,  Maria  Antonia  Carrillo,  died  in  '4',\.  His  5  sons  have  been  namutl  in  tin's 
list,  being  for  tho  most  part  prominent  citizens  of  good  ejiough  abilities  and 
character,  yet  hardly  what  a  union  of  tho  two  best  families  of  Cal.  shimld 
have  produced.  The  daughters,  noted  for  beauty  and  intelligence,  were  4,  all 
of  whom  eventually  married  foreigners.  Teresa  do  Jesus,  b.  ISO'.),  married  \V. 
E.  P.  Ilartnell,  and  still  lives  in  '85,  having  furnished  for  my  use  valuable 
documents  of  tlic  family  archives  and  a  Narratiir  oi  j)crsonal  recoUeutious. 
!Maria  do  las  Angustias,  b.  1815,  married  Manuel  Jimeno  Casarin,  and  later 
Dr  J.  D.  Ord;  and  she  also  is  living  in  '85,  her  Ocurrevcias  being  one  of  tho 
best  personal  narratives  in  my  collection.  Ana  Maria,  b.  '20,  mairicd  Alfred 
Robinson  and  died  in  '55.  Mari'a  Antonia,  b.  '27,  married  Cesario  Lataillade, 
and  later  Caspar  Orcila,  a  Span,  with  whom  she  still  lives  at  Hta  ]{.  in  'So. 

Guerrero  y  Palomures  (Francisco),  18,14,  Mcx.  who  came  from  Topic,  I 
think,  in  the  11.  &  1'.  colony,  at  the  ago  of  23.  iii.  20.*?;  but  possibly  in  '28,  as 
per  Soc.  Cal.  I'ion.  rolls  and  Lancey.  lie  perhaps  obtained  a  S.F.  mission  lob 
in  '."(i;  was  elector  ';]7,  '39.  iii.  705,  500;  receptor  and  admin,  of  customs 
from  '39  to  '44.  iii.  700;  iv.  93,  375,  4:il,  483,  G70;  in  '39-41  juez  do  paz  and 
alcalde,  iii.  705-0;  iv.  247,  005;  grantee  of  several  town  lota  and  the  rancho 
do  lo3  Putos.  iv.  CG9,  073,  070,  082.  In  '42  ho  was  31  years  old,  wife  Josefa 
do  llaro,  ago  17,  an  J  one  child;  in  '44  grantee  of  Corral  do  Tierra  rancho;  in 
'45-0  8ui)-prefeet  at  S.R,  l)eing  often  mentioneil  in  local  annals  of  tho  north 
iv.  007;  V.  17,  129,  239,  241,  295,  455,  044,  048;  in  '49  again  sub-prefect.  Ho 
continued  to  reside  at  the  mission,  where  in  '51  ho  was  murdered,  and  where 
his  widow  still  lived  in  'SO.  A  street  in  S.F.  bears  his  name.  Don  Francisco 
seems  to  liavo  been  a  kind-hearted,  genial  man,  of  much  intelligence,  and  good 
character.  G.  (.Jos(5  M.),  at  Los  Ang.  '40.  G.  (Josci  Vicente),  ditto;  si'n- 
dico'41;  2d  alcalde  '43.  v.  020.  G.  (Joa(]uin),  soldier  killed  on  tiie  Col. 
17S1.  i.  303.  G.  (Matias),  teacher  at  Mont,  about  '15.  ii.  427;  sec.  at  S. 
Jos(5  '24.  ii.  005.  G.  (Pedro),  mcnt.  in  '29-31.  iii.  08-9,  208.  Guescoto 
(Fran.),  armero  of  S.F.  coinp.  '4:.';  perhaps  'Westcot.'  Guest  (John),  1840, 
pas.scd  mid.  on  U.>S.  Coin/irsn,  and  act.  lieut  on  the  Warren;  capt.  in  Stock- 
ton's bat.  V.  3.J0,  380;  connnodore  in  '72;  d.  '79,  in  com.  of  Portsmouth  navy- 
yanl.  Gueval(P.),  1843,  jiassp.  fron\  lion.  (Juevara  (Antonioi,  in  revolt 
at  StaB. ;  sent  to  Jlex.  '29-;<0.  iii.  78,  85.  G.  (Canuto),  at  Sta  B.  before  '37; 
wife  Rafacla  Lugo,  3  children. 

Guibal  (Eugene),  1847,  Co.  I,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  490);  -n  S.  Joaquin  '71-5;  d. 
at  Gilroy  '83.  Guilcost  (WmK  1320,  nir  of  the  Maria  Teresa,  iii.  149. 
(iuild  (ll.M.),  1817,  Co.  1$,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  carpenter  at  Mont.  '48.  Guile 
(Win),  1847,  musician  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Guillen  (Antonio),  guard 
at  S.  Diego  1803.  ii.  13.  G.  (Isidoro),  son  of  Eulalia  Perez  de  G..  sergt  of 
iSta  P>.  comp.,  made  alf.  in  '39.  iii.  583,  050;  juez  de  paz  at  S.  Josti  '41-3.  iv. 
CS4-0.  Guillon  (Chaa  F.B.),  1847,  asst  surg.  on  tho  U.S.  Cohanhitf.  Gui- 
rado  (Bernardino),  trader  at  Los  Ang.  from  '39;  supervisor  in '53-9.  G. 
(Rafael),  1833,  Jlex.  ti'ader  from  Sonora,  owner  and  sup.  of  the  Lcoiwlas,  wh» 
settled  at  Los  Ang.,  age  32;  in  '.'!5-(»  rL•^;idor.  iii.  283,  (;iJ5-0;  in  "X)  clerk  at 
S.  Gabriel,  iii.  045;  owner  of  S.  F.  lot  in  '47.  v.  084;  coront.T  in  '52;  died  at 
Los  Ang.  in  '72. 

Gulnae  (\Vm),  1833,  nat.  of  N.Y.,  Mho  had  lived  long  in  L.  Cal.,  and  who 
came  on  the  Volunteer,  via  Honolulu,  with  his  family,  settling  at  S.  Josi5.  iii, 
409;  iv.  80,  117.  He  was  naturalized  in  '34;  in  '.vS 'owner  of  S.  F.  land,  and 
employed  to  survey  S.  ,los(5  town  lands,  iii.  705,  730;  in  '39  regidor,  and  pos- 
sibly arrested  in  '40.  iii.  731;  iv,  17,  120.  In  the  padron  <if  '41,  age  40,  wife 
Isabel  Ceseila,  child.  Jos6  Ramon  b.  '20,  Juan  Piinlilo  '31,  Cdrlos  Maria  'US, 


772 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


Su!-ni!a  '.Tl,  Isa1>cl  '30,  and  Liiisa  '38.  In  '44-5  lie  joined  Sutter's  nrmy,  some- 
V  lijit  ic'liKjtttiitly,  iinil  \Vii8  j^rnntco  of  the  French  ( 'amp  rancho,  boM  to  \Vi  her. 
iv.  4(!l',  AH{\,  (!7I,  074;  bigncd  the  S.  Josi';  call  to  foreigners  in  '45.  iv.  59!»;  on 
the  Ist  jury  '48;  and  died  in  '51.  Two  of  the  bohb,  Ciirloa  and  Juan,  serveil 
•\vitii  iMiiintleroy's  (Iraj^oons  in  '40  (v.  232,  '247);  uud  another,  Pedro,  ia  named 
in  '4.'?.      (!unii,  nee  Miann.' 

^iutclic  (Valentin),  )!j48,  in  Sutter's  employ.  Guthrie,  1845,  apparently 
one  of  iMOmont's  men.  iv.  583.  (;.  (Alfred),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Voi.  (v.  4'.)'.)); 
doubtful;  at  S.F.  '74.  G.  (Dexter),  1840,  overl.  imniig.  from  111.,  wliolivcii 
in  Napa  Val.  till  his  death  ))y  suicide  in  '81.  G.  (R.),  lS4(i,  one  of  Faunt- 
leroy's  dia-ooiis.  v.  332,  347.  G.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  11,  N.Y.Voi.  (v.  400);  ut 
Coultcrvilic  '82. 

Gutierrez,  carpenter  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  1707.  i.  058.  G.  (Cirilo),  at  S.  .luan 
Cap.  '-10,  ago  51,  wife  Ana  M.  Romero,  child  I'ahlo,  b.  '.'IS.  G.  (Fran.), 
8cir;t  Catalan  vol.  1700.  i.  540.  G.  (l-'ran.),  1825,  Span.  prob.  from  th(^  A' id, 
iii.  27.  G.  (Joaquin),  soldier  at  Mont.  '30,  ago  20;  juez  aux.  Mont,  dist  '12. 
iv.  053;  el.  for  Potrero  de  S.  Cdrlos.  '52.  iii.  073.  G.  (Jose?  M.).  Alex,  at 
l»raneif.  '45,  ago  40,  wife  Guadalupe.  (i.  (.Fosi^  do  Jesus  Maria),  1833,  Mex. 
friar  of  the  Zacatccanos,  who  tervcd  at  Solano,  S.F..  and  S.  Antonio  till  '15, 
after  which  I  find  no  record  of  him;  piob.  left  Cal.  iv.  OSO-1;  iii.  318,  322, 
:r.3-4,  302,  .".90,  553,  000,  080-8,  713,  710.  G.  (Juan),  1842,  subdicut  of  tho 
batallon  lijo '42-5.  iv.  280.  G.  (Manuel),  Span,  who  eamo  to  Cal.  bcforo 
1700;  on  tiio  Dominguez  rancho,  Los  Ang.  dist.  from  1811.  ii.  .350,  353,  3 Sd; 
mcnt.  '10.  ii.  292;  alcalde  of  Los  Ang.  '22-3.  ii.  5.")0;  in  '28-30,  80  years  oKl, 
claiming  exemption  from  expulsion  as  a  Span.  iii.  51-2.  G.  (Manuel),  Sjiaii. 
■who  came  in  '21,  ago  43  in  23,  claimed  exemption,  iii.  51-2;  had  a  vineyard 
at  Los  Aug.;  alcalde  at  S.  Pedro  '30.  iii.  0.15;  at  Sta  lues  '42.  iv.  040. 

Gutierrez  (Nicolds),  1833,  Span.  capt.  in  Mex.  army,  M'ho  eamo  with  Gov. 
Figucroa  and  was  prom,  the  same  year  to  lieut-col.  He  was  comisionado  for 
th.c  secul.  of  S.  Gabriel  in  '31-0;  acting  com.  gen.  Oct.  8,  '35,  to  Jan.  2,  "M, 
and  from  that  date  gefe  pol.  and  com.  gen.  to  May  3d;  mil.  com.  in  the  Mouth 
during  Chico's  rule;  again  gov.  and  com.  gen.  on  Chico's  departure  from  .Sojit. 
0th  to  hia  own  overthrow  by  Alvarado  on  Nov.  4,  '30.  Sco  his  rule  and  tho 
revolution,  iii.  44.1-00,  with  biog.  448;  meiit.  iii.  230,  240,  2.xS,  281,  2S4-5, 
2.;s,  20S-300,  .S40,  414-20,  422,  431,  4.33,  412,  044-5;  iv.  8.3,  102,  112,  HI, 
Kil.  (!ov.  Gutierrez  was  an  easy-going,  faithful  ollicer,  of  ordinai-y  abiiitics 
i;;id  not  very  strict  morals,  tho  current  cliarges  against  whom  in  justification 
•  •f  the  revolt  have  but  slight  foundation  in  fact.  Nothing  is  known  of  hi'* 
1.1  ter  career.  G.  (Octaviano),  Mex.  artill.  corp.  at  Sta  B.  from  '24.  ii.  5;>2; 
lieut  in  '30.  iii.  583,  051 ;  in  '40  juez  do  paz,  v.  035,  and  again  in  '40;  claimant 
for  the  Laguna  rancho  '53.  iv.  042.  G.  (Pablo),  Alex,  grantee  of  rancho  in 
Yuba  Co.  '44.  iv.  071;  in  Sutter's  employ  '44-5;  made  plans  with  Bidwell  to 
seek  for  gold  on  Hear  Riv.,  but  B.  says  ho  was  captured  and  hanged  by  Castro 
in  the  Micheltorena  campaign.  Sutter  tells  a  similar  story;  but  I  know  noth- 
ing further  of  the  matter.  G.  (Romualdo),  1804,  Span,  friar  who  served  ab 
Sta  Incs,  and  retired  on  account  of  ill  health  in  1800.  Biog.  ii.  20;  mcnt.  ii. 
122,  150-00.  G.  (Tomds),  grantee  of  land  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '41.  iv.  020;  in 
'40  at  S.  Juan,  age  0.3,  wife  Maria  Ant.  Cota,  child.  Luis  b.  '33,  Ignacia  '31, 
Francisco  '.'17,  Petra  '.30,  ALiriano  '41,  Itamona  '45.  Guy  (Omncs),  1842,  Fr. 
.'sawyer  at  Sta  Cruz  who  was  naturalized  in  '44.  iv.  341.  Guzman,  settler  at 
Braiicif.  1707.  i.  500,  G.  (L.iureano),  1842,  fifer  in  the  b.atallon  lijo  '42-5. 
iv.  2S0.       (!.  (Alanucl),  1820,  mex.  convict,  pardoned  in  '.34. 

Gwinu  (Frank),  1841,  blacksmith  from  N.  Mex.  in  the  Workman-Rowland 
party;  wont  back  the  next  year.  iv.  278.  Gyzelaar  (Henry),  ISIG,  mr.  of 
the  Li/'/iri,  arrested  at  Sta  B.  ii.  275-8,  302-3,  382.  In  '18  he  came  back  as 
mr  of  the  Clarion  with  a  warning  against  Bouchard,  ii.  222,  201.  In  22-3  ho 
returned  again  as  nn-  of  the  pioneer  Boston  trader  Sar/iem,  and  remained  in 
Cal.,  ii.  474-5,  478,  492-3,  being  drowned  in  '25  or  '20  in  trying  to  cross  Rus- 
eian  River,  iii.  29. 


IIAAO-IIAT.LECK. 


•73 


Ilarg  (Ficil.).  1<?»7.  To.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  400).  ITnan  (Miittlicw.T.).  ISK!, 
from  lion,  on  tho  Elizaliclh;  trailer  at  Soiionm '17,  in  part  DLruliii)  with  Krt'i!.  (J. 
liluii.u,  and  later  Victor  I'nulon;  owner  of  S.F.  lota.  v.  GSO.  liace,  IS.'jl, 
perlini^s  of  Young's  trappers,  ill.  3S8.  Ilarkcr  (Win),  1S'4(),  luifjlir  (.'o.  (', 
Jst  U.8.  flrngoonH  (v.  a;iU).  Ilackett  (I'at.),  1HJ7,  Co.  1),  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
499).  Ilacnck  (Tatleo),  1791,  apolliecary  wUii  -Malasijina.  i.  -190.  ll;:yo- 
nian  (CliasK.),  1S47,  <.'o.  1>.  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Ilii^etncistcr,  Usl7,  Kii.'.s. 
gov.  <.f  Alaska  who  visited  Cal.  on  tlio  KiihiKi/  '17-18."  ii.  'JIO,  '-'ol,  ■2l<\,  AH, 
3I.")-1S,  373,  3S:).  IIa,i,'gert,v  (John  K.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  niS); 
a  miner  in  '48.  llii^'ler  (Henry),  lb  13,  German  ship-caipcnter  and  mill- 
wri;^]it  with  Stephen  .Smith  from  Ualtimore.  iv.  39.">,  4tO.  Ho  worki'fl  at  Ud- 
de^'a;  in  '47-8  in  cliaryo  of  the  farm  of  hi.s  l»rolhcr-in-huv  K.  (J.  Uhimc;  .seems 
to  iiavo  spent  hia  life  in  iSonoma  Co. ;  died  at  liodega  in  '73.  His  name  wa* 
rerhajis  Hegelar. 

Haig  (A.),  182'2,  mr  of  tho  Siiijie.  ii.  474.  Ilaight  (.Tacob),  181(5,  avtill. 
of  Stociiton's  bat.,  killed  at  (lie  S.  (iabriel,  Jan.  '47.  v.  395.  II.  (.S.im.  \V.), 
1847,  HUthr  of  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  ,'Mi);  often  named  in  eonnnercial  record;  of  '-17- 
8,  being  interested  at  IJcnicia;  d.  S.K.  'iJO.  Hails  (R.  C. ),  1840,  nat.  of  Tcnn. 
and  overl.  immig. ;  several  times  mend),  of  tho  legial.  from  Napa  and  Solano 
down  to  '78,  when  ho  was  G'2  years  old.  Haines  (.lojin),  l;5;i7,  nauuil  in 
Larkin's  books;  in  Sutter's  emjiloy  '44;  also  ment.  at  N.  Htdv.  '4(j.  Hair- 
bird  (John),  1840,  doubtful  memb.  of  the  Mormon  col.  v.  547. 

Hale  (Horatio),  1841,  ou  the  Coic/I'z;  of  scientific  corps  U.  S.  ox.  ex.  iv. 
218,  241--J,  '24(1,  'J„0.  Haler  (Lorenzo),  184.'),  one  of  Fremont's  men  in  '48-0, 
and  perhaps  in  '4.").  iv.  583;  v.  4.')3.  Halee,  1842,  douljtful  name  at  8.  F. 
Haley  (John),  18l'8,  Irish  coojier  at  S.  Pedro  from  an  Kngl.  vessel;  in  '20-.'iO 
at  S.  (!ab.,  ago  .*)4.  ii. .')r)8;  written  'Gcli.'  Hall  (liasil),  1847,  owncrof  S.F. 
lot.  v.  G78.  H.  (Chas),  1S,T2,  IJoston  trader  at  Los  Ang.  '33-((;  d.  before 
'02.  iii.  408.  H.  (James),  1820,  mate  on  the  llorei:  IL  (James).  1831  (?), 
mate  of  a  trader,  perhaps  same  as  preceding;  visited  S.F.  '81  from  Mi:  H. 
(James),  1844,  disabled  Anier.  sailor  ui<led  by  the  consul;  sailed  on  tiic  iXaii- 
Oidrt.  II.  (James),  184S,  at  Mont.,  perhaps  J.  T.  H.  (J.T.),  KSlli,  mr  of 
the  Barnislahli'.  and  Elhaheth  '4C-8,  ])erhaps  '2  men.  v.  .'»7l5-7.  H.  (.lolin), 
1S22,  mr  of  tlio  Lculi/  IJIackwooil,  author  of  notes  on  Cal.  harbors,  ii.  474;  iv. 
l.'d.  H.  (John  or  Chas),  1817,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  for  many  years  a 
miner  in  Nov.,  where  ho  di<  d  in  '77,  leaving  a  widow  and  dauglitcr.  H. 
(.John  T.),  1847,  mr  of  the  Makk  Adlud.  II.  (R.IL),  1847,  boatswain  on  tho 
('o/idhbiin.  II.  (Willard  P.),  1847,  mend),  of  congress  froni  Mo.,  who  eamo 
a-i  guide  (?)  with  the  ^lorm.  IJat.  v.  483;  served  in  Co.  C,  Cal.  lljit.  (v.  3.")8!; 
went  o^ist  with  Kearny,  v.  4J2;  and  testified  at  Wash,  in  the  Fremont  court- 
martial.  V.  450. 

llalleck  (Henry  Wager),  1847,  nat.  of  N.Y.,  graduate  of  West  Point,  and 
licut  of  engineers  U.  !S.A.,  who  came  with  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  to  inspect 
Paciiic  coast  fortifications,  v.  .'■)l8-'20.  IJcsidcs  attending  to  his  <luties  as  cngi- 
iKcr  ofllcer,  being  soon  brevetted  captain,  ho  went  down  tho  coast  to  tako 
])art  in  the  military  operations  at  Mu/.atlan  and  in  Ii.  Cal.;  prepared  a  report 
on  Cal.  land  titles;  and  acted  iu  '48-9  as  govt  secrclary  and  auditor  of  revn- 
niies.  In  '40  ho  was  an  active  and  influential  member  of  tho  cou'-titutidii.il 
convention;  and  in  '5.W4  acted  as  inspector  of  light-houses  on  the  I'.ic.  co;ist. 
Then  ho  resigned  his  commission,  an(l  iu  '54-110  was  a  member  <^f  the  law  firm 
of  llalleck.  Peachy,  &.  Lillings  in  S.F.,  taking  part  as  counsellor  iu  many  of 
tho  f'-cat  land  suits,  acting  as  a  kind  of  director  of  the  New  .VluiadLU  miiicM, 
riccjuiring  a  v.ist  estate,  and  in  'tiO-l  serving  as  major-gen.  of  militia.  In  "(il 
he  went  cast  and  was  commissioned  major -gen. ;  counnaude.l  thedept.  of  ?Jo. 
in  '(Jl-2;  was  tho  highest  rail,  authority  at  W'ash.  as  senior  general,  and  later 
as  chief  of  staft"  in '02-5;  commanded  for  a  time  at  llichiuond;  was  in '05-9 
Cum.  of  the  dept.  of  tho  Pacific;  and  from  '00  of  tho  dcpt  of  the  South  until 
his  death  at  Loui.svillc,  Ky,  in  '72,  at  the  ago  of  5(5.  No  analysis  of  (len.  Hal- 
leck's  character  is  called  for  here;  his  reputation  is  national,  though  ho  was 
csseutiully  a  Califoruiau;  and  tho  positions  held  by  him  arc  sulllcicut  to  show 


riONKr.R  REOISTKR  AND  INDICX. 


bis  ftbilitins.  IFc  was  a  cold-blooded,  pcuoriilly  unpopular  mnn;  ploddiiiff 
ratlicr  lli.-iii  brilliant  in  all  bis  t'lluits;  ni-oM.iiiij,'  bitter  enmity  na  veil  tin  pro- 
found admiration,  lie  was  the  autlioruf  Huverul  ]>rot'e8siouiil  uorkftand  trann- 
liilions,  anil  liiit  treutisea  on  military,  mining,  and  international  law  arc  re- 
^unlcd  an  of  Htaudard  valuo.  lliii  wifu  wmh  a  daugbter  of  Jolin  (.'.  Hamilton, 
and  survived  him  with  a  boh.  II.,  1817,  brother  of  11. \V.,  suiil  tohavu  been 
in  tlio  Q..M.  dopt,  and  to  have  died  at  Mont.  '48.  It  niw  be  that  there  in  an 
error  in  the  date  of  death,  I'ud  that  this  «a:4  Jubez  liuUeek,  who  was  col- 
lector, harbor-master,  and  eon.,  of  deeds  in  '41). 

Ilaller  (.John  J.),  1847,  owner  of  .S.F.  lot.  Ilallornn  (Lnke),  1840,  memb. 
of  the  Domier  party,  who  died  betoro  reuchiuj,'  Cal.  v.  Ml.  Halls  (.fohu), 
1817,  snrveyorat  S.  F.,  Mont.,  and  N.  llelv.  '47-8.  v.  O;.'!.  llalpin  (Michael), 
1840,  Irish  bugler  of  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  330).  Ilalscy,  1840,  mr 
of  the  Caroline,  v.  r)70. 

Ham  (Hiram),  1647,  owner  of  S.  F.  lot.  H.  (R.S.),  1848,  early  settler 
and  alcalde  at  .^onor.a.  II.  (Zaeariiis),  IS.'tl,  vith  Wolfskill  from  N.  M(:.\-,; 
said  to  have  been  drowneil  in  the  Col.  a  little  Inter,  iii.  387.  Haniel  (Wni), 
1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  urtill.  (v.  518);  died  in  '8t.  Sirmi.  Hamell  (Dr),  1847, 
doubtful  name  at  N.  llelv.  IlanieH  (.lohn),  1844  (?).  mimed  at  Soquel.  iv. 
4.")3;  in  '43  signed  tlio  S.  .lost-  call  to  foreigners,  iv.  .")'J!);  meiit.  in  '40.  v.  041; 
memb.  of  Sta  Cruz  eouneil  '43.  v.  OIJ;  alculdo  in  '4!);  eluimant  of  Arroyo  del 
llodeo  '53.  iii.  077.  HamiltfJii,  1S47,  of  liiin  II.  &  Foster,  Mont.  II.,  181.5, 
one  of  Fremont's  men.  iv.  .^iSS.  H.  ((!eo.  \V.),  l!i4(;,  of  Cal.  IJat.  (v.  35S); 
lniid)cr  dealer  at  Mont.  '48;  at  S.  Jos6  '.")0.  11.  (.bimos),  1847,  ('o.  A,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  4'J9);  d.  at  Jackson,  Amador  Co.,  '58.  H.  (.J.U.),  1840,  ret.  mid. 
on  Uio  Dale;  lieut  confcd.  navy  'OI-."».  il.  (Mary),  1840,  ono  of  the  Mormou 
col.,  perhaps  with  family,  v.  510;  Mary  Sparks  was  her  daughter. 

Hamlen  (Mortimer  J.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.  Y.Vol.  (v.  491)).  Handcy  (Geo. 
W.),  1840,  mrof  the Stouhii/ton.  v.  578,  580;  bearcrof  despatches  from  Stock- 
ton to  Fremont  in  Jan.  '47.  v.  401;  and  in  Dec.  v  itueas  at  Wash.,  D.  C. ;  iu 
'53  cl.  forGiicjito  rancho.  v.  C'Jl.  His  name  is  written  in  many  ways,  but  I 
have  his  autograph.  Hammer  (Robert),  1847,  Co.  G,  N. Y.Vol.  (v.  400);  d. 
on  Amcr.  Kiv.  '40.  Hammond  (Francis  A.),  1847,  from  Hon.  on  tlio  Cur- 
rmq/  LuH$;  kept  a  shoe-shop  in  S.F.  '48.  v.  085.  H.  (Thos  L'.)  1810,  limt 
Co.  K,  1st  U.S.  dragoons,  v.  330,  311,  313;  died  of  his  wounds  at  S.  r.iHcnal. 
V.  34.3-7.  Hampton  (Wado),  1841,  Amer.  gunsmith  in  Workman-ltowliuul 
party  from  N.  Mcx.  iv.  278;  at  Los  Ang.  '4'J;  returned  via  Mazatlau  iu  '43, 
and  was  mysteriously  killed  on  tho  w.iy.  Given, 

Ilanco  (Wni),  1838,  Amer.  sailor,  who  deserted  from  the  Sarah  and  Caro- 
i/jc,  perhaps  in '30.  iv.  118;  arrested,  but  not  exiled,  in '40.  iv.  17;  got  a  pa.S3 
in  '41,  being  then  a  lumberman  ne;ir  Monterey.  In  '42  ho  signed  un  appeal  on 
tho  sufTerings  of  the  arretted  partv;  in  '44  got  his  pass  renewed,  liviii;^  ;it  S. 
F.,  ago  35.  Hancock  ('jh.-s),  1817,  Co.  C,  Jlorni.  15at.  (v.  400).  H.  (Geo. 
W.),  1847,  Co.  C,  ditto.  H.  (Lovi  W.),  1847,  musician  Co.  E,  Morin.  13at., 
being  also  poet,  preacliyr,  an  !  spiritual  director  of  tho  battalion,  v.  477,  485, 
4SS,  40.3-4;  in  Utah  '8:'  Hand,  1S41,  mr  of  tho  llamiUon.  iv.  500.  II. 
(ChasS.),  1847,  atlV'iv.iir  '47-8.  v.  073.  H.  (Patrick),  1847,  sergt  Co.  F. 
."d  U.S.  artill.  v.  510.  Handcriek  (James),  1847.  owner  of  S.F.  lots.  v.  079. 
Handford,  1847,  mr  of  the  JCvcn  (Inipnzcoaiia.  Handley  (Wm),  1837,  mr  of 
the  Loriot.  iv.  105.       Hands,  1848,  anvsted  at  S.  Jos(5.  v.  002. 

Hanks  (Ephraim),  1847,  Co.  li,  Jlorm.  liat.  (v.  409).  H.  (Ebenezer), 
1847,  Bcrgt  ditto,  v.  477.  II.  (Julian),  1845,  mr  of  tho  Maria  Terem.  v. 
587,  579;  perhaps  came  earlier;  at  S.  Jos6  from  '40,  being  member  of  tho 
council.  V.  004;  in  '49  memb.  of  the  constit.  convention,  a  nat.  of  Conn,  ago 
37.  He  went  later  to  L.  Cal.  llanley  (James),  183")-7,  mr  of  tho  ClemenHne. 
iii.  382,  442;  iv.  102.  Ilaun  (Wm),  1S47,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  Hanna,  1848, 
mr  of  the  Lady  Adam-t.  v.  570.  Hannah  (Dolphus),  1845,  doubtful  overl. 
innnig.  iv.  578.  Hanner  (Joseph),  1842,  Amer.  from  N.  Mex.  at  Los  Ang. 
'42-3.  Hannoah  (Baptistc),  1848,  d.  at  N.  Hclv.  Hanns  (H.),  1848,  at 
Hon.  from  S.F.  on  the  Julian,      Hansen  (Christian),  1840,  mrof  the  Cataliua 


IIAKSEN-IIAnMOX. 


<<>> 


•40-'J.  iv.  in'2,  ."fi-l;  licut  in  Mex.  imvy.  Hanson  (<ho.  M.),  1840  (?),  iiiini'r 
in  early  tinies,  and  lutur  pulili-slitr  of  nuWM]JU)icrM;  |H'i-|ia|m  an  iniinig.  dt  '4<i, 
d'u'il  in  l^iku  Co.  '7S.  ilanton  (Matiliuw  ().),  1S47,  Co.  *•,  N.V.  Vol.  (v. 
4l);l).  llnihin  (JaniiKM.),  lh4U,  ovnl.  inimig.  (v.  .VJO),  wlio  mtth  il  in  \\>\>i 
'47,  and  ul)out  'i')?  at  tliu  x|>rin;^.s  in  Lako  tliat  hrar  iiis  name;  HoniiHinies  ac- 
crt'ditL'd  to  '44,  iv.  440;  tl.  lor  land  in  Napa  and  Volo;  d.  Jjiiki!  Co.  '77.  II. 
(Josliufi),  l8Ki,  Co.  ]'],  C.d.  lUt.  (v.  lUS),  cnlistint;  at  Son.,  Oct.  H.  (Mat- 
thew), Ih44,  Bon  of  J.  M.,  ftnd  overl.  innnig.  ot'  tlio  .Slovens  imrty.  iv.  44.), 
4.').'<.  Ho  went  aoutii  and  was  onu  of  tlie  pi'isom  rs  ut  Cliino.  v,  ,'li:t-l4;  later 
a  ri'sid.  of  Napa  and  Lako,  and  about  '7"»  went  to  Mexico  to  engage  in  stin  k- 
raising.  llarcourt  (Cieo. ),  1S40,  Fauntleroy's  diagoona  (v.  '23.1,  •J47);  Co.  (i, 
Cal.  hat.  (v.  XiH). 

ILirdiMiop,  l.S4(!,  Belgian  of  tlio  Donncr  party,  wlio  died  lii'forc  rcaeliin.; 
the  .Sierra,  v.  .5;il  •_'.  llardio  (.Janics  ,\.),  KsJ7.  lieut  .'Id  artiil.  L'..S.A., 
niajiir  N.Y.Vol.  v.  574;  in  com.  of  H.F.  garrison  '47-8.  v.  i"(l.'{,  .")l,'),  (Jl'J,  (i.V.); 
owner  of  town  lots.  In  tliu  war  of  'lil-o  a  brig. -gen,;  d.  Wasli.  '70.  Hard- 
ing, ISKi,  doulilful  name  at  Loa  Aug.  H.,  I'i47,  un*  of  tlic  Tho.-i  II.  IJi'ii'vii. 
] I.  (Francis),  1817,  owner  of  H.F.  lot.  H.  (James),  KSUi,  Co.  (),  C.i!.  I'.at. 
(v.  l!.~i.S).  II.  (Tlionias),  184."),  Amer.  sailor  of  the  7'r(.s<t)  and  \'iiii(tnli(i,  ii\iUd 
1)V  the  consul,  v.  r)S7.  llardmont  (Wni),  1H47,  Co.  1,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  4'.!,;), 
Ills.  .Josi5  'oO;  d.  lieforo  'S'J.  llanly,  1.S4S,  com.  of  the  U..S.  Ohio.  v.  ."'.I. 
II.  (Daniel),  1848,  new.spajMT  re-.ord.       H.  (II.  C),  1848,  owner  of  S.F.  lot. 

jiardy  (TlKiman  .M.),  184,'{,  Canadian  who  pos.siMy  came  eailicr  or  had 
lieun  naturalized  in  some  other  Mex.  j)rovinee.  iv.  400;  grantee  tid.s  year  of 
};io  de  ■Jeau.s  Maria  on  the  .Sae.  near  mouth  of  Cache  er.;  in  '44  named  in  sev- 
eral records  a.s  carpenter  and  ti'anslator  in  .Sonoma  district,  age  4.'1.  iv.  44S; 
in  '4.')-S  often  named  in  X.  Ililr.  Jjini/Ufi  visiting  Suttei'a  Fort.  I  iiave  an 
original  letter  in  .Sj'an.  of  May  '40.  The  Hear  captors  of  Vallejo  and  I'rudoii 
ttpent  the  night  at  II. 'a  place,  v.  ]•_'().  He  was  unpopular  with  the  Kettlers, 
].erhiips  heeausc  of  his  sympathy  for  the  Mex.  Had  a  Cal.  claim  for 
lior.ses;  in  the  gold  mines  .May  '48;  and  a  little  later  in  '48  or  '49  ho 
was  didwned  in  .Snisun  Bay,  perhaps  accidentally.  His  property  was  sold  Jjy 
the  J  uhlic  adir.inistrator,  and  aa  late  as  '70  the  sonsijf  John  Hardy — claimed 
to  1)0  identical  with  Thos  M. — were  trying  in  the  courts  to  overthrow  tho 
title  of  J.  M.  Harbin  and  other  holders  mider  the  administrator'a  sale  and 
U.S.  ])atent  to  the  raucho.  H.  (Thos),  1847,  at  Benicia;  perhaps  s.'inie  as 
jireceding.  H.  (\Vm  H.),  1S4,">,  landed  at  Sta  (^ruz  from  a  whaler,  v.  087; 
workeil  for  Larkin  and  others  as  a  carpenter  and  lumbci'mnu,  building  a 
schooner  '40;  of  H.  &  Jenkins  '48;  still  at  Sta  Cruz  '80.  Hare  (Henry), 
18;;(!,  I'lngl.  clerk  with  Jus  Watson  at  Mont.,  .age  'J(),  and  single. 

llargravo  (Wm),  1844,  An)er.  immlg.  from  Or.  in  the  Ivelsey  jiarty.  iv. 
444-."),  4.").3;  settling  in  Napa  as  <a  hunter.  He  was  iirominent  in  the  Bear  re- 
volt, v.  78-!(,  9."),  104,  1 10.  110;  and  later  served  in  tho  south  as  lieut  of  Co. 
C,  Cil.  Bat.  V.  301,  ■J8.'{.  He  is  occ.ision.'dly  ment.  in  divers  records  of  '4d-8. 
Ill  '78  he  still  liveil  in  Napa,  where  he  dictated  lor  my  u.fe  an  interesting  nar- 
rative of  Cali/onif't  i,i  '4(J.  Harlan  (Ceo.),  1840.  >)Verl.  imniig.  from  Ind. 
with  wife — Klizaljcth  Duncan — 'J  .son-;,  and  2  daughters,  v.  .")'JS--:!0.  He  lived 
at  S.  F.,  and  later  in  Contra  Costa,  dying  in  Sta  Clara  oO,  and  his  wile  in  '48. 
If.  (lOlisha),  1840,  son  of  (too.,  in  same  part;,',  H.  (.Joel),  IS40,  son  of  Ceo., 
b.  Ind.  '"28;  in  '40  married  Minerva,  daugliter  of  Wm  i''owler;  lived  at  many 
dif,  places,  an<l  from '8'2  in  Amador  V;. I.,  where  he  died  in  '7-,  leaving  a 
vidow  and  7  children,  I'oitrait  in  <-'o;('/"a  ('osla  Co.  y/i,s^,  78,  Harlem  (P. 
W.),  1840,  Co.  F,  ( 'al.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Harley  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  1),  N.Y.Vol. 
(v.  409);  d.  near  Sao.  after  '70. 

Harmand,  see  'Harmon.'  Harmcs  (Henry),  1847,  owner  of  S.  F.  lot. 
H.  (Wm),  1847,  ditto.  Harmon  (Dc  Witt  J.),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y'.Vol.  (v. 
400);  at  Murphy's,  Calav.  Co.,  '71-4.  H.  (Ebenezer),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morni. 
Biit.  (v.  409).  H.  (Jacob),  1847,  owner  of  lot  at  S.j\  v.  OSo;  in  '48  hao  ,). 
garilen  at  the  mission,  and  n  wife,  Elenora,  who  obtained  a  divorce  in  '4',).  Ho 
died  ut  S.F.  'oO,  leaving  a  widow  aud  2  children,  Mary  Auu  and  Jacob.  Tho 


776 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


widow  mamcd  Miclmcl  Foley  in  'oO,  and  died  at  Sta  Clara  '00.  IT.  (Lorenzo 
I<".),  1817,  (Jo.  C,  .Monri.  liat!  (v.  4(i!));  reenl.  H.  (Oliver  N.),  1847,  Co.  E, 
tlitto;  home  missionary  at  lloytsville,  Utah,  '82. 

HarniUn,  1847,  inr  of  the  ^'(tslcdiiik.  v.  570.  Harner  (Josujili),  1S4:{, 
Ainer.  tailor  from  N.  Mex.,  wiio  had  a  sho))  at  Mont.,  wliere  he  worked  at 
his  trade,  sold  grog,  and  sinngcled  in  a  small  way.  Died  in  '44  of  Pinail-pox, 
le.-iving  jiropcrty  worth  about  S'J.OOO,  of  which  tlic  consul  wrote  to  liis  mother, 
Dolly  It.  of  Va.  Harnes  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  Jl,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  49!)J.  Har- 
ness (Wni),  1840,  at  N.  Helv.  .Ian. -March. 

Ilaro  (Francisco  de),  1819,  Mex.  suhdicut  of  the  S.  Bias  inf.antry  conip. 
in  Cal.  il.  '2M,  371.  In  ''21  accomp.  Argiicllo  on  his  trip  to  the  north,  ii.  •11."); 
and  in  '"JJ-.S  served  as  sec.  of  the  govt  and  dip.  ii.  401~.'{,  480,  07(i.  In  '"24  iM 
in  com.  of  the  expcd.  against  revolted  neophytes,  ii.  .'>31-'2;  and  the  samu 
year  ictire<l  from  mil.  service,  ii.  G7.")  (error  in  ii.  5So);  elector  de  partiilo  '•_'7. 
il.  r)SI,  59'2;  iii.  3.'i;  land  grants  in  ''2d.  ii.  59,");  iii.  7');  suplente  of  the  dip. 
';JO-I.  iii.  .^.0,  KS7:  vocal  "M-4.  iii.'J4G,  249-50.  In '3,-)  and  '38  he  was  alcaldo 
at  >S.F.,  ami  elector  in  '37.  iii.  703-5;  in  '41-4  sec.  of  the  juzgado,  and  owner 
ol'  town  lots.  iv.  (j(i5-r>,  0G9,  G7G,  GS3.  In  '42,  ago  50,  apparently  a  widov.-er 
(Iii.s  wife  h.'ul  been  a  daughter  of  Josd  Sanchez),  child.  Francisco  and  Itainou 
1).  '27,  Rosalia  '28,  Naiividad  '29,  Prudencio  '31,  Carlota  '.■i3,  Dolores  ".'tii,  .Ic- 
Bus  Felipe  '40,  Alonzo.  Tlic  oldest  daughter,  .Josefa,  li.  '25,  was  the  wilV-  of 
Fran,  (luerrero,  and  cl.  for  the  ranchos  granted  to  her  fatlu^r  and  lirotlicrs. 
Rosalia  became  the  wife  of  A.  A.  Andrews,  and  later  of  Ciias  IJrown.  iv.  (i(ii). 
In  '4G  Don  Francisco  was  at  times  acting  sub-prefect,  inspector  of  elertion, 
iind  candidate  for  alcalde,  v.  295,  G48.  He  died  in  '48.  His  twin  sons,  I'rnn- 
cisco  and  Ramon,  were  militiamen  at  S.  F.  in  '43;  were  granted,  or  perniiticd 
to  occupy,  the  Potrero  in  '44.  iv.  G73;  Ramon,  or  'Chico,'  was  invf.lv(>(l  i;i 
the  Libhey  assault  of '45  (iv.  5G9);  and  both  were  murdered  ')y  Fremunt's 
men  at  S.  Rafael  in  June  '•'(>.  v.  171-4.       H.  (Ii.aiacio),  ,a.t  Sonoma  '44,  a'.rr20. 

Harper  (Thos  \V.),  1847.  Co.  H,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  490);  d.  .Sta  R.  '.••)(•).  '  llar- 
ran  ((ieo.  and.Joel),  1S47,  lotsatS.F.,  ]irob.  'Harlan,' q.  v.  Harriens( David), 
l^tJO.  mr  of  the  I'l/nifi;  also  in  '30.  iii.  14().  Hairington  (John),  1817,  Co. 
D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  4!)!)).  Harris,  1847,  in  prison  atN.  Helv.  fnrstcalirig  lioincs. 
11.,  1S47,  from  Hon.  on  the  Ciirniir;/  Lru".  H.  (.\ustin),  184S,  passed  miil. 
on  the  U.,S.  Iiii/cpeiKlciirc.  H.  (Geo.  Aug.),  1821),  trader  who  had  a  ipiarnl 
with  Dav.  .Spence.  H.  (',Jeo.  C),  lS4(i,  on  the  Sara/i  Parker  ace.  to  Siciii. 
H.  (Henry),  181G.  of  tiie  Mormon  col.,  joining  at  Hon.,  .-ind  somewhat  pi-oni- 
iiient  by  reason  of  his  suit  against  Rramian.  Aiinrilx  oj  S . F. ,  ' '>(\.   At  S.  {•'. 

'17-8;  owner  of  town  lots.   v.  GS5.  His  wife  was  Mary ,  and  their  only 

child,  Henry  Wm,  died  in  '48.  H.  (.lames),  1830,  shipwrecUod  sailor  of  the 
J><iniilw;  sti'llatStaB.  '.3(i.  iii.  180.  H.  (.lohn),  1844,  End- at  Mont.  H. 
(.lohn  I).).  1847,  owner  of  S.  F.  lot.  v.  GS5.  H.  (,1.  II.),  1818,  subscribes  for 
a  ball  at  Mont.  II.  (Robert),  1S47,  captain's  clerk  on  the  r.  hniilnis:  perhaps 
B.imo  as  ])recc(ling.  H.  (liobert),  1847,  Co.  1'-,  Morm.  Rat.  (v.  4G9).  II. 
(Silas),  1847,  Co.  Ii,  ditto;  a  Utah  farmer  '81;  mail-carrier  '48. 

Harris  (Stephen),  1S17,  Q.  M.  scrgt  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  .lO.'t;  with  wife  and  2 
(lan,';ht(Ms.  One  of  tiie  latter  diccl  at  S.  F.  in  Aug.;  tiie  other  was  born  on  tlio 
voy. ,  and  christened  .Mtii  Califoi'nia  at  Kio  .laneiro  with  much  ceremony,  v. 
512,  getting  a  S.F'.  lot  in  '48,  as  her  father  had  in  '47;  candidate  for  council 
in  '47.  V.  t).')0;  still  in  Cal.  '.")4.  H.  (Stephen  A),  1818,  owner  oi  S.F.  lot; 
left(.'al.  in '50  and  d.  'G7.  His  lot  was  claimed  in  '54  by  Stephen,  whose  graritecs 
he'd  it  from '1)4;  and  the  heirs  of  Stephen  .A., in '70-9,  were  unable  to  recover  tlio 
land  in  the  courts.  H.  (Mrs  S.  l'].].  1S45,  at  Sonoma  '77;  maiden  name  not 
given.  H.  (Wm),  1844,  Amer.  sador  put  ashore  by  the  Vanihtlia;  shipped 
by  the  consul  on  the  <'.  W.  Mnrijnii.  II.  (W'm),  184(1,  {'"anntleroy'.s  draLioons 
(V.  2.12,  247).       II.  (Wm  A.).  1847,  asst  surg.  on  the  Itul>'i»iiilcii<r  '47  81 

Harrison  (Ed.  H.),  1817,  Q  M.  clerk  of  N.Y.Vol.  and  of  the  dcpt  at  S.F.; 
a  jjionnncnt  man  from  '48,  school  trustee,  presiilent  of  public  nu-etings,  owner 
<  t  lots,  an<l  collector  of  the  port.  v.  575,  (150-1,  (m('p-7,  G59,  078,  (18.);  aj^jjiir- 
cnlly  of  DcWitt  &  H.,  a  well-known  S.F.  lirni.       II.  (G.),  1817,  mid.  on  tho 


nARRISON— HARTNELL. 


777 


II. 


il);ir- 
Uio 


U.S.  Cofiimhii-f.  n.  (ITcnry  A.),  1S48,  had  a  store  in  R.F.;  memb.  of  ooun- 
cil  '4!);  died  in  N.  Y.  T)7.  H.  (H.H.),  1841,  mid.  on  tlio  y.  S.  Si  Loitii. 
H.  (Isaac),  1S47,  Co.  E,  Monn.  15at.  (v.  4(;0);  at  Sandy,  Utah,  '81.  H. 
(Isiaili,  1847,  Co.  E,  Monn.  Bat.  H.  (N.IJ.).  1S4G,  mid.  and  act.  masterof 
the  {J.S.l'ortxmouth:  sent  by  Montgomery  to  Sloat  with  despatches,  v.  22S; 
at  Mont.  '48.  II.  (Tiioa),  1840,  doubtful  mention;  a  Mrs  Russell  isalsosaid 
to  have  come  in  '4(1  with  her  father  and  mother  named  Harrison.  Harrori 
(James),  1817,  Co.  I),  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Sentinel,  Fresno,  '83.  Harsh 
(D.m.),  1847,  in  Napa  Val. 

Hart,  18JW,  mr  of  the  Flihhcrtij-qihlx't.  iv.  103-4.  H.  (Henry  L.),  1847, 
Co.  A,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (V.  499);  d.  in  l!  Cal.  '48.  H.  (James  S.),  1847,  Co.  K, 
Monn.  Bat.  (v.  4G9);  reijid.  H.  (Jerome),  1847,  Co.  «,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499); 
<1.  in  Shasta  '52.  H.  (John),  1829-30,  mr  of  a  vessel  on  the  coast.  11. 
(John),  1S47,  Co.  D,  ditto;  at  S.F.  "71-4;  d.  Iwfore  '82.  H.  (Joseph),  1S4(!, 
Co.  t!.  Cal.  lilt.  (v.  SoS);  enlisted  at  S.  Jose,  Oct.  Hartcell  (Df.vid),  1S47, 
Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Hartmau  (Henry),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot, 
who  had  a  tin-shop  in  '48.  v.  084.  Hartncll  (Horatio  Nelson),  see  '  Hart- 
w.;ll.'  H.  (Jack),  1834,  at  Mont.  H.  (Wm  A.),  1840,  celador  of  Mont, 
custom-house,   v.  570. 

Hart-.ull  (Wm  I'^lward  Petty),  1822,  nat.  of  Lancashire,  Engl.,  b.  179S, 
wlio,  after  arcsid.  of  sev<'ial  ycare  in  S.  Amer.,  came  to  Cal.  on  the  John  B'H'J, 
as  mcuiher  of  the  firm  McCuiloch,  H.,  &  Co.,  agents  of  IJeg'j  &  Co.  of  Lima, 
and  of  the  Brotiiertons  in  Liverpool  and  Edinburgh.  This  tirm  made  a  cun- 
tract  to  take  mi.isiiin  produce  for  3  years  from  '23,  and  for  some  vears  (li<l  a 
large  bu-siness.  ii.  474-9,  504,  591,  003,  059;  iii.  24,  28.  In  '21  he  was  l);!])- 
tizcd  at  S.  Carlos,  the  name  Edward  being  added  at  that  time  (the  '  Paty ' 
of  ii.  475  is  prob.  an  error);  and  in  '25  married  Maria  Teresa  de  I*  Cuerra. 
iii.  27,  29.  Ilia  business  was  probpcrous  down  to  '20,  and  some  loans  were 
made  to  the  govt;  but  in  '27-9  there  came  reverses  that  caused  him  to  gi>  to 
S.  Amer.  in  '29  t<j  close  the  partnership,  leaving  him  with  a  heavy  burden  of 
debt.  iii.  49,  57-8,  71,  118,  121-2,  127  8,  138, 147,  170.  In  ',S0  he  was  natiiral- 
i.ted,  and  in  '31  midcrtook  the  life  of  a  rancluTO  at  Alisal  in  partnership  witli 
the  Soberanos.  In  '32  he  com.  the  comp.  extranjera  at  Monterey  in  support  of 
Zaniorano.  iii.  221-5,  072;  and  in  ',33-0  acted  as  Cal.  agent  of  the  Russian 
comp.  iv.  102— t;  grantee  in  '34  of  tlie  Alisal,  or  I'atrocinio,  ranclio,  ii.  (!1(1, 
wherewith  Father  Short  he  established  a  kind  of  college,  called  sonietiiii'-;} 
Seiuinario  de  S.  Jos(5.  iii.  317,  070,  077-8.  In  '.35-0  he  was  regiilor.  iii.  293, 
073,  075;  his  children  tlK'i  being  (tuillermo  Ant.  b.  '27,  Adali)erto  '32,  .1om3 
'34,  and  Matilde  '111'',  one  or  two  having  die<l  and  others  perhaps  not  living  at 
t!ie  college,  whci  ■  tliorc  wo'o  then  13  students,  lie  was  also  collector  of  taxi'S 
and  cu.stf.ins  in  '.'^''  7,  and  employed  to  makcap.uh'on  of  the  district,  iii.  072; 
iv.  90,  110;  but  ituout  tliis  ti'.ne  tiic  school  was  given  up  as  un[)rolitable,  and 
II.  found  it  .'.llicidt  to  support  his  family.  In  '39-40  he  served  by  Alv.irado's 
appointment  as  visitador  general  of  missions,  at  a  salary  of  J!2,000,  liis  i'aitli- 
ful  I'll'or's  for  reform  being  recorded,  with  his  reports,  in  iii.  000-1,  020,  021- 
8,  (il5,  057-8,  00!,  t;(i4,  000,  083,  0S5,  (iSS,  091,  IX^,  720,  725,  72S;  iv.  9,  .m- 
02,  194-5.  Visited  by  Douglas '41.  iv.  212;  interpreter  in '42  for  Com.  .b.nes' 
iiivestig.  t)f  the'Jraham  all'air;  in  '43  an  otlicer  of  customs,  iv.  377,  tillie  (.nl- 
lector,  court  clerk,  and  teacher;  in  '44,  1st  otlicer,  inspector,  intrrpreter,  and 
acting  admin,  of  tho  custom-house,  having  also  an  interesting  coiresii.  «itli 
Wyllie  or,  plans  of  I'ingl.  colonization,  iv.  403,  4.'>0  1,  451-2,  054;  nicnt.  i;' 
'45.  iv.  515,  .5.'i9;  being  still  in  the  custon\-honse  '45-(i,  somewhat  unfriendly 
t'l  the  U.S.  until  \\>'.  lost  all  hope  of  an  Engl,  piotectonite.  v.  7,  9.  01,  235, 
570.  After  the  change  of  flag  he  was  appointed  by  Stockton  suivcyor  and 
a|)praiser  of  customs,  being  eleeti'd  couni.illor,  serving  on  the  l!<t  jury,  and 
making  a  trip  to  Honolulu  in  Dec.  v.  2.S9,  21'3,  037  In  '47  50  II.  was  em- 
ployed by  the  U.S.  authorities  ns  oilic  lal  interpreter  nnd  translator,  v.  OO'.I,  in 
which  capacity  he  rendered  most  importavit  service",  both  in  connection  with 
legal  and  land  matters  and  the  eonstit.  f'ln.jntioii.  Later  he  wa.s  county 
as.scssor  and  held  otlier  positions,  being  claimant  i.or  two  rauchos.  iv.  043;  iii. 


778 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


III 


G7G;  dying  in  '."4  at  the  age  of  5(i.  Hartiicll  was  a  man  wlio  enjoyed  and 
iiicritc.'d  the  respect  and  friendship  of  all  who  knew  him,  being  pLrl'uctly 
lioiiL'st  and  straightforward  in  all  iiis  transactions,  of  most  genial  tcnipcra- 
nicnt,  and  too  liberal  for  his  own  interests.  In  some  directions  he  was  a  man 
of  rare  ability,  being  a  master  of  the  Spanish,  French,  and  German  langua^'cs 
besides  his  own.  lie  was  not  a  good  business  manager,  lacking  application, 
method,  and  energy,  and  being  always  in  financial  trouble;  but  in  any  ckri- 
eal  or  subordinate  caiiacity  he  was  most  reliable  and  ellicient.  In  the  later 
years  he  drank  to  excess.  Resides  the  original  records  of  the  Coii  rent  tun  <'/'-j9 
an<l  the  valual)lo  JJiario  d<i  I'ifiilndor  (rev.  \30-/fO,  I  have  liundreds  of  his 
letters  in  various  private  archives;  and  indeed,  his  family  doc.  form  more  than 
one  vol.  of  the  Vallejo  collection,  which  should  bear  his  n.amc.  His  correspond- 
ents were  men  of  education  and  standing  in  many  parts  of  the  worhl.  His 
willow  still  lives  at  Salinas  in  '85,  at  the  age  of  7l>,  being  still  owner  of  the 
Alisal  raiiclio.  She  gave  mo  a  personal  Nurrativa.  There  were  20  sons  and  ."> 
daughters  ace.  to  h(;r  own  statement.  In  MO  there  had  been  l.'J,  of  whom  !) 
were  living.  Resides  the  -l  named  above,  I  find  the  following  in  the  SUi  li.  L\ . 
7/^s^.•  Juan,  Uldarico,  Pablo,  Alvano  (?),  Nathaniel  (died),  George,  l\ank. 
Benjauiin,  'J'eresa,  Anit;i,  Magdalcna,  and  Amelia.  There  was  also  an  iC-L- v-ui. 
Ramon  (periuips  Jos(3)  was  majordomo  at  S.  Juan  in  '40;  Wm  A.  was  cu  itt  nv 
Lou.se  guard  in  '4.j-(J.  Most  of  the  sons  seem  to  have  inherited  the  iai:ii'.'a 
weaknesses  rather  than  his  abilities;  but  several  became  respectable  ciii/ens. 

llartwell  (Lorenzo  Nulcon),  1834,  Amer.  sailor  from  the  CuUiliim  at  S. 
Diego,  iii.  41'2;  still  there  in  '40,  naturalized  and  married.  Called  generally 
Horatio  and  l>awrence  llartuell,  but  I  have  his  authograph  of  ';»S.  H. 
(Wm),  ].s;i4,  Engl.,  age  30,  testifies  in  favor  of  John  Reed.  Hartwig,  18-17, 
a  n.ituralist  at  N.  llclv.  in  June.  Ilarvan  (Wm),  1S4G,  doubtful  name  at 
Los  Aug.       Harvey  (Thos),  1831,  mate  of  the  Cataliiia. 

Hashagon,  1847,  nir  of  the  Clementine,  v.  577.  Hasclial  (A.  G.),  lS4(i, 
one  of  the  Mormon  col.  v.  540;  lot  at  S.F.  '47;  did  not  go  to  Utah;  perhaps 
'Haskell.'  Thales  Haskell  is  also  named.  Haskell  (Geo.),  1847,  Co.  li, 
Moriii.  Lat.  (v.  400).  H.  (J.  tt.),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  H.  (John  W.), 
1S17,  Co.  F,  N.Y.  Vol.  (V.  4'Ji));  d.  Sta  B.  '78.  Hasking  (Henry),  1S47,  iit 
Hon.  from  S.F.  on  the  Julia.  Haslitt  (Geo.),  1845,  perhaps  one  of  Freuionts 
men.  iv.  583,  587;  in  Sonoma  Co.  '74;  a  Cherokee  Ind.  Ilassard  (J.  (i.), 
Is48,  ])assp.  from  Hon.  Hassel  (II.),  1S4S,  ditto.  Hastie,  1848,  from  Hon. 
on  the  S(ti/fulahiic. 

Hastings  (Lansford  W.),  1843,  nat.  of  Ohio,  b.  '19,  a  lawyer  who  com.  a 
party  crossing  the  ilains  to  Or.  '42,  and  came  to  Cal.  '43  in  com.  of  the  iniinig. 
]iarty  tliat  bears  his  name.  iv.  380-02,  400,  444.  His  views  were  those  of  a 
filibuster,  but  he  found  that  the  tim--  had  not  come  for  a  successful  movement; 
BO  he  went  back  in  '44,  by  sea  and  across  !Mex.,  to  publish  a  worthless  book 
culled  an  Emiijrant'n  Oiiide,  and  to  attract  settlci-s  and  prospective  revohi- 
tionist'  by  lectures  and  other  methods,  iv.  390-0,  3.')5-G,  2,  C,  20,  20.  In  '45 
lie  returned  with  another  party  overland  to  (,'al.  iv.  585-C;  but  in  the  sjiring 
of  '40.  after  the  settlers'  revolt  had  been  jiostponed,  went  with  Clyman's  party 
to  Salt  I^ake  in  search  of  more  inmiig.,  an.l  thus  niisse<l  the  Bear  movemcu!. 
V.  52(i,  520;  but  returned  in  the  autnnm  with  Harlan's  party,  by  II. 's  new  cut- 
oil",  winch  proved  so  fatal  to  the  Doniiers,  in  time  to  serve  as  eapt.  of  Co.  F, 
Cal.  Bat.  V.  529  30,  350,  3(51.  Before  going  east,  hnwever,  he  and  lUd  well  liiul 
laiil  out  the  new  town  of  Sutterville,  leported  at  the  time  to  bo  intended  fur 
u  Mormon  town,  v.  58;  and  indeed,  H.  was  an  ai^ent  for  the  Mormons  in  tlio 
secular  jihases  of  their  enterprise,  v.  548;  sel.  cling  a  site  at  Montezuma, 
Soliuio,  where  some  time  iu  '47-8  he  built  an  adobe  house,  still  standing  in  '80, 
and  established  a  ferry  across  the  S.  Joafpiin.  v.  552.  In  '47-8  he  also  prau- 
tiseil  law  at  S.F.,  being  theowner  of  town  lots.  v.  570,  045,  078,  081.  In  March 
-.'Vpril  '43  he  was  trying  to  recruit  a  ))attaliou  of  volunteers  to  put  down  an 
imaginary  revolt  in  the  scmth;  in  May  was  elected  school  trustee  at  S.F. ;  in 
July  mairied  Charlotte  Catherine,  daughter  of  Hopeful  Toler,  at  Sao.,  and  ia 
Stpt.  was  appointed  judge  of  the  northern  district.  Iu  '40  he  wi.  i  •:.  member 


HASTINGS-HAY. 


77f> 


of  the  constit.  convention,  utilizing  his  geographical  acquirements  in  the  fixing 
of  a  boundiry.  He  lived  at  or  near  Sac.  till  '57;  then  u-cnt  to  Arizona;  o;inie 
back  on  a  visit  ir.  '04;  and  is  said  to  have  died  in  Ih'uzil  about  "iO.  He  was  aa 
intelligent,  active  man,  never  without  some  grand  scheme  on  hand,  not  overbur- 
dened with  conscientious  scruples,  but  never  getting  caught  iu  anything  very 
disreputable.  H.  (Sam.  J.),  1841,  mrof  the  Tatino  '41—1.  iv.  SOU.  Haswell 
(Robert),  1788,  Kngl.  mate  of  the  iVaxhiiuitoii  in  voy.  to  N.  W.  coast,  the  Isb 
Amcr.  vessel  to  enter  Cal.  watera.  H.  kept  a  diary  which  was  furnished  me 
by  hid  daughter,  Mrs  John  J.  Clark,  who  died  ut  Uoxbury,  Muss.,  iu  '83,  at  tlie 
age  of  80. 

Hatch  (James  B.),  1842,  mr  of  the  Barnntahle  '42-3,  '44-r);  possibly  on  the 
coast  before,  iv.  341,  J5G3,  101 ;  iii.  381 ;  also  mr  of  the  Loo  Chooiu  '47.  v.  .^l  1. 
H.  (J.  W.),  1848 (?),  killed  accidentally  at  Napa  '70.  H.  (Meltliah),  1847,. 
Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  4G9);  at  Panguich,  Utah,  '82,  H.  (Grin).  1847,  ditto, 
at  Bountiful,  Utah,  '82.  H.  (Prince  G.),  1847,  in  S.F.  list  of  letters.  H. 
(Sam.  B.),  1843,  at  Sta  Cruz.  Hathaway  (Humphrey^,  1838,  came  on  a  ves- 
sel com.  by  Capt.  Howland,  and  worked  as  a  carpenter  at  Mont.  On  Larkin's- 
books  '3S-43;  in  Farnham's  list  of  arrests  in  '40;  left  Mont. — ;ind  his  del)ts — 
on  the  llajah  in  '43.  iv.  17,  119.  H.  (James  M.),  1 847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
4!)0);  d.  IJownieville '51.  H.  1848,  from  Hon.  on  t\w.  Sd'/nildhoe.  llatlcr 
(Alex.),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lots.  v.  CS.5.       Hatton  (W'ni).  I8i2(!,  on  the  norcr. 

HaufF  (Ernest),  1847,  musician  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  409);  at  S.F.  '71-4;  in  Men- 
docino Co.  '83.  Haughty  (Micimcl),  1847,  Co.  I,  ditto.  Hanlstorn  (Alex.), 
1830,  doubtful  name  in  a  business  account.  Haun  (.JohnS.),  lS4(i(?),  nat.  of 
!Mo. ;  in  Sta  Clara  Co.  '76;  perhaps  sou  of  Wm.  H.  (Wm),  l)S4(i,  settlor  .it- 
Sti  Clara  with  wife,  I^Avinia  Whisman,  the  latter  still  living  iu  '80.  liaust 
(Joseph),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  Havey  (John),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
490);  at  West  Point,  Calaveras  Co.,  '71-82. 

Hawes  (Horace),  1847,  nat.  of  N.  Y.,  who  visited  Cal.  from  Hon.  on  the 
Aii'jota,  en  route  to  Tahiti,  whore  he  had  been  appointed  U.S.  consul.  Iu  '4!> 
he  c.->iue  back  and  was  prefect  at  S.F.,  where  lie  spent  the  rest  of  Ids  life  a.s* 
pioniinent  lawyer  and  legislator.  He  was  the  author  of  an  important  trcatiso 
on  the  Cal.  mission  cases,  and  of  many  other  well-known  briefs,  political 
pamphlets,  and  speeches;  also  of  the  S.F.  consolidation  bill  of  '5(5  and  ro^'istry 
law  of  'GO;  a  member  of  the  as.sembly  for  two  terms,  and  of  the  state  senate 
iu  '0.3-4.  Hawes  was  a  self-made  man,  a  shrewd  lawyer,  a  man  of  powortul 
mind,  original  in  his  views  and  methods,  but  full  of. conceit,  suspicions  l)y 
nature,  always  unpopular,  and  eccentric  to  the  verge  of  insanity  iu  his  later 
years.  He  became  a  millionaire,  and  l)y  his  will  of  71 — the  year  of  his  (L  atli 
at  tlie  ago  of  58 — left  the  bulk  of  his  estate  for  the  foundation  of  .Mount  l^a;.,'lo 
University  and  a  Cliamlter  of  Industry,  making  but  a  comfortable  provision 
for  I'i'^  heirs  and  relations.  ]>ut  the  heirs,  in  a  suit  that  is  one  of  the  cctit.taA 
cilcl.iri  of  Cil.,  succeeded  in  breaking  the  will  on  the  ground  of  the  testator's 
insanity,  and  thus  dofeateil  his  plans  for  the  public  good  and  his  own  pcrina- 
ne  ;t  fau'<;.  His  2d  wife,  married  in  '58,  was  Catlierine  Coombs,  who  survi\e(l 
him  with  a  son,  Horace,  who  died  in  '84,  an<l  a  daughter,  Caroline,  who  inir- 
ricd  James,  the  sou  of  .Alfred  Robinson,  and  is  still  living  iu  '85. 

Hawk  (Nathan),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  400);  overland  mail-canier 
in  '48,  being  employed  by  Branuan.  H.  (Wm),  1847,  ditto;  at  Salt  L:\ko 
City  '81.  Hawk'iurst,  1S,37,  perhaps  one  of  the  men  employed  to  drive  iiit- 
tle  to  Or.  iv.  85.  Hawkins,  1848,  liout  with  (»en.  Lane,  SUi  V<'  to  Ov.  \'n\, 
8.  Diego.  Coutts.  H.  (Benj.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat  (v.  .KJiU;  iu  S.  K. 
letter  li.st  '48.  H.  (John  A.  or  P.).  1847,  perhapsof  N.Y.Vol.  under  anotlur 
namu  (v.  490);  d.  at  S.  F.  H.  (Sam.),  1845,  doubtful  name  of  an  ovcrl. 
iniinig.  iv.  578.  H.  (Wm),  1830  (?),  trapper  of  Ashley's  comp.,  said  to  liavo 
bunted  in  the  S.  Joa<^iuin  Val.  in  very  early  times,  and  ag.in  in  '52.  .l/o/n', 
Co.  Hint.,  20.  H.  (Zacarias),  1845,  doctor  ami  overl.  ininiig.  prob.  to  Or., 
and  not  Cal.  iv.  578.  Hawley  (Jo.s.),  1842,  mr  of  the  whaler  //,i;r«'  '42,  '14; 
iv.  500.       HaMs  (Alphcus  P.),  1847,  sergt  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477. 

Hay,  1847,  Scotchman,  of  H.  &  iJickson,  S.F.  traders  ut  the  'Beohivo' 


780 


PIONEER  llEGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


atnro  MT-dO;  owner  of  town  lota.  v.  C7'>,  G84;  left  Ciil.  after  '50,  H.  (O.C), 
is-KS,  tiensurcr  of  S.F.;  called  'Dr';  perhaps  same  as  preceiliiig.  Haydea 
<(ico.  W.),  1S47,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  41)9).  Hayes,  1845,  Amer.  inimig. 
-from  Or.  in  tlie  McM.-Clyman  party;  prob.  went  back  in  '40;  but  may  have 
been  the  11.  woumUid  at  Natividad.  iv.  :i''2;  v.  52G,  307.  H.,  1848,  at  Mont, 
fr  im  Hon.  on  the  .S'.  Fraiicuicn.  H.  (Eliaa),  1833,  Anier.  at  Mont.  '33-0;  in 
'31-5  making  sliinglcs  for  Abel  Stearns,  iii.  409.  H.  (Jacob),  1840,  one  of 
the  .Mormon  col.  v.  540;  did  not  go  to  Utah;  d.  before 'SO;  called  also 'Hay  se.' 
II.  (.James),  1840,  at  Mont,  osakind  of  policeman;  in  the  Cal.  l^t.,  wounded 
■at  Nativi<latl  in  Nov,  v.  307;  also  called  John.  H.  (Wm  B.),  1847,  mid.  on 
the  U.S.  Dale;  died  at  sea  in  '49,  Ilayt  (Elisha),  1848,  doubtful  name  at 
^lont, :  prob,  *  Hyatt. '  Haywood  (Philip  H. ),  184C,  mid.  on  the  Iiukpendencc; 
lietit  in  Stockton's  bat,  '47,  v.  380,  Syi-S, 

Tealy,  1845,  on  the  SterUiiq  at  Mont.  Hearn  (Thos),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y. 
V.  (  •.  'liKt).  Ileartstene  (H.T.).  1842,  lieut  U.S.N.,  sent  easo  by  '"om. 
Jou  ispatchcs.  iv.  313,       Ileath  (Chas),  1843,  nat.  of  N.Y.,  w.io  got 

a  cart  .,  living  at  Sta  Cruz,  iv.  400,  3.")0;  ment.  at  N,  Htlv,  '4."-7;  ia 

'47  own  ..  "!.F.  lot,  and  builder  of  a  ferry-boat  at  Benicia.  v.  071,  073,  078. 
H.  (Iticli.  \i .),  1840  (?),  came  as  quartermaster  U.S.A.,  and  later  had  a  ferry 
on  the  Stanislaus.  ■  Tinkham.  H.  (Rusacll),  1847,  doubtful  mention  at  S. 
lUii/n.  H,  (W.),  1848,  passp,  from  Hon.  Ilcathcoat,  1847,  possibly  of  N. 
Y.Vol.  under  am ither  name.  Heathcote  (Theodore),  1840,  sergt  Co.  C,  Ist 
U.S.  dragoons;  in  '48  ordnance  sergt  at  Los  Ang. 

Hcceta  (Bruno),  1775,  Span.  capt.  and  com.  of  the  f>ant'ia<fo  in  explor,  voy. 
to  Cal.  and  the  N,  W.  coast,  i.  '241,  '247-8,  280,330.  Hecox  (AdnaA.), 
1840,  uat.  of  Mich.,  b.  1800,  and  overland  immig.  with  wife,  Margaret  M. 
Hiiiiicr,  and  3  children,  v.  ,529.  Remaining  at  Sta  Clara  during  the  winter — 
that  is,  'taking  an  active  part  in  the  war  with  Mexicans' — he  went  to  the 
Sta  Cruz  region,  M'here  he  built  a  saw-mill,  and  worked  as  carpenter  and 
builder;  went  to  the  mines  for  a  short  time  in  '48;  alcalde  at  Sta  Cruz  '48-9. 
V.  042;  later  justice  of  the  pe.ace;  county  treasurer  '01-3;  from  '70  in  charge 
of  the  Sta  Cruz  light-house  till  his  death,  in  '83.  He  was  a  methodist,  and  one 
of  the  first  who  preached  protestint  sermons  in  Cal.  v.  041.  Hia  narr.  of  hia 
eai-ly  life,  ovcrl.  trip,  and  (jxperienco  in  Cal.,  was  published  in  the  S,  Josi^ 
Pioneer  of  '77,  and  was  embodied  by  Willey  in  the  SUi  Cruz  Co.  IIM.  Hia 
testimony  on  events  connected  with  the  'war'  in  '4()-7,  like  that  of  so  many 
other  immigrants,  has  little  value.  His  widow  survived  him,  with  the  follow- 
ing child.:  Mrs  M.  E.  Stampley  of  Carson,  Nev.,  Mrs  C.  M.  Brown  of  S. F., 
and  Adua  H.  Hecox  of  S.  Luis  Ob. ,  all  pioneers  of  '40,  and  of  those  born  in 
•Cal.  Mrs  M.  Longlcy  of  Sta  Cruz,  Mrs  A.  Rigg,  Laura  J.,  and  Orville  S.  Por- 
trait of  Adna  A.  in  Sta  Cruz  Jlinf..,  44.  He  was  an  active  and  respectable  man 
■of  Imsijiess.       Hedges,  1844,  mr  of  the  Monmouth,  iv.  507, 

Huency  (Robert),  1840,  marine  on  the  U.S.  Dale;  one  of  Marston's  men  in 
the  Sanchez  campaign  of  '47;  slightly  wounded,  v.  381.  Hefferman  (Chas), 
1817,  Co.  F,  N.  Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  in  the  mines  '43;  died  at  S.F.  bi.forc  '^2, 
Heft  (Goo.),  1810,  sailor  on  the  Lydia.  ii.  275.  Hegarty  (Peter),  181.">, 
signer  of  the  S.  Josticalltoforeignera.  iv.  599;  on  the  Ist  S.  Jo3i5  jury '48.  Hegol 
(Froi!.),  1841,  named  in  Larkin's  accts  '41-2.  iv.  279;  said  to  have  been  in  tlio 
Bodc:,'a  region  '48-9;  perliaps  some  confusion  or  relationship  bet.  him  and 
'Hiigler;'  also  'Hugel,'  q.v.  Hehn  (Henry),  1847,  musician  of  N.Y.V.d, 
{\.  4:)9).  Hcil  (Fred.),  1832,  passp.  at  Mont. ;  perhaps  '  Hegel '  or  '  Hugel.' 
IIeiniich(Ch;i8),  1847,  Co.  B.  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  '299);  in  the  mines  '48;  later  a 
trader  at  Sac,  where  he  still  lived  in  '82;  nat.  of  Geriniiny,  b.  '24;  wife  from 
'.".(),  Sarali  Neuhauer.  Heinricks(Ed. ),  1840,  Co.  C,  Ist  U.S.  di-agoous  (v.  330). 
Ileitleman,  1S47,  from  Mazatlan  with  letters  from  Talbot  &  Co. 

Heleno,  grantee  of  Cosuinucsrancho  '44.       Helmstadler  (.lames),  1847,  Co. 

B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Hendikey  (Conrad),  1840,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons 
<v.  3;i(;).  Hemen  (James),  1828,  Irish  sailor,  age  40.  at  Mont  '28-9.  Hem- 
cnror  (.M.  W.),  1840,  doubtful  name  at  Loa  Aug.       Hemcrle(.Tohii),  1846,  Co, 

C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  330),      Hempstead,  1847,  mr  of  tho  Corca.  v.  577.. 


HEMPSTEAD— HERMOSILLO. 


78t 


Hrmpsteail  (Sidney  C),  ISDl,  trader  on  tlie  coast.  Hen  (Wm),  IS4(),  doubt- 
ful iiuinc.  y/(/^7/,  and  800.  Cal.  Piou.  roll.  Sec  '  Ilaun.'  Hcndurgon  (And.  J.), 
18-10,  asst  surg.  on  the  U.S.  PorUmonth:  at  N.Hclv.  and  Sonoma  in  Dear 
times.  V.  120,  128,  300;  surg.  of  Stockton's  bat.  '47.  v.  .385.  II.  (Christiiin), 
]S4a,  Fauntlcroy's  dragoons  \y.  232,  247).  II.  (James),  1842,  licut  U.S.N. 
Maxwell.  II.  (Levin),  1840,  sailor  in  navy,  on  sentry  duty  at  Mont. ;  deserts 
with  his  escaping  prisoners.  II.  (Moses),  1847,  in  S.F.  letter  Ibt.  U.  (T.), 
1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  H.  (Wm.)  1820,  mr  of  the  Olive  Branch  '2(>-7.  iii. 
148,  lii4.  II.  (Wm),  1870,  doubtful  name  in  Famham's  list;  perhaps  'An- 
derson,'q.  v.  H.  (W.  T.),  1848,  nat.  of  Tenn.,  arr.  S.F.June;  perhaps  sanio 
as  T.  a1x>ve;  in  '00  slayer  of  Joaq.  Muricta;  in  Fresno  '80.  IlLudricks 
(Joseph),  1844,  at  Sonoma,  ago  54.  H.  (Wm),  1848,  barber  at  S.F.  v.  082. 
H.  (Wm  D.),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  409);  at  Richmond,  Utah,  '82. 
Hendrickson  (Henry),  1S47,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Vallejo  '74.  H. 
(.Janv!S),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm  Bat.  (v.  409).  lleudy  (James),  1840,  m;iriuo  on 
tlio6'6.7re(«*.  wounded  at  the  S.  Gabriel,  Jan. '47.  v.  395.  Hengc(T.),  1848, 
l^assp.  tr',.  •-  Hon. 

Hcnnet,  1829,  mr  of  the  John  Co'emnn.  iii.  147.  Ilenriquez  (Antonio), 
artisan  at  StaCruz,  1705.  i.  490.  H.  (Abraham),  1847,  Co.  ¥,  3d  U.S.  artill. 
(v.  518).  Henry  (Dan.),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  409);  at  Monte,  Utali, 
'82.  H.  (Francis),  1844,  Irish  sailor  of  the  I'uuiMia,  arrested  at  Mont. 
H.  (James),  1844,  Scotch  sailor  on  tlio  Vaixlalia;  prob.  same  as  prccoding. 
iv.  453.  Known  as  'Scotch  Harry;'  at  Mont,  and  St.i  Cruz  '45-0;  in  Fallon'.'* 
cotpp.  at  S.  Jos(5;  then  served  2  years  on  tlie  Portsmouth  and  Cyane.  In  '48 
kept  a  shop  at  Mont.;  in  tlic  mines  '49-52;  traveled  10  years  in  dif.  parts  of 
tlie  world;  went  to  Frazcr  Bivcr,  and  died  in  the  Sonoma  Co.  hospital '70.  His 
iiarr.  was  pul).  in  the  Stockton  Ituh'p.  of  July  14,  '70,  but  no  reliance  can 
bo  put  in  details.  H.  (James),  1817,  Co.  i:,  X.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  H. 
(Robert),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  fiS.S.  Hcnschel  (H.  L),  1843,  German 
custom-house  broker  in  S.F.  from  '52  to  '08,  the  year  of  his  death;  left  a  wifo 
and  two  daughters.  ilenshaw  (Geo. ),  1841,  ovcrl.  immig.  of  the  Bartlcson 
party,  who  vent  back  in  '42.  iv.  200,  270,  275.  II.  (Iliram),  1840,  douot- 
ful  name  in  list  of  Cal.  claimants  (v.  402). 

Ilenslcy  (Samuel  J.),  1843,  nat.  of  Ky,  and  overl.  immig.  of  the  Chilcs- 
Walkcr  i)arty.  iv.  302,  394,  400.  He  had  been  a  trapper  and  had  spent  some 
years  in  N.  Mex.  In  '44  ho  was  naturalized,  got  a  grant  of  the  Agua  do  Xic- 
vcs  ranclio,  iv.  070,  and  entered  Sutter's  service  as  sujiercargo  of  tlic  launcli; 
signing  the  order  for  Weber's  arrest,  iv.  4S3.  He  served  as  commissary  in 
Sutter's  army  during  the  Michcltorcna  campaign,  iv.  485-7,  517.  lleturniiig 
to  the  nortli,  ho  took  cliargo  of  Hock  farm  and  attended  to  Sutter's  rjcncral 
business,  being  often  named  in  the  iV.  Jlelv.  Dinry.  In  '40  he  was  prominent  in 
fomenting  the  Bear  revolt,  v.  SO,  104,  127-8,  170;  was  capt.,  and  later  major, 
of  t!io  Cal.  Btit.  in  t'-.o  soutli.  v.  309,  328,  350,  300,  380, 391-5,  435;  had  a  Cal. 
claim  (v.  402);  and  a  S.F.  lot.  v.  085.  Going  east  with  Stockton  in  '47,  lio 
ti'stiued  at  the  Fremont  court-martial,  v.  454,  450;  but  returned  to  Cal.  in 
'IS,  and  after  a  brief  experience  in  the  mines  opened  a  store  at  Sac.  in  partnor- 
ehip  with  Heading.  From  '50  he  engaged  in  navigation  of  the  Sac.  river,  and 
a  little  later  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Cal.  .Steam  Xav.  Co.,  of  wliicli  ho 
I'ccamc  president.  His  residence  for  many  yeara  was  at  S.  Josi';,  and  ho  died 
at  Wann  Springs,  Alameda  Co.,  in  '00,  at  the  age  of  49.  Of  his  career  and 
tliat  of  his  fcllow-fdibnsters  i:i  '40  enough  is  said  elsewhere;  otherwise  !M;ij. 
1  lenstey's  record  is  that  of  an  honest  and  successful  man  of  business,  of  strong 
will  and  well-balanced  mind,  generous,  temperate,  and  brave.  Hi.')  wifo  was 
Helen,  daughter  of  E.  0.  Crosby,  who  survived  him  with  a  son  and  daughter, 
Henysey  (James),  1842,  Scotch  sawyer  in  a  S.F.  list. 

Herbert  (Thos),  1842,  Engl,  lumberman  at  S.F.,  ago  33.  Herd  (Henry), 
1834,  Amor,  in  Mont.  dist.  '.34-7.  iii.  412.  Heredia(15cniardo),  settler  at  S. 
Joso  from  1791;  in  '95  owner  of  Chupadcro  rancho;  in  1803  rogidorat  S.  Josd. 
i.  08.3,  710;  ii.  1.34.  Herman  (Jacob),  184.5,  overl.  i?nniig.  iv.  578,  5S7;  lived 
nt  S.F.  mission  '40-9  with  a  frimily;  d.  before  T)5.  Hcrmosillo  (Xicolds), 
louder  of  u  revolt  at  Los  Aug.  and  S.  Diego  '40.  v.  308,  329. 


7S.1 


riONEER  REGISTER  AXD  INDEX. 


IIcmaiKlcz  (Antonio),  satldlnr  instructor  1702-0.  i,  015,  GSl.  IT.  (Anto- 
Tiio),  sohlicr  ii\  S.F.  coinp.  'lO-.*}.').  H.  (Cornclio),  iit  S.  Jos(5  '4!>,  a  soap- 
ni.alicr,  II.  (Domingo),  a  Mcx.  convict  whose  term  expired  in  '35.  II. 
(Doin.),  nat.  of  t'al.  audu  notcil  ■desperado  and  murderer  from  '45-0;  sentenced 
to  1)0  lmn;;ed  on  one  occasion,  but  saved  by  tlic  breaking  of  the  rope,  only  to 
1)0  hanged  by  vigilantes  in  later  years.  Some  of  his  brothers  and  sisters  aro 
said  to  Iiavo  bt-en  criminals;  but  there  is  little  definite  information  about  any 
of  them.  11.  (Kncarnacion),  soldier  murdered  at  Mont.  '34.  iii.  C73.  II. 
(Felipe),  convict  settler  of  1798;  alcaKlo  of  Ilranciforto  1805;  grantee  of  La- 
^'iina  do  Calaliazas  '33.  i.  COG;  ii.  150;  iii.  677.  II.  (Josd),  convict  settler  of 
1793,  pardoned  1803,  grantee  of  Itinconada  de  los  Gatos  '40.  i.  COO;  ii.  150;  iii. 
71-.  IL  (Juan),  convict  settler  of  1798.  i.  COO.  H.  (Juan),  regidor  at  S. 
Jos(S  '22;  stabbed  by^lojica.  ii.  004-5.  H.  (Juan  Ant.),  at  S.  Josd  '41,  age 
as.  H.  (Juan  M&ri'a),  Mcx.  at  S.  Jos(5  '41,  age  05,  wife  EranciscaLorenzana, 
cliild.  Pedro  b.  '20,  Jos6  Jesus  '25;  grantee  of  Gjo  de  Agua  '35.  iii.  712.  H, 
(Juana),  poisoned  her  husband  '4;{.  iv.  304.  II.  (Mariano),  at  S.  Jos6  '41, 
age  29,  wife  llosario  Ijcrnal,  child.  Fernando  b.  '37,  Maria  '38,  and  2  others; 
grantee  of  Puerto  in  '44.  iv.  C72.  II.  (Santiago),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp. 
'.{9-43.  iv.  007.  II.  (Simon),  soldier  in  tlie  Hidalgo  piquete  at  ^lont.  '30, 
a,.;o  32.  IT.  (Tomasa),  Cal.  claim  §100  (v.  402).  Hcrnano  (Antonio),  ment. 
of  his  lawsuit  '47.  v.  003. 

llerrera  (Dolores);  1840,  nat.  of  N.  Mex.,  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  to  '8.3.  H.  (Tg- 
lacio),  t.ok  church  asylum '30.  ii.  COO.  H.(Josd),corp.  of  S.F.  comp.  prom,  to 
.sergt  IS  tl  for  bravery  in  Ind.cxped.  ii.  91.  Still  sergt '20-4.  H.  (Jos6  Maria), 
1825,  Mex.  sub-comisario  at  Mont.,  who  was  involved  in  controversies  with 
Gov.  Echeandia  and  was  sent  to  Mex.  for  alleged  complicity  in  the  Solis  le- 
volt.  ii.  551,  007,  014,  048;  iii.  14,  3.3,  38,  59-85,  117,  125,  159.  In  'Slhe 
came  back  in  tlic  same  capacity  witli  the  II.  &  P.  colony;  was  in  new  troubles 
arising  from  the  amours  of  his  wife,  Ildcfonsa  Gonzalez;  and  was  again  exiled 
in  '.'50  because  he  refused  to  support  the  Alvarado  govt.  iii.  201-7,  377.  4")0- 
9,  072;  iv.  90.  See  also  biog.  ment.  in  iii.  40().  He  was  a  man  of  much  ability 
and  good  education,  to  whom  the  Californians,  without  much  apparent  reason, 
give  a  l)ad  character.  In  '30  lie  was  33  years  old,  and  had  2  children  at  Mont., 
Vicente  b.  '33,  and  Eulalia  b.  '35.  II.  (Josu  M.),  regidor  at  Los  Ang.  '3(i-S; 
ago  33  in  '.39;  serx-cd  under  Castro  '47.  iii.  481,  509,  o04-5,  0.30;  v.  303.  H. 
(Tonuis)  grantee  of  S.  Juan  Cap.  del  Camotc '40.  v.  C37;  still  a  ranchevo  in 
S.  Luis  Ob.  '00,  having  held  several  local  olhces  after  '48.  II.  (Trincn), 
Mex.  at  S.  Miguel  vancho,  Mont.,  '30,  age  28,  wife  Antonia  Garcia,  child 
Teresa  b.  32. 

Ilcriiot  (Adam),  1840,  at  Sta  Cruz.  Ilcrron  (.Tautes  C. ),  1845,  mid.  on 
the  U.S.  Portsmouth.  JI.  (Walter),  1840,  one  of  the  Doiiner  party  from  III, 
V.  5.')0,  532.  lie  came  in  advance  over  the  ints  with  Reed;  served  in  the  Cal. 
Dat.,  Co.  \i\  got  a  S.F.  lot  in  '47,  and  aided  O'Farrell  as  a  surveyor  at  Stock- 
tnn;  but  I  lind  no  later  record  of  him.  Ilcrsey  (Stephen),  1832,  mr  of  the 
Xfirrastle.  iii.  38.3.  llervcn  (.Jon.),  1840,  doubtful  name  of  Farnham'a  list, 
iv.  17.  Ilcscock  (Isaac),  1845,  <loubtful  name  of  an  Amer.  in  the  Brancif. 
]iai1ron,  ago  05,  in  the  family  of  Isabel  Patterson  (?).  Hess,  1845,  at  N. 
Helv.,  prob.  overl.  immig.  of  Grigsby-Ide  party,  iv.  .'578-80.  His  daughter 
Naney  married  John  Chamberlain  in  Jan.  '40,  ami  all  the  fam.  went  to  Or. 
•  llcthcriugton  (Wm  E.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v,  499).  Hensc  (Sam. 
E. ),  1340,  sailor  in  the  navy;  in  Amador  Co.  '52-79,  the  date  of  his  death. 
Hev.cu  (Jon.),  1840,  in  Farnliam's  list.  Ilcwes,  1847,  mr  of  the/rii.  v.  578. 
Hewitt  (A.),  1840,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Rat.  (v.  358);  perhaps  at  N.  Helv.  '48;  see 
also  'llnet'  of  '45.  H.  (Geo.),  18.'i9,  Anier.  sailor  and  otterdmnter  in  Sta  R. 
disfc.  ',39-41.  iv.  119,  24.  Hewlett  (Palmer  B.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol. 
V.  .5(>t;  l.".tcr  militia  gen.;  in  Sonoma  Co.  '71-82.  Ileydenrich  (Wm),  1847, 
Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Ileyerman  (A.),  1847  (?),  doctor  said  to  have  left 
tlio  Cement iiw;  at  N.  Helv.  M.ay  '48,  on  his  way  to  the  mines;  also  said  to 
have  lived  at  Pctaluma  from  '45  (?)  to  '52,  and  to  have  returned  in  '73.  Hey- 
land  (John),  1847,  Co.  A,  JJ".  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).      Ileyward  (James),  1847, 


EEYWARD-HIGUERA. 


7S3 


nejilicw  of  Com.  SliuLriok,  at  iTont.  with  letters  to  Larldn;  rcturnod  to  Iloa 
oliilii  '18.       Hcywoofl  (Chas),  1S47,  licut  on  the  U.S.  Indeiicialcna: 

Iliblcr  (Geo.),  184j,  Amcr.  imiiiig.  Iroin  Or.  in  Me.M.-Clyman  partj'.  \v. 
572,  Oi!(i;  prob.  went  hni'k  in  '4G.  Hickcnlooper  (Wni  F.),  1847,  (,'o.  A, 
Monn.  Bat.  (v.  4G9);  rcunl.  Ilickcy,  1818,  com.  of  an  Kngl.  vessel  at  Moat, 
ii.  '291.  Hickman  (Thos),  184'2(?),  German  butcher  in  Alameda  '70-8.  iv.  :!41. 
Ilickmot  (John),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  4G9).  Hicks  (Harry),  18:J.'}, 
Amer.  in  Mont.  diat.  '.'!;>-5;  also  called  George,  iii.  409.  H.  (Henry),  IS.'IO, 
negro  cook  on  the  Califoniia.  H.  (Joseph),  1833,  Amer.  tailor  on  tiic  Lcoiior; 
at  fcita  B.  '30;  perhaps  same  as  Harry,  iii.  409.  H.  (Joseph),  181(5,  one  of 
the  Mormon  col.  who  remained  in  Cal. ;  owner  of  S.F.  lot  '47;  died  before  '80. 
V.  ;j4G,  G78.  n.  (Joseph  Henry),  18tl,  built  a  house  for  I'rudon  at  Sonoma; 
pvob.  same  as  Harry  and  Joseph  of  ';{3.  H.  (\Vm),  1843,  nat.  of  'i'enn., 
ovcrl.  immii'.  from  Mo.  in  Walker-Chiles  party,  iv.  392,  400;  at  Sutter's  Fort 
'47;  eliiimcd  a  land  grant  on  IheCosumncs,  iv.  071,  where  the  town  of  Hicks- 
villo  \va3  named  for  him,  and  where  he  died  in  '84,  at  tlio  age  of  (»7.  His  wife 
was  a  Mrs  Wilson,  who  died  a  few  years  before  him.  llicky,  1847,  at  N". 
Ilelv. ;  prob.  Hicks.  Hidalgo  (Miguel),  at  Mont,  and  Los  Ang.  '3.').  iii.  2S.j. 
liigarcs  (Francisco),  1833,  named  as  a  Dutch  shoemaker  from  tlio  U.S.  at 
Los  Ang.  in  '30,  age  29.  iii.  409.  Higgins,  1840,  in  Pt  Reyes  region.  Mnrin 
<.'o.  Hint.  H.,  1818,  from  Australia  with  his  family.  El  Dorculo  Co.  Ilttt. 
IL,  1848,  with  BufTum  in  the  mines.  U.,  1848,  deserter  arrested  at  S.  Josd. 
V.  003.  H.  (Edward),  1847,  at  work  on  Larkin's  house  at  Beaicia  '4S.  v. 
073.  H.  (Edward),  1840,  act.  lieut  U.S.N.,  and  capt.  Stockton's  bat.  '4(J-7; 
Liter  capt.  in  merchant  marine  N.  Y.,  and  oQicer  in  confed.  navy;  in  '7.')  agent 
of  P.M.S.S.Co.  at  S.  F.,  where  ho  died  in  that  year.  v.  380.  H.  (Isuac), 
1S4S,  in  S.F.  letter  list.  H.  (James),  1841,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  St  Louis.  H. 
(James),  1830,  one  of  Young's  party,  iii.  174.  H.  (John),  1830,  Irish  trap- 
per of  Young's  party  from  N.  Mex.,  where  he  had  been  naturalized,  iii.  180, 
338.  At  StT,  IJ.  in  '30,  age  39,  and  single,  being  often  a  companion  of  Nidover 
ia  hunting  tours.  From  "37  named  on  Larkin's  books  at  Mont.;  in  '40  a  lum- 
berman on  Carmelo  Creek,  where  he  was  arrested  and  sent  to  S.  Bias.  iv.  18, 
23;  never  came  back.  H.  (Xelson),  1847,  capt.  Co.  I),  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477; 
with  wife  and  4  children,  but  did  not  reach  Cal.  v.  477,  482.  H.  (\.D.), 
1S47,  servant  to  ollicer  of  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  409).  H.  (Silas  G.),  1847,  Co.  C, 
K.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).       H.  (W.D.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon. 

Higuera,  ment.  in  179.3-1808.  i.  617,  040;  ii.  192.  H.  in  Mont,  revolt 
'37.  iii.  525.  H.  (Antonino),  in  S.  Jos6  district  '41,  ago  38,  wife  .losefa 
Alviso,  5  children  named,  but  all  called  Alviso  in  the  padron.  The  date  of 
this  man's  death,  in  '40,  is  the  turning-point  in  litigation  for  the  1/ivcrinoro 
rancho  now  in  progress  '85.  Some  papers  of  my  col.  bearing  on  the  case — in 
v.liich  iVntonino's  name  seems  to  hav  been  rather  clumsily  forged  before  tlio 
papers  came  into  my  hands — were  introduced  as  evidence.  H.  (Antonio), 
soldier  of  SF.  conip.  '19-22;  atS.  ^lateo'.T).  H.  (BcrnardaSotode),  widow 
at  S.  Jos6  '41,  ago  52,  child.  Joaquin  b.  '15,  Jos6  Ant.  '18,  Ramona  '22,  Juan 
JIarfa  '25,  Dominga  '32,  I'^ncaraacion  '36.  H.  (Bernardo),  in  Los  Ang.  dist. 
'19-43;  grantee  of  Riucon  do  los  Bueyes.  ii.  .355, 505;  iv.  0.35.  H.  (Dolores), 
arrested  at  Los  Ang.  '45.  iv.  511.  H.  (Dorotco),  at  Los  Ang.  '40.  H. 
(!wt6van),  soldier  of  S.  F.  comp.  '19-30;  militiaman  '37.  IL  (Francisco), 
poldicrof  S.F.  comp.  '19-24;  elector '27;  drowned  in  '30.  ii.  -Wi,  594.  II, 
(Fraa.),  soldier  of  S.  F.  comp.  '37-42.  II.  (Fran.),  son  of  Bernardo;  at  S. 
i'ascual  '40.  v.  352;  claimant  of  Hincon  do  Bueyes '52.  iv.  0.35.  H.  (Fallen- 
cio),  son  of  JostS;  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-,30;  alf.  of  militia  at  S.  .Jos6  37. 
iii.  732;  grantee  of  Agua  Calicntos  Alam.  Co.,  '.39.  iii.  711;  in  '41  livingathis 
raaclio,  age  42,  wife  Clara  I'aeheco,  child.  Albino  b.  '24,  Tomds  '20,  Narciso 
'29,  Gabriel  '31,  Jos<5  Jesus  '32,  Fernando  '35,  Lcandro  '37,  Francisca  '22, 
JIaria  L.  '27,  Maria  do  los  Ang.  '30.  H.  (Grcgorio),  at  Los  Ang.  '39,  prob. 
son  of  Bernardo,  ago  29. 

Higuera  (Ignacio),  settler  at  S.  Jo3<5  1790;  majordomo  in  1805,  killed  liy 
lad.,  but  ment.  in  1807.  i.  478;  ii.  34,  135.      11.  (Ignacio),  soldier  of  S.  F. 


784 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


comp.  '30-40;  at  Sonoma  in  '44,  age  33.  H.  (Ignacio),  soMirrof  S.F.  comp. 
'3r)-(J;  Hcryt  ';)9-40.  iii.  702;  cnuarguilu  of  tlio  contra  costa  '."JO.  iii.  70o.  11. 
(Ignacio),  soldier  of  Mont.  comp.  'oG,  age  21.  II.  (Ignacio),  muj.  at  Sta  IJ. 
17!«»-1801.  ii.  J20.  H.  (Ii^nacio),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  '37.  H.  (Jcrcn- 
imo),  at  S.  Josd  '41,  age  23,  wife  Rosario  Folix,  one  child.  II.  (.Toainiiii), 
settle-  at  Los  Ang.  17U0;  alcalde  in  1800.  i.  401,  001 ;  ii.  349,  II.  (Joaqiiiii), 
regidor,  alcalde,  and  juez  de  eampo  at  S.  Job6  at  dif.  times  '20-40.  ii.  ;i7S, 
COW);  iii.  720;  iv.  002,  084;  Cal.  claim  '40-7  (v.  402);  claimant  for  Pala,  Sta 
Clara  Co.,  '52. 

liiguera  (Jos6),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-41;  perhaps  the  man  who  settled 
in  Naija.  II.,  at  S.  Jos6  '41,  age  CO,  wife  liamona  Garcia,  child.  Florcnciu 
b.  '30,  Encarnacion  '18  (?),  Miguel  '37,  Rita  '40.  H.  (Jos*-),  grantee  of  'I'li- 
larcitos  and  Llano  del  Abruvadero  '21-2,  and  of  Pala  '35.  ii.  594,  004,  712-13; 
Antonia  II.  ct  al.  were  claimants.  H.  (Jos(5),  perhaps  the  same;  thcdistrib. 
of  his  estate  took  place  in  March  '40,  and  I  have  the  orig.  expediento  in  I'i'-o 
(Ramon),  Doc.  Hid.  Val.,  i.  107-24,  which  shows  the  following  heirs:  Ful-. 
gencio,  Valentin,  Mariano,  5  minors  whose  guardian  was  Mariano  (prob. 
tlieir  father  by  a  daughter  of  Jos(5),  Mrs  Robert  Livormorc,  wife  of  Ldzaro  II., 
Floreutino  Archuleta,  and  Antonio  Mesa,  each  receiving  133  cattle,  88  vines, 
and  10  fruit-trees.  It  was  in  these  i)apers  that  the  name  of  Antonino  was 
fraudulently  introduced,  as  noted  above.  II.  (Josii),  ment.  in  '40.  v.  2;>."). 
H.  (.lost'-  Ant. ),  son  of  Manuel;  at  S.  Jos6  '41 ,  age  52,  wife  Ambrosia  Paclieco, 
child.  Ricardo  b.  '22,  Juau  '24,  Miguel  '20,  Leonardo  '27,  Isidro  '29,  Fernando 
'33,  and  Encarnacion  '31,  H.  (Jos6  Maria),  at  Salinas  rancho  '30,  age  50, 
M'ife  Maria  do  Jesus  Cota,  child.  Juan  b.  '14,  Tomds  '18,  Pilar  '19,  Bias  '21, 
Jose  '20,  Encarnacion  '28,  Gertrudis  '31,  Manuel  '.33,  and  Luisa  '35.  i 

Ilii^uera  (Juan),  in  '31  comisionado  of  S.  Juan  15.,  and  regidor  of  Mont, 
iii.  212,  307,  072,  092;  juez  aux.  '42.  iv,  0.33;  at  S.  Jose  '50.  H.  (Juan),  of 
Sta  Cruz,  killed  at  Los  Ang.  '45.  iv.  492.  H.  (Juan),  at  Los  Ang.  '39, 
age  4.'),  II.  (Juan  Jose),  soldier  at  S.  Jos6  mission  1797-1800.  i.  550.  H. 
(Juan  Jos(5),  juez  at  8.  Juan  B.  '42.  iv.  001,  II.  (Juan  Josi^-),  at  Los  Ang, 
'19,  '25,  ii,  354;  iii.  7.  II.  (L.lzaro),  at  N.  Helv,  '47;  his  wife  was  an 
Higuera,  daughter  of  Jos(5.  II.  (Leonardo),  in  Los  Ang.  revolt  '40.  v. 
308;  Cal.  claim  of  812,072  (v.  402);  age  37  in  '39.  II.  (Manuel),  soMier 
and  settler  at  S.  Josd  and  S.  Juan  B.  before  1800.  i.  477,  558;  in  1793  named 
in  S.  Jos6  jiadron  as  a  soldier,  wife  Antonia  Arredondo,  child.  Ignacia, 
Ana  Maria,  Gabriela,  .Iost5  Joaquin,  and  Jose  Ant.  H.  (Manuel),  inv;l- 
lido  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-29,  perhaps  the  same.  II.  (Manuel),  at  S.  .Ios6 
'41;  age  .32,  wife  Marfa  N.  Mesa,  cliilil.  Antonio  M.  b.  '30,  Jos(S  Jesns  '32, 
Jost5  lialfino  '37,  Jose  Maria  '40,  Argentina  '34,  ^larfa  Ant.  '30.  II.  (Man- 
uel), at  Los  Ang.  '40.  II.  (Mariano),  at  Los  Ang. '.39-40.  II.  (Mariano), 
at  S.  Jos6  '41,  age  20,  wife  Maria  Antonia  Higuera,  child.  Emilio  b.  '39, 
Josii  '41,  Rosario  '32,  Maria  Ascension  '34,  Inds  '38.  H.  (Marta  Frias 
de),  cl.  of  Entre  Napa  rancho, 

Higuera  (Nicolds),  .soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-23;  alcalde  on  the  frontier  and 
grantee  of  Entre  Napa  and  Carneros  ranchos  '3(J.  iii.  705,  711,  722;  at  N.  Helv, 
'48,  II.  (Policarpo),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  '.37.  H.  (Salvador),  soldier 
and  settler  at  Sta  Cruz  and  S.  Jos6  1791-1800.  i.  495,  550,  710.  H.  (Secun- 
dino),  at  Los  Ang.  '40.  II.  (TomAs),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '30-2.  II.  (Va- 
lentin), resid.  of  Sta  Clara  region  from  '41,  grantee  of  Pescadero  rancl-o  '43. 
iv.  072;  juez  do  paz,  supleute,  '40,  at  S.  Jos(i  '40.  v.  002;  died  '79,  age  70. 
Hijar  (Carlos  N.),  18.34,  nephew  of  Jost5  M.,  with  whom  he  came  in  the  colony 
in  '34,  and  again  in  '45;  and  in  '77,  then  a  nisident  of  S.  Josi^  gave  me  Ids 
recollections  of  Cnl'ifornin  in  '34.  H.  (Jose  Maria),  18.34,  a  wealthy  and  in- 
fluential Mex.  of  Jalisco  who  joined  J.  M.  Padres  and  others  in  organizing  tlio 
Cal.  colony  that  boars  their  name.  He  also  got  an  appointment  as  gov.;  but 
Gov.  Figueroa  refused  to  recognize  his  title,  the  colony  was  a  failure,  and  II, 
was  sent  to  Mex.  in  '35  oh  a  charge  of  conspiracy,  which  was  but  very  slightly 
founded  in  fact.  iii.  259-09,  272-91,  344-5,  383,  013,  052,  070.  Nothing  is 
known  of  his  experience  in  Mex'. ;  but  in  '45  he  was  sent  back  to  Cal.  as  a 


HIGUERA— HINCKLEY, 


785 


commissioner  of  the  govt  to  prepare  for  resisting  the  U.S.  He  died  at  Los 
Aug.  very  soon  after  his  arrival,  iv.  5"J0-;il,  (i'M.  He  was  an  houorahlc  man 
of  many  aocomnlishmunts  and  frail  health,  with  little  fitness  or  fomhiess  for 
political  wrangles.       Hilgers  (Gerard),  1840,  at  Mont. ;  owner  of  S.F.  lot  '47. 

Hill,  1848,  called  majorat  Mont.  H.,  1847,  at  N.  Helv. ;  hrotiier  of  Tom 
Hill,  Delaware  Ind.  H.,  1848,  mr  of  the  Jlhone.  v.  580.  H.  (Daniel 
Antonio),  1823,  nat.  of  Mass.,  who  came  from  Hon.  on  the  Hover,  and  settled 
at  Sta  B.  ii.  49.1,  573;  iv.  117.  He  was  baptized  by  P.  KipoU  in  '-2.'),  iii.  -J!), 
being  then  26  years  old;  and  soon  married  liafacla  Ortega,  being  naturalizuil 
in  '2!).  Robinson,  Life  in  (Jal.,  8!),  describes  him  as  'a  sort  of  fiictotuni  for  tlio 
whole  town,  carpenter  or  ma.son  by  turns  as  his  services  were  needed.'  In  'H(i 
he  had  6  children.  In  '45  he  leased  tiie  Sta  B.  mission,  iv.  55;},  5.')8,  G44;  in 
'40  was  the  grantee  of  La  (Joleta  ranclio,  iiaving  some  trouble  >vith  the  Fionas 
govt.  v.  317,  3.30,  032,  044;  rej^idor  in  '49;  went  east  in  '00  on  a  visit;  and 
(lied  at  Sta  B.  in  '05.  A. son,  Ramon  J.,  was  assemljlyman  and  court  interpi'o- 
ter,  dying  in  '84.  One  of  his  daughters  married  Dr  N'ciiolas  Den,  and  anotli<'i-, 
Susana,  married  T.  W.  More  in  '53.  H.  (Henry  do  Jesus),  1840,  (.lernian 
wlio  got  a  pass,  in  June;  perhaps  Jos.  Henry.  H.  (Henry),  IS47,  owner  of 
S.F.  lot;  nat.  of  Va,  andmemb.  of  theconstit.  convention  in  '49.  H.  (.fohn), 
1840,  sailor  of  the  navy,  on  sentry  duty  at  Mont. ;  deserts  witii  his  prisoiiei-.s. 
H.  (John),  1847,  later  policeman.  H.  (Joim  E.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol. 
(v.  499.);  d.  at  Pendleton,  Or.,  '82.  11.  (Jcscph  Henry),  18.34,  Gormaii  from 
Mex.  in  the  H.  &  P.  col.  iii.  412;  at  Sta  Cruz  '42-3.  H.  (Tiios),  1845,  Del- 
aware Ind.  in  IJi'cimont's  party,  who  distinguished  himself  by  braveiy  on 
several  occasions,  iv.  583;  v.  .307,  371,  400.  H.  (Thos  J.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N'. 
Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.F.  '71-82.  H.  (Wm  Luther),  1831,  nat.  of  N.Y.  and 
partner  of  Louis  Bouchet  in  a  Los  Ang.  vineyard;  died  this  year,  making  his 
will  on  the  Calalinu  in  .Inly.  There  was  a  property  of  .^400  for  his  father, 
Peter  Hill.  iii.  40.1  Hilton  (Benj.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d. 
Mont.  '47.  H.  (Gihnan),  1845,  one  of  the  men  lost  on  the  Wdrrcn's  launch. 
iv.  587;  v.  384.       Hilts,  1848,  mate  of  the  Imac  Walton  from  N.Y.   Griinihair. 

Hina  (Jack),  1847,  owner  of  S.  F.  lot.  Hinckley,  1847,  rnr  of  the  .fl/'Vv.  v. 
570.  H.,  1848,  mr  of  the  Sturliiirj.  v.  400.  H.,  1848,  from  Hon.  on  the 
Currency  LoAii.  H.  (AzraE.),  1837,  Co.  B,  Morm.  B;it.  (v.  409);  a  Utah 
farmer  ''81.  H.  (F.  G.),  1842,  in  Dwinelle's  list;  wife  Susana  Suart  (?); 
doubtless  a  confused  ref.  to  Capt.  Wm  S.  H.  (Sam.  A.),  1844,  Amer.  who 
rec'd  naturalization  in  Jnne.  iv.  453.  H.  (Thomas),  1831-2,  mr  or  sup.  of 
the  Cruswler.  iii.  382.  He  was  a  brother  of  Wm  S.,  a  partner  of  Henry  A. 
Peirce  at  Honolulu,  and  died  in  Cent.  America  on  his  voy.  home.  H.  (Wm 
Crawley),  1847,  nat.  of  !Mass.,  from  Valparaiso  on  the  Georijinna;  mr  of  the 
Providence  in  '47-8,  to  Tahiti,  Hon.,  Mazatlan,  then  up  the  Sac.  from  Sta 
Cruz  with  a  cargo  of  goods,  converting  the  vessel  temporarily  into  a  country 
store;  at  S.F.  from  '49  to  '72,  when  he  gave  me  an  autol)iog.  sketch,   v.  580. 

Hinckley  (Wm  Sturgis),  18.30,  nat.  of  Mass.,  nephew  of  Wm  Sturgis,  for 
several  years  a  trader  at  Honolidn,  and  mr  of  the  Volunteer,  going  to  tiie  U. 
S.  iii.  85,  149,  170,  179.  In  '.33-4  he  came  again  as  an  p.  of  the  Don  Qni.iol'', 
and  in  '34-5  mr  of  the  /lro«.  iii.  381-2.  After  rendering  aid  to  Alvavado  in 
his  revolution  of  '30,  for  which  ho  was  poetically  ai  d  otherwise  sharply  criti- 
cised by  Mexicans,  his  vessel  having  l>een  wrecked,  apparently,  ho  went  to 
Hon.  on  the  Quixote,  iii.  400-1,  487;  iv.  82,  103,  110,  141.  In  '37-8  he  was 
mr  of  the  Diana  or  Kamamalu,  being  arrested  at  S.F.  for  smuggling,  still  a 
confidential  friend  of  the  gov.,  and  from  this  time  interested  in  business  with 
Nathan  Spear  and  Lecse  at  S.F.,  obtaining  and  occupying  a  lot  on  Montgomery 
St.  iii.  549,  099,  705,  709-10;  iv.  099.  In'39  he  was  mr  and  owner  of  the  <  'orm'ir, 
being  again  in  trouble  with  the  revenue  autlioritics,  also  grantee  of  town  lot. 
iii.  705;  iv.  103,  1.30;  v.  081.  In  '42,  datmg  his  permanent  resilience  from  '40, 
he  was  naturalized  and  married;  in  '44  was  alcalde,  getting  more  lots.  iv.  000, 
070,  079, 083;  in  '45-0  capt.  of  the  port,  having  much  controversy  with  Leides- 
dorlT  and  Forbes,  escaping  arrest  by  FrtJmont's  men  as  a  Mex.  official  by  death 
in  June  '46,  at  the  age  of  39.  iv.  593,  060;  v.  3,  131,  1.30,  178,  049,  OSl.  His 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  III.    50 


780 


PIONEER  IlEGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


li^t  wife  went  caat  in  '37,  iv.  101,  ami  died  in  Mass.  '40;  liis  2d  wife  waa 
iSiisaua,  (luugliter  of  Igiiacio  Martino;,  wlm,  after  H.'sdeutli,  iniirried  W'm  M. 
Siriith  in  '4H,  1  jiavo  no  record  of  ciiildren.  Capt.  Hinckley  was  a  handsome, 
jovial,  intelligent  man,  immensely  popular  with  the  natives,  somewliut  reck- 
less in  the  use  of  liis  tongue  when  under  the  influence  of  li(iuor.  If  there  waa 
anything  he  liked  better  than  contraband  tr.ade  it  was  probably  practical 
joking.  Some  of  his  jokes,  like  the  one  of  Christmas  night  at  S.  Juan  in  '.'17, 
are  not  exactly  adapted  to  print;  and  for  others  space  is  lacking;  but  I  n)ay 
note  how,  in  an  interview  with  Gov.  Alvaradoon  matters  of  state,  he  disposed 
of  an  over-inqnisitivo  secretary  who  c<ime  in  too  ofteu  to  snuft'  the  candle,  by 
filling  the  snulfers  with  powder;  also  how  Gen.  Vallcjo  avenged  himselt'  for 
some  prank  by  mounting  H.  on  a  bear-hunting  horse  at  Sonoma.  The  horso 
made  it  very  lively  for  the  mariner,  who  returned  on  foot  with  tales  of  en- 
counters with  grizzlies  not  wholly  credited  by  the  listeners.  Hinds  (U.  IJ.), 
18;i7-!),  surgeon  in  Belcher's  exped. ;  author  of  Heyioiia  of  Vcijetatiov,  Botany 
and  Zoohxjij  of  the  exped.  iv.  14;j-C.  Hinton,  see  'Hoornbeck.'  Hiutz 
(Herman),  1847,  owner  of  S.P.  lot. 

Hipwood  (Thos),  1847,  sergt  Co.  F,  N.  Y.  Vol.  v.  504;  killed  in  L.  Cal, 
'48.  Hitchcock,  1844,  guide  of  the  Stevens  immig.  party,  iv.  47.>-().  Ace. 
to  Schallenberger  he  had  no  family,  the  boy  generally  called  H.,  .Jr,  being  Pat- 
terson. Mrs  P.  of  that  party  with  .S  children  was  apparently  H.'s  daughter. 
He  riaimed  to  have  visited  Cal.  11  years  before,  and  had  possibly  been  one  of 
AVulker's  party  in  '.'«.  H.  (Isaac),  1847,  Co.  F,  ;id  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  5IS);  ia 
the  mines  '49;  in  Salinas  Val.  '77-80;  d.  at  Sta  llita,  from  an  accident,  in  '81, 
at  the  age  of  04,  H.  (John  C),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  49'J).  II.  (R. 
B.),  184.J,  lieut  on  the  U.  S.  Savannah.  H.  (Rufus),  1848,  overl.  iiinnig., 
who  kept  a  boarding-honse  at  N.Helv.  in  '48,  with  son  and  2  daughters;  later 
kept  a  hotel  on  the  Amer.  Riv.  and  at  Green  Springs,  where  H.  and  wife  died 
of  suiall-pox.  One  of  the  daughters,  Mrs  Lappeus,  was  in  Or.  '72;  the  other 
dead.       Hitt  (Calvin),  1848,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Winona,  Minn.,  '82. 

Hoar  (John  A.),  1843 (?),  prob.  error  in  a  list  of  pioneers;  in  S.  F.  '.H. 
Hoarde  (.Jolin),  1833,  said  to  have  been  a  member  of  Walker's  party,  iii. 
3!)1.  Hoban  (Chas  F.),  1847,  nat.  of  N.  Y.,  from  Honolulu  on  the  Com. 
Shiihrirk;  Brannan's  clerk  at  Mormon  Isl.  '49;  d.  S.F.  '(53,  age  43.  H(jbson 
(.loaoph),  1848,  nat.  of  Md,  perhaps  came  on  the  Lady  Adama  from  Callao; 
mem!),  of  constit.  conven.  in  '49.  H.  (Wm  L.),  1847,  from  Valparaiso  with 
letters  from  Atherton;  at  Hon.  as  sup.  of  the  Maria  Helena;  of  S.  F.  guard 
'49.  Hodges  (Hiram  B.),  mr  of  the  Monmouth.  Hoen  (Francis),  1845, 
overl.  innnig.  of  the  Swasey-Todd  party,  iv.  570,  587;  for  a  time  in  Sutter's 
employ;  in  '40  owner  of  S.F.  lots  and  candidate  for  treasurer,  v.  295,  084-5; 
ke])t  a  cigar-store;  still  in  S.F.  '54. 

Hoeppner  (Andrew),  1844,  German  long  in  Russian  employ  at  Sitka,  where 
he  married  a  half-breed  wife.  The  exact  date  and  manner  of  his  coming  to 
Cal.  are  not  known,  but  he  was  here  in  '45.  iv.  453.  Lived  at  Yerba  Buena 
and  Sonoma  '45-9;  a  musician  and  man  of  many  accomplishments,  besides  de- 
feating Vioget  in  an  eating-match,  as  Davis  relates.  In  '47  he  had  great  ex- 
pectations from  his  warm  springs  of  Annenthal,  near  Sonoma,  as  advertised  in 
the  Star.  v.  007.  Markof  visited  him  in  '45  and  Sherman  in  '47.  In  '48  he  was 
2(1  alcalde  at  Sonoma,  v.  608;  and  is  named  at  N.  Helv.  on  his  wiiy  to  the 
gold  mines.  About  '49  he  left  his  wife  and  went  to  Hon.  and  Chile,  where  he 
is  said  to  have  died  about  '55.  Hofifheins  (.Jacob),  1847,  Co.  B,  Alorm.  Bat. 
(v.  4i)9).  Hoffman  (Chas),  1847,  perhaps  of  N.Y.Vol.  under  another  naine. 
H.  (Geo.  W.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  H.  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d 
U.S.  artill.  (v.  528).  H.  (Henry  A.),  1847,  ditto;  corporal,  v.  519.  Hoff- 
stetter(John  J.),  1847,  died  at  N.  Helv.;  property  sold  at  auction.  Hoit 
(John),  1840,  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  .358). 

Holbrook  (Washington),  1848,  sup.  of  the  Sabine;  came  back  on  the  Eliz- 
aheth  from  Hon.;  negotiates  for  lot  at  S.F.  v.  081.  Holdaway  (Shadrach), 
1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  liat.  (v.  409);  at  Provo.  Utah,  '82.  Holden  (Dr),  1848, 
with  Gen.  Loae.from  N.  Mex.  for  Or.s  in  S.  Diego  region  Dec.      H.  (W.  S.), 


HOLDEN-HOPPER. 


787 


1848,  pcssp.  from  Hon.  Holland  (F.  S.),  1847,  nt  Bcuicia.  v.  (573.  H. 
(.J.),  1847,  in  S.F.  letter  list.  HoUingswortli  (Joliu  McIIeiiry),  KS47.  lient 
Co.  I,  N.Y.V'oI.  V.  004;  mamb.  of  tlio  constit.  coavcn.  '40;  at  (icorgetowji,  IK 
C,  '74-S2.  H.  (Z.),  1840,  on  ovcrl.  imtnij^.  with  Russell,  at  .Soiidin.i;  Uilluil 
by  Iinl.  ill  the  mines  '48;  left  a  fumily  in  Solano,  consistin;;  of  Harriet  (later 
Mis  Anderson),  John  D.,  Uezekiali  S.,  Josepli  It.,  Wni  T.,  anil  Sarah  E. 
(later  Mrs  Dnncan).  Holloway  (Adam),  1847,  doubtful  dace;  veteran  of  the 
Mox.  war;  at  S.  JosfS  '52-70;  brewer  and  chief  of  tiro  dept;  left  a  family  at 
his  death  in  '70;  also  accredited  to  '40.  H.  (M.),  1840,  came  to  Sta  Clara 
Co.  (?).  Holly  (Gray),  18.34,  named  in  Larkin'Maccts.  Holnmu  (.lames  ]).), 
1848,  left  Cal.  a  week  after  the  discov.  of  gold;  d.  at  Portland,  Or.,  '82.  11. 
1847,  licut  of  Morm.  Bat.  (?);  prob.  'Holmes.' 

Holmes,  1848,  Conn,  mechanic  in  the  mines.  IL,  1841;  surgeon  of  V.H, 
ex.  ex.  (?).  U.  (H.  P. ),  1840,  in  Sonoma  Co.  '.")2-77;  doubtful  date  of  arrival. 
H.  (John  Andrew  Christian),  1827,  Boston  trader,  sup.  and  nir  of  the  Fi-nnk- 
lin,  Maria  Ester,  and  Catalina  '27-32.  iii.  147-8.  170-7,  381.  Ho  died  in 
March  '.'i2  between  Acapulco  and  Callao.  His  wife  Rachel  came  from  Hon.  to 
Cal.  the  same  year  to  meet  him,  but  only  to  hear  of  his  death;  and  she  soon 
married  Thoa  ().  Larkin,  a  follow-passenyer  on  tlie  Xemranllp.  iii.  408.  H. 
(Jonathan),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat,  and  presid.  of  a  party  on  the  nturn  in 
'48,  after  working  as  shoemaker  at  N.  Helv.  v.  4'JO.  Ifulstcin  (\V.),  IS4."), 
mr  of  the  Maria,  iv.  i5G7.  Holt  (John),  1840,  veteran  of  1SI2,  sailor  in  tho 
navy,  in  Stockton's  bat.,  at  S.  Gabriel  '72,  ago  81.  Lo.s  Aiki.  E.rin-ias.  H. 
(Win),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Holton  (Ueiij.  i).),  1817,  Co.  1\ 
3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Hommitch  (John),  1847,  Co.  K,  \.  Y.Vol.  (v.  ■iM). 
Honey  (Wm),  1847,  owner  of  S.P.  lot. 

Hood  (Frisbie),  1848,  negro  steward  on  tho  Isaac  Walton;  at  Mokelumno 
Hill  '52.  Grimshaio.  H.  (Wm),  1840,  Scotch  carpenter  at  S.K.  '47-8,  of  11. 
&  Wilson;  owner  of  lota  and  a  house,  v.  050,  084-5;  in  Sonoma  Co.  '50-77. 
Hook  (Henry),  1831,  >vrite8  to  Cooper  from  Sta  F6;  connected  with  the  Gfofti; 
and  had  apparently  been  in  Cal.  H.  (Solomon),  1840,  ouo  of  the  Doiiiipr 
party  who  survived;  a  son  of  Mrs  Elizabeth  Donner.  v.  5,')0,  5.M.  W.  C 
Graves  tells  mo  he  saw  H.  in  Lake  Co.  in  '03-4.  H.  (Wni),  lS4li,  brother 
of  Sol.,  who  died  in  the  Sierra,  v.  530,  534.  Hooker,  1841,  sec.  of  Sir  Hco, 
Simpson.  Hooker  (Wm),  1840,  sent  to  Mont,  from  Br.incifortc;  written 
•Guca.'  Hooper  (Simon),  1840,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  3.%).  II. 
(Win  M.),  1833,  from  Boston,  with  a  letter  from  Childs  to  liaikin.  iii.  40!); 
went  to  lion,  in  '45,  and  returned  in  '48;  prob.  the  samn  w ho  adviMtiscd  as  a 
merchant  at  S.  F.  '48-9;  of  the  firm  Cross,  Hobson  &  Co.  HoornbceU  (A. 
T.U.),  1848,  known  aa  Francis  Hinton;  died  at  S.  Luis  llcy  '70.  Hoover 
(Westlcy),  1840,  overl.  immig.  with  a  family,  who  settled  at  S.  Josi^,  where 
ho  served  on  the  1st  jury  in  '48.  v.  529.  H.,  1840,  at  N.  llelv.  in  charge  of 
a  launch  in  Feb.;  Sutter  mentions  him  as  a  scientific  man  who  superintended 
his  farm  for  several  years,  and  who  was  thought  to  bo  living  at  Sta  Clara  in 
'70;  perhaps  Westlcy,  though  he  could  not  have  been  an  inimig.  of  '40. 

llopo  (Alex.  W.),  1843,  nat.  of  Va,  who  had  been  surf.',  -i  U.S.A.;  at  Loa 
Ang.  '48-50,  where  ho  died;  memb.  of  1st  Cal.  senate.  .\  (ierard),  1834, 
Irish  hatter  of  H.  &  Day  nt  Mont.  '34-0,  age  .30.  iii.  41-.  : . .  (John),  18:;3, 
named  in  Larkin's  accts  '3.3-4;  perhaps  tho  same.  Hoppo  {Jiicuh  D.),  1S40, 
n.it.  of  Md,  and  overl.  immig.;  owner  of  town  lots,  proprietor  and  editor  of 
tho  Californian,  and  candidate  for  alcaldo  in  '47-8.  v.  052,  058,  085;  projector 
of  the  new  town  of  Halo  Chemuck.  v.  074;  went  to  the  mines,  was  a  memb.  of 
the  constit.  convention  of  '49,  and  settled  at  S.  Josd,  where  ho  made  a  for- 
tune in  trade  and  lost  it  by  speculation.  Claimant  of  Ulistac  rancho.  v.  (574; 
killed  by  the  explosion  of  the  Jenny  Linit  in  '53,  at  tho  ago  of  about  40.  Ho 
was  an  enterprising  and  popular  man,  against  whom  nothing  appears. 

Hopper  (Chas),  1841,  nat.  of  N.  C,  a  hunter  who  came  with  the  ISartlcson 

party,  but  went  back  as  guide  with  part  of  thecomp.  in  '42.  iv.  270-1,  275-0, 

,  279.  342.  In  '47  he  came  back  overl.  to  Cal.  with  his  family,  v.  550,  and  b;)U:.'lit 

a  Napa  farm,  where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life,  dying  in  '80,  at  the  age  of  '81, 


788 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


and  leaving  8  children,  /fopppr'a  Narrative  in  my  col.  was  written  from  con- 
versations witii  H.  by  11.  T.  Montgomery  in  71.  Portrait  in  Meiic/er's  IlUt, 
SIxtch-book,  128.  H.  (James),  184,  in  Sta  Clara  Val.  '00.  llUtvll.  II. 
(John),  1348,  on  lat  S.  JosfS  jury.  H.  (Tliomas),  1847,  nat.  of  Mo.,  and 
overl.  immig.  with  his  wife,  Minerva  Young;  in  Sta  Cruz  region  '47-8;  in  the 
mines  '43-9.  From  '4i)  at  dif.  places  in  Sonoma  Co.,  l)oiiig  iu  'MO  a  rich  hml- 
owner  witli  7  children.  Portrait  in  Sonoma  Co.  JJist.,  384.  H.  (Wm),  1847, 
Co.  O,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  409);  d.  Los  Aug.  '47. 

Hordcii  (Stephen),  1844,  dou1)tful  name  of  an  Amcr.  in  S.F.  list.  Horn 
(Wm),  1840,  settlor  in  Sta  Clara  Val.  with  fam.;  Cnl.  claim  (v.  402).  Ilorn- 
ilell  (.Joseph),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  St  Louis,  Mo.,  '82.  Horner 
(lohn  M.),  1840,  one  of  the  Mormon  col.  from  N.  J.  with  wife.  v.  .'>40;  sett'cil 
us  a  farmer  at  mission  S.  Jos*},  with  a  variation  of  mining  cxpcrienco  in  '4s. 
]  n  partnership  witli  his  brother,  wlio  camo  in  '4J)-.^)0;  lie  took  a  prominent  p.irt 
in  the  curly  annals  of  Alameda  Co.  By  agriculture,  trade  in  farm  produce,  (iiul 
land  speculations,  the  Homers  became  rich  and  extended  their  operations  to 
tlio  peninsulp  of  S.F.,  where  their  name  is  preserved  in  Homer  a  Addition. 
'I'licy  lost  their  property  in  'u4,  and  from  that  tinio  lived  on  tlioir  Alaiiiedn 
furni  till  '80,  when  they  wont  to  the  Sandwich  Islands.  Horra  (Antonio  do 
la  Concciicion),  1790,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Miguel  for  a  very  briif 
term,  and  was  sent  away  by  Pros.  Lasucn  in  '97  on  a  eiiarge  of  insanity.  In 
Alex,  ho  niado  a  long  report  against  tlio  Cal.  friars,  and  the  investigation  (d 
his  charges  formed  one  of  the  causas  c6lebres  of  mission  annals,  i.  .'')(5()-l,  007, 
f)87-97.  Horry  (Irwin),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  H.  (James),  18)S,  ser- 
vant of  Brooks'  party  in  tlie  mines;  killed  by  Ind.  in  Bear  Valky.  Horscly 
( loscpli),  183.'(,  at  Mont.  ^X]-4;  also  callcil  Horseman.  Ilorton,  l"*?,  mr  oi 
t!io  Triiti/.  V.  580.       11.  (Wm),  1840,  in  Farnham's  list  of  arrested  gnor.s. 

iv.  17.       Hoseir  (E.).  1848,  in  S.F.  letter  list.       Hoskins  (Henn  ',  Co. 

E,  iMorm.  Bat.  (v.  409.)      Hotchkiss  (H.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hr 

llouck  (James),  1845,  Amcr.  immig.  from  Or.  in  the  McM.-Clym;m  p.arty. 
iv,  572;  about  10  days  after  arriv.il  at  Sutter's  Fort  ho  was  charged  with  an 
nttenipt  at  rape,  and  nothing  more  is  known  of  him.  Hough  (II.),  1845, 
)Mir.sor'8  clerk  on  the  Sdvanuah.  IToughtailing,  1847,  at  Hon.  from  S.F. 
iloughtoii  (Sherman  O.),  1847,  sergt  of  Co.  A,  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  .50.'!.  A  nat.  of  X. 
v.,  who  l)ccame  a  prominent  lawyer  of  Sta  Clara  Co.,  being  mayor  of  vS.  Jos(5, 
county  recorder,  and  member  of  congress  '71-5.  His  Ist  wife  was  Mary  M. 
Donner,  who  died  in  'GO  leaving  ono  daughter,  Mary  M.;  tho  2d  wife  was  Jiliza 
r.  Donner,  who  still  lived  in  '85  with  7  children,  Eliza  P.,  Sherman  O.,  Clai-a 
H.,  Clias  ]).,  Francis  J.,  Stanley  W.,  and  Herbert  S.  (died  '70).  Portrait  of  S. 
().  II.  in  S/a  Clara  Co.  Jliat., 32.  Houptman  (Wm),  1840,  German  who  got 
passports  in  '40  and  '44,  tho  former  in  Mex.,  so  that  ho  may  have  como  later. 
iv.  120.  House  (.Tames),  1844,  at  Sonoma,  ago  .50.  Ii.  (Joseph),  1840, 
eamo  to  S.  Jos6.  llall.  Houston  (Thos  B.  or  T.),  1840,  act.  mid.  on  the  U. 
S.  Dale;  died  '03,  as  lieut,  at  Naples. 

How  (Oliver  H.),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Howard  (Wm),  1843, 
Swedish  sailor  on  the  U..S.  St  Mary,  who  quit  the  service  at  S.F.,  went  to 
tho  mines,  and  in  '50  settled  in  Sonoma  Co.,  where  ho  still  lived  in  '80,  at  a 
R.R,  station  bearing  his  name;  wife  from  '55  Caroline  Kolmer  of  '40;  9  chil 
dren.  Portrait  in  Sonoma  Co.  Hist.,  290.  H.  (Wm  Davis  Merry),  1839,  nat. 
of  Boston,  sent  to  sea  by  his  mother  with  a  view  to  needed  discipline,  who 
camo  to  Cal.  as  a  cabin-boy  on  the  California,  iv.  117,  119;  and  worked  for  a 
while  as  clerk  for  Stearns  at  Los  Ang.  Ho  went  east  in  '40,  and  camo  back  in 
'42  as  sup.  of  the  California,  At  Honolulu,  on  the  way,  he  married  Mary 
Warren,  adopted  daughter  of  Capt.  Orimes,  a  native  of  Hon.  and  daughter  of 
AVni  Warren,  q.v.,  who  was  returning  on  the  vessel  from  Boston,  where  she 
had  been  educated.  In  '43-5  H.  acted  as  sup.  of  tho  Vandalin  and  California. 
iv.  504,  509,  040;  and  in  '45  opened  a  store  at  S.F.  with  Henry  Melius,  buy- 
ing tho  H.B.Co.  establishment.  In  '40-9  Melius  &  H.  were  the  leading  firm 
iu  town,  and  after  the  gold  excitement  did  an  immense  business,  having 
branches  at  Sac.  in  charge  of  Brannan,  and  at  S.  Joa6  under  Belden's  care, 


nOWARD-nUDSON. 


788 


m 


both  being  partners  in  tlio  interior  businegg,  as  was  Talljot  H.  Oreen  in  the 
city.  Tliu  firm  was  dissolved  iu  'JO,  nud  II.  retired  a  riclt  man.  800  mention 
of  li.  iu  various  minor  matters,  lio  l)eing  a  member  of  tlio  eounuil,  and  admin, 
of  the  Lei.lcsdorir  estate,  v.  'J40,  .TJI,  ;r>!),  i").'}!),  04S-5L',  «78;  el.  for  the  S. 
Mateo  ranclto.  v.  GtiO.  After  a  visit  to  the  vu»t  in  'o3  liis  honltU  failed,  and 
he  (lied  in  'oO,  at  tlio  ago  of  about  .')7.  Howard  was  a  hu'go  man,  of  fine  per- 
sonal appearance;  jovial,  generous,  ami  humorous;  fond  of  prnctieal  jokes. 
Into  suppers,  and  private  tlicatricids;  but  always  aticntivo  ti^  l)usinc8s.  Ho 
bad  no  political  ambitions,  but  was  fond  of  helping  his  friends  into  otHoc. 
Amoii^'  all  the  pioneer  traders  of  S.F.  there  was  probably  no  better  man,  nor 
more  deservedly  popular.  A  street  in  tlio  city  bears  his  name.  ]lis  Istwifo 
(lied  in  '19,  leaving  one  child,  who  died;  ond  his '2d  wife,  Agnes  Poett,  n.ir- 
lied  in  't!),  survived  him,  marrying  his  brother  George,  and  later  a  man  named 
IJowic.  A  son  by  tlio  '2d  wife  wns  still  living  in  '80. 

Ilowo  (lOlisha  W.),  1843,  nat  of  R.  I.,  who  eamo  by  sea  and  went  to  the 
iniue^;  in  S.  Luis  Ob.  '50-83;  married  (.Jabriela  I'stndillo,  and  had  (i  children. 
11.  (Franklin),  lS4(i,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dnigoona  (v.  .^.^(i).  H.  (Henry),  1843, 
i;i  Sonoin.a,  as  lie  stated  later.  Howell,  1848,  from  Honolulu.  H.  (Chos), 
1.S48,  mining  at  Rose  Bar.  H.  (Isaac),  184(),  nat.  of  N.Y.,  and  overl.  im- 
inig.,  .settling  in  Nr.pa  Co.  with  his  family.  In  '(111  ho  moved  to  S.  Luis  Ob., 
where  ho  died  in  '78,  at  the  ago  of  80;  known  na  Father  Howell;  left  a  widow 
and  7  fliildren,  0110  or  more  of  whom  oaiuu  with  him  in  '4(i.  A  son  is  inent.  at 
N.  Hi'lv.  in  '48;  the  widow  dicil  in  's!!,  also  aged  KO;  two  of  t!io  sons  wero 
Jiiliii  and  .Joseph.  H.  (.John),  18!  ',  ('al.  Hat.  (v.  3.')8);  at  Sonoma  and  N. 
Ih'lv.  '47-8;  perhaps  son  of  Isaac.  H.  (T.C.I).),  1847,  Co.  K,  Morm.  IJat. 
{v.  41)!));  in  '8-_»  a  farmer  at  Clifton.  Id.  IL  (Win),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Ikit. 
(v.  4li0).  How(iS  (lloran),  1847,  Soc.  CaL  I'ion.  roll.  Howlaiid  (Henry  S.), 
is;)7,  nir  of  the  Com.  Rodijtrs  '37-8.  iv.  103.  H.  (Wm),  1S4S,  sailor  on  /. 
Walton. 

Ho.\ie,  1847,  mr  of  tho  S.  Bonton.  v.  .WO.  Iloyer  (Cornelius),  1842,  mr 
of  the  Fdma  '42-.1,  and  perhaps  '41;  at  Hon.  '3(1.  iv.  141,  50.");  paasp.  from 
Hon.  '48.  Iloyt  (Aug.  A.),  1840,  Fauntlcroy's  dragoons  (v.  'J.l--',  -247);  Co. 
r,  Cal.  r.at.  (v.  .358).  II.  (C),  1847,  at  Mont.  '47-8.  H.  (Daniel  C),  1S47, 
Co.  K,  N.Y.Voh  (v.  409).  H.  (Henry  P.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Moim.  Bat.  (v. 
400);  d.  on  tho  return  journey.  H.  (R.C.^I.),  1840,  leased  land  and  house 
at  ^lont. ;  Tabor  &  II.,  hotel-keepers  at  Mont.  '47-8;  at  S.  JosiS  'oO. 

Hubbard,  1845,  apparently  0110  of  FrC'mont'a  men;  v.  453,  583,  587;  at  X. 
Ilelv.  Feb.  '40;  in  F.'scxpoil.  of  '43,  when  ho  died.  H.  (Cliarles),  18;!4,  Ccr- 
nian  and  natunilized  Mcx.;  mrof  tlio  Pror  e.i  Nndn  '.34-5,  and  of  tlio  Solndad 
'•i.3.  iii.  .383,412;  iv.  503.  H.  (Geo.  C),  1847,  lieut  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  v. 
504;  a  printer;  memb.  of  legisl. '49;  d,  in  III.  before  'GO.  II.  (.JohnE. ), 
1848,  nat.  of  Chile,  who  came  with  his  parents  to  S.P.  at  the  age  of  (J;  liiiuor- 
dealer  at  Vallejo '79.  Solano  Co.  Hist.  H.  (T.  W.),  1845,  nat.  of  N.Y.; 
came  at  .ago  of  5;  messenger  in  assembly  '55.  II.  (\V.  II.),  1847,  rented  a 
house  at  Sonoma.  llubbell  (Fzekiel),  ISOl,  mr  of  tho  Enterpr'iHi'.  ii.  •_'. 
Hubcr  (Henry),  1841,  overl.  iinmig.  of  tho  Bartleson  party,  iv.  "270,  "275,  'l'.); 
grantee  of  lloncut  rancho '4.5,  for  which  ho  was  an  unsuccessful  chiimaiit  in 
'o3.  iv.  071;  ment.  at  Sutter's  Fort  '40;  owner  of  lots  at  S.F.  '47  8.  v.  070.  I 
think  he  is  tho  man  who  for  13  years  or  more,  down  to  '85,  has  kept  a  well- 
known  liipior-storo  at  S.F.  Hubert  (Nicholas),  1844,  deserter  from  tho 
Warren.       Huchas  (Heinrich),  1847,  musician  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Huchlart  (.John  M.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504;  d.  at  the  Sandw. 
Isl.  before  'CO.  Hudgckison  fD.avid),  1847,  contract  to  haul  lumber  at  N. 
llelv.  Dec.  Hudson  (A.  J.),  184.1,  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  '08-83.  S.  Luis  Ob.  Co. 
JHst.,  388.  II.  (Benj.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  H.  (David),  1845, 
nat.  of  Mo.,  b.  '20,  overl.  iinmig.  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party,  iv.  578,  587,  with 
his  brother.  Win,  and  sister,  Mrs  York;  settled  in  Napa  Val.,  where — but  for 
his  service  with  the  Bears,  v.  110,  later  in  tho  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  350),  and  a  brief 
mining  cxpericnco  in  the  mines  '48 — ho  lived  till  '73.  Then  he  moved  to  a 
farm  iu  Coyoto  Val.,  Lake  Co.,  where  he  lived  in  '81  with  wife— Francia 


790 


nOXEER  REGISTER  AXD  INDEX. 


GriflitJj,  married  in  '47 — and  G  children,  Rodney  J.  b.  '30,  Lavonia,  Elbei  t, 
Ella,  Ada,  Eertlia  (lUcd),  and  Robert  L.  Prob.  still  alive  in  '85.  In  'T'i,  at 
Calistoga,  he  wrote  his  Autobioyrajihi/  forme.  Portrait  in  Lake  Co.  II  is/.,  188. 
Six  of  his  brothers  and  iiistcrs  came  to  Cal.,  sooner  or  later.  H.  (Edward), 
1817,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  682;  still  in  S.F.  '5'J,  a  carpenter.       H.  (Hiram), 

1847,  laborer  and  watchman  at  Mont.  H.  (James  T.),  1845,  a  trader  at  S. 
Pedro.       H.  (John  T.),   1805-G,  nir  of  the  Tamana.  ii.  21.       H.  (Martin), 

1848,  nat.  of  Va,  brother  of  David,  and  ovcrl.  immig.  with  wife  and  5 
children;  settled  in  (.iuilicos  Val.,  Son.  Co.,  '48-9  and  lived  there  until  his 
death  in  '71,  at  the  age  of  04.  His  widow,  Elizabeth  McAlroy,  and  7  cliildrcu 
were  living  in  '80.  The  sons  who  came  in  '48,  and  w  jre  still  living  in  '80,  were 
Michael  E,  ^ohu  W.,  David  A.,  and  Matthew  T.  H.  (Thos),  1844,  Paid  to 
have  come  to  Sta  Clara  Val.  iv.  453;  at  Mont.  '45;  in  '4G-7  of  Co.  15,  Cal. 
Bat.  (v.  3.">S),  serving  also  a  courier  in  Oct.  '40,  at  Mont.  '47-8.  H.  (T.  F.), 
1S4S,  settler  in  Sonoma  Co.;  at  Sta  Rosa  'V7.  H.  (Wilford),  1847,  Co.  A, 
Moiiii.  Bat.  (v.  409);  at  Sutter's  Fort  in  "48  when  gold  was  discovered.  11. 
(Win),  184.">,  brother  of  Da^id,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party, 
apparently  with  a,  fiiniily.  Iv.  579,  587;  at  Sta  Rosa  from  '40,  in  whicJi  j'ear 
his  daughter  Mary,  later  Mrs  McCormick,  was  born.  His  wife  is  credited 
with  hn-in;:  fjvnished  some  material  for  the  famous  Bear  flag.  v.  148.  Ho 
died  in  '00,  leaving  a  large  family.  H.  (Wm  L.),  1841,  com.  of  the  U.S. 
Peacock  m  U.S.  ex.  ex.  iv.  241. 

Hudspeth  (Benj.  M.  or  N.),  1846,  lieut,  and  later  capt.,  Co.  A,  Cal.  Bat.  v. 
3G1.  I  lind  nothing  moro  about  him.  H.  (James  M.),  1843,  nat.  of  Ala,  who 
croGsod  the  plulns  to  Or.  in  '42,  and  came  to  Cal.  in  the  Hastings  party,  iv. 
390,  400.  Ho  worked  for  Stephen  Smith  at  Bodega  for  a  while,  iv.  390;  and 
subsequently  visited  various  parts  of  Cal.,  working  as  a  lumberman  at  Sauza- 
lito,  and  hunting  in  the  Sac.  V'al.;  served,  perhaps,  as  a  2d  lieut  of  (lantt's 
comp.  during  the  Micheltorena  w'ar  of  '44-5;  and  in  the  spi-ing  of  '4(i  went 
east  to  the  Salt  Lake  region  with  Hustings  and  Clyniaa  to  aid  in  diverting 
immig.  and  prospective  lilibusters  from  Or.  to  tai.  v.  526,  529.  He  re- 
turned in  the  autumn,  v.  530,  and  served  as  lieut  of  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.,  in  '40-7. 
V.  301,  435.  After  the  war  he  bought  land  in  Sonoma,  and  worked  witli 
O'Farrell  as  surveyor  at  Benicia — where  he  owned  a  lot,  v.  072,  as  also  at  S. 
F.,  v.  079 — Nupn.  and  other  places;  in  the  mines  '49-50;  later  a  farmer  in 
Sonoma  Co.;  nicmb.  of  legislature  '52-5;  and  still  living  ir  '85,  at  the  age  of 
03.  His  wife,  from  '54,  was  Mutilda  Fuller,  and  ho  had  ro  children.  Portrait 
ill  Son.  Co.  JJixt.,  100. 

Hucfner  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  C,  X.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  ment.  at  Sonoma,  where 
he  took  part  in  theatrical  performances,  and  at  N.  Helv. ;  resid.  ol'  S.  F.  and 
for  a  long  time  marshal  of  the  pioneer  society  to  '82;  but  I  think  die<l  before 
'85.  Huerstcl  (Laurent),  1S44(?),  in  S.F.  "'81,  said  to  have  arrived  in  '41. 
Soc.  Cal.  Pion.  roll.  iv.  453.  Hue',  IS'i-o,  Amer.  farmer  from  Or.  in  McM.- 
Clymam.arty,  who  prob.  went  back  in  '40.  iv.  572,  520;  perhaps  'Hewitt.' 
Hull"  (Columbus),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518);  in  Xapa  '48. 

Hugel  (Fred.),  1837,  German  who  had  beei  in  Cal.  5  years  when  applying 
for  a  pass  in  '42.  iv.  1 18;  at  Sutter's  Fort  '40;  in  '47  bought  land  of  Rut'us  in 
Son.  Co.;  perhaps  ' Hegel,' q. v.  Hugenin  (Dan.  C),  1846,  mid.  on  the  U. 
S.  Portumoiith;  lost  on  the  Warren's  launch,  iv.  587;  v.  384.  Hughes  (H. 
M.),  1839C/),  in  Sonoma  Co.  '74-7.  H.  (.John),  1847,  Co.  D,  X.  Y.  Vol.  (v. 
40!»).  H.  (Wm),  1845,  one  of  Fremont's  men.  iv.  583;  Cal.  claim  '40-7  (v. 
402).  Ho  was  a  nephew  of  Cyrus  Alexander,  and  also  in  the  cxped.  uf  '4S. 
II.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  F,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  H.  (Wm  O.),  1830,  on  Laikins 
books '36-7;  perhaps  'Hewes.'  Huguce,  1845,  mr  of  the  Mcdicis.  iv.  507. 
Huio  (Geo.  W.),  1847,  physician  said  to  have  come  with  Lieut  Thomjiison  of 
the  U.S.X.;  joined  by  his  family  '49  at  S.  F.;  at  Petaluma  '53-68,  and  later 
at  S.F.,  where  he  died  in  '77. 

Hulett  (Sylvester),  1847,  lieut  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477;  in  '82  at  Manti, 
Utah.  Hull,  1844,  mr  of  the  Georgia,  iv.  566.  H.  (Isiuic),  1848,  jiassp. 
from  Hon.      H.  (Joseph),  1848,  nat.  of  Ohio,  who  came  to  Or.  in  '45,  and  to 


HULL— HUTCHINSON. 


791 


2,  ut 


age  of 
Vitrait 


,  where 

and 

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in  '41. 

McM.- 

luwitt.' 

iplying 

tutus  in 

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los  (H. 

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and  to 


Cal.  on  the  discov.  of  gokl;  joined  by  his  family  '19;  from  '50  on  a  Sac.  farm, 
wliere  he  still  lived  in  'SO  with  wife  and  4  children.  H.  (Joseph  JJ.),  1S43, 
com.  of  the  U.S.  Warren  '43-7;  in  com.  at  S.F.  '46-7,  succeeding  Mont- 
gomery, iv.  .%9;  V.  284,  289,  380,  4.34,  539,  581,  C49,  059. 

Humphrey,  1840,  at  Mont;  Larkin  urged  tousoiiis  influence  to  start  him 
for  homo.  H.  (Benj.  F.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Yol.  (v.  49!)).  II.  (Goo.  L.), 
1847,  Co.  H,  N.  Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Coulterville  '74.  H.  (Isajie),  1S4S,  nat. 
of  Ga,  at  Sutter's  Fort  when  gold  was  discoven  1;  having  been  a  miner  in  Ga, 
lie  hasitcned  to  the  mill,  made  a  rocker,  and  thus  became  the  pioneer  in  a  new 
inilustry.  Ment.  in  N.  Ilelv,  Diary  in  April.  Died  at  Victoria,  in  '(»7.  II. 
(Wm),  1847,  Co.  G,  N. Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Coulterville  '71-4;  perhaps  con- 
founded with  Geo.  L.  H,  (W.),  1848,  jiaesp.  from  lion.  Humiihries,  ISJO, 
mr  of  the  Colitmbia  '40-1.  iv.  102-3,  504.       il.  (Stephen),  184S,  in  S.  F.  list. 

Hunncwell  (James),  1830,  a  well-known  Boston  trader  in  busines.sat  Hon. 
for  some  yeais.  The  only  evidence  I  have  that  he  ever  came  to  C;il.  i.s  a  letter 
of  Oct.  '30,  in  whicii  ho  hopes  to  visit  the  country  'again;'  but  in  '33  ho  was 
in  Mass.  and  intended  to  stay  there.  Ho  died  in  '09.  He  may  have  xisited 
Cil.  before  '20.  Hunsacker  (Abraham),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  4(19); 
later  sergt;  in  '82  a  bishop  at  Brigham  City,  Utah.  H.  (Daniel),  1S47, 
overl.  immig.  from  Mo.  with  his  family;  ment.  at  N.  Helv.  in  Aug.  with  news 
of  approaching  immigration,  v.  55().  Settled  at  Bcnicia,  and  later  in  (jjutrii 
Costa,  whi'rc  he  was  treasurer  of  the  county.  Of  h's  sons  who  eanie  in  '47, 
Harrison  K.  was  at  one  time  deputy  sheritl'  of  Contra  Costa;  James  C.  w.ia 
slierifT,  and  lost  on  the  Brother  Jonathan;  and  Nicholas,  also  sherilF,  was  a 
miner  at  Park's  Bar  in  '48,  and  a  resid.  of  S.  Diego  '74. 

Hunt,  1813,  .agent  of  Astor's  fur  com[iany,  on  the  Pedler.  ii.  271.  H. 
(Gilbert),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  4(19).  H.  (Jeirersoii),  1S47,  eapt.  Co. 
A,  Morm.  Bat.,  and  also  preacher,  v.  477-80,  48;>,  493;  had  a  project  for 
raising  a  rew  battalion,  v.  490.  He  was  accomp.  by  his  wife  and  4  sons, 
Hiram,  John,  Joseph,  and  Martial;  and  three  dauglitcis,  Jaiu',  Harriet,  and 
Mary;  bui,  it  !j  doubtful  if  all  the  family  came  to  Cal.  In  later  years  ('apt. 
H.  came  l)ack  to  Cal.  and  represented  S.  B'-'rnardino  in  tlie  legisl.  of  '55. 
H.  (Martial),  1847,  son  of  Capt.  H.,  Co.  A,  Moi'm.  Bat.;  in  '81  at  Siiowllake, 
Ariz.  H.  (Timothy  Dwight),  1841,  protestant  clergyman  v.  ho  caiui;  from 
Honolulu  'tt  Nov.,  and  was  employed  for  a  time  as  eity  clia|ilain.  In  ^^t't  ho 
was  in  Cal.  as  the  agent  of  the  Amcr.  Home  Miss.  Soc.   v.  G57. 

Iluntci  (Barry),  1840,  doubtful  name  in  a  Los  Ang.  list.  H.  (Benj.  F.). 
1840,  lieut  on  the  U.  S.  Portumouth ;  at  N.Helv.  June.  v.  102;  acting  eapt.  of 
Co.  C,  Stockton's  bat.  '40-7.  v.  385.  H.  (Edward),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  409);  in  '82  a  bishop  in  Utah.  H.  (Jesse  D.),  1847,  nat.  of  Ky,  and 
capt.  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477;  in  com.  of  S.  Diego  garri.son.  v.  488,  (il7. 
Ind.  agent  for  s^outhern  Cal.  at  S.  Luis  Ilcy  from  Aug.  v.  492,  508,  (121-2. 
His  wife  died  at  S.l).  in  '47.  v.  490.  He  remained  in  Gal.,  went  to  the  mines 
in  '48,  but  returned  to  the  south  to  act  again  as  Ind.  agent.  He  died  at  Los 
Ang.  in  '7V,  at  the  age  of  73,  leaving  7  grown  children  with  families.  H. 
(Wm).  1847,  musician  of  Morm.  Bat.,  Co.  B.  (v.  409).  Huntington  (I)imick 
B.),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  499);  at  Salt  Lake  City  '.'.5.  Huntley 
(Kzra),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Huntsm.-m  (Isaiah),  1847,  Co.  B, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  409),  in  Utah  '81. 

Huppertz  (Gerard),  18.34,  succeeded  Sill  &  Co.  as  baker  at  St.i  B.  Hurst, 
1847,  at  N.  Helv.  from  S.F.,  Oct.  Hurfado  (Joaquin),  1791,  piloto  in  Malas- 
pina'sexped.  i.  490.  Huso  (Sam.  E.),  1840,  gunner  on  tlie  U.S.  ( 'o»;/'''  •,  "nd 
in  com.  of  II  gun  in  Stockton's  campaign  of  '4(1-7;  in  Amador  Co.  f  om  '51 ; 
died  at  Yount  in  '79.  Hutcheon  (Walter),  1847,  Co.  K,  N. Y.Vol.  (v.  !"',!); 
d.  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  '80.  Hutchcson,  1848,  sentenced  to  corpriral  piiiiislimcnt 
by  court-martial.  Ilutchins,  1840,  nir  of  the  whaler  ro/»?)i/>».'f.  llutclii:i- 
Bon  ((J.N. ),  1840,  in  the  U.S.N. ;  drowned  in  '78  at  Vallcjo,  where  he  was  nir 
of  the  navy-yard  yacht  Frula,  and  had  Uvcd  for  20  years. 

Hutchinson  (.Jacob  A.),  184(1,  ovcsrl.  immig.  with  family,  who  in  '49  set- 
tled oil  the  Cosutiiues  lUvcr,  and  soon  started  on  a  prusijcctiii^  tour,  from 


792 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


M'hich  he  never  returned,  H.  (Jacob  A.,  Jr),  1847,  son  of  the  preceding; 
living  on  the  Cosumnes  with  fiimily  in  '80;  perhaps  date  of  arrival  should  be 
'40,  or  that  of  his  father  '47.  The  H.  brothers  are  named  as  having  bought 
Isbel's  claim  in  S.  Joaq.  '48.  H.  (Joseph),  1840,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v. 
232,  247).  H.  (Wm  A.),  1848,  advertised  for  a  lost  rifle  at  S.F.  Hatt- 
niann  (Francis),  1847,  mr  and  sup.  of  the  Matilda,  Primavera,  and  Callao  iu 
'47-8;  made  advances  of  money  to  Fremont,  about  which  there  waa  much 
trouble  later,  v.  441,  465-6,  576.  Hutton  (James  D.),  1847,  surveyor  of 
pueblo  lands  at  S.  Jos6;  appointed  official  surveyor  of  the  southern  dept,  but 
tlie  appointment  was  withdrawn  on  account  of  charges  in  connection  with  hia 
S.  Jos6  woik.  V.  666.  Huxley  (J.  Mead),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499); 
at  S.F.  '54;  officer  in  the  war  of  '01-5;  died  before  '82. 

Hyatt  ^Elisha),  1840,  one  of  the  Mormon  col.  with  wife  and  son.  v.  546; 
excommunicated  at  S.  F.;  and  in  Oct.  at  Mont.,  making  tubs,  etc.  Hyde 
(Geo. ),  1846,  nat.  of  Penn.,  who  came  on  the  U.S.  Congre.KH  as  Com.  Stockton's 
sec.  For  a  time,  in  Aug.,  he  was  alcalde  at  S.  Jos^.  v.  294-5,  662;  then  camo 
to  S.F.,  where  he  waa  2d  alcalde  with  Bartlett,  and  1st  alcalde  from  June  '47 
to  March  '48,  having  much  trouble  in  his  administration  of  the  office,  as  fully 
explained  in  v.  648-52,  680.  There  seems  to  have  been  but  slight  foundation 
for  the  many  and  bitter  charges  agr^ist  him.  He  was  a  lawyer,  of  good  abil- 
ities and  character.  He  was  somewhat  prominent  in  city  politics  in  '49  and 
the  few  years  following;  and  has  resided  in  S.  P.  ever  since  to  '85,  being  in 
the  real'estate  business.  In  '78  he  gave  me  a  valuable  statement  of  IJistorical 
Factii,  including  not  only  his  own  controversies,  but  many  other  points  of  in- 
terest connected  with  early  S.F.  annals.  Hyde  (Wm),  1847,  sergtCo.  B, 
Morm.  Bat.,  being  also  an  elder  and  preacher,  and  acapt.  of  50  on  the  return. 
v.  477,  488,  490-1,  493. 


To  BE  Continued  at  the  End  of  Vol.  IV. 


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